Exer

ciseno.1
.1
DI
RECTI
ON:Br
ief
lyanswert
hef
oll
owi
ng.
1
.Stat
ethel
ocati
on,appear
ance,andmaj
orf
unct
ionsoft
hesef
emal
e
r
epr
oduct
iveor
gans.
a.Ut
erus
Theuterusorwombi saholl
ow,pear-shapedmuscularorganabout7
-8cm long.Iti
slocatedi
nthemi ddl
eoft hepel
visbetweenthe
uri
narybladderi
nf r
ontandtherectum attheback.I
thasani nner
l
ini
ngwhi chthi
ckensinpreparat
ionfortheimpl
antat
ionofthe
fer
ti
li
zedegg.

b.Ovar
ies
Theovari
esaretwoalmond-shapeor gansappr oximatel
y3cm long,2
cm wide,and1cm thickl
ocatedint
hel owerabdomen( pelvis)andatt
achedtothe
mar gi
nsoftheuterusandtothepelvi
cwallbyligament s.
Ovar iesarerepr
oduct
ive
gl
andsthatproduceeggsandf emalesexhor mones. Ovariesproducedestr
ogen
andprogester
one,aswel l
assomeot herfemalehor mones.
c.Fal
l
opi
ant
ubes
Thef all
opiantubeorovi ductsarepai roftubesabout1 0-12cm long
thatconnect stheovariest otheuterus.Theyhavef ringe-l
ike
projecti
onswi t
hmot i
l
eci li
athathelpdirecttheeggi ntoit
slumen. The
fal
lopiantubepr opelstheovum f ormt heovar ytowardstheut er
us,
receivesthesper m comi ngfrom theuterus,andpr ovidesthesit
ef or
fert
il
izati
on.Thef er
til
i
zedeggi spropelledbyci l
i
arycur r
entand
contracti
onsoft hefall
opi antubetot heuterus.
d.Vagi
na
Thevagi naal soknownast hebirthcanal isa7-1 2cm l ongmuscular
cavi t
yt hatconnect stheut erust ot heout si
de.I tcont ai
nsmucus
secr etedbycer vi
calglands.Asovul ati
onappr oaches,t hemucus
becomesst i
ckyt henchangest oaneggwhi teconsi stency,i
ndicat
ing
af erti
leper i
od.Recogni zingf erti
lemucusi sabasi sf orcouplesto
abst ai
nf rom sext opreventpr egnancy.Dur i
ngpr egnancy,t hemucus
thickenst oapl ugt opr otectt hef etus.Iti
st hepassageway
connect ingt heuterust ot heext er nalgeni t
alia.Itexpandsdur ing
i
nt ercour set otakeint heer ectpeni sandej ect edsemen.Dur i
ng
childbirth,vagi nastretchesevenmor et oallowt hebabyt opass.
Likewi se,i talsoprovidespassaget othemenst r
ualfluidtoescape
 from t
heut erus.
Nor malvaginaintheadul
thasanaci di
cpHandis
ri
chlycolonizedbybacteriaflor
a,predominant
lyl
actobaci
l
li
.Bot
hof
theseprovidedef enseagainsti
nfecti
on.However,t
heyareusual
ly
notpresenti npr
epubescentandmenopausal women.

e.Ext
ernal
geni
tal
i
a
Thefunctionoftheexternalfemaler eproduct i
vestr
uctur
es(the
geni
tal
)ist wof
old:Toenablesper mt oent ert hebodyandtoprot ect
thei
nternalgeni
talorgansfrom infectiousor gani
sms.Femaleexternal
geni
tal
iaknowncol lecti
vel
yast hevul va,includethemonspubi s,
l
abiamaj ora&mi nor,hymen,clit
oris,vestibuleandaccessoryglands.
•Monspubisi
sthef
att
issuel
yi
ngovert
hepubi
cbone,cover
edwi
th
pubi
chai
r.
•Labi
amajor
aaretwolar
gelyf
leshyf
oldscover
edwi
thski
nand
pubi
chai
rontheout
ersurf
ace.
I
tcontai
nsoi
l-and-sweatsecr
eti
nggl
andsandpr
otectt
heot
her
ext
ernalr
epr
oductiveor
gans.
•Labi
aminor
aar ehair
less,smal
l
erfoldst
hatl
iebet
weenthelabi
a
major
a.I
tsur
roundstheopeningsofthevagi
naanduret
hra.
•Inf
ront
,theupperl
ayerf
ormsaf
old,t
hepr
epuce,whi
chover
hangs
t
hecli
tor
is.
•Accessorygl
andssuchasBart
hol
in’sandSkene’sgl andsar
e
secr
etedint
othelabi
atol
ubri
cat
ethem dur
ingsexual
arousal
.
•Hymenisat hi
nmembranewhi
chcover
sparti
all
ythevaginal
openi
ng.I
tisusual
l
ypr
esenti
ngi
rlswhohavenothadinter
course.
•Clit
ori
si st
hecount erpartofthemalepenis.It
shighlysensi
tiveti
p,
hoodedbypr epuce,protr
udesattheupperj uncti
onoft hel
abi a
minora.Ithasabundantner veendingsandbl oodvessels.I
tislocat
ed
i
nsidethepel vi
s,consist
soft wocavit
iest
hatf i
ll
withblooddur i
ng
sexualexcit
ement .Sti
mulationofcl
it
orisl
eadst oorgasm.
•Vest
ibul
eistheareaencl
osedbyt
helabiaminor
awher
ethe
openi
ngsoftheurethr
aandvagi
naarelocat
ed.

2.Expl
aint
her
oleofut
eri
nel
i
ningi
nrepr
oduct
ion.
 Theferti
l
izedeggcani mplantintothet hi
ckerut
eri
neli
ningoncei nsi
dethe
uter
usandcont inuetogrow there.Intheabsenceofimplantat
ion,
menstrualfl
ow shedstheuterineli
ning.Femalesexhormonesar ealso
producedbyt hefemalereproductivesystem,maintai
ningt
hemenst r
ual
cycl
e.

3.St
atet
hei
mpor
tanceofvagi
nal
mucus.
Asovul ati
onappr oaches,themucusbecomesst i
ckythenchangest oan
eggwhi t
econsistency,indi
cat i
ngaf erti
l
eper i
od.Recognizingf ert
il
emucus
i
sabasi sforcouplestoabst ainfrom sextopreventpregnancy.Dur i
ng
pregnancy,t hemucust hickenst oapl ugtoprotectt
hef etus.Cervi
cal
mucus,orcer vi
calfl
uid,hast wojobsdependi ngonwher eyouar einyour
cycle.Thef i
rsti
stohel psperm movet hroughthecervixsoi tcanferti
li
zean
eggdur ingovulati
on.Thesecondj obistopreventsperm orot her
substancesf rom gett
ingintothecer vi
x.
4.Li
stt
hef
emal
ehor
monesandi
ndi
cat
ethei
ref
fect
sont
hebody:
A..Estr
ogen-Est rogenisoneoft hekeyfemalesexhormones,butmenhave
estrogent oo.Inwomen,est r
ogeni sproducedint
heovar i
esandis
responsiblef orf
uncti
onsli
keovul at
ion,menst
ruat
ion,br
eastdevel
opment
,
andi ncreasingboneandcar ti
lagedensity
B..Progester
one-Anothertypeofhor moneassoci
atedwiththefemal e
reproducti
vesystem i
sprogesterone.Li
keestr
ogen,progester
onepl aysa
keypar ti
nthemenst r
ualcycle.I
thelpsprepar
etheuterusforpregnancy
andi sanimportantf
actori
nt heearlyst
agesofpregnancy.
C.Testosterone-Testosteroneisoneofthepr i
ncipalandrogenspresentin
thebody.Andr ogensar etypesofhor monesassoci at
edwi t
hmal e
reproduct
ion.However ,womenpr oducetestosteroneandot herandrogens
i
nt heovaries,adrenalglands,andfatcell
s.Thi
shor monecont ri
butestosex
dri
ve,fatdistr
ibut
ion,muscl estr
ength,bonemass,andr edbloodcell
producti
oni nbothmenandwomen.
D.I nsuli
n-I
nsul
inisahormonepr oducedbyt hepancreas.I
thasmany
funct i
ons,buti
tsmainresponsi
bil
it
yisconverti
ngglucose(sugar
)int
he
thingsweeati ntoafor
mt hebodycanusef orenergy.I
nsuli
nhel
psregul
ate
bloodsugar .
E.Corti
sol
-Cort
isoli
sat ypeofhormoneknownasast eroidhormoneandis
producedbytheadrenal gl
ands.I
thasmanyresponsi
bil
i
tiesthatkeepyou
healt
hyandener get
ic.Cort
isol
isr
esponsi
blef
orhelpi
ngr egul
ate
 metabol
ism,r
egul
ati
ngbloodpr
essur
e,act
ingasanant
i-i
nfl
ammat
ory,and
evenfor
mingmemor i
es.
F.GrowthHor
mone-Humangr owthhormonei
sof
tenr
efer
redtobythe
i
nit
ial
sHGH.Sometimesi
tissi
mplycall
ed“growt
hhormone.
” Iti
sat ype
ofhormonepr
oducedbythepit
uit
arygl
and.
G.Adr enali
ne-Li kecort
isol,adrenal
ineisknownasast r
esshormone.I
tis
producedi nt headrenalglandsandwi t
hinsomecell
softhecentral
nervous
system.Adr enal
ine’smaj orfuncti
onistoprepar
ethebodyforit
s“f i
ghtor
fl
ight”r esponseandal l
owsf orqui
ckdecisi
onmakingindangerousor
stressf
ul si
tuati
ons.Corti
sol i
ssomet i
mescalledastr
esshormonebecause
thebodysecr eteshigherlevelsofcorti
solasareact
iontost
ress.
H.Thyr
oidHormones-Thyr
oidhor
monesarepr oducedi
nthet
hyr
oidgland.
Oneoft
hethyroi
dhormone’sbiggestr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
sregul
ati
ngmet
abol
ism.

5.Descri
behow f
ert
il
izat
ionandpr
egnancyaf
fectt
heovar
ies,ut
erus,and
vagi
na.
Oncef ertil
izati
ontakespl ace,thisnewl yfertil
i
zedcel liscall
edazygot e.
From her e,thezygot ewillmovedownt hef all
opi antubeandi ntotheuterus.
Thezygot ethenbur rowsi ntotheut er
usl i
ning.Thi siscall
ed
i
mpl antation.Theovar i
espr oducet heeggcel ls,call
edt heovaoroocyt es.
Theoocyt esarethent ranspor t
edt othef al
lopiant ubewher eferti
li
zati
onby
asper m mayoccur .Inor derforpr egnancyt ohappen,sper m needst o
meetupwi thanegg.Thef ert
il
izedeggt henmovest ot heuterus,wherethe
uteri
nelininghast hickenedi nr esponset othenor malhormonesoft he
reproduct i
vecycle.Oncei ntheut erus,thef erti
li
zedeggcani mplantinto
thi
ckenedut eri
neliningandcont inuet odevel op.I tt
akesupt o2-3weeks
aftersexf orpregnancyt ohappen.

6.Di
scusswhathappensdur
ingt
hemenst
rual
cycl
e.
Themenst rualcycleisater
m usedt odescr i
bethesequenceofevent sthat
occurwi t
hinyourbodyasi tpreparesforthepossibil
i
tyofpr egnancyeach
month.Amenst rualcycl
eisconsideredtobeginont hef i
rstdayofaper iod.
Theaver agecycl eis28daysl ong;however ,acyclecanr angeinlength
fr
om 21dayst oabout35days. Thestepsi
nt hemenst rualcycleare
tr
igger
edbyt heriseandfall
ofchemi cal
si nyourbodycal l
edhor mones.
Yourpituit
ar ygland(inyourbrain)andyourovaries(inyourr epr
oductive
tr
act)makeandr eleasecert
ainhor monesatcertai
nt i
mesdur i
ngyour
menstrual cyclethatcausetheor gansofyourreproduct i
vetracttorespond
 i
ncer
tai
nways.
7.Expl
aint
hei
mpor
tanceofcol
ost
rum andbr
east
mil
k.
colostr
um andbreastmil
karebothessent
ial
fort
henour
ishmentand
protecti
onagai
nstdiseasesoft
henewbor nbaby.
8.Expl
ainhow t
hef
ert
il
eper
iodofawomanwi
thar
egul
arcycl
eisdet
ermi
ned.
Thef ert
il
eperi
odofawomanwi t
har egul
arcycl
eisdetermi
nedwoman
ovulateabout12to14daysbeforethestartofanew menstr
ualcycl
e.Your
fer
ti
lewi ndow i
sthefi
vedaysleadinguptoovulat
ion,pl
usthedayof
ovulati
onandt hedayaft
erovulati
on— soaboutsevendaysi nt
otal
.
9.Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weent
hel
abi
amaj
oraandl
abi
ami
nor
a.
Labi
amaj or
aar et wolargel
yfleshyfoldscoveredwithskinandpubichair
ontheout ersurface.Itcont
ainsoi l
-and-sweatsecreti
ngglandsandpr ot
ect
theotherexternal r
eproducti
veor ganswhilel
abiami nor
aarehairl
ess,
small
erf ol
dsthatl i
ebetweent helabiamajora.Itsur
roundstheopeningsof
thevaginaandur ethr
a.
1
0.Tr
acehowt
hemat
ureeggt
ravel
sthr
ought
hedi
ff
erentr
epr
oduct
iveor
gans.
Theovar i
espr oducetheeggcel l
s,calledtheovaoroocyt es.Theoocytes
arethentransportedtothefal l
opiantubewher ef ert
il
izati
onbyasper m may
occur.
Thef all
opiantubeisfi
lledwi thanegg.Thef al
lopiantubet hen
connectstheeggt otheuterus.Thef allopi
ant ubeiswher efert
il
izat
iontakes
pl
acei faneggi stobef er
til
i
zed.Af t
erf ert
il
izat
ion,aneggi mplantsint
ot he
uter
inewal l
andst art
stodevel opt here.

Ref
erence:
htt
ps:/
/www. hopki
nsmedici
ne.
org/
heal
th/
wel
l
ness-and-pr
event
ion/
cal
cul
ati
ng-
your-mont
hly-fert
il
it
y-wi
ndow
ht
tps:
//www.
heal
thl
i
ne.
com/
heal
th/
femal
e-sex-hor
mones
htt
ps:
//www.
plannedpar
ent
hood.
org/
lear
n/pr
egnancy/
how-pr
egnancy-
happens
 RUBRI
CSI
NASSESSI
NGEXPLANATI
ON
Cr
it
eri
a No Needs Adequate Qual
i
ty Exemplar
y Scor
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mprovem (3pts) (4pt
s) (
5pts) e
er ent
(0 (2pts)
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Cont
ent Did Answer s Answer sare Answer s Answer sar e
not are not are compr ehensi
answ i
ncompl ete compr ehens accur ate ve,accur ate
er .Key i
vestated. and and
point
sar e Keypoi nt
s compl ete. compl ete.
notclear. are Key Keyi deas
Questions addressed poi ntsar e ar ecl early
arenot butnotwel l stated stated,
adequat el
y supported. and explained,
answer ed. suppor ted andwel l
. suppor t
ed.
Organi
zat
i Did Organizati I
nadequat el Or gani zati Wel l
on not onand y oni s organi zed,
answ st
ructure organi zat
ion most l
y coher ent l
y
er detr
act or clearand devel oped,
fr
om the developmen easyt o andeasyt o
answer . tofthe foll
ow. foll
ow.
answeri s
noteasyt o
fol
low.
Writ
ing Did Displays Displays Displ ays Di splaysno
Conventi
o not overf i
ve threet ofive onet o errorsi n
ns answ error
si n errorin three spelli
ng,
er spell
ing, spell
ing, errori n punct uat i
on,
punct uati
o punct uati
on, spel l
ing, gr ammar ,
n, grammar , punct uati and
grammar , and on, sentence
and sentence grammar , st ructure.
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uct ure. and
str
uct ure. sent ence
struct ure.