Cl

assX
Sour
cesofEner
gy
Poi
ntsf
orr
efer
ence
AGoodsour
ceofener
gyshoul
dbe:
• Safeandconveni
entt
ouse.
• Easyt ot
ranspor
t.
• Easytostore.
Charact
eri
sti
csofagoodfuel
:
1.I
tshouldpossesshighcal orif
icvalue.
2.Itshoul
dhavepr operigniti
ont emperature.Theignit
iont
emperatur
eoft
hef
uel
shouldneit
herbetool ownort oohi gh.
3.Itshoul
dnotproducepoi sonouspr oductsandcausepollut
ion.
4.Itshoul
dnotleavebehi ndmuchashoncombust ion.
5.Abundantinnature.
6.Itshoul
dhavelowmoi sturecont ent.
7.Itshoul
dbeeconomi cal.
8.Itshoul
dbeeasyt ost ore,handleandt ranspor
t.
Thesour
cesofener
gycanbecl
assi
fi
edasf
oll
ows:
1.Non-Renewabl
esourcesofener
gy:Theyareex
haust
ibl
eandcannotber
epl
aced
oncetheyhavebeenused.Thesesourceshav
ebeenaccumul
atedi
nnatur
eovera
ver
ylongperiodofmi
ll
ionsofyears.
Exampl
es:
Coal
,Nat
ural
gas,
pet
rol
eum pr
oduct
s.
FormationofFossilFuel
s: 
Dur
ingitsformation,
anent ir
eor ganism ori
tspart
soften
getburi
edinsandormud.These, thendecayanddi si
ntegrateleavi
ngnosignsof
thei
rexist
ence.Theharderpar
tsofor gani
smsaf tertheirdeathsett
ledownandar e
coveredbysedimentsandsubjectedtoextremepr essureandt emperatur
eorthe
Eart
hconv er
tsthem int
ofossi
lfuels,
theprocessbei ngreferr
edt oasfossi
li
zati
on.
Di
sadv
ant
agesofNon-
renewabl
eSour
cesofEner
gy
1.Duet otheirextensi
veuse,thesesourcesaredepl et
ingv eryfast.
2.Iti
sdiff
iculttodiscoverandex pl
oitnewdepositsoft hesesour ces.
3.Thesesour cesar eamajorcauseofenv i
ronment alpollut i
on.
2.Renewablesour cesofenergy:whichareinex
haustibl
e, i
.e.,whi chcanber epl
aced
asweuset hem andcanbeusedt oproduceenergyrepeatedl y.
Theseareavail
ablei nanunli
mitedamounti nnatur
eanddev elopwi thinarel
ati
vel
y
shortper
iodoftime.
Example:
Solarenergy
,wi
ndener
gy,
geot
her
mal
ener
gy,
wat
erener
gy,
oceanener
gy,
Biomassenergy….
Adv
ant
agesofRenewabl
eSour
cesofEner
gy
 1.Theywil
llastaslongastheEarthrecei
vesl
ightfr
om thesun.
2.Theyarefreel
yavail
abl
einnature.
3.Theydonotcauseanypol l
uti
on.
ThermalPowerPlants:
 I
tgener
ateselect
rici
tyf
rom heatpr
oducedbycombust
ionof
coalandpet
rol
eum.
Wor ki
ng:Theheatenergyobt ai
nedfrom combustionofsol i
dfuel
(most l
ycoal)i
s
usedtoconv ertwateri
ntosteam, t
hissteam i
sathi ghpressur
eandt emperat
ure.
Thissteam i
susedt or
otat
et hetur
binebladeandt urbi
neshaftwhichisconnected
tothegenerator.Thegener
atorconv er
tsthekinet
icenergyoftheturbinei
mpel l
er
i
ntoelectr
icener gy
.

Adv
ant
ages

Di
sadv
ant
ages

1.Sol
arEner
gy: 
Theener
gypr
oducedbyt
hesuni
nthef
orm ofheatandl
i
ghtener
gy
i
scall
edassolarener
gy.
Sol
arradi
ationscanbeconvert
edelectr
ici
tyt
hroughsol
arcel
ls(Photovol
tai
ccell
s).
Phot
ovoltai
ccell
sconver
tsolarradi
ati
onsdir
ectl
yint
oelect
ri
cit
ythroughsil
icon
sol
arcell
s.
Sol
arDev
ices:
Sol
arcooker
,sol
arheat
er,
sol
arcal
cul
ator
,……
Sol
arCooker
:Abox-
typesol
arcookerconsi
stsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcomponent
s:

1.Bl
ackBox 
–Theboxi
sani
nsul
atedmet
alorwoodenboxwhi
chi
spai
nted
 bl
ackf
rom t
hei
nsi
det
oabsor
bmor
eheat
.

2.GlassCover 
–Acovermadetwosheet
softoughenedgl
asshel
dtoget
heri
n
analumini
um fr
ameisusedasacovef
orboxB.

3.PlaneMirr
orref
lector 
–Theplanemi rr
orr
efl
ectori
sfixedtotheboxBwit
h
thehel
pofhinges.Themi r
rorref
lect
orcanbeposit
ionedatanydesir
edangle
tothebox.Themirrori
spositi
onedsoastoallowtherefl
ectedsunl
i
ghtt
of al
l
ontheglasscoverofthebox.

4.Cooki ngCont ainers 

–Asetofal uminium containersblackenedf rom t
he
outsidear ekeptinboxB.
Thesol arcookerpl acedinsunlightandaplanemi rr
orr efl
ectorisadjustedinaway
sucht hatt hest r
ongbeam ofsunl i
ghtenter
stheboxt hr oughthegl asssheet.The
blackenedmet alsurfacesinthewoodenboxabsor binfra-r
edr adi
at i
onsf r
om the
beam ofsunl ightandheatpr oducedr ai
sesthetemper atureofabl ackenedmet al
surfacet oabout100° C.

Adv
ant
agesofSol
arCooker
s
1.Eco-f
ri
endly.
2.Renewable.
3.Usedinruralar
eas.
4.Retai
nsallthenut
ri
entsinfoodduet
osl
owcooki
ng.
Di
sadv
antageofSolarCookers:
1.Si l
i
concel l
sar eexpensive.
2.Sol arradiati
onsar enotunifor
m ov ertheEarth’
ssur f
ace.
3.Cannotbeusedatni ghtoroncloudyday s.
4.Cannotbeusedt omakechapat ti
sf orfr
yingast heserequir
eatemper atur
eof
140°Cormor e.(Maxi mum temperatureof100° Conlycanbeachi evedina
solarcooker )
.
Solarcell
:Sil
iconi susedt omakesol arcell
s.Solardevicesareuseful
onl yatcert
ain
ti
mesdur ingt heday .Thisli
mitati
onofusingsolarener gyisovercomebyusi ngsolar
cel
lsthatconv er
tsolarenergyintoel
ectri
city.I
tdevelopsav olt
ageof0.5–1Vand
canproduceabout0.
7W ofel
ect
rici
tywhenexposedt
otheSun.Alar
genumberof
sol
arcell
sare,combi
nedi
nanarrangementcal
ledsol
arcel
lpanel
.
ASolarwaterheat
erisa 
devi
cethatcapturessunl
i
ghtt
oheatwat
er.I
tcanbean
economicalwaytogener
atehotwaterforbath.
ASol arfurnaceisastr
ucturethatuses 
concentr
atedsolarpowertopr oducehigh
temper at
ures,usual
lyf
orindustry.Thet
emper at
ureatthefocalpointmayr each
3,500°C( 6,330°F)
,andthisheatcanbeusedt ogenerateelect
ri
cit
y ,
mel tst
eel.
2.WindEner gy:
 Whenl ar
gemassesofai rmov efr
om onepl acetoanot
herthenitis
refer
redtoaswi nd.Kinet
icenergyassociat
edwi thitisr
eferredt
oaswi ndener
gy .I
t
canbeconv ert
edi ntomechanicalandelectr
icalenergy.
Kineti
cenergyofwi ndisusedinrunningofwi ndmill
s,whichareusedtoli
ftwater
,
gri
ndgr ai
nsetc.
Unequalheat
ingofthelandmassandwat erbodiesbysolarradi
ati
ongener
atesai
r
movementandcauseswi ndtoblow.Thi
ski net
icenergyofthewindcanbeusedto
dowork.Windenergyisani ndi
rectf
orm ofSolarenergy.
Example:
Inawater
-l
if
ti
ngpump,t
herotat
orymotionofwindmil
lisuti
li
zedtol
i
ft
waterf
rom awel
l
.Today,wi
ndener
gyisalsousedtogenerat
eelectr
ici
ty.
Worki
ng:Awi ndmil
lconsi
stsofalar
geelectr
icfant
hati
serectedatsomehei
ghton
ari
gidsupport.Togener
ateel
ectr
ici
ty,
therotat
orymoti
onofthewindmil
li
susedto
t
urntheturbi
neoftheelect
ri
cgenerat
or.
Theout putofasinglewindmi
ll
isqui
tesmall
andcannotbeusedforcommer
cial
purposes.Theref
ore,anumberofwindmi
ll
sareer
ectedoveralar
gearea,
whi
chis
knownaswi ndenergyfarm.
• Denmar ki
scall
edt he“ Countryofwinds”.Moret han25%oft heirel
ectr
icity
needsar egeneratedt hroughav astnetworkofwi ndmi l
ls.
• I
nt ermsoft ot
alout put,Germanyi stheleader
,whi l
eI ndiaisrankedfi
ft
hi n
harnessingwindener gyfortheproducti
onofel ectr
icity
.Itisesti
matedt hat
nearly45,000MW ofel ectri
calpowercanbegener atedifIndi
a’swind
potentiali
sful
lyexpl oit
ed.
• Thel ar
gestwindener gyfarm hasbeenest abl
i
shednearKany akumarii
n
Tami lNaduandi tgener ates380MW ofel ectr
icity
.
UsesofWi ndEner gy
Theimportantusesofwi ndener gyar e:
1.I
tisusedtodri
vewi ndmill
s,waterli
ft
ingpumps,andfl
ourmi
ll
s,etc.
2.I
tisusedtopropelsail
boats.
3.I
tisusedtofl
yenginef ewerair
planesorgil
dersint
heair
.
4.I
tisusedtogenerateelect
rical
l
yusedf orvar
iouspur
posesl
i
kelight
ning,
heat
ing,
etc.
Adv
ant
ages:
1.Eco-
fr
iendl
y.
 2.Ef
fici
entsour
ceofrenewabl
eener
gy.
3.I
trequir
esnorecur
ri
ngexpensesf
ort
hepr
oduct
ionofel
ect
ri
cit
y.

Di
sadv
ant
ages:
1.Thewi ndspeedshoul dalsobehi ghert han15km/ ht omai nt
aintherequir
ed
speedoft het urbine.
2.Windspeedi snotuni form alwaysandcanbesetupwher ewindblowsf orthe
greaterpartofay ear.
3.Thereshoul dbesomeback- upf aci
liti
es( li
kestoragecel ls)totakecareofthe
energyneedsdur ingaper iodwhent herei snowi nd.
4.Needsal argear eat oerectseriesofwi ndmi l
l
s.Fora1MW gener ator
,the
farm needsabout2hect aresofland.
5.Theiniti
alcostofest abl
ishmentoft hef armisqui tehigh.
6.Thet owerandbl adesareexposedt ot hev agari
esofnat urelikerai
n,Sun,
storm andcy clone, t
heyneedahi ghl evelofmai ntenance.
7.Theout putislessascompar edt oinvest ment.
Hy
droPowerPl ant(hy droener gy)
Whent hewat erfl
owinginariv
erisstoredinaHi ghr
isedam andal l
owedtofallfr
om
t
het opoft hedam.Thewat errushesdownwi thagreatfor
ce, whichcanbeutil
ized
t
odr iv
el ar
gewat ert
urbi
ne.Theset ur
binesareconnectedwithelectr
icgener
ators
whichgener ateel
ect
riccur
rent.Theelectr
ici
tygener
atedinthisprocessis
Hydroelect
r i
cit
yorHydelpower.
Thi
sinvol
vesconversi
onofpot
ent
ial
ener
gyoft
hewat
eri
ntoki
net
icener
gyandt
hen
i
ntoelect
ri
cenergy.
I
ll
ust
rat
ion:
Damsar
econst
ruct
edt
ocol
l
ectwat
erf
lowi
ngi
nhi
ghal
ti
tuder
iver
.The
stor
edwat erhaspotent
ialener
gy.
Whenwat erisal
lowedtofallfr
om aheight
,pot
ent
ialenergychangest
oki
net
ic
energywhichrotat
estheturbi
nestoproduceel
ect
rici
ty.
Hy
dropowerpl
ant
sconv
ertt
hepot
ent
ial
ener
gyoff
all
i
ngwat
eri
ntoel
ect
ri
cit
y.
Sincether
earever
yfewwater
-f
all
swhichcoul
dbeusedasasour
ceofpot
ent
ial
energy
, hy
dropowerpl
ant
sareassoci
atedwi
thdams.

Sincethewaterinthereser
voirwoul
dber efi
l
ledeachti
me, itr
ains(
hydropowerisa
renewablesourceofenergy)wewouldnothav et
owor r
yabouthy dr
oelectr
ici
ty
sourcesgett
ingusedupt hewayfossi
lfuelswouldgetfi
nishedoneday .
“Opposi
ti
ontot heconstructionofTehr iDam onther i
verGangaandSar darSarovar
proj
ectontheriverNarmadaar eduet osuchproblems” -Constructi
onsofbigdams
havecert
ainproblemsassoci at
edwithit.Thedamscanbeconst ructedonlyi
na
l
imitednumberofpl aces,preferabl
yinhill
yterr
ains.Largeareasofagr i
cult
urall
and
andhumanhabi tati
onar etobesacr if
icedastheygetsubmer ged.Largeeco-
syst
emsar edestroyedwhensubmer gedunderthewat erindams.
Thevegetati
onwhichi ssubmergedrotsunderanaer
obi
ccondit
ionsandgiv
esriseto
l
argeamount sofmet hanewhichisalsoagreen-
housegas.I
tcreat
estheprobl
em of
sat
isf
actoryrehabi
l
itati
onofdispl
acedpeople.
Adv
ant
agesofHy
droPowerPl
ant
:
1.Iti
sreadilyandabundant l
yavail
ableevery
wher ef
reeofcost.
2.Iti
seco- f
riendlyanddoesnotproduceanyki ndofenvi
ronmentalpoll
uti
on.
3.Iti
sar enewabl esourceaswateritsel
fisarenewableandinexhausti
ble
resource.
4.Iti
sacheapsour ceofener
gy,asitdoesnotinvol
veanycostlyinvest
ment.
Di
sadv
antagesofHy droPowerPlant
 1.Highl
yexpensi
vetoconstr
uct.
2.Damscannotbeconstruct
edonal lr
iversit
es.
3.Largear
easofhumanhabi t
ationandagricult
uref
iel
dsgetsubmer
ged.
4.Peoplef
acesocial
andenvironmentalproblems.
Bi
o-Mass
Cow- dungcakesar eusedasaf uel
.Givent hel
argeliv
e-stockpopul ati
oninIndi
a,t
his
canal soassureusast eadysourceoffuel.Thefuelsareplantandani mal pr
oduct
s,
thesour ceofthesefuelsi
ssaidtobeBi o-mass.Thesef uels,donotpr oducemuch
heatonbur ni
ngandal otofsmokeisgivenoutwhent heyar eburnt.The
technologicali
nputstoimprovetheeff
iciencyofthesefuelsar enecessary.
Si
mil
arly,cow-dung,v
ar i
ouspl
antmat eri
alsl
iket
heresidueaf
terharv
est i
ngthe
cr
ops,vegetablewasteandsewagear edecomposedi ntheabsenceofoxy gento
gi
vebio-gas.Thestar
tingmater
ialiscow-dung,i
tisknownas‘Gobar-gas’
.Bio-gasi
s
pr
oducedi naplantknownasBi ogasplant.
Thepr i
ncipl
eofabi ogasplant
:Thepr i
ncipl
eofabi ogasplantistopr oducethe
gasseslikemet haneandothersideproductslikecarbondi oxi
de,etc.by
decomposi ng(breaki
ngdownt hecompl exsubst ancesintothesimpl e/basi
c
substances)thebiomass(theorganicmat ter-thenaturalsubstancesobt ai
nedfrom
theplantsandani mal
s,suchasthecowdung, thevegetablewaste)int heabsence
ofair(t
heanaer obicf
ermentati
on)andpr esenceoft hewat er.
Bi
ogasconsi
stsofmethane,carbondi
oxi
deal
ongwi
tht
hesmal
lamountof
hy
drogensul
phide,
andmoi st
ure.

• Theinletoft hebiogaspl antisthemi xi

ngt ank.Heret hebi omassi smixed
withtheequal amountofwat ertoform asl urr
y.Themi xingtankisalsocall
ed
theslurryregion.
• Thesl urr
yent ersthedigester.This(ai
r-
tightchamber )isanar eawi t
hthe
absenceoft heoxy genandt hepresenceofmi croorgani sms( theanaerobi
c
bacteria)
.Thesebact eri
aarecapabl eofdecomposi ngt hesubst ancesin
absenceofoxy gen.
• Themi cr
o-organismsbr eakdownt hecompl exsubstancei nt
obasic
substancesl ikemet hane,hydrogen,carbondi oxi
de, hydr ogensulfi
de.These
 gasesproducedarestoredinthegastankandwheneverrequi
red,these
gasesaretakenoutthroughthegasoutlet
.
• Duetothepressureexertedbybiogas,
spentsl
urr
yissenttooutletchamber
whichformsmanur eandi sr
emov edmanuall
yandusedasf er
til
i
zers.

Adv
ant
agesofBi
ogas
1.Non-polluting:Biogasbur nswi thoutsmoke;hencenohar mf ulgas
suchasCO2, CO,NO2, andSO2ar eevolved.
2.Reduces Landf i
ll
s:The sl urr
ypr oduced af tert he product i
on of
biogasisusedasmanur einfiel
ds.Themet hodofdi sposali ssafe
andef f
icientandhencenospacei swast edint hef or
m ofl andfil
l
s.
3.Cheapert echnology :Biogaspl antsr equir
ev eryl i
tt
lei nstall
ati
on
costandbecomesel f-
suffi
cientinaspanof3- 4mont hs.
4.Generatesempl oy ment:Wor koppor tunityfort housandsofpeopl e
iscreat
ed, especi al
lyinruralareas.
5.Oneoft hebestRenewabl esour cesofener gyt hepr oductionis
dependentont hegener ationofwast ewhi chi sanendl esspr ocess.
Di
sadv
ant
ages 
ofBiogas
1)Notef fi
cientenoughonal ar
gescale:Sincei tisdif
fi
cultt
oenhancethe
effi
ciencyofbi ogas,itisnoteconomi call
yv iabl
et ousebiogasona
l
argescal e.
2)Biogaswhencompr essed,tobeusedasf uel,provestobehighly
corrosivetothecontainer
3)Unstableandhazar dous:Whenmet hanecomesi ncontactwit
hoxygen
i
tr eactsv i
olentl
ytopr oducecar bondi oxide.Thehi ghl
yinf
lammable
natureofmet hanemakesi tpronetoexpl osions.
Geot
her
malEnergy
Adv
ant
agesofGeot
her
malEner
gy

Di
sadv
ant
agesofGeot
her
malEner
gy

Ener
gyf
rom sea
Theseasandoceansandot
herwat
erbodiesar
easourceofki
neti
candpot
ent
ial
ener
gyduetot
heimmensevol
umeofwaterandt
hemot
ionofwaves.
Ti
dalener
gy
1.Tidesar evariat
ionsi nthelevelofwat erduet ot hegravit
ationalpul
lofthe
moon.
2.Thephenomenon ofr iseand f al
lofwat erlevelorhi gh Tidalenergyis
obt ainedbyconst ructi
ngdamsneart he
3.nar rowopeni ngsoft hesea.Whent heti
deset sin,itmovest heturbi
newhich
direct l
yproducesel ect
ri
cit
yandl owt i
degivestidalener
gy.
4.Iti
sl i
mitedtoplacesneart hesea.
Waveenergy
1.Wav espossessal otofkinet
icenergythatcanbehar nessedtopr
oduce
elect
rici
ty.
2.Wav esareproducedbystr
ongwi ndsblowingov
erthesea.
3.Limitedtoplaceswithst
rongwi nds.
 Devi
ceshavebeendesignedt
ocapt
ure
thisenergy.