MODULE1 Theor

yofAr
chi
tect
ural
Desi
gn

Ar
chi
tect
uralDesi
gnTheor
y
MODULE1
1. I
ntr
oduct
iont
otheCour
se

1.
1 Ov
erv
iew

1.
1.1 Theor
yinGener al
1. Analysi
sofasetoff actsinrelationt ooneanot her
e.
g. Theor yofCol orandUsi ngcol orstoregulatemov ement
2. Abel i
ef,poli
cyorpr ocedur epr oposedorf oll
owedast hebasisofact i
on
e.
g. ConsensusTheor yandCommuni tyPartici
pationasaPl anning
Approach
3. Ani dealorhy pothet i
calsetoff acts,pri
nciplesorci rcumstancesofa
bodyoff actonscienceorar t.
e.
g. Fact s on Body -Nature-EnvironmentRel at
ionships vi
z Desi gn
Standardsstipulat
edi nDesi gnCodes
4. A plausible orsci enti
ficall
yaccept able generalpr i
nciple orbodyof
pri
nciplesofferedtoexpl ainphenomenon
e.
g. TheLocat ionalTheor yandAppr oachest oSquat terRelocati
on.
Productivi
tyTheoriesandOf ficePl anning

1.
1.2 For
ms/
Ty pesofTheor y
1. Descripti
ve:expl ainsphenomenonorev ent
s;t
hey’
reneutr
alanddonot
leantowar dsanyi deology
2. Prescript
ive:prescr i
besbasesorgui
del
ines
3. Crit
ical:chall
engesr elati
onshi
psbet
weenarchi
tect
ureandsoci
ety

1.
1.3 EssenceandComposi ti
on
1. Acollecti
onofthoughts,vi
ewsandideas
2. Organizedbythemeort opi
c
3. Evol
ut i
onofthoughts
4. Therei snotagr andt heoryorunifi
edtheoryofarchi
tect
ure;i
tisa
combi nat
ionofvar
iousthought
s,specul
ati
ons,
andconcepts

1.
1.4 For
m
1. I
naconceptualfor
m
2. Needstobetransl
atedtor
eal
it
y
3. Aredi
scussed,t
estedanddev
eloped

1.
2 TheConceptofAr
chi
tect
ure

1.
2.1 Thenatureandessenceofarchi
tect
ure
1.
2.2 Archi
tect
ureasscienceandart
1.
2.3 Archi
tect
ureasanexperience

ARCHITECTURAL
SYSTEMS
TheArchi
tect
ureof Space Or
gani
zat
ional pat
ter
n, r
elat
ionshi
ps,
Str
uct
ure hi
erar
chy
Ar
ch.GRLaj
om
MODULE1 Theor
yofAr
chi
tect
uralDesi
gn
Encl
osur
e Qual
it
ies ofshape,col
or,text
ure,scal
e,
proport
ion
Qual
it
iesofsur
faces,
edgesandopeni
ngs

Encl
osur
eSy
stem
Spat
ial
Syst
em
St
ruct
ural
Syst
em

Exper
iencedt
hrough Movementi
n Approachandentry
Space-
ti
me Pathconfi
gurati
onandaccess
Sequenceofspaces
Li
ght,vi
ew,touch,hear
ingandsmel
l

Achi
evedbymeansof Technol
ogy Str
uct ureandencl osure
Envir
onment alprotect
ionandcomf or
t
Health,safetyandwel far
e
Durabili
ty
Accommodat
inga Pr
ogr
am Userr equi
rement s,needs,aspi
rat
ions
Socio-cult
uralfactors

Ar
ch.GRLaj
om 1
MODULE1 Theor
yofAr
chi
tect
uralDesi
gn
Economi cfactors
Legalconstraint
s
Histor
icalt
raditi
onandpr ecedents
Compat
ibl
ewi
thi
ts Cont
ext Siteandenv i
ronment
Climate: sun, wi nd, temper at
ure and
preci
pit
ati
on
Geography:soi l
s,t opography,vegetat
ion
andwat er
Sensory and cul turalcharacter
ist
ics of
pl
ace

ARCHITECTURAL
For
msandSpace Sy
stemsandOr
gani
zat
ionsof
:
ORDERS
Physi
cal Sol
idsandVoids Space
I
nteri
orandExter
ior Structure
Enclosure
Machi nes
Per
cept
ual Sensory per
cept
ion and Appr oachandDepar tur
e
recogni
ti
on of t he physical EntryandEgr ess
elementsbyexperi
enci
ng t
hem Mov ementt hroughtheorderofspaces
sequenti
all
yinti
me Funct i
oning of and act i
vit
ies wit
hin
spaces
Qualiti
esofl i
ght,col
or,text
ure,vi
ewand
sound
Concept
ual Comprehension oft heor der
ed I
mages
and disordered r elat
ionshi
ps Patterns
among a bui ldi
ng’s elements Signs
andsystemsandr espondingto Symbol s
themeaningstheyev oke Cont ext ( Space, For m, Funct i
on,
Techni ques)

2. SpaceAr
ti
cul
ati
onandOr
gani
zat
ion

2.
1 Pr
imar
yEl
ement
sofDesi
gn

2.
1.1 Poi
nt
 Thetwoendsofali
ne
 Thei
nter
sect
ionoftwol
ines
 Themeeti
ngofli
nesatt
hecornerofapl
aneorv
olume
 Thecent
erofafi
eld

Ar
ch.GRLaj
om 2
MODULE1 Theor
yofAr
chi
tect
uralDesi
gn

2.
1.2 Li
ne
Apoi
ntextendedbecomesal
i
newi
thpr
oper
ti
esof
:
 Lengt h
 Di r
ection
 Posi t
ion

2.
1.3 Pl
ane
Ali
neext
endedbecomesapl
anewi
thpr
oper
ti
esof
:
 Lengt handwidt
h
 Shape
 Sur f
ace
 Or i
entat
ion
 Position

2.
2 Form
Archi
tect
ural
for
mist
hepoi
ntofcont
actbet
weenmassandspace

2.
2.1 Pr
oper
ti
esofFor m
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Color
4. Texture
5. Positi
on
6. Orient
ati
on
7. VisualI
nerti
a

2.
2.2 For m Transf ormat ionandOr ganizati
on
1.Di mensi onalTr ansformat ion:af orm canbet ransfor
medbyal t
eringoneor
mor eofi tsdi mensi onsandst il
lretainitsidenti
tyasamemberofaf amilyof
forms.A cube,f orexampl e,canbet ransformedi ntosimilarprismat i
cf orms
throughdi scr etechangesi nhei ght,l
engthorwi dth.
2. Subt ract iveTr ansfor mation: af orm canbet r
ansformedbysubt r
acti
nga
por t
ionofi tsv olume.Dependi ngont heex t
entoft he subtr
acti
ve
process,t hef or
m canst il
lretainitsiniti
alidenti
tyorbet r
ansfor
medi ntoaf orm
ofanot herf ami l
y .
3. Addi ti
veTr ansformat i
on:af orm canbet ransformedbyt headdi ti
onof
element st oitsv olume.Thenat ureoft headdi t
iveprocessandt henumberof
relati
vesi zesoft heel ement sattacheddet er
minewhet herthei dentit
yoft he
ini
tialformi sal teredorr etai
ned.

2.
3 For
m andSpace

2.
3.1 Spat
ial
Rel
ati
onshi
ps

1. Spacewi thinaspace
Focusmaybedi rectedt ot hecont ainedspacei f:
 Ittakest hef or m oft heenv elopi ngspacebuti sor ientedi
nadif
fer
entmanner
.
 Itdiff
ersi nf ormf r
om t heenv elopingspace
2. Int
er l
ocki ngspaces
Threepossi bi
li
tiesoft hei nt erl
ockingportions:
 Thei nterlockingpor tioni
sshar edbyt het wospaces
 Thei nterlocki ngpor ti
oncanmer gewi thoneoft hespacesandbecomeani nt
egr
al
par
tofi t
sv olume
 Thei nterlockingpor tioncandev elopitsowni ntegrit
y
3. Adjacentspaces
Fourpossi bi
li
ti
esf orsepar at i
ngplanes
 Limitv i
sual andphy sicalaccessbet weent oadjacentspaces
 Appearasaf ree-standingpl anei nasi nglevolumeofspace
 Bedef i
nedwi thar owofcol umns
Ar
ch.GRLaj
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MODULE1 Theor
yofAr
chi
tect
uralDesi
gn
 Bemer elyimpl iedwi thachangeofl evelorsurfacear ticul
at i
onbet weent hetwo
spaces
4. Spacesl inkedbyacommonspace
Way sofli
nki ngcommonspace
 Thei ntermediat espacecandi f
ferinform andor ient
ationf rom thet wospacest o
expr essi t
sli
nki ngfunction
 Thet hreespacescanbeequi val
entinsizeandshape,andf orm al i
nearsequenceof
space
 Thei ntermediatespacecani t
selfbecomel ineari
nf ormt oli
nkt wospacest hatare
distantf rom eachot her,orjoi
nawhol eseri
esofspacest hathav enor el
ati
onshi
pt o
oneanot her
 Thei ntermediat espacecan,i fl ar
geenough,becomet hedomi nantspacei nt he
relationshipandbecapabl eoforganizi
ngt hespacesaroundi t
 Thef orm oft hei ntermediatespacemaybedet erminedsol el
ybyt hef or
msand
orient ati
onsoft het wospacesbei ngli
nked

2.
3.2 Or
gani
zat
ionofSpaces

1. CENTRALI ZED–consi stsofacent r

aldomi nantspacear oundwhi chanumberof
secondar yspacesar egr ouped
2. LINEAR–consi stsofal inearsequenceofr epetit
ivespacest hatar egener
all
y
ali
kei nsize,form andf unction
Li nearorganizat i
onsmayr elatet ootherf ormsi nit
scont extby:
a.Li nki
ngandor ganizingthem al ongi t
sl ength
b. Ser vi
ngasawal lorbar riertosepar atet hem intot wodifferentfiel
ds
c. Sur r
oundi ngandencl osingt hem wi thinaf ieldofspace
d. Cur vedandsegment edl inearf ormscanencl oseaf i
eldandst rengt
hen
ori
entati
ont owar dsi t
scent er
3. RADI AL-consi stsofacent r
alspacef r
om whi chli
nearor ganizati
onsext endina
radialmanner
4. CLUSTERED–consi st sofr epet i
tiv
ecel lul
arspacesgr oupedbypr oximityorby
theshar i
ngofacommont raitorr el
ati
onshi p
5. GRI D–consi stsofspaceswhoseposi ti
onsi nspaceandr el
ationshipswithone
anot herareregul atedbyat hree-dimensi onal gridpatternorf i
eld

2.
3.3 For
mal
Coll
isionsofGeomet
ry
1. Ci
rcleandsquare
2. Rotatedgr
id

2.
3.4 Ar
ticul
ati
onofFor
m
1. Edgesandcorner
s
2. Surf
aceart
icul
ati
on

For
m Defi
ningSpace
1. BasePlane
2. El
evatedBasePlane
3. DepressedBasePlane
4. OverheadPlane

Ver
ti
cal
ElementsDef iningSpace
1. Verti
calLi
nearEl ement
s
2. Singl
eVertical Plane
3. L-ShapedPlane
4. Parall
elPl
ane
5. U-ShapedPl ane
6. FourPlanes: Closure

Openi
ngsinSpaceDef i
ningEl
ement
s
1. Wit
hinPlanes
2. AtCorners
3. Bet
weenPl anes

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ch.GRLaj
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MODULE1 Theor
yofAr
chi
tect
uralDesi
gn

2.
4 Ci
rcul
ati
on

2.
4.1 Mov ementt
hroughSpace
Thepat hofourmov ementcanbeconceiv
edastheper ceptualt
hreadthatli
nks
thespacesofabui ldi
ngoranyseriesofinter
iorspacesorext er
iorspaces
together
.
Sincewemov ei nt
imet hr
oughasequenceofspaces,weexper i
enceaspacei n
relati
ontowherewehav ebeenandwhereweanti
cipat
egoi ng.

2.
4.2 El
ement
sofCi
rcul
ati
on

1. TheBuildingAppr oach.Bui
ldi
ngentr
ancesar
eusual
l
yappr
oachedal
ongapat
h,
maki
ngi
tthef i
rstphaseofthecir
cul
ati
onsyst
em.
a. Frontal
b. Obli
que
c. Spir
al

2. TheBui ldingEnt rance.Thebui l

dingent r
ancedi st
inguishest hepassagefrom one
spacet oanot her( out sidet oi nside).Itisbestsi gni
fi
edbyest abli
shingarealorimpli
ed
planeper pendicul artot hepat hofappr oach.
 Ent rancesmaybesi milar( andser veasapr evi
ew)tot hespacebei ngent
ered,ormay
cont r
astwi tht hespat i
alchar acteroft hepl ane.
 Theymaybel ocatedatt hecent eroft hef r
ontalpl
aneorcr eat
et hei
rownsymmet r
ical
condi t
ionar oundt heopeni ng.
 Ent rancesmaybev isuall
yr einforcedby :
a. Maki ngtheopeni ngl ower ,wi der,ornar r
owert hanant i
cipated
b. Maki ngtheent r
anceext r
adeep
c. Maki ngtheent r
anceci rcuitous
d. Ar ti
culati
ngt heopeni ngwi thor nament ationanddecor ations
 I tmayal sobei mpl iedby :
a. Twopi ll
arswi thorwi thoutanov erheadbeam
b. Changei nl evel
 Ent rancesmaybegr oupedi nto:
a. Fl ush
c. Pr ojected
d. Recessed

3. Configurationoft hePat h.
 Thecont ourandwi dthoft hepat hdependsuponwhom orwhatwi l
lusei t.
a. Pedestrianpat hscanaccommodat eshar pert urnsbutr equi
reagr eaterv olumeof
spacethant hebodilydimensi onsoft heuser s
b. Vehicularpat hscanbet ail
or edt i
ghtl
yt ot hewi dthoft hev ehicl
esbutr equiresl
ess
abruptchangesi npaceanddi recti
on
 Thecont inuityandscal eofpat hsdistinguishbet weenmaj orandmi norrout es
 Whent hepat hsatacr ossingar eequi val
entt ooneanot her,suff
icientspaceshoul d
bepr ovi
dedf orpeopletopauseandor ientthemsel ves.
 Thepat h’sconf igurati
oni nfluencesori sinfluencedbyt hespacesi tli
nks.I tcanbe
l
inear(allpathsar eactual l
ylinear),radial
,spiral,
gr i
d,networ korcomposi te.
Net work–consi st
sofr andom pat hs
Composi te–acombi nationofanyoft heotherpat t
erns

2.
4.3 Pat
h-spacerel
ati
onshi
ps
1. Edges–passingbyspaces
2. Nodes–passingthroughspaces
3. Terminat
ion–pathstermi
natesi
naspace

2.
4.4 For m oft he Circulat
ion Space.Cor ri
dors,bal
conies,gal
ler
ies,st
air
s and r
amps are
ci
rcul
ati
onspacesthatfor m anintegralpartofthebuil
dingorgani
zati
onandoccupyasigni
fi
cant
amountofspacewithi
nt hebuildi
ng’svolume.
 Thef orm canv aryaccordingto:
a. howi tsboundar i
esar edef
ined

Ar
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MODULE1 Theor
yofAr
chi
tect
uralDesi
gn
b. howi trel
atest otheform ofthespaces
c. howi tsqualit
iesarear t
icul
ated
d. howent rancesopent oit
e. howi tchangesi nlevelwithstai
rsandr
amps
f. degreeofencl osure
- Encl
osed
- Openononeside
- Openonbothsides
 Thedi mensionsoft heci r
culati
onspacedependsupont
het
ypeandamountoft
raff
ic
itmusthandle
 A pat hcanbewi denednotonl ytoaccommodatemoret
raf
fi
cbutalsotocreate
spacesforpausing,resti
ngorv iewing.

2.
5 Pr
opor
ti
onandScal
e

2.
5.1 BasesofPropor
tions
1. Materi
alsProporti
ons
2. Str
uctur
al Propor
ti
ons
3. ManufacturedPropor
ti
ons

2.
5.2 Theor
iesofProporti
on
1. GoldenSection
2. Regulati
ngLines
3. Classi
calOrders
4. RenaissanceTheor
ies
5. Modul or
6. Ken

2.
5.3 TypesofPr
oport
ion
1. Rel
ati
veandAbsol
ute
2. Ari
thmet
ic,
Geometr
icandHar
moni
c

2.
6 Pr
inci
plesofDesi
gn

2.
6.1 Cont r
ast
2.
6.2 Balance/ Axi
s/Symmetry
2.
6.3 Hierarchy
1. Hier
archybysi
ze
2. Hier
archybyshape
3. Hier
archybyplacement

2.
6.4 Rhythm/Repet
it
ion
2.
6.5 Datum
2.
6.6 Transf
ormati
on

2.
7 Chr
omat
icEner
gyofAr
chi
tect
ural
Desi
gn

The3di
mensi
onsofcol
or:

2.
7.1 Hue -thecolori
tsel
f
2.
7.2 TonalVal
ue -l
ightnessordarkness
2.
7.3 ChromaorInt
ensi
ty -bri
ghtnessordullness

Ar
ch.GRLaj
om 6