[

Physi
ology] 1
TheRespir
ator
ySy
stem

Modul
e5:TheRespi
rat
orySy
stem

Cour
seLear
ningOut
comes:
1.Def
ineRespi
rat
orySy
stem
2.I
dent
if
ythepar
tsofr
espi
rat
orysy
stem
3.I
dent
if
ythef
unct
ionsoft
hepar
tsofr
espi
rat
orysy
stem

TheRespi
rat
orySy
stem

Cour
seModul
e
 [
Physi
ology] 2
TheRespir
ator
ySy
stem

Respi
rat
orySy
stem

The pr ocess ofphy si

ologicalrespirat
ion i ncludes two maj orpar ts:
exter
nalr espi
ration and internalrespir
ation.Ext ernalrespi
ration,al so
knownasbr eathing,i
nvolvesbot hbringi
ngai rintot hel
ungs( i
nhal ati
on)
and r eleasing ai rt o the at mospher e ( exhalation)
. Duri
ngi nter
nal
respi
ration,oxy genandcar bondioxidear eexchangedbet weent hecel l
s
andbloodv essels.

Respirat
ionbeginsatthenoseormout h,wher eoxygenatedai
risbrought
i
nbef oremov ingdownt hepharynx,l
arynx,andt het r
achea.Thetrachea
branches intot wobronchi,each leading intoal ung.Each bronchus
divi
des i nt
o smal l
er br onchi
,and agai n i nto ev en small
er tubes
call
edbronchioles.Attheendoft hebronchiolesareairsacscal
ledalveol
i
,
andthisiswher egasexchangeoccur s.

Tr
anspor
tOfGases

Cel
l
ularRespi
rat
ionEquat
ion:

C6H12O6+6O2-
>6CO2+H2O

Oneofthemai nfunct
ionsofbl
oodi st aki
ngOxy gentoandremovi
ngCO2
fr
om theti
ssues.Oxygentr
ansport.Thesol ubi
l
ityofoxygeni
nwateri
s.3
mLt o100mLpl asma.Ont heotherhand,whol ebloodcarri
es20mLper
100mL.Thi
sdiffer
enceisduetothepr esenceofhemoglobin.

Oxygen tr
ansportoccur s primari
l
yv i
ar ed blood cell
s,which hav e
hemoglobi
n.Hemogl obi
nismadeupof2di f
fer
enttypesofprotei
nchai ns.
2alphaand2bet achains,whichareverysimil
ar.These4chainstogether
makeupahemogl obinmol ecul
e.Wi t
hinhemogl obi
nt her
ei sacr ucial
subuni
tcal l
ed a heme gr oup.Thi s heme group with a centr
ali on
associ
ateswithanOxy genmol ecul
e.Itisnotacov al
entbond.Thereisa
physi
calattr
acti
on(charge).Theioncant akeonandgi v eoffanoxy gen
molecul
ev er
yeasil
y.

Cour
seModul
e
 [
Physi
ology] 3
TheRespir
ator
ySy
stem

Oneoxy gencanassoci at
eswi t
heachhemegr oup.So ahemogl obi
n
molecul
ecanassoci atewithupt o4Oxygenmol ecul
es.I
nassociati
ng
wit
hoxy gen,theindi
v i
dualuni
tschangeinposi
ti
onwi t
hrespectt
oeach
ot
her.AsO2 comesi n,theactualhemogl
obi
nmol ecul
echangesshape,
i
ncreasi
ngaf f
ini
tyforoxygen.

Deoxyhemogl obinhasar elat

ivel
ylow af f
init
yforO2.Asi tbeginstoload
up with Oxygen,theaf fi
nityforoxy gen increases.Hemogl obi
n,inits
oxygenatedstatehasahi gheraffi
nit
yf orO2.Whent hehemogl obi
nleaves
thelungsandgoest othebody ,weseet hereverseeff
ect
.Thehemogl obin
givesupi t
soxy gen.Theshapechangesi nal oweroxygenenv i
ronment
reducingaff
init
yforoxygenandcausi ngoxy gent obedel
ivered(bl
ueli
ne).

Cour
seModul
e
 [
Physi
ology] 4
TheRespir
ator
ySy
stem

Ther el
ati
onshi
pbetweenthetr
ansferofO2 andt
heamountofO2 inthe
envir
onmenti sshown i
nt heoxygen di
sassoci
ati
on/
associ
ati
on cur
ve
(above)
.

Thepar t
ialpr essureofO2 ( PO2)
:thisisameasur eofhow muchO2 i s
avai
lablei nt hatpar t
icul
arenv ir
onment.Theai rthatyoubreat heis20%O2.
Ift
hepr essur eoft heairisat760mm Hg, thenthePO2wi llbearound152
mm Hg.Si ncet heairinthel ungsissaturatedwi t
hwat erandwat ertakes
up someoft hat,theact ualval
uei sar ound 110 mm Hg.Thecur ve
expressest hel evelofsat urati
onofhemogl obinbasedont heamountof
O2 i
nt heenv ironment .I
tisSshaped.Whenhemogl obi
nisi nthel ungs,i
t
wil
lsat urate, butwheni tgoest oat i
ssue,i
tdr ops,andwill
del i
verO2.

TheOxy
genDi
ssoci
ati
onCur
ve

Thecr uci
alf
act
orisAFFINITY.Thegreatertheaffi
nit
ythelessoxygeni
t
takestoloadhemoglobinup.Ast hetissuesandt hebloodplasmapH
becomesmor eacid,hemoglobi
naffi
nit
yi sreduced.Si
ncethatacidi
tyi
s
goingtohappenint heti
ssues,thi
smeanst hatthet i
ssuethat
'smore
acidi
cwill
getmoreoxygen.

Bloodgoesfrom t
hehear t
,tothelungs,backtotheheart
,andt henoutt
o
theti
ssues.Whenitgoest hr
ought i
ssues,i
tonlygoesthroughonesetof
capil
l
ari
es.Itcomestot hetissuesloadedwithoxygen.Themor eaci
dic
theti
ssueenvir
onment,t
hemor ethehemoglobi
nunloadsoxy gen.
Cour
seModul
e
 [
Physi
ology] 5
TheRespir
ator
ySy
stem

Thet i
ssuebecomesaci dduet ot heproduct i
onofCO2,whi chleadsto
Carbonicacidf ormat i
on.Hemogl obi
nloadsupataPO2ofabout100.I n
themusclest hereisamol ecul
ecal l
edmy oglobin,whichi sverysimilart
o
hemoglobin.Howev er,i
tonlyhasonehemegr oupi nsteadof4.Whenwe
l
ookatt heoxy gendi ssoci
ati
oncur veofmy oglobinweseet hatitl
oadsup
ata lowerPO2 t han Hemogl obin.So when hemogl obin unl
oads O2,
my ogl
obinreadilytakesitup.

TheHumanr
espi
rat
orysy
stem

Lungs

Ourlungsar eelast
ic/
stret
chy.Thisisbecauseofelast
icconnect
iveti
ssue
andal it
tl
ebi tofsmoot hmuscl e,butt
heycan'tbeamuscul arorganli
ke
theheartthatthemselvescontractandexpand.Wehav etohaveanelasti
c
l
ungt hatisverythi
nandf aci
l
itatesgasexchange.

The3Cav
iti
es:

 I
ntr
apulmonar
y:i
nsi
det
hel
ungs.I
tisopent
otheat
mospher
eal
l
t
hetime.

 Thor
aciccav
ity
:Thewhol
ecav
ityt
hatcont
ainst
hel
ungsandhear
t.
I
tisseal
ed.

 Pleuralcav
ity:Boundedbythepleuralsac.Thi
ssachas2l ayer
s:A
pariet
allay
ert hatli
nesthet
horaciccavit
yandav iscer
allayerthat
coversthelungs.Iti
sflui
dfi
l
led,whichactsasalubri
cant.

Breathinginvol
v edanactivechangeint hev
olumeoft hethor
aciccavi
ty,
reducing and increasi
ng it
spr essur
e.Wear egoing to seehow that
happens.Butbef or
ethat,
let’
slookattheact
ualst
ruct
ureinthelungst
hat
suppor tsgasexchange.

 Tr
achea-mai
nai
rwaybet
weent
hemout
handt
hel
ungs.

 2maj
orbr
onchi
-lar
get
ubes,
onegoi
ngt
oeachl
ungs.

 Br
onchi
oles-smal
ltubes

 Al
veol
arduct

Cour
seModul
e
 [
Physi
ology] 6
TheRespir
ator
ySy
stem

 Al
veol
arsac-t
ermi
nat
ingt
heduct

 Al
veol
i-wher
ethemaj
orgasexchangehappens

Theal
veolarductandsacar
ecover
edwit
hacapi
ll
arynet
wor
k.Thebl
ood
get
soxygenatedandgoesbackv
iat
hepul
monar
yveintot
hehear
t.

Pr
essur
eChangesdur
ingRespi
rat
ion

I
fther
eisgoi
ngtobepr essur
echangesint
hethor
aci
ccav
ityt
her
ehast
o
bevol
umechanges.Thoraci
ccav
itypr
essur
echanges

Diaphragm:Theboundarybetweenthethoraci
ccavi
tyandtheabdomi nal
cavit
y.Thediaphragm i
skindofovalshaped.Iti
sabandofmuscl e,and
thereiscent
ralconnect
iveti
ssue,whi
chisst r
ongbutnon-
cont
ract
ile.It
s
shapeatrestisdomeli
ke.

Cour
seModul
e
 [
Physi
ology] 7
TheRespir
ator
ySy
stem

Thor
aci
ccav
itywal
l
:

 Theext
ernal
int
ercost
almuscl
es-Thesear
einv
olv
edi
ninspi
rat
ion.

 Thei
nter
nal
int
ercost
almuscl
es-Thesear
einv
olv
edi
nexpi
rat
ion.

Eupnea-normal/qui
etbr eat
hing.Inspi
rat
ionhast oresul
tinar educed
thor
aci
ccavit
ypressure.Somaki ngthecav i
tyl
argerdoest
his.Thecavit
y
i
smadel ar
gerby2setsofmuscl econtr
acti
ons:

 Thedi
aphr
agm cont
ract
s

 Theext
ernal
int
ercost
alscont
ract
.

Bothofthesewillenlargethevolumeoft het
horaciccavit
y,whichreduces
thepressur
ei nthepl eur
alcav i
ty,whichmeanst henthatthepressurein
thepulmonar ycavit
yi sgr eat
ert hanthepressureinthepl eur
alcav i
ty,
for
cingthelungstoexpand.

Expirat
ion-passive.Thediaphragm rel
axes,theexter
nalint
ercostal
srel
ax.
When di aphr
agm cont r
acts,thisr educes abdomi nalcav it
y space,
i
ncreasing thepr essureint heabdomi nalcavity
.Wheni tr el
axes,the
abdomi nalorganspusht hediaphragm backi ntoplace.Whent hor
acic
cavit
ypr essur
egoesup, pl
euralcav
itypressuregoesupabov epulmonary
pressure,andthatforcesairout.

Whydon'
tthel
ungscol
l
apseatt
heendofanexpi
rat
ion?

 Thel ungsarev eryelasti

c.Thismeansthataft
erwehav eexpirat
ory
mov ement s,thelungscont inuetobecomesmal ler.Thisreduces
thoracic cavity pressure below at
mospher i
c pressure.Ift he
pressureint hethor ax,andt hust
hepleuralcavi
ty,i
ncreases,thi
s
keepst helungsfrom get t
ingtoosmal
l.

 Sur
factant-rel
easedbyspeci alcell
sint hel ungsthatreduces
sur
facetensi
onofwater.Partoftheconstr
ict
ionofthelungsisthe
combinedeff
ectofsur
facetensionandelasti
cit
y.

Dy
spnea-f
orcedbr
eat
hing.

 Theinspi
rator
yphasei
sthesameasEupneawi t
htwoaddi
ti
onal
musclesconnect
edtot
hecl
avi
cle(
neckmuscl
es)
.

Cour
seModul
e
 [
Physi
ology] 8
TheRespir
ator
ySy
stem

 The expir
ator
y phase i s di
ff
erent
.I ti nvol
v es the i
nter
nal
i
nter
costal
s and t he abdominal muscul at
ure. The inter
nal
i
nter
costal
spullt
heribcagedown.Theabdomi nalmusclecontr
act
andfor
cethediaphr
agm upbyincr
easingabdomi nalpr
essur
e.

Whathappensi
fandoft
hewal
lsoft
het
hor
aci
ccav
ityar
epenet
rat
ed?

Thisiscall
edaPneumot horax,andthathappensasar esultoftrauma.
This means thatthe i
ndividualcannotbreathe.When the di
aphragm
contr
acts,
itsi
mplysucksai rthoughthehol
eint hewal
l
.Fortunat
ely,the2
l
ungsar eseparat
e,soifonly1l ungcoll
apse,youcanuset heotherone.
Wheny ouhaveabi l
ater
alpneumot hor
ax,br
eathingi
snolongerpossible.

Cour
seModul
e
 [
Physi
ology] 9
TheRespir
ator
ySy
stem

BooksandJour
nal
s

1.HumanPhy
siol
ogyForRegul
arPeopl
e-ByLesl
i
eSamuel

Onl
i
neSuppl
ement
aryMat
eri
als
1.Therespir
ator
ysystem;
htt
ps:/
/www. r
esear
chgate.
net/
publi
cati
on/
278719512_The_
Human_Respi
rat
ory_
System&ved=2ahUKEwjd2ZT7r
6joAhW3yIsBHf
yoCvQQFjAAegQI
BBAB&us
g=AOvVaw02U9ShWXy _LuEZG380EpQk;March20,2020

Cour
seModul
e