Modul

e3:BASI
CCONCEPTSI
NEARTHANDSPACESCI
ENCE

Jef
freyF.Cabangon

BEED2

Lesson1:GEOLOGY

Act
ivi
ti
es/
Assessment

Ref
lect
ionandReact
ions

1.Di
scussbr
ief
lyhowt
heEar
thf
ormed.

Wemaywonderhowt heplanetwearel i
vingi nstarted.Forar el
igiouspoi ntofvi
ew, alivi
ng
Godcr eateditjustf orsevenday s.Howev er,sci enti
ficall
yspeaki ng,Ear t
hst art
edr oughl y
bil
l
ionsofy ear
sagosi ncet hebir
thoft hesol arsy stem.Earthandt heot herplanetswer e
conti
nuouslybombar dedbydebr i
sf l
oati
ngi nt hespace,ev entuall
y,t hr
oughal ongper i
odof
ti
me, f
ormedtheEar thasiti
snow.Themet eoricdebr iscooleddown, remelted,andturnedtobe
thelayer
softheEar th.Ear
th'
sformationmaybei nterestingandexci ti
ngt odiscoverandl earn,
butwhatmor eexcit
ingiswhatwoul dtheEarthbel ikeaf teranot
herbi l
lionyear.

2.Descr
ibet
het
hreel
ayer
sofEar
th’
sInt
eri
or.

Nowt hatweknow, scientif

ically,howt heEar t
hisf ormed, itistimetodi gdeeperandgett o
know itsdi fferentlayers.Asweal lknow,Ear thhast hreelay ers,namel ycore,mant l
eandt he
crust.Actual l
yt heEar t
hi snotdi videdi ntot hreelayersphy sically,buti
tissai dtobehast hree
l
ay ersbecauseofi tsdi ff
er entanddi stinctchemi calcomposi tions.Thecor e,whi chi satt he
verycenteroft heEar th,isani r
on- nickelr i
chl ayerbecausedur ingt heEarth'
sf ormat i
on,dense
mat eri
alslikei ronandni ckelsank,t husf ormingt hecor e.Thenextl ayerist hemant l
e,the
thi
ckestlay erwhi chiscomposedmai nlyofi ron,magnesi um, calcium-ri
chsi l
i
cat emi nerals.The
l
asti sthecr ustwhi chi sat hi
nlay er,furtherdi vi
dedt ooceani candcont i
nentalcr ustwhi chalso
possessdi st inctchemi calandmat erialcomposi t
ions.Interestingknowl edgei tistoknow t he
diff
erentlay ersoft heEar th,itreveal sthet r
aceofi tsv erylongf ormat
ionandgi vesushi ntto
understandwhathadt ranspi r
edbi ll
iony earsago.

3.St
atet
hedi
ff
erenceamongt
het
hreet
ypesofRocks.

Therearet hr
eet ypesofr ocksbasedonhowi twasf ormed.Theyareigneous, sedi
mentary,
andmet amorphicr ocks.Welltheyar eallrocksbutofcour setheyhavedifferences.Theyare
dif
ferentonhowt heybecamear ock.Fir
st,i
gneousr ockisformedduet othecool i
ngofmagma
(l
ava).Therearet wot ypesofigneous, extr
usiveifi
tiscooleddownont hesurfaceandi nt
rusi
ve
i
finsideorunder ground.Whi l
esedi mentaryrocksaret heresultofcompacti
onandcement ati
on
ofsediment sbur i
eddeepdown.Last ,isthemet amor phi
cr ockwhichisf ormedi frocksare
subjectedtohight emper at
ureandi ntensepressure.

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CCONCEPTSI
NEARTHANDSPACESCI
ENCE

4.Giv
enthediagram ofRockCy cl
eonpage_ _
__.Whatwil
lhappeni
fthemet
amor
phi
crock
under
goesaddit
ionalheat
ingorsti
llunderhi
ghpressur
e?

Hav ey ouev erwonderhow t her ocksar ef or

med?Wel lify oudidnot ,theny oushoul d.
Under standingt herockcy cl
eisinterestingbecausei tshowscont i
nuit
yandv ersati
li
tyforitwas
abletochangedependi ngont hesituationitwason.Goi ngbackt oquest ion, whatwi l
lhappeni f
met amor phicr ockunder goesaddi t i
onalheat i
ng orst il
lunderhi ghpr essur e?Priort othe
knowl edget hatmet amor phicrocksar ef or
medwhenev erar ock,beiti gneousorsedi ment ary
rock,isputunderheatandpr essure.I nthiscase,whenamet amorphicr ockisst il
linhigh
pressur ei twillmel tdownandr eturnt omagma.Andwhenmagmai semi ttedont hesur f
ace
thoughv olcanicer upti
onandcooldownori nothercasecooldownunder gr ound,thi
swi llr
esult
toext rusiveandi nt
rusiv
ei gneousr ockf ormationr espectiv
ely.Now,l etj ustsayt hoser ocks
under gone weat her
ing and soiler osion,itwi llcreate some sedi ment s.And when t hese
sediment sar ecombi nedandcompact ed,sedimentaryrockswi l
lbeformed.Thepr ocessdonot
stopt her e.Ifi gneousr ockorsedi ment ar
yr ocksar eagai nputunderheatandpr essure,a
met amor phicr ockwi l
lbef ormed,andt henwi l
lrepeatt hecy cl
e.Tosum i tup,rockcy cleisa
continuouspr ocesst hatrepeatit
self.Aper fectdesignofnat ure.

Rocksadaptandchanget othegiv
ensi tuat
ion.Li
keIhav
esaid,iti
sint
erest
ing,
her
eiswhy.
Wecancr ushed,break,dest
roy,pul
ver
ized,orev enmeltt
herock,butti
mewi l
lcomethati
twi
ll
bef or
medagai nandhar derandbet terthani twasbefore.A quali
tythathumansshoul
d
possess.

5.Explai
nhow plat
etect
onicbecamer esponsibl
efornot
iceabl
egeol
ogi
cev
ent
ssuchas
ear
thquake,
vol
canicer
upt
ionandothermajorlandf
orms.

Someofusst i
llbel
ievesi ntosuper naturalandspi ri
tualexplanationofanev entlikel egends
andt hel i
ke.Whenev eranear t
hquakehi ts,somecl aimst hati tisbecauseGodi spuni shing
humansorv olcani ceruptionbecauset hedei t
yl i
v i
ngoni tismad,ormount ai
nsf ormedi n
memor yoflov erswhodi edt here.Funnyasi tmaysoundi ti
s,wecannotbl amet hosewho
beli
ev ei
ni t
.Buti fwear ebei ngskept i
calandr ati
onal lyseeingt heev ents, wewi l
lbeawar et hat
i
ti snotbecauseoft hat.To t el
lwhati smor er el i
ableand accept able,plat
et ect onici s
responsiblefort hosegeol ogi cev ent s.Tect onicpl atesi sindeedmov i
ngandcont i
nuousl y
mov inginchbyi nchpery ear .Itismov i
ng,unnot iced,about2t o15cent i
met erpery earwhi ch
formsmount ainr anges,t r
enchesandr if
tswhenev erthesepl atesi nteracts.Thedenserpl ates
subductsundert helessdenserpl at est husf ormi ngmount ai
ns.Pl atemov ementsal socause
earthquake.Theyoccurwher eplatesar esubduct ing,spr eading,sl i
pping,orcol li
ding.Ast he
plat
esgr indt oget her,theygetst uckandpr essur ebui ldsupt husr esultst oanear t
hquake.
Amazi ngisn'
tit ?Littl
edidweknowt hatt helandmassest hatwear est eppingonar emov i
ngy et
wecannotnot icei t
,untili
tcr eatedmount ains,rif
ts, tr
enchandear t
hquakes.

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6.Di
ff
erent
iat
edi
ver
gent
,conv
ergentandt
ransf
ormf
aul
tboundar
ies.

Asidef r
om t heamaz i
ngf actt
hatt het ectonicplat
esar emov i
ng,thereisal soamuch
i
ntriguingf actaboutpl at
emov ements.Asourt ectoni
cplatesmov e,i
tcr eatedboundar i
es
dependi ng on how i tmov esori t
sdi rect
ion.Ther earethreeoft hem,namel y:div
ergent,
conv ergent,and t ransf
orm f aul
tboundar i
es.Ast henamei t
selfimplies,divergentmeans
mov ingorext endingi ndiff
erentdi
recti
onsf r
om acommonpoi nt
.Itwascr eatedwhent wo
pl
atesar emov ingawayf rom eachot hercommonl yonoceanf loorthatcausesseaf l
oor
spreadi ng.Themagmat hatexit
edalongthef aultarecooleddownandf or
msoceani cri
dges.

Convergentboundariesont heotherhandhappenwhent wopl at

esar emov ingtowards
eachother.Itwasf urt
herclassi
fi
edintothreebasedonwhatcr ustisinvolv
ed.Itcanbeei t
her
conti
nental
–oceanic,oceanic–oceani
c,andconti
nental–cont
inentalconvergence.Eachofthese
thr
eetypesofconv ergenceresul
tstodiff
erentf
ormationofmount ains,ri
ft
s,andtrenches.

Lastl
y,thetr
ansfor
mfaultboundar
iesisaresul
toft woplatesorcrustthatsl
idespasteach
ot
her.Unl
iketheothert
wo,i
nt hi
sboundaryanewl i
thospher
ei snei
thercreatednordestr
oyed.

Tosum i
tup,boundar
iesar
ecreat
edornamedaft
erhowtheplat
esaremovi
ng,di
vergenti
f
movesaway ,conver
genti
fitmovestowar
deachother,andt
ransf
ormfaul
tifi
t'
ssli
dingpast
eachother
.

7.Showhowv
olcanoer
upt
sthr
oughadi
agr
am.

Sour
ce:ht
tps:
//www.fr
eepi
k.com/
premi
um-
vect
or/
vol
cano-
inf
ogr
aphi
c-i
somet
ri
c-v
olcano-
vect
or
-
inf
ographi
c_4983105.
htm

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8.Enumer
ateanddi
scussbr
ief
lyt
hemaj
ort
ypesofv
olcani
clandf
orms.

Eachv olcaniclandformsar ecl

assi
fi
edbasedonhow v iol
entorgentletheerupti
onwas,
andhowsl oworf astt heflowofthemagmawasdependsoni tsvi
scosi
ty.Themaj orty
pesof
vol
caniclandf ormsi nclude:fl
oodbasal
ts,shiel
dv ol
canoes,ci
ndercones( alsocall
edscor
ia
cones),st
ratovolcanoes( alsocal
l
edcompositecones),l
avadomes,andcalderas.

Floodbasal
tsarechar
acter
izedbygent
leerupti
onwherelar
gev
olumeofl
ow-
viscosi
tyand
l
ow-
gasmagmaser uptf
rom t
hef i
ssur
esorcracksofavol
cano.

Shi
eldv
olcanoi
saresul
tofagentl
eerupt
ionofal
owv i
scousmagmawhi
chi
sfastmov
ing
magmaduetoitsl
owvi
scosi
ty.I
tisal
soanenormousvol
cano.

Cinderconesorscor
iaconeser
upt
sahi gheroranincreaseoni
tsmagmavi
scosi
ty.I
tis
t
ypi
call
yashor tli
vedvol
canoandscarcel
ysur v
iveer
osion.Itisal
sothesmal
l
estvol
canic
l
andf
orms.

Strat
ovol
canoes orcomposit
e cones ar
e.vi
olenter upt
ing v
olcanoes t
hatemi t
s hi
ghl
y
vi
scousmagmaandpy rocl
ast
icmater
ial
s.Str
atovolcanoesaretall
,snow-cov
ered,andcl
assi
c
cone-shaped.

Lavadomesaresteep-
sideddome-shapedofhar
denlav
a.Lavat
endst
ocloggedt
hev
ent
si
nceitwashi
ghl
yvi
scouswhi chmeansitwasthi
ckangsl
owmov i
ngmagma.

Calder
asar et
helar
gestoft
heviol
entt
ypesofvol
canoes.Itwasl
i
keanempt
iedmagma
chamberbecausei
tssummitwasbl
ownbyamassivegaserupt
ion.

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2–METEOROLOGY

Act
ivi
ti
es/
Assessment

Mul
ti
pleChoi
ce

1.Whati
stheat
mospher
e?

b.Al
ayeroff
lui
dssur
roundi
nganobj
ect
.

c.Al
ayerofgassur
roundi
ngpl
anetormoon.

d.Acl
oudofgast
hatal
l
owust
obr
eat
he.

e.Al
ayerofoxy
gent
hatsur
roundspl
anetormoon.

2.Whatmakesupl
esst
han1%oft
heat
mospher
e?

a.Oxy
gen

b.Ni
tr
ogen

c.Car
bondi
oxi
de

d.Wat
erv
apourandot
hergases

3.Atwhatl
ayerdomostai
rpl
anesf
lyatt
het
opof
?

a.St
rat
ospher
e

b.Ther
mospher
e

c.Mesospher
e

d.Tr
opospher
e

4.Whati
sthehot
testl
ayeri
ntheat
mospher
e?

a.Mesospher
e

b.Ther
mospher
e

c.St
rat
ospher
e

d.Tr
opospher
e

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5.Whatdoest
heozonel
ayerdo?

a.I
tpr
otect
susf
rom met
eor
s.

b.I
tpr
otect
susf
rom v
iol
entsol
arf
lar
es.

c.I
tpr
otect
susf
rom ul
tr
avi
oletr
adi
ati
on.

d.I
thel
psusbr
eat
he.

6.Whati
stemper
atur
e?

a.Howhi
ghorl
owsomet
hingi
s.

b.Howhotorcol
dsomet
hingi
s.

c.Howf
astorsl
owsomet
hingi
s.

d.Howt
heweat
herwor
ks.

7.Wat
erf
reezesat
___
___
_.

a.100degr
eesCel
sius

b.0degr
eesCel
sius

c.37degr
eeCel
sius

d.20degr
eeCel
sius

8.Al
loft
hef
oll
owi
ngar
etemper
atur
escal
esexcept
:

a.Gabr
iel

b.Kel
vi
n

c.Cel
sius

d.Fahr
enhei
t

9.Cl
oudsar
emai
nlymadeof
___
___
_.

a.Ai
r

b.Wat
er

c.Snow

d.Cot
ton

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10.Whatki
ndofcl
oudi
spuf
fyandwhi
te?

a.St
rat
us

b.Ci
rr
us

c.Cumul
us

d.Cumul
oni
mbus

11.St
rat
uscl
oudsar
e__
___
_.

a.Gr
ayi
ncol
or

b.Rai
ncl
ouds

c.Ver
yTal
l

d.Lay
ered

12.Long,
ski
nnycl
oudsar
ecal
led_
___
___
_.

a.Ci
rr
us

b.Cumul
us

c.St
rat
us

d.Hangi
ngCl
ouds

13.Cumul
oni
mbuscl
oudsar
eal
socal
led_
___
___
.

a.Wat
erCl
ouds

b.Heav
yCl
ouds

c.Puf
fyCl
ouds

d.Rai
nCl
ouds

14.Ani
nst
rumentusedt
omeasur
ewi
ndspeedi
scal
led_
___
___
.

a.Anemomet
er

b.Aner
oidBar
omet
er

c.Ther
mogr
aph

d.Tachomet
er

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15.Wi
thani
ncr
easei
nal
ti
tude,
airpr
essur
e__
___
___
.

a.I
ncr
easesataconst
antr
ate.

b.I
ncr
easesatdecr
easi
ngr
ate.

c.Decr
easesataconst
antr
ate.

d.Decr
easesatadecr
easi
ngr
ate.

16.Wi
ndsar
egener
atedbyt
he_
___
__.

a.Cor
iol
i
sFor
ce

b.Pr
essur
egr
adi
entf
orce

c.Fr
ict
ionf
orce

d.Cent
ri
pet
alf
orce

17.TheCor
iol
isf
orcei
s__
___
___i
ntheuppert
ropospher
ebecause_
___
___
.

a.Enhanced,
thepr
essur
egr
adi
enti
sweaker

b.Enhanced,
ther
eisl
essf
ri
cti
on

c.Enhanced,
ther
eismor
efr
ict
ion

d.Decr
eases,
airmov
est
ohi
ghl
ati
tudes

18.Seabr
eezes_
___
___

a.Ar
elocal
windsbl
owi
ngf
rom t
heseadur
ingt
heaf
ter
nooni
ncoast
alar
ea

b.Requi
reasur
facer
egi
onofhi
ghpr
essur
einl
and

c.Occurwhent
het
emper
atur
eatt
heseashor
eishi
ghert
hant
hati
nland

d.Ar
eusual
l
ylessi
ntenset
hanl
andbr
eezes

19.I
nwhichoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsi
tuat
ionsi
stheamountofwat
erv
apori
ntheat
mospher
ethe
hi
ghest
?

a.Whent
her
elat
ivehumi
dit
yis50%

b.Whent
her
elat
ivehumi
dit
yis70%

c.Whent
her
elat
ivehumi
dit
yis90%

d.Wecannott
ell
wit
houtknowi
ngt
het
emper
atur
eineachsi
tuat
ion

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20.I
f“f
air
”weat
heri
sappr
oachi
ng,
thepr
essur
etendencywoul
dpr
obabl
ybe:

a.Fal
l
ing

b.St
eady

c.Ri
sing

d.Pr
essur
etendencyhasnot
hingt
odowi
thf
orecast
ingf
airorst
ormyweat
her

Lesson3:ASTRONOMY

Act
ivi
ti
es/
Assessment

Ref
lect
ionandReact
ions

1.Expl
ainbr
ief
lyt
hedev
elopmentofAst
ronomyasaf
iel
dofsci
ence.

Astronomyst art
edlongti
meago.Itstar
tedasanattemptt oexplainandstudytheplanets
andst ar
s.Thatiswhyear l
ycivi
li
zat
ionper
for
medmet hodicalobservati
onsofthenightsky,and
astronomicalart
ifactshavebeenfoundfr
om muchear l
ierperiods.Itevolv
edandbecomesa
broaderf i
eldofst udy.Andduringthe20thcent
ury
,ast ronomyspl itint
oobservati
onaland
theoreti
calbranches.

2.WhySuni
sconsi
der
edaSt
ar?

Thesunisconsider
edastarbecausei
thasal
lthechar
acter
ist
icsofone.I
nfact,
thesunis
unr
emarkabl
e.Therearecountl
essstarswi
ththesameattri
butesasthesunt hr
oughoutthe
uni
ver
se.

3.I
ll
ust
rat
eanddescr
ibebr
ief
lyt
hemaj
orpl
anet
sint
hesol
arsy
stem.

Cur
rentl
y,thereareeightplanet
si noursol
arsy stem.Theinnerpl
anetsaretheMer cur
y,
Venus,Eart
h,andMar s.Theseinnerplanet
sarerockyplanet
swhiletheotherf
ourout
erplanet
s
ar
emost lygasgi ant
sandi cegi ant
s.Jupit
erandSat urnaregasgiantswhereasUranusand
Neptuneareicegiant
s.

4.Enumer
ateanddi
scusst
hecomponent
sofgal
axy
.

Gal
axiesar
esprawlingsystemsofdust ,gas,darkmatter,
andany wher efrom ami l
li
ontoa
tr
il
lionstarsthatarehel dtogetherbygr avit
y.Nearlyal
ll ar
gegal axi
esar ethoughttoalso
cont ai
nsupermassi
veblackholesatt hei
rcenters.Oursuni sj
ustpartofmi ll
ionsofstarsint
he
galaxy,andourgalaxyi sjustoneofmanygal axiesintheuni v
erset hatisal sojustoneof
universeinthemult
iver
se.Ouruniverseisbiggerandcompl exthanwet hinkitis.

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5.Compar
eandcont
rastt
hreemaj
orf
ormsofgal
axy
.

Therear
et hr
eemajorformsofgalaxyandeachhasdi
ff
erentf
eat
ures.Thei
rnameswer
e
der
ivedf
rom i
tsbasi
cappearanceorshapes.

Aspi
ralgalaxyhasaflat
,spi
nningdi
skwithacent
ralbul
gesur
roundedbyspi
ralarms.That
spinni
ngmotion,atspeedsofhundredsofki
l
ometersasecond,
maycausemat t
erinthediskto
takeonadisti
nctiv
espiral
shape,l
ikeacosmicpi
nwheel.

El
li
pti
calgal
axi
esareshapedasthei
rnamesuggest
s:Theyar
egener
all
yroundbutcan
str
etchlongeral
ongoneaxi
sthanal
ongtheother
,somuchsothatsomet
akeonacigar-
li
ke
appearance.

Ir
regulargal
axi
es,ontheotherhand,appearmisshapenandl ackadist
inctf
orm unliket
he
twogalaxi
es,oft
enbecausetheyarewit
hinthegravi
tat
ionali
nfl
uenceofothergal
axiescloseby.
Theyarefull
ofgasanddust,whichmakesthem greatnurser
iesforfor
mingnewst ars.

Teachi
ngSci
encei
ntheI
nter
medi
ateGr
ades—ELED30053