THEORALCAVI

TY
Theor alcavit
yi swher ef ood isi ngested,mast icated byt eeth and
l
ubr i
cated bysal i
v af orswal lowing.I tisl i
ned byapr otect
ive,non-
keratini
zed,str
atif
iedsquamousepi thelium.Theor alcavit
yi sformedby
thelipsandt hecheeks.Thel ipsar elinedbyt heskint hatiscov er
edby
keratini
zed strati
fied squamous epi theli
um.The l i
p al so contains
skeletalmusclecal ledorbicul
ar i
sor i
s.Theout ersurfaceoft helipsalso
containshairfoll
i
cles, sebaceousgl andsandsweatgl ands.

THETOOTH
Atoothconsi
stsofanupperpar
tcall
edthecrown,andoneormor
e
r
ootsembeddedint
hesocket
soft
hejawbone.

Themi
ner
ali
zedpar
tsofat
oot
har
e;

 Theenamel
,

 Thedent
inand

 Thecement
um.

Thedent ineiscov eredbyenameli nther egiont hatpr oject

sabov ethe
gum.Bel ow the gum,t he dent i
ne is cov ered by cement um.The
cement um cont ains lacunae wi t
h cement um pr oducing cells call
ed
cemet ocytesandt henconnect i
ngcanaliculi
.Dent inesur roundsbot hthe
pulpcav i
tyandi tsextensionint otherootcal ledther ootcanal .Inlivi
ng
persons,t hepulpcav ityandr ootcanalar ef i
ll
edwi thf ineconnect i
ve
ti
ssue, f i
broblast, histi
ocytes and dent i
ne f orming cel l
s cal l
ed
odontoblasts.Bloodcapi l
lari
esandner v
esent erthepul pcavit
yt hrough
anapical canalorforamenatt hetipofeachr oot.

Thedent i
nehaswav y,parall
eldentinaltubules.Thepr imarydentineis
l
ocatedatt heperi
pheryoft hetooth.Thesecondar ydent i
neli
esal ong
the pul
p cavit
yf or
med t hroughoutl ife byodont obl
ast s.Numer ous
i
rregul
ar, air
-f
il
led spaces appear ing bl ack ar e f ound in t he
denti
noenameljuncti
on.Inlivi
ngpersons,i nt
erglobul
arspacesar ef i
ll
ed
withincompletecalci
fi
ed dent i
ne( inter
globulardentine).Inther oot
denti
nal-
cementum juncti
on areai r-
f i
l
led spacest hough smal l
erand
mor eclosel
yspacedt ogetherwher et heyf ormt hegr anul
arlayer(of
Tomes)
.

Thedent i
nei nthecrownoft hetoothiscov eredwi t
hat hickerl ay erof
enamelt hatiscomposedofenamelr odsorpr ismshel dt ogetherby
i
nterpri
smat i
c cement i
ng substance.The l ines ofRet zius r epr esent
vari
ati
ons int he rate ofenameldeposi t
ion.The l i
ghtr ay s passi ng
thr
oughadr i
edsect i
onoft hetootharerefractedbyt wistst hatoccuri n
theenamelr odsast hecoursetowardst hesur faceoft het oothcal led
the li
ghtl i
nes ofSchr eger
.The enamelt uft
s ext ending f rom t he
denti
noenamel juncti
onintotheenamel isproducedbypoorcal ci
fication
ofenamel rodsduringenamel for
mat i
on.

THETONGUE
The tongue is a muscularorgan i
nt he oralcav i
ty;i
tis made of
connecti
vetissueandi nt
erl
aci
ngbundlesofskeletalmuscl
ef i
bres.The
dist
ri
buti
onandr andom ori
ent
ati
onoft heskeletalmuscl
efibr
esi nthe
tongueallowsi ncreased mov
ementdur ing chewing,swal
lowing and
speaki
ng.

Thedorsalsur
faceoft hetongueisroughandi tischaracter
izedby
numerousmucosalpr
oject
ionscal
ledpapi
ll
ae.Thevent
ralsurf
aceofthe
tonguei
ssmooth.

Themucosaisl
inedbyst
rat
if
iedsquamousepi
thel
i
um (nonker
ati
nized)
separ
atedf
rom thecor
eoft hetonguebyprominentcoreoflami na
propri
a.Thecor eofthetongueconsistsofcri
ss-cr
ossingbundlesof
skelet
almuscl es.Themuscl esar
eseeni nlongi
tudinal
,transv
erseor
obli
que planes orsection.Neurovascul
arbundles are seen inthe
connecti
vetissueofthetongue.

Theant er
iorl
ingualglandsurroundedbyt heskel
etalmuscl efi
br esare
found i
nt hel owerhal foft hetongue.Thisgland i sofmi xed- t
ype
contai
ningbothmucousandser ousaciniaswel lasmi xedaci ni.The
i
nterl
obularductsfr
om t heglandpassthroughthelargerexcretoryduct
thatopensint
ot heoralcavi
tyinthevent
ralsur
faceoft hetongue.

Fourt
ypesofpapi
l
laear
efoundont
het
ongue:

1.Fi
l
ifor
m papi
l
lae

2.Fungi
for
m papi
l
lae

3.Ci
rcumv
alat
epapi
l
lae

4.Fol
i
atepapi
l
lae

FILI
FORM PAPILLAE:t
hemostnumer ousandsmall
estpapil
lae.I
tis
narrowandconi
cali
nshape.Theycov
ert heent
ir
edor
salsur
faceofthe
tongue.

FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE:t
heyarelessnumerous,lar
gerandbroaderthan
thefi
li
for
m papil
l
ae.Theyexhi
bitmushroom-l
ike,shape,mor
epr eval
ent
i
nt heanter
iorregi
onoft hetongueandar eintersper
sedamongt he
fi
li
for
m papi
ll
ae.Theyar
ealsotal
lert
hanthefi
lif
orm papil
l
ae.

CIRCUMVALLATEPAPI LLAE:Ar emuchl argerthanthefungif

orm of
fi
l
ifor
m papil
l
ae.Eighttotwelvelargecir
cumv al
lat
epapil
laear
el ocated
i
nt heposter
iorregi
onoft het ongue.Theyar echaract
eri
zedbydeep
moatsorf urr
owst hatcompl etel
yencircl
et hem numerousexcretory
ductsfr
om serous(vonEbner’
s)gl andsl
ocatedintheconnect
ivetissue
emptyint
othebaseoft hefur
rows.

FOLI
ATEPAPI LLAE: thefol
i
atepapil
laearewelldev
elopedi
nsome
ani
malsbutar
erudimentar
yorpoor
lydevel
opedi
nhumans.

TASTEBUDS:ar
ebarr
el-
shapedst
ruct
uresf
oundintheepi
thel
ium ofthe
fol
i
ateandf
ungi
for
m papi
ll
aeandonthelat
eralsi
deofthecir
cumv al
ate
papi
ll
ae.Ithas an opening call
ed t
aste por
es.Ithas el
ongat
ed
neur
oepit
hel
ial(
tast
eorgustator
y)cel
lsthatext
endsf
rom t
hebaseof
thet
astebudtothetast
epore.

Theapicalregionofeacht astecellexhi
bit
snumer ousmi crovi
ll
i(t
aste
hai
r)thatprotrudethetast
epor e.Thetast
ecellsar
ecl oselyassoci
ated
wit
h afferentner vefibr
es.The t ast
e buds also contain el
ongated
support
ingsust ent
acul
arcell
s(nonsensory),t
hebasalcellsfoundatthe
baseofthet astebud(undi
ff
erentiat
edcell
sservi
ngasst em cell
s)

FUNCTI
ONSOFTHETONGUEANDTASTEBUDS

Themai nfunctionofthet ongueduringfoodprocessi

ngaretoper ceiv
e
tasteandt oassistinmast i
cationandswal l
owingoft hefoodmass
call
edbol us.I ntheor alcav i
ty,thetast
esensationsaredetectedby
receptorstastecell
sint hetastebudsofthefungif
orm andcir
cumv alat
e
papil
lae.Tast ebudsareal sofoundinthemucousmembr aneofthesof t
palate,pharynxandepiglotti
s.

Substancestobet astedar edissol

vedi nthesal
ivadur i
ngf oodintake.
Thet astebudsi nt hecircumv al
atepapill
aeareconst antl
ywashedby
watery secreti
on pr oduced by ser ous (von Ebner’s) gl
ands.Thi s
secreti
onent er
st hef ur
row att hebaseoft hepapill
aeanddi ssolv
es
dif
ferentsubstances,whicht henentert hetast
epor es.Thet astecells
arestimulat
edbycomi ngindirectcontactwit
hthedissolvedsubstance.

Thef
ourbasi
ctast
esensat
ionsar
e:

 Sour

 Sal
t

 Bi
tt
er

 Sweet

Othertastesensati
onsarev ar
iouscombinati
onsoft heabovetaste
sensat
ions.Theti
pofthetongueismostsensit
ivetosweetandsalt
,the
poster
iorport
ionofthet
ongueismostsensiti
vetobitterandthel
ateral
edgesofthetongueismostsensit
ivet
osourtastesensati
on.
SALI
VARYGLANDS

Thesal i
varyglandsar emadeofcel lularsecretingunit
scal l
edaci niand
numer oussecr etoryduct s.Theuni t
sar esmal l
,sac-l
ikedil
ationslocat ed
att heendoft hef irstsegmentoft heexcr et
oryductsy stem calledt he
i
nt ercalatedduct s.Thet hreemaj orsal ivaryglandsaret hepar otid,the
submandi bularandt hesubl i
ngualgl andswhi char efoundout sidet he
oralcav i
ty.Thepar ot i
dgl andsar et hel argestandar elocat edant eri
or
andi nferiortotheext ernal ear.Thepai redsubmandi bular(submaxi ll
lary
)
glandsar esmal l
erandl ocat edi nfer
iort ot hemandibleint hef l
ooroft he
mout h.Thesubl i
ngualgl andsar ethesmal l
estandar eaggr egatesof
smal lerglandsf oundi nferiortot hetongue.

The sal
ivary gl
and cont
ains t
he ser
ous cel
l
s,mucous and t
he
myoepi
theli
alcel
l
s.

 The serous cell

si nthe aciniare py
ramidalin shape.Ithas
spheri
calnucleipushedtot hebaseoft hecellbythesecret
ory
granul
es accumul at
ed i
nt he upperofapi calregion ofthe
cytopl
asm.

 Themucouscel lsarepyr
amidali
nshape,cyt
oplasm i
sf i
l
ledwith
l
ightstai
ningsecret
orypr
oductcal
ledmucous.Thenucleiarefl
at
and pushed t
ot hebaseoft hecellbyaccumul at
ed secret
ory
granul
es

 Somesali
var
yglandscontai
nbothmucousandserouscel
l
sint
he
samesecret
oryaci
nus.Inthesemi
xedaciniwher
emucouscell
s
 predominate,serouscellsf or
m acr escentormoo- shapedcap
overt hemucouscel lscalledserousdemi l
une.Secreti
onsfrom
serous cel
lsint he demil
unes enterthe lumen ofthe acinus
throughti
nyinter
cell
ularcanali
cul
ibetweenthemucouscel l
s.

 My oepit
heli
alcell
saref l
att
enedcell
st hatsur
roundserousand
mucousaci ni.Thecell
sarehighlybr
anchedandcontracti
le.I
tis
foundbet weenthecellmembr aneofthesecretor
ycell
sinacini
andt hesurr
oundingbasementmembrane.

 Theconnecti
vetissuef
ibr
essubdi
videsthesal
i
var
yglandsint
o
numerouslobul
eswherethesecr
etoryduct
sandthei
rexcr
etor
y
duct
sarefound.

 Thei ntercalat
edductsar esmall
erductsint hesaliv
aryglands
l
inedbyl ow cuboidalepit
hel
ium.I
tissurroundedbycont ract
il
e
my oepi
t hel
ialcel
ls.Serous,mucousand mi xed secr
etor
yaci ni
empt yheirsecret
oryproducti
ntot
heint
ercal
atedducts.

 Theinter
calat
edductsunit
et of
orm stri
atedduct
swhi
charelar
ger
thantheintercal
atedducts.Theseduct sareli
nedbycolumnar
epit
hel
ium andexhibi
tti
nybasalstr
iat
ions.

 Thestri
atedductsintur
nunitetoforml ar
gerint
ral
obularduct
s
sur
roundedbyincr
easedl
ayerofconnect
iveti
ssuefi
bres.

I
ntral
obularduct
sunit
etof or
mlargerint
erlobularandint
erl
obar
ductsl
inedbyeit
herst
rat
if
iedl
owcuboidalorcolumnarepit
hel
ium.

PAROTI
DGLAND

The parotid gl
and i sal arge serous gl and thatis classif
ied as a
compoundt ubul
oaci nargland.Itissur roundedbyaconnect i
v et
issue
capsul
ef rom whi char isenumer oussept aethatsubdividest hegland
i
ntol obes and l obules.Neurov ascular bundl es aref ound int he
connecti
vet i
ssue bundl es such as ar teri
oles,venule and ner ves.
Int
erl
obularexcr etoryduct sand adi posecel l
sar e al
so seen int he
connecti
vet i
ssuesept ae.

SUBMANDI
BULARGLAND

Thesubmandi
bul
argl
andi
sal
soacompoundt
ubul
oaci
nargl
and.I
tisa
mi xed gland cont ai
ning both ser
ousand mucousaci niwi t
h serous
predomi nating. The pr esence of bot h aci ni distingui
shes t he
submandi bulargl and from t heparot
id gland whichispur el
yser ous
gland.Thi sgl andpossessf ew mucousaci niint
ermixedwi t
hser ous
acinipredomi natingthegl and.Theserousaci niaresimi lart
ot hosein
thepar otidgl andchar acter
izedbysmal landdar k-
stainingpy ramidal
cells,
spher ical basalnucleusandapicalsecretor
ygranules.

Themucousaci niarelar
gerthant heserousaciniwithlar
gerlumenand
mor ev ari
ati
oni nsizeandshape.Themucouscel l
sar ecolumnarwi th
paleorcol ourlesscytopl
asm afterstai
ning.Thenucleiarefl
attenedand
pressed agai nstthe base oft he cellmembr ane.Int hisgl and,the
mucousaci niarenormallysurr
oundedorcappedbyoneormor eserous
cell
sf ormingacr escent-
shapedser ousdemi l
une.Thet hincont ract
il
e
my oepithel
ialcells surr
ound the serous and mucous aci niand t he
i
ntercalatedduct .

Theglandisalsocover
edbyaconnectivet
issuecapsul
e,whosesepta
ari
sesandsubdivi
desthegl
andintolobesandlobul
es.Theseptaalso
contai
nneurov
ascul
arbundl
es,
adipocyt
esandducts.

SUBLI
NGUALGLAND

Subli
ngualglandisalsoacompound,mi xedtubuloaci
nargl
andt hat
resemblessubmandibul
arglandduetothepr esenceofserousand
mucuous acini.The mucous aci
nipr
edominates thi
s gl
and and is
cappedwithserousdemi
lunes.

Compar ing with other glands,the ductsy stem is diff

erent.The
i
nt er
calated duct
s are shor torabsent,t he nonst
riat
ed int
ralobul
ar
excretoryductsaremor epr eval
ent
,andthei nt
ral
obul
arexcretoryducts
aret hesamet othest ri
atedductsoft hesubmandi bularandpar ot
id
gland.Buttheylackextensivemembr aneinf
oldi
ngandbasal str
iati
ons

Theinter
lobularconnect
iveti
ssueseptaarealsomoreabundantinthe
subl
ingualglandthanothersali
var
yglands.Neurov
ascul
arbundlesand
i
nterl
obularexcret
oryductsareseenintheseptaaswellasadipocyt
es
arealsoseen.

FUNCTI
ONS
Thesal i
vai sami xt
ureofsecr eti
onst hatarepr oduced bycel l
si n
dif
ferentsali
varyglands.Themaj orcomponenti swat er;sali
vaal so
contains i
ons,mucus,enzy mes and ant i
bodies (immunoglobulins)
,
el
ectroly
tes(calci
um,sodium,pot assi
um,chl or
ide,bicar
bonates).The
si
ght,smel l
,thought,tast
eoract ualpresenceoff oodint hemout h
causesanaut onomi csti
mulati
onoft hesaliv
arygl andsthatincreases
producti
onofsaliv
aandst i
mulatesitsrel
easeint
ot heoralcavi
ty.

 Sali
vamoistensthechewedf
oodandpr
ovi
dessol
vent
sthatal
l
ow
foodtobetasted.

Itlubricatesthebol usofchewedf oodforeasi erswall

owingand
passaget hr
oughoesophagust ot hest omach.Thesal ivaal so
cont ainssalivar
yamy l
asesecr et
edbyser ousaci ni
.Thisenzy me
i
nitiatest hebreakdownofst archintosmal l
ercar bohydr
atesint he
oralcav ity.Onceint hestomach,f oodisaci di
fi
edbygast r
icjuice
(an act ion thatdecr eases amy l
ase act i
vity and carbohydrate
digest i
on)

 Thesalivaal
sofuncti
onsincontr
olli
ngbacteri
alfl
oraint
hemout h
andprotectt
heoralcavi
tyagai
nstpathogens.Lysozymessecreted
byserousacinihydrol
ysisthecellwall
sofbact eri
aandi nhibi
ts
thei
rgrowth

 Anti
bodies(i
mmunoglobuli
nA)pr oducedbyt heplasmacel l
sin
theconnecti
vet
issueoftheglandform complexeswit
hant i
gens
andassistwi
thi
mmunological
defenseagainstoral
bacter
ia.

Thi
ngst
onot
e:

1.Di
agr
amsofal
ltheor
gans.

2.Cel
l
sandt
issuest
hatmakesupt
heor
gans.

3.Di
ff
erencesbet
weenpar
oti
d,sumandi
bul
arandsubl
i
ngual
glands.

4.Funct
ionsofal
ltheor
gans.