Concl

usi
on

Theobj ecti
veofmyst udywast oanalyzethemaj orthemessuchast henar rati
ve
styl
es,t
hepowerst r
uggl es,andt heformationofsel foft heprotagoni
stinthewell
acknowledgedmemoi rwr i
ttenbyTa-HeHesoCoat esinhi snati
onalawardwinni
ngbook"
BetweenTheWor ldAndMe" .Thi
sr esearchwasi ntendedt obri
ngoutthemul t
ipl
ev oicesand
underl
yi
ngmeani ngswi thi
nt hebookbyappl yi
ngl it
er arytheori
esinordertosubstantiat
eand
i
nterpr
ettheauthor sintent.Hehi mselfhadcertainv iewsaboutt heworldandhisalienati
on
fr
om it
.Hei sappear i
ngasanout sider,j
udgingt hi
ngsonhi svi
ews.Hegi v
esampl eexampl es
andsit
uationstosubst antiateit.

WhatIf oundwast hatt hisbookhad at endencytoinfluencethereader

sandt hei
r
perspecti
vest oagr eatextendasi tiswrit
tenfrom theauthorsownexper i
ences.Heat t
ached
toitagreatdeal ofemot ionsandal sopartsofitiswrit
teni narati
onalwaywithoutbiasesand
simplyexplaini
ngthet ruesituat
ions.Oneoft hethemest oemer gefrom myanalysi
sof"
BetweenTheWor l
dAndMe"i sthatt hesocietyinwhichwel iv
eandt hepersonswecont actor
i
nteractwithstructuresourcommuni cat
ionskill
s,narr
ativestyl
esandconsciousnessthat
formsouri denti
tywi t
hinaf amily,societ
yandanat i
on.

Thefindi
ngssuggestt
hattheauthor
schildhoodexper i
encesatBal
ti
mor
eandhisli
featHowar
d
univ
ersit
yandatNewy orkactasastrongmot ivat
ionalf
actorf
orhi
swri
ti
ngst
yle.These
experi
encemadehim str
ongerandwiserinlaterstagesofhisl
if
e.

Ifoundt hatwhit
esupremacyandpowerst ruggleshadamaj ori
nfl
uenceonabl ackAfro
Amer i
canwr it
er.EventhoughAmer icaissaidtobeanat i
onthatsupportsequali
ty,accordi
ng
toMr .
Coat esopi
nionitstil
lenf
orcesslaveryinnameoft hecolourexi
sts.Thediffer
enceisthat
i
tisnowi nanewandadv ancedversiondir
ectl
yandi ndi
rect
lysupport
edbyaut horit
iest
hough
prohi
bitedbylaw.

Thei nformat ionscoll

ectedf r
om vari
ousbooks, onlinemedi um ,internetandar t
iclesshowed
aclearpr ef
er enceofAmer i
cansforthewhi tesupr emacyandasoci etyaspi r
ingt obewhi tei
n
al
laspect sbat ter
ingothernat ur
alcol
ours,culturesandper specti
v es.
sowhatt heaut horis
tr
yingtoexpl ainisfactual.Thesefewar emar ginali
zedandal ienatedsot hatit'struet hat
peoplesuf ferfrom schizophreni
catti
tudeandt heyf eelthattheother sareasf arasagal axy
beyondt heirreach.Theyf oundthemselvesapar tfrom thewor l
dtheyar ebor ni nt
o.The
str
aighteningofhai randbl eachi
ngofski nandcosmet icsurgeriespopul arit
ycl earlyst at
esthi
s
att
itude.

Thesefi
ndi
ngsareinhar
monywiththoseofpostcol
oni
alcr
it
icssuchasf
ranzsfanon,Edwar
d
sai
d,Gayat
rispi
vak;psy
choanal
yti
calcr
it
icsl
ikeFreudandLacanandMarxistcr
it
icsli
keKar
l
MarxandAntoni
ogramsci.
Thiswor khassev eralnotewort
hystr
ucturalelements.Thef i
rstisit
sov erall
structure–
speci
ficall
y,i
tshav ingbeenbrokendowni nt
ot hreeparts,twoofr el
ativ
elyequal l
engt handa
thi
rdthatonf i
rstglancelooksli
keanepilogue, buti
nact ualfactcontai
nst hewor k’scli
max.
Eachsect i
onisprol oguedwithaquotefrom anot eworthyblackAmer i
canwr it
erthat
metaphor i
cal
lyint
r oducesthemainideasoft hesectionthatf ol
lows.

Thesecondpoi ntt onot ei sthatt heev ent -

to-eventst ructureoft hewor ki sr oughly
chronol ogical.Theaut horanchor shi scomment s,anal yses, andr ecoll
ect i
onsi nat i
me-
definednar rati
veofhi sl if
e,mov i
ngf rom hi schi l
dhoodandy outhi nBal ti
moret hrough
hisy oungadul texper iencesi nWashi ngt onDC t o hismor emat ure,cont empor ary
adul t
hoodi nNewYor kCi ty.Herei t
’simpor tantt onot et hatt heaut horlayersthisbasi c
structurewi thf lashes- backandf lashes-forwar dint ime. Ta-Nehi siCoat eslaysoutt he
memoi rofhi s ear l
yy earsi n element ar y schooland hi gh schooli n basicall
ya
chronol ogicalor der.Howev er
,ther earepassagest hatar est r
eam- of-consciousness
thatbl enddi fferentt imesofhi sl i
feandoft hebl ackexper i
ence.Hef i
rstwri
t esabout
beingal ostboywhohadbeenl i
edt oar ef
erencet ot hef ocusoft henat i
onont he
Chal l
engerdi sast erandt heS&Lf ail
ureinst eadofont heper pet ual sufferi
ngoft heblack
communi ty.Hedi scussest herealper ilthatwai tedout sidet heirdoor .Theper i
lst o
whi chy oungbl ackboy swer emostv ulnerablei ncludedt hecr acker athathi tthe
i
mpov erishedbl ackst reetsoft heU. S.includingTa- Nehi si’
sWestBal t
imor ecommuni t
y
andt hemenaci nggangst hatprey eduponboy sunaf fi
li
at edwi thgangs.Theboy sand
theirpar entsknewt heodds–bl ackboy swer eatgr eatr iskt hananyot her.

Hiswr i
ti
ng ref
lectsdiasporiclit
erat
ure,postcol oniall i
terature and psychoanal yti
c
l
iterarytheori
es.Heoftenuser hetor
icaltermsl ike" Bet weent hewor ldandme"t o
emphasi zehisdefamil
iari
zationfrom t
hewor ld.Flashbackandf l
ashf orwardareof ten
used.Thev i
ewsaboutt opici sdescri
bedinmul t
iperspect i
v i
ty sot hatreadersf eelthe
wor kas aut henti
candnotsol elybasedont heaut hor '
scr eation.Hegi v
esust he
i
nt ensi
tyoft hesituati
ont hroughv i
suali
zati
ondescr i
bingev enmi nut
edet ail
s. Itis
sewedi ntothestorytoenhancei tseff
ect.Hiswr i
tingsar ei nsatiri
ct oneandI taimst o
cor r
ectanddevelophumani tythr
oughadi dacticpathbypr ojecti
ngi t
solly'
s.

Beginningwi t
ht hewor ds“DearSon” ,theaut hormakest hewor k’
sint enti
on
clearfr
om t hest ar
t:tointr
oducehi ssontot hel argersocial
,economi c,andhi stor
ical
contextoft hef earwi thi
nwhi chbl ackpeopl ei ngeneral,andy oungbl ackmeni n
parti
cular
,l i
vei n contemporaryAmer i
ca.The i ntroduct
ion properbegi ns wi t
ht he
author’
sr esponset ot hequest i
onofani ntervi
eweraboutt herelati
onshipbet ween
viol
enceandbei ngbl ackinAmer ica,andcontinueswi thanalysesoft her ootcausesof
viol
ence,thebel i
efsthatAmer i
ca( asacul t
ure)per petuat
esabouti tsel f
,andt heneed
forblackpeopl et obothaskaf undamentalquest i
onaboutandoft hemselvesandt o
f
indananswer
.

Ast heaut hordeepensanddev elopst hevari

ousl ayersofhi sanalysis,heintroduces
new el ement s.Thesei ncl
udecomment aryand/ orr ecol
lect i
onofhi sownper sonal
hist
or y(i
ncludingrelati
onshipswithhisownf atherandmot her )
,recol
lecti
onsofhi sown
comi ngofageasabl ackman( i
ncludingbeinginfl
uencedbyt heteachersofci vi
lri
ghts
advocat eMal col
m X) ,andr ef
erencest oAmer i
ca’shistoryofsl avery–whi ch,hesay s,
made up ( and cont i
nue t o make up)t he socio-cult
ural,economi c,and pol i
tical
foundat i
onsoft hetreatmentofbl ackpeopleinAmer i
ca.Hedr awspar all
els–orr ather,
potentialparall
els–bet weenhi sownexper iences,thoseofhi sson,andt hoseoft hree
youngmen( MichaelBr own,TrayvonMar ti
n,andJor danDav is)whosedeat hsinrecent
yearshav ebr oughtthedanger sofbei ngyoung,mal e,andbl ackt opubl i
cli
ghtinaway
otherdeat hshav e,
inthepast ,f
ail
edt odo.

Atthesamet imeashedev elopshiscent r

alt hesi
s, howev er,theaut horcount erpoi
ntsi t
wit
hnar rati
vesofj oy–speci fical
ly,
hisownj oyatdi scover i
ngmor eway sofbei ngblack,
moreexper i
encesandmor eperspectives,whi l
eat tendingWashi ngt onD. C. ’
sHowar d
University.Inaddi t
iont onarrati
ngt hemor eper sonalj oysassoci atedwi thmeet i
ngt he
educat ed,wor l
dl yblackwomanwhoev entuallybecamehi sson’ smot her,theaut hor
al
sodescr i
best hemor eraci
ally-
ori
entedj oyassoci atedwi thmeet ing, associ at
ingwi th,
andl earningfrom bl ackpeopl enotonl yf r
om acr ossAmer icabutar oundt hewor l
d.He
descr i
beshow hel earnedmanymor eway sofbei ngbl ack,andoff eeli
ngaboutbei ng
bl
ack,t hanhel earnedgr owingupont hest reetsofBal t
imor e.Ther e,hecomment s,he
l
earnedhi sfi
rstl essonsaboutt her elationshipbet weenv iol
enceandbei ngbl ack-
vi
olencet hat,
hecl earlypointsout,manifest edbet weenbl acksaswel l
asbet weenbl ack
andwhi t
e.

Foll
owi ngt hechronologicall i
neofhi smov ementoutofBal ti
mor e,toWashi ngton,and
eventual lytoNewYor kCi t
y( wher ehear ri
vedshor tlybeforet heev entsofSept ember11,
2001) ,t heaut hordev elopst heemot ional,psy chological,andcul t
ur almov ementhe
experiencedashi sunder standingofbei ngbl acki nAmer icaev olved.A par ti
cular l
y
i
mpor tantpoi nti
nt hatmov ement ,howev er,occurswhent heauthor ,attheurgingofhi s
wife,t rav el
st o Parisand di scoverst hatt hecul turet herei s,in manyway s,l ess
i
ntrinsical l
yandl essgener al
lythreateningt owar dsbl ackpeopl et hant hecul turei n
Amer ica.Hecl earl
ymakest hepoi ntthatEur opei ngener al,andFr ancei npar t
icular ,i
s
notwi thouti tsownr acialpr oblems,citi
ngt heexper i
enceoft heRoma( Gypsies),buti s
neverthel essclearont hef reedom heexper i
encedonPar isianstreets.Hisschizophr enic
att
ituder efl
ectedthroughhi swr it
ingsnegot i
atehi sbiases.

Thebookconcl
udeswi
tht
heaut
hor
’sr
ecol
l
ect
ion/anal
ysi
sofhi
sconv
ersat
ionwi
th
themotherofoneoft hemur deredyoungblackmenheknewper sonal
lywho, inspit
eof
how herson’slif
eended,r emainsproudofhav ingtaughthi mt of eelstrong,fr
ee,and
i
ndependent.Theaut horusesherasani l
l
ustrati
onofwhathebel i
evesheneedst o
teachhisson,andthenuseshi sexperi
enceofdr i
vi
ngt hroughbl ackghet t
ost oil
l
ustrat
e
tothereadertheneedf orbothhim andhissont olearnt hoselessons.Powerst ruggl
e
playsavit
alrolei
ninfl
uencingtheli
feofthepr otagonistandt heenv ir
onmentandt her
e
byforminghispercept
ionoft heworldandit
speopl e.

Thedi fferentt ypesofi nt errelati

onshi pst heatdet erminepowerar easf ol l
ows, Powerasa
Per cept ion,PowerasaRel at i
onalConcept, PowerasResour ceBased,t hePr i
nci pleofLeast
InterestandDependencePower,PowerasEnabl i
ngoft he PowerasaPr er
ogat i
v e.Fr om his
childhoodownwar dshei scont i
nuallywat chingt hedomi nantpowersuppr essingt heot herand
crushi ngt hem bot hment allyandphy si
cally.
.Ni etzschedi ssemi natedideasont he" wil
lto
power ,"whi chhesaw ast hedomi nationofot herhumansasmuchast heexer ci seofcont rol
overone' senv ironment .hildhoodi nBal t
imorewasbei ng“ nakedbef oret heelement soft he
wor ld, beforeal ltheguns, fists,knives,crack,rape, anddi sease” .Thelawcoul dnotpr ot
ecthim.
Chi l
dr enwer epower lessagai nstthewi l
loftheirpar ents.Theynev erquest ionedt heirrulesand
regul ationsandobey edt hem . Thi sdeepl yi nf
luencedt heirpsy chologyandmoul dedt he
vessel st heywer et obecomei nfuture.Theaut horhi m sel fsay sthatitmighthav esav edhislif
e
buthei snotsur eifitwasabl etof orm hi spersonal i
tyf orhehassomebi ases,pr ejudicesand
aty pical viewaboutt hewor ld.Thest ruggletof indhi sidentit
yasaper soninBal t
imor e.Hef ond
i
tassomet hingt hatcanbewi pedoutatagunpoi nt .
Coates’ssonl earnedt hekil
ler sofMi chael
Brownwoul dgof ree.Hehear dt hev erdictandwentt ohi sr oom andcr i
ed.Coat escoul dnot
comf or thi
m, butonl ytel
l him hemustf indawayt oliveinitall

Heobsessedov erthespacebet weent hei

rwor l
dandhi sown.Itseemedli
kea“ cosmicinj
ustice,
apr ofoundcruelty
”.Theboyst r
ugglest oidenti
tyhislif
etot helif
eoft hoseboyshesaw i n
tel
evision.Thereali
tyisfarmov edf rom thatdream ofanidealAmer i
cawhereev eryonel i
ves
happily.Thi
sclearl
yst at
est hehyperr eal
ist
icwor l
dthatexi
stsparall
elt
ot herealworl
d.Itisin
constantconfli
ctwi tht hel i
feofpoorpeopl e.Ther icharetheonl yonestargetedbyt hese
medi awher east hepoorwhocont ri
butetot heeightypercentageofwor l
dpopul ati
onar e
neglected.Soeveryonetriestobericheachdayandst r
uggletoreachtheneverendingdream.

Thepol iti
calinj
usti
cepr evai
li
ngi nBal ti
mor eisclearlydefinedhere.Peopl
et urnschizophrenic
oft heirowni denti
ty.
Beforehecoul descapet hestreets,Coateshadt osurvi
ve.Heunder stood
thet hri
ll
sofst reetli
feandsawhowt hecr ewswer eloudandr udetofeelsecureandpower ful.
Allt heywant edt odowaspr ovet heirbodieswer ei nvi
olable.Tonav i
gat
et hi
swor ld,Coat es
l
ear nedt helanguageandr ulesoft hest reet,
usingmuchofhi sbrai
nt ofi
gureouthowt odot his.
Thismadehi mf eelrobbedofsomet hi
ng–t imeorexper ience,hemuses.Polit
icalpowerr uled
thest reetsandschool sdirectlyandi ndirectl
y.Peopl ewithphy si
calstr
engthandaut horit
at i
ve
strengthr ul
ed.Noonedar edquest iont hem.Rai setheirvoicescostthei
rli
fe.Soinor dertol i
ve
theyhadt opleaseot hers.Event heirgest ur
eswer ear r
angedassuchf orawr ongmov emi ght
kil
lthem. Thedeat hoft hebl acksandpoorwer enoti nvestigatedbyanyone andt heper son
whoki l
ledwi llbesetf reetoki l
lmor easi tisanat urallawbest owedbygodupont hem.Hewas
anat heistandcoul dnotbel i
evei ndogmasf orexpl anat
ions.Hewascur i
ousbecausehi s
grandmot herr aisedhi mt obeso.Her emember edhow shewoul dmakehi m wr it
edown
explanat ionsf orhi sbadbehav i
orinschool-nott omakehi m bet terbehav ed,butt opr obehis
ownconsci ousnessandl earnt oint err
ogatehimsel f.
HereCoat esr evealst hest ronghol dof
rel
igionupont hepeopl e andhowt heot heraretreatedasout cast.Themi norr eli
gionssuf f
er
undert het hreshol doft hedomi nantones. Theaut horfeelst hatt hedi scour sesl ikemedi a
humi li
atedt hem andev enschool swhi charesaidtopr omotemor alitysuppor tthisracialviews.
Wecant husseet heaut hor'sfami l
ypr ohibi
ti
ngwhi tetoysandmov iesintheirhomeasi twould
onlybr eakt hebl ackspi r
ituali
tyandconf i
dence.Thesupr emacyofwhi tesi nal lspher esof
societyi sv isiblet hroughhiswor k.Blacksst r
uggletocomeoutoft hei mper i
alism imposedl ong
agobyt hewhi tes.Nowt hati thast akennewf ormsandshapes ev enmor eef f
icienttocar r
y
outthanbef or e.

ForCoat es, theschool sandst reet swer et hesame.Thei ntent ionsofeducat orsdi dnotmat t
er,
thei ntentionsofAmer icanswhodi dnott hinkt heywer er acistdi dnotmat ter..Allheroeswer e
whi te,serioushi storywaswhi te, ser i
ouswr i
terswer ewhi te.Her emember edaquot efrom Saul
Bellow aski ngwhom t heTol stoyoft heZul uswas;bl ackpeopl ewer eout sideci vili
zati
on,
outsi decul ture.Thei rhistorywasi nferior.Thedomi nantuphel dt heirv iewsassupr emesot he
subal ter
ndev elopsat houghtt hatt heyhav et ocopyt hem i nordert obeaccept edasan
i
ndi vidual.Sot hesepeopl ehadt osuppr esst heirowni ndi vidual i
tyinor dert obeassoci atedasa
soci albeing. Thehi storydepar tmentatHowar dpr ovedi nst r
ument alinbr eakingdownhi sown
my ths.Theydi sabusedhi m ofhi sMal comi t
edr eams,chal l
engi nghi m onhi sasser ti
ons.One
professorofaCent r
alAf ri
canhi storycl assr etoldthest oryofQueenNzi ngabyf ocusingont he
adv i
serwhom shesaton.Coat eswasst unnedt or ealizet hathi sownbr eakablebodywas
closert ot hatoft headv i
ser’s,nott heQueen’ s..Hesay st hatt heirt olerantbackgr oundand
sexualopennesst aughthi m agr eatdeal .Her ecogni zedhi sowncapaci tyforpl underinhowhe
treated homosexual s;he f elt“ my t r
ibe was shat ter i
ng and r eformi ng ar ound me” .
Het erosexual itywas a pat ri
ar chalnor m t hatwas accept ed byt he maj oritybutmi nori
ty
homosexual s wer econsi deredasi nner s.Butt henar ratorcoul dseehowt hepowerst ructures
wer ebegi nni ngt ochangeandhehi msel fhadt ochangehi snor ms.Hi swi f etoldhimt hat“t
he
bodi esofwomenar esetoutf orpi llagei nway sIcoul dnev ert rulyknow”.Shewasf ami l
iarwith
alloft hecosmi cinjustices.Bl ackwomenhadt osufferf rom doubl edi scr i
mi nati
on.Theywer e
forcedt ov eryhar mfulphy si
calandment alhar assment s.Pat riarchalst ructureschai nt hem and
shat tertheirwi ngs

Par
isisimpor tantt
oCoat esbecausei twaspar tofhisintel
lectualawakeni
ng,muchl ike
Howard.GrowingupinBal t
imorehadcircumscr
ibedhisconceptionofthewiderworld.There
wecanseehowt henar
ratorst
rugglest
ocopeupwi thit
scult
uralcodes.t
heyearsfol
l
owi ngthe
warl
aidthegroundworkfortheDream andfort
heway sinwhichthecountrywouldmaintai
nits
racialseparati
onwi t
houtt heact ualpresenceofsl av
ery.Whenitcomest oslav
er y,Coatesuses
bothmacr oandmi croexampl esofi tshor rors.Hepointsoutthemassivenumberofensl aved
peopl e–f ourmi l
li
on–andhow mucht heirlaborwaswor t
h.Hesweepsov ert hesprawling
urbanghet t
ostor emindusofhow manymi ll
ionsofblackpeoplesti
lll
iveinv iolent
,squal i
d
condi t
ionsduet oredli
ninganddi scri
mi natoryhousinglaws.Howev er
,healsoremi ndsreaders
oft heindi
v i
dual
swhosel i
v eswer ecaughtupi nbondage.Hebringshisfocustot hebody ,tothe
womansuf f
eri
ngfrom losingherchi ld,tot hemanwear yofbeingbeaten.Thisisr efl
ectedinhis
focusont hebodiesofbl ackpeopl et odayandhowt heycanbesl ammedupagai nstawal lby
police,putinachoke- hold,f r
iskedf ornor eason,shotdeadinthest r
eet.Racism i sindeeda
visceralexperi
ence.

Thisstrugglewilloccuralongsideotherblackpeople,whichfuncti
onsasoneoft hel essbleak
moment softhebook.Coat es’
sexperienceatHowar d’
sHomecomi ngrei
nforcest hebeaut yof
theblackr ace( eventhoughi tisaconst ruct)andtheincredi
blerel
i
efamemberf eelswhen
sinki
ngi nt
oi t.Fami l
yandcommuni t
yar et husimpor
tantalli
esineachindi v
idual’
sst ruggle;
Coates’
sent ir
eletteri
sawayt oletSamor iknowheunderstandsandishereforhisson.

Formi ngaconsci ousnesswi thi napostcol onialwor l

dandi tsdev elopmenti squi teachal lenge
forabl ackmi ddl ecl assper soni nAmer ica.Fr om t hechi ldhooddownwar dst heyar etaughtt hat
whitei sgoodandbl acki sbad.School st hatser v et oeducat echi ldrenal sopr opagat et his
notioni ndirect l
y. Fori nstancet hemov iespl ayedatschool spi cturizedt hebl ackpeopl ehappi l
y
sufferingbombat t
acks, rapesanddeat h.sochi ldrenaspi ret obewhi t
e.Asar esul ttheybl each
thei
rski nst raight enst heirhairandunder gopl asticssur geri
es.Par ent sfeart hatt heywoul d
l
ooset heirchi l
dr en t o somegunshot s, jail and pol iceand i nordert o prev entt hisf r
om
happeni ngt heybeatchi l
drenwi thbeltsev enf ort hesl ightestmi stakesl ike pl ayingwi t
hot her
chil
drenwi t
houtper mi ssion.I nhi shouset hewhi tetoy swer eev enpr ohibitedashi spar ent s
wereawar et hati twoul dcr eateaschi zophr enici dent i
ty.Thest reetsshat teredhi sonewi ng
wher east hest reetshi sot her.Theschool swer easor tofbar rierthatpr ev enteddeat h.Chi ldren
whodi tchedschool swer eei therkill
edbyt hest reet sort hepol i
ce.Hisf ami l
ypl ay edagr eatr ole
i
ndev elopinghi sconsci ousness.Hi sgr andmot hert aughthi mt hathi slif
ei sv aluabl easany one
i
nt hewor l
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needt opr otecthi sbody .
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