General Chemistry 2

Activity Sheet
Quarter 4 – MELC 2&3
Week 1
Second Law of Thermodynamics
and

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 Gibbs’ Free Energy

General Chemistry 2
Activity Sheet No. 2: Second Law of Thermodynamics and Gibbs’ Free Energy First
Edition, 2021

Published in the Philippines

By the Department of Education
Region 6 – Western Visayas

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transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical without written permission
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Development Team of Chemistry 2 Activity Sheet

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Writers: Romy P. Pajura, Andrew S. Paz, Regional Management Team:
Jovanni C. Tacdoro Ramir B. Uytico
Editor: Anita S. Gubalane Pedro T. Escobarte, Jr
Language Editor: Rodel A. Española Elena P. Gonzaga
Layout Artists: Donald T. Genine
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Moonyeen C. Rivera
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Gaudencio Riego Daisy L. Lopez
Anita S. Gubalane Joseph M. Pagalaran
Schubert Anthony C. Sialongo
Phoenix Allanah Zandria S. Tordesillas
Marian Rose B. Sarmiento

Introductory Message

Welcome to General Chemistry 2!

The Learning Activity Sheet is a product of the collaborative efforts of the

Schools Division of Antique and DepEd Regional Office VI - Western Visayas
through the Curriculum and Learning Management Division (CLMD). This is
developed to guide the learning facilitators (teachers, parents and responsible
adults) in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Basic
Education Curriculum.

The Learning Activity Sheet is self-directed instructional materials aimed to

guide the learners in accomplishing activities at their own pace and time using
the contextualized resources in the community. This will also assist the learners
in acquiring the lifelong learning skills, knowledge and attitudes for productivity
and employment.

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 For learning facilitator:

The General Chemistry 2 Activity Sheet will help you facilitate the
leachinglearning activities specified in each Most Essential Learning Competency
(MELC) with minimal or no face-to-face encounter between you and learner. This
will be made available to the learners with the references/links to ease the
independent learning.

For the learner:

The General Chemistry 2 Activity Sheet is developed to help you continue

learning even if you are not in school. This learning material provides you with
meaningful and engaging activities for independent learning. Being an active
learner, carefully read and understand the instructions then perform the
activities and answer the assessments. This will be returned to your facilitator
on the agreed schedule.
Name of Learner: ______________________________________________________
Grade and Section:__________________________ Date: ____________________

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 ACTIVITY SHEET NO. 2

Second Law of Thermodynamics and Gibbs’ Free Energy

I. Learning Competency with Code

• Explain the second law of thermodynamics and its significance
STEM_GC11CTIVa-b-142
• Use Gibbs’ free energy to determine the direction of a reaction
STEM_GC11CTIVa-b-143

II. Background Information for Learners

Previously you learned that particles of matter are in constant motion and their
energy can be converted from one form to another. The same amount of matter
exists before and after the change, however none is created or destroyed. But do
you wonder why an ice cubes melt at room temperature? Why do you get older
and never younger? Or whenever you clean up your bedroom it will become messy
again? Many processes occur spontaneously in one direction. They are irreversible
under a given set of condition.
This learning activity will help you explain the second law of thermodynamics and
its significance, and the use of Gibb’s Free energy to determine the direction of the
reaction.

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III. Activity Proper
Activity 1: Thermodynamics Demystified!
Directions: Analyze the type of variation depicted in each figure of the Second Law
of Thermodynamics. Explain how the process occur by writing your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

Figure 1. Combustion
Source: http://insideenergy.org/2016/06/20
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Figure 2. Heat Transfer

Source: https://www.simscale.com/docs/simwiki
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Figure 3. Entropy in Molecules of Matter

Source: https://qsstudy.com/physics
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Activity 1 above explains the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics is the study of the connection between heat and work and the
conversion of one form of heat to another. This is shown in the figure when heat
changes into work or turn work into heat (or cooling, as in a refrigerator) and
likewise in a combustion process like many machines (such as automobile engine).
The Second Law of Thermodynamics has several variations; these are:

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 • Some heat is wasted in conversion.
This variation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that some
heat is wasted when converting into mechanical energy. In other words,
in a car engine, not all of the heat created from the exploding gasoline is
used in turning the engine or moving the car. Some simply heats the
engine.

• Heat flows from high to low

The Second Law of Thermodynamics also states that heat normally flows
from high temperature to low temperature. For example, when you heat
the end of a metal rod, the heat will gradually travel to the cool end and
heats it up.
• Entropy
A third variation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the
energy available for work in the universe is continually decreasing.
Question 1.
Why does the Second Law of Thermodynamics important? Explain.
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Since entropy dictates whether or not a process or a reaction is going to be
spontaneous, so try to find out why is the second law of thermodynamics
important.
Thermodynamics is significant because of the following reasons:

• it dictates whether or not a process or a reaction is going to be

spontaneous;

• it is important in calculating the entropy change for a particular

reaction; and

• any natural process happening around is driven by entropy

On the other hand, entropy and enthalpy are the two thermodynamic
quantities that are considered in determining the spontaneity of any
process. When you combine these two quantities to form a single equation,
the third dynamic quantity will be produced. The quantity which determines
spontaneity is termed as Gibbs’ free energy (G). It is sometimes called as
Gibbs’ function.
Gibbs’ free energy is named after an American mathematician and Physicist
Josiah Willard Gibbs.
Free energy pertains to a part or portion of the total energy of a certain
system that is available to do useful work.

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 In addition, Gibbs free energy is like enthalpy and entropy that is also a
state function. The Gibbs function is defined as
G=H-TS
where:
G=Gibbs free energy
H=heat
T=temperature
S=entropy of the system

Thus, for any change in state, we can write the following equation:
∆G=∆H-T∆S
• The value of ∆G determines the spontaneity of a chemical reaction at
constant pressure and temperature. A reaction is considered
spontaneous when ∆G is negative and it is considered as
nonspontaneous if ∆G is positive.
• A reaction is considered spontaneous when one of the following
conditions is met:
1. ∆H must be negative while the ∆S is positive.
2. If ∆H is positive; ∆S must be large or T must be high enough so
that ∆G will be negative.

• Under the standard conditions of 1 atm and 25OC, the standard free
energy change (∆GO) of a chemical reaction can be obtained from the
standard enthalpy change (∆HO) and standard entropy change (∆SO.
The Gibbs0-Helmholtz equation will be:
∆GO=∆HO-T∆SO
• The standard free energy change of a reaction can be calculated using
the standard free energy of formation (∆GOf) of the reactants and
products
∆GO = ∑∆GOf(products)- ∑∆GOf(reactants)
• Similar to enthalpy, ∆GOf of elements is zero. Example:
Consider the dissolution of silver chloride (AgCl).

The ∆GO of the reaction can be calculated from the standard molar free
energies of the substances.
Substance ∆GOf (kJ/mol)
AgCl (s) -109.8
AgCl+(aq) 77.1
Cl- (aq) -131.3

∆GO = [∆GOf(Ag+) + [∆GOf(Cl-)]- [∆GOf(AgCl)]

∆GO=[(1 mol)(77.1 kJ/mol)+(1 mol)(-131.3 kJ/mol)]-[1 mol)(-109.8 kJ/mol]
∆GO= 55.7 kJ ≈ 55, 700 J

Interpretation:

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 The positive value of the ∆GO shows that the reaction is nonspontaneous at
the temperature of 25oC. This indicates that the reverse reaction is more
spontaneous. In thermodynamic processes, if the reaction is spontaneous,
its reverse is non-spontaneous and vice versa.
Gibbs’ Free Energy and the Direction of Reaction
∆G determines the direction and extent of chemical change. You have to
remember that ∆G is meaningful only for changes in which the temperature
and pressure remain constant. The system is usually open to the
atmosphere (constant pressure) and the process is started and ended at
room temperature (after any heat that has been added or which liberated by
the reaction has dissipated.)
Gibbs function determines whether a given chemical change is
possible thermodynamically.
• If the free energy of the reactants is greater than that of the
products, the entropy of the world will increase and the reaction
takes place continuously.
• If the free energy of the products exceeds that of the reactants, the
reaction will not take place.
• In a spontaneous change, Gibbs energy always decreases and never
increases. This shows that the entropy of the world behaves in the
exact opposite way.

Example:
Water below zero degrees Celsius, the entropy decreases, but the heat
released into the surroundings more than compensates for this entropy of
the world increases, the free energy of the water diminishes, and the
process proceeds spontaneously.

The consequence of the one-way downward path of the free energy is

that once it reaches its minimum possible value, net change comes to a
stop. This represents the state of chemical equilibrium. These relations are
summarized below:
• ∆G < 0 = The reaction will occur spontaneously to the right.
• ∆G > 0 = The reaction will occur spontaneously to the left.
• ∆G = 0 = The reaction is at equilibrium and will not proceed in
either direction.

For additional information, you can access the following sites online:
https://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/thermeq/TE4.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huKbuShaa1w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6Vctvdkqs

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Activity 2: Read, Analyze, and Calculate (RAC)
Directions: Read the situation provided below, identify the process whether
it is spontaneous or non-spontaneous and determine its direction. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Calculate the ∆HO and ∆SO for the following reaction:

NH4NO3(s) + H2O(l) NH4+ (aq) + NO-3(aq)

Use the results of the calculation to determine the value of ∆GO for
this reaction at 25oC and explain why NH4NO3 spontaneously dissolves in
water at room temperature.

You may use the following standard: state enthalpy of formation and
absolute data table.

Compound ∆HOf (KJ/mol) ∆SO(J/mol-K)

NH4NO3(s) -365.56 151.08
NH4+ (aq) -132.51 113.4
NO-3(aq) -205.0 146.4

Activity 3: Direction of a Reaction

Directions: Analyze the data provided below about Gibbs free energy.
Identify the direction of the reaction. Choose your answer on the box
provided. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

•A. The reaction will occur spontaneously to the right.

•

•B. The reaction will occur spontaneously to the left.

•
C. The reaction is at equilibrium and will not proceed in either

1. ∆G = 15 kJ
2. ∆G = -12 kJ
3. ∆G = 0
4. ∆G = 21.1 kJ
5. ∆G = 13.5 kJ

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V. Reflection

Complete the following statements with your own ideas

I have learned that…
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________________________________________________________________________ I
have realized that…
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I want to learn more about…

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