OUR LADY OF FATIMA ACADEMY OF DAVAO, INC.

Fatima St., Brgy. 24 - C, Davao City

(082) 227 - 4880; (082) 227- 4162
olfadavao@gmail.com
PAASCU ACCREDITED - LEVEL 1

Physical Science
MODULE 3
Week 5: Lesson 1: Sources of Energy
Lesson 2: Ingredients of Cleaning Products
Lesson 3: Use of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning Agents

April 5-9, 2021

Adapted from
Department of Education Learning Material – Physical Science

Department of Education Alternative Delivery Mode - Physical Science

Student’s Name: ______________________________________________

Grade Level & Section: ______________________________________________

Week 5-Lesson 1: Sources of Energy

Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the students must be able to;

1. Describe how energy is harnessed from different sources: fossil fuels; biogas; geothermal;
hydrothermal; batteries; solar cells; biomass
2. Identify the active ingredients of cleaning products at home
3. Give the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents

Something to ponder on!

This module discusses about the sources of energy and how the energy is harnessed.

After going through this module, you are expected to describe how energy is harnessed
from different sources: fossil fuels; biogas; geothermal; hydrothermal; batteries; solar cells;
biomass.

Defining energy is both simple and complicated. The definition varies from one field of science
to another, but the most common definition it uses is the ability to do work. Energy can be
found in almost everything and everywhere. Can it be found on the places we used to go? Can
we find it on the things we possess? The answer to that is yes! For example, when we digest
food, our body uses (chemical) energy embodied in the food to move around. When we turn
on the TV or gadgets, electricity is used to create the picture on the screen and the sound it
produces. Most of the electricity that we use in our daily lives are produced from the chemical
energy released in the burning of coal, oil or gas. Now, if energy can be found literally on
everything, why do we hear so much about energy crisis? According to the First Law of
thermodynamics, also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, energy can neither be
created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another 1.
If that is the case, then there is no need to worry about running out of energy?

Well, that question can be answered if we fully understood the concept of energy. As
stated above, energy comes in different forms and can be used in different ways through
conversion. Given a scenario of leaving a hot milk in an airconditioned room, what will happen
to the milk? In a matter of time, the hot milk will turn into a cold milk, thus, there is heat loss.
Is there a way of turning back the milk into hot once it has cooled down? Is there any way to
collect the heat loss from the milk to the environment? None. In any example that we
consider, we will see that energy, in the usable form, is dissipated to the surroundings in less
usable forms. Hence, energy is consumed and would not replenish once it’s used to do work.
With this taken into consideration, the next thing to do is look for conventional and renewable
sources of energy.

1
 Conventional energy sources are the oldest sources of energy like coal and petroleum.
Conventional energy sources are limited. They will not last forever and will eventually run out.
Renewable energy, on the other hand, uses energy sources that are continually replenished by
nature—the sun, the wind, water, the Earth’s heat, and plants. With the use of renewable
energy technologies these fuels are turned into usable forms of energy—regularly electricity,
but also heat, chemicals, or mechanical power. To put it simply, this energy can be used again
and again and will never run out.

The following are the energy sources:

A. Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels comes from organic remains of prehistoric organisms, example of
this are hydrocarbons such as oil, coal, and natural gas. Coal is the world’s largest source
of fossil fuel. It is comparably affordable and is readily obtainable. Fossil fuels harnessed
energy from the sun when they were still alive through the process of photosynthesis. To
put it simply, fossil fuels are captured sunlight.

B. Biogas: This kind of energy can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural
waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste, or food waste.
Biogas is a renewable energy source.

C. Geothermal: This energy optimizes the heat energy from the earth’s crust. This heat
energy heats up rocks affecting the nearby groundwater. Once the groundwater becomes
so hot, it turns into an underground steam, then this steam is used to drive turbines that
generate electricity. It is said that geothermal energy is the main source of energy in the
Visayas region.

D. Hydro Power Plant: Hydrothermal energy is usually associated with dams since there is
only few waterfalls exist in the country. The kinetic energy and potential energy of a falling
water is being converted to produce electricity. This is the main source of electricity in
Mindanao.

E. Batteries: It is a chemical source of energy that produces direct current, DC. Some are
rechargeable; some are not.

F. Solar Cells: The energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation is
directly converted into electricity. This energy will continue to renew until the sun cease to
exist. Solar cells system mostly has these three main parts; 1. modules that convert
sunlight into electricity; 2. Inverters where electricity is being converted into alternating
current so it can be used by most household appliances; 3. battery that store the excess
electricity produced by the system.
G. Biomass: It refers to the organic matters and waste from plants and animals such as
compost, crop remnants and garbage. Plants get the energy from the sun through the
process of photosynthesis and this energy is passed to animals upon consumption. Biomass
is used to produce alcohol and methane which are fuels useful in energy manufacture and
running cars.

H. Thermal Power Plant: Heat energy is being produced and converted into electricity by
burning large amount of fossil fuels are burnt in power stations.

I. Wind Power: The energy from the wind is being harnessed by the wind turbines,
converting the wind energy into mechanical energy. This kind of energy is renewable since
the wind on the surroundings is unlimited.
ACTIVITY 1- Tell Me

Instructions: Provide the answers for the following questions. You may use different materials as a
reference for the articulation of your points.

1. What is a good fuel?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. If you could use any source of energy for heating your food, which one would you use and
why?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. Why are we looking at alternate sources of energy?

__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___

4. What are the disadvantages of fossil fuels?

__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___

5. Can any source of energy be pollution-free? Why or why not?

__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___
ACTIVITY 2- Guess the Pic!

Instructions: Identify the Energy Conversions in the illustrations below.

ACTIVITY 3- You choose!

Instructions: Choose one source of renewable energy and one source of non-renewable energy
and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Use Ven Diagram.
Week 5-Lesson 2: Active Ingredients of Cleaning Products
Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the students must be able to;

1. Give common examples of cleaning materials for the house and for personal care from
product labels, identify the active ingredient(s) of cleaning products used at home
2. Identify the active ingredient(s) of cleaning products at home

Something to Ponder!

Previously, we have learned how the energy we used in our community is being
harnessed and the most common sources of energy. Now, as we’re already talking about
utilities such as electricity, in our household it is not enough that our appliances can function,
or our house is well-lighted. The house must be clean also! Do you know how can cleaning be
done easily and quickly? If you are thinking of cleaning products such as soap and detergents,
then you are right!

Cleaning is one of the very common household chores on our daily lives. We do cleaning in our
houses, offices and schools. Cleaning can be done easier and quicker if cleaning products are
to be used. These cleaning products come in different forms such as liquid, powder, sprays or
granules and are formulated to be used in the removal of dirt, dust, stain, and bad smells on
various areas.

The following are examples of cleaning agents:

A. Water

Water is the simplest and most common example of cleaning agent. It is extremely easy
to use, a good solvent and has stability. Water is readily available and is also inexpensive.

B. Detergents

Detergents are agents which helps for the betterment of cleaning. It supplies the things
that water alone can’t do. One of its function is reducing surface tension of water,
emulsifying (break-up) soil and lifting it from surface, suspending soil in the cleaning
solution. It is comparatively more operative in hard water and mostly harmless.

C. Abrasives

Abrasives are very punitive cleaning agents. It is very hard and rough to use since they
are made up of mineral particles. Some of the commonly used abrasives are pumice, sand,
steel wool and calcite. Also, abrasives may contain alkalis (for removal of grease), chlorine
(for disinfection) and organic solvents (for dissolving grease). Abrasives may be categorized
as creams, liquids, pastes, and powder, based on their texture.

D. Degreasers
 Degreasers dissolve proteins using strong alkalis. They are very corrosive that usually
damage the surface. Most of the time degreasers are composed of sodium metasilicate or
caustic soda. Sodium hydroxide and sodium metasilicate are examples of strong alkalis
which play a primary role in removing solid grease. Sodium carbonate not only provide a
moderately high pH but also provides buffering to maintain pH levels upon product dilution.
Alkalis ensure that pH is maintained at a suitably high-level during cleaning. Sodium
bicarbonate (baking soda) offers alkalinity at a slightly lower pH making it useful for buffering
formulations and other uses that requires mild pH. Silicates perform additional useful
functions. They offer corrosion protection, mainly on "white" metals like aluminum. Their
other functions are for suspension of fine particles and reduction of the redeposition of soil
that has been removed from surfaces. Ammonia is commonly used as an alkali in floor wax
removers.

E. Acids
Acid is a compound that contains Hydrogen that can be replaced by a metal. It is
usually having a sour taste, capable of neutralizing alkalis and it would turn a blue litmus
paper into red when tested. Phosphoric acid, a strong acid, is used for dissolving calcium
and metal salts. It is also useful in tub, tile, sink and toilet bowl cleaners while Hydrochloric
acid is a strong acid used in some toilet bowl cleaners. disorders, birth defects and
reproductive problems.

F. Organic Solvents
Solvents are specifically used to remove grease and clean without leaving a residue,
particularly, window cleaners and removal of finger marks on walls. The main ingredient of
these solvents is water making it remove grease easily and is compatible with water.

G. Disinfectants
Disinfectants or antimicrobial agents are used to destroy bacteria and viruses by interfering
with their metabolism or destroying their cell walls. Various chemicals make it possible to
disinfect by alternating its structures, including alcohol, sodium hypochlorite, iodine, pine
oil, phenolics and quaternary ammonium compounds.

Active Ingredients Found in Cleaning Chemicals

A. Ammonia is a naturally occurring, colorless and soluble alkali gas. It is commonly referred
as “household ammonia” in cleaning compounds. It is regularly found in window and glass
cleaners, but mostly produced to be a fertilizer. It is an irritant to the skin and eyes, and it
may be dangerous when consumed.

B. Bleach
Bleach or sodium hypochlorite is another alkali disinfectant. Bleach oxidizes or breaks
down the molecular bonds of stains and germs. Bleach is commonly packages in the bottle
as a 5 percent solution. When bleach is mixed with acids it forms toxic chlorine gas such as
bowl cleaners
C. D-Limonene extracted from citrus rind is a neutral compound. The straight d-limonene are
used as a solvent while d-limonene combined with a surfactant can be used as a rinse able
cleaning solution. Surfactants are compounds that lowers the surface tension of water,
making the molecules less likely to stick with each other and interact more with oil and
grease.
D.
E. Enzymes and bacteria are used commonly for removal of degreasers and stains and
cleaning of drains. These live organisms consume organic materials, for the purpose of
blockage, stain, or odor removal.

F. Hydrogen peroxide being an acidic disinfectant, is commonly used in a 3 percent solution

as a skin antiseptic. It also works as an oxidizer. It can also be used for whitening of paper
pulp and treating drinking water. Most of the time it is combined with other disinfectants for
greater efficacy.

G. Phenol is a manufactured substance used in disinfectants and resins; it has many forms
and goes in many names. For example, Nonyl phenol ethoxylate is regularly found in
detergents. Skin exposure to large amounts of phenol can cause damage in liver,
diarrhea, dark urine, and hemolytic anemia.

Hazardous Ingredients in Household Cleaning Agents

A. Carcinogens
Carcinogens cause cancer and/or promote cancer’s growth.

B. Endocrine disruptors
Endocrine disruptors mimic human hormones, confusing the body with false signals.
Exposure to endocrine disruptors can lead to several health concerns including
reproductive, developmental, growth and behavior complications. It has been linked to
reduced fertility, premature puberty, miscarriage, menstrual problems, challenged immune
systems, abnormal prostate size, ADHD, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and certain cancers.

C. Neurotoxins
Neurotoxins alter neurons, affecting brain activity, causing a range of problems from
headaches to loss of intellect.

Chemicals to Avoid

A. Pesticides
Pesticides are fat-soluble, making them difficult to eliminate from the body once ingested. It
often contains carcinogens and endocrine disruptors.

B. APEs
 APEs are surfactants, meaning they lower the surface tension of liquids and help cleaning
solutions spread more easily over the surface to be cleaned and penetrate solids. APEs are
endocrine disruptors.

C. Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is commonly known as preservative. It is also a germicide, bactericide and
fungicide. It can be found in household cleaners and disinfectants. Formaldehyde is a
carcinogen.

D. Organochlorine
Organochlorine results from the combination of hydrogen and carbon. DDT is one of the
most lethal type of organochlorines. OCs are present in pesticides, detergents, degreasers,
and bleaches. It is a carcinogen and endocrine disruptor.

E. Styrene
Styrene is a naturally occurring substance derived from the styrax tree. It is commonly used
in the manufacture of numerous plastics including plastic food wrap, insulated cups ad PVC
piping. It is also found in floor waxes and polishes and metal cleaners. Styrene is a known
carcinogen as well as endocrine disruptor. It may cause damage to the central nervous
system, liver and reproductive system when exposed.

F. Phthalates
Phthalates are most used in the manufactures of plastics. It can also be found in household
cleaners and detergents. These chemicals are classified as inert and as such no product-
labeling requirements exist for phthalates. They are endocrine disruptor and suspected
carcinogen. Phthalates are known to cause hormonal abnormalities, thyroid disorders, birth
defects and reproductive problems.
.

ACTIVITY 1- Let’s Try these!

True or false

Instructions: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong. If
the statement is wrong, write the correct answer, beside the word FALSE.

_____________ 1. Straight d-limonene can be used as a solute.

_____________ 2. Carcinogens promote cancer’s growth.
_____________ 3. Bacteria consumes organic matter to remove the stain or odor.
_____________ 4. Neurotoxins alter neurons, causing problems such as toothache.
_____________ 5. Endocrine confuses the body with false signals.

Crossword Puzzle

Instructions: Use the definitions as a clue to the word that goes into the corresponding blank
spaces.

Across
1. These chemicals are classified as inert and as such no product-labeling requirements
exist for it.
2. It is commonly known as preservative.
3. It is fat-soluble and difficult to eliminate from the body once ingested.
Down
4. Exposure to this chemical may affect the central nervous system, liver and reproductive
system.
5. A type of organochlorine
ACTIVITY 2- Sum It Up!

This activity is essential in helping you retain the knowledge you acquired! Write it down to
remember!

Materials: Short bond paper cut in 1/8 size crosswise

Instructions Make a flash card of the information about active ingredients that struck you the
most. The front portion of the flash card should contain a question about active
ingredients and at the back of the card, write the answer of the question you
wrote.
attached a minimum of 10 flash cards in your answer sheet when you pass it.
Remember, be creative as you can be!
Week 5-Lesson 3: Use of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning Agents
Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the students must be able to;

A. Give the use of the other ingredients in cleaning agents

Something to Ponder!

Previously, we have discussed about household cleaning products. Now let’s go to the
other uses of the active ingredients of cleaning agents. Aside from the purpose of cleaning, the
other ingredients in cleaning agents can also be used in other ways. Let us find out how.

Role of Other Ingredients

Commercial cleaning products contain other substances. These substances contribute

to the effectiveness of the cleaning agent and provide special functions. Some of them are:

A. Antimicrobial agents
Antimicrobial agents also called disinfectants or sanitizers are chemicals that kill
microorganisms or prevent their growth. They clean the materials to prevent of diseases
brought by bacteria, viruses, and fungi; and reduce the odor-causing microorganism.

B. Bleach activators
These are substances needed for low temperature washes and achieve the full activity
of bleaching in the wash liquor.

C. Bulking agent
This substance is added to increase the volume of a product through dilution, so that it
can be applied at the correct concentration. Bulking agents are also used for food
applications such as beverages, they can add texture without making a change on the
properties of the final product.

D. Colorant
This substance contains a blue dye or pigment that provides bluing effect when added
to laundry products. It is a substance that is added or applied in order to change the color of
material or surface. Most of the time, colorants are used in industries like paints, clothes,
plastics, prints and photographs.

E. Enzymes
Enzymes can also be used in food industry to enhance flavor, help digestion and
improve the nutritional values of the food. In textile industry, enzymes are used for treating
 fibers and textiles. In cosmetics, enzymes are used to improve the quality of the personal
care products. It is also used in paper refining bleaching making the paper sheet produced
stronger, thicker and softer. Hence, enzymes are biocatalyst that can be used in many
applications, making the processes cheaper and more environmental-friendly.

F. Flavors and Sweeteners

Substances that make commercial cleaning products appealing to the consumers.
These substances provide sweet taste but has no calories of carbohydrates. It is commonly
used as sugar-substitute. Most toothpaste have flavors and sweet tastes.

G. Fragrances
These are substances used to mask the odor of ingredients and packaging of the
cleaning agent. They provide pleasant odor to fabrics and skin and gives special identify to a
product.

H. Optical Brighteners
These are fluorescent dyes. They absorb ultraviolet rays in sunlight and transmit them
as blue light. This blue light masks the yellowish color of the clothes and increases the
amount of visible light reaching the eye, giving the white garment a whiter appearance.

I. Preservatives
Substances that prevent product spoilage during storage. They are required in
laundry liquids. The surfactants and enzymes in detergents and other cleaning agents are
biodegradable and can be attacked by bacteria, which causes the product spoilage.
ACTIVITY 1- Fill Me In

Instructions: Read the question and fill in letters to complete the word and get the correct
answer.

1. I provide color to different products. Making the things you like colorful!
_ _ L _ _ A _ T
2. I prevent spoilage on the products. Keeping it fresh as it could be!
_ R _ _ E _ _ A T _ V _ _
3. I am used to add volume for the products without changing the quality of it!
_ U _ K _ _ G _ G _ N_
4. I protect you from bacteria and virus that can cause sickness. I am a bacteria killer!
A _ _ I _ I _ R _ _ I A _ _ G _ N _ S
5. Can you smell it? That’s me! I make the soap you like smells good!
_ R _ _R _ N _ _ E S

ACTIVITY 2- ESSAY

Instructions: Read the essay below and answer the following questions.

Read the article from

Schoolgirl Suffers Severe Allergic Reaction to L’Oreal Hair Dye
by Dawn, April 16, 2009

Today the Daily Mail reported a story about Carla Harris, a 15-year-old schoolgirl who suffered a
potent allergic reaction to L‟Oreal Recital hair dye, causing her head to swell up to twice its normal size,
leaving the teenager in agony for several days. Despite conducting a patch test prior to using the
product, Carla still had a severe reaction after using the L‟Oreal hair dye and was admitted into hospital
and treated with antihistamines and steroids. Carla and her mother Lynn have called for the banning of
paraphenylenediamine (PPD), the toxic chemical that doctors suggested caused the problem. Two-thirds
of hair dyes contain PPD, which was banned from use in hair dyes in the 20th century in Germany,
France and Sweden, because concerns arose about its harmful effects. I can sympathize, when I was 16
years old after several years using hair dyes without adverse reactions, I applied a semi-permanent hair
dye which caused over a third of my hair to fall out. Unfortunately, it never grew back and in subsequent
years more of hair fell out. I just put it down to me being sensitive, but my mother told a woman at her
workplace about my unfortunate incident with the hair dye and she explained that her daughter had used
the very same hair dye and all of her hair had fallen out. It wasn’t until many years later that I began to
research the toxicity of ingredients used in cosmetics and other beauty products

Guide Questions:
1. What happened to Carla Harris?
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__

2. What happened to the author of the text when she was 16 years old?
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___
3. Do you think that this article aims just to inform? Or is it to persuade?
__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___

4. What is the message of the article?

__________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___

5. If something similar happened to you, would you be that concerned on the topic?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 3- Inventory Making

Instructions: Think about all the products you use every morning when you wake up. How
many of them do you think involve chemistry? Identify from the product labels
the active ingredients of these cleaning agents and write the uses of the listed
active ingredients.

PRODUCT ACTIVE INGREDIENTS USES

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

TEST WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED!

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write the letter of your answer in your notebook.
1. Which of the following is a nonrenewable energy resource?
A. Coal B. Hydroelectric
C. Methane D. Solar

2. What energy resources are derived from natural organic materials?

A. Biomass B. Fossil Fuels
C. Geothermal sources D. All of these

3. What type of renewable energy comes from tapping heat generated inside the Earth?
A. Biomass B. Geothermal energy
C. Hydrothermal energy D. Solar energy

4. What type of renewable energy comes from capturing the power of the sun's rays?
A. Geothermal energy B. Hydrothermal energy
C. Solar energy D. wind energy

5. Why does the world face an energy crisis?

A. World demand for energy will increase
B. World oil production will peak and begin to decline
C. Shortages and the resulting escalation of prices can shock the economic and political
order
D. All of the above

6. Why do we discuss about energy crisis when energy can neither be created nor destroyed?
A. Energy transform into different form continuously.
B. Usable form of energy is dissipated to the surroundings in less usable forms.
C. Energy is consumed and cannot be used again.
D. All of these

7. Which is the ultimate source of energy?

A. Fossil fuels B. Sun
B. Uranium D. Water

8. What is a detergent?
A. A cleaning agent that is soluble in water and combines with dirt to make it
soluble in
water too.
B. Any cleaning agent that is soluble in water
C. Any cleaning agent that is insoluble in water
D. A cleaning agent that is insoluble in water and combines with dirt to make it
insoluble in
water too
9. Which of the following household chemicals is the main ingredient in bleach or bleach
products?
A. Ammonia B. Sodium bicarbonate
C. Sodium hypochlorite D. Sodium lauryl sulfate

10. Which of the following is NOT a chemical?

A. Ammonia B. Ammonium lauryl sulfate
C. Hydrogen gas D. Water

11. Which of the following is NOT a carcinogen?

A. APEs B. Formaldehyde
C. Pesticide D. Styrene

12. What active ingredient kills microorganism?

A. Anti-microbial Agent B. Bulking Agent
C. Enzyme D. Preservatives

13. Which among the choices is true about the bulking agent?
A. It gives color to the product.
B. It enhances the flavor of the product.
C. It adds volume to the product without altering the quality.
D. It prevents bacteria and viruses in sticking to your clothes.

14. How does the optical brighter make white garment a whiter appearance?
A. By enhancing the odor of the garment.
B. By reflecting white lights from the sun.
C. By absorbing ultraviolet rays in sunlight and transmit them as blue light.
D. None of the above, it’s bleach that makes the garment whiter.

15. What substance promote full activity of bleaching process?

A. Bleach Activator B. Bulking agent
C. Detergent D. Water
Let’s Connect

Directions: Read analyze and answer the question.

As an Ignacian Marian, What is the Importance of Chemistry to Life?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT

 Study in advance about How we Come to Realize that the Earth is Not the Center of the
Universe

Materials/References

 ADM in Physical Science

 Teaching Guide in Physical Science