RESPI

RATI
ONI
NPLANTS

Plant
sdoneedoxy genforrespi
rati
onwhichinr
etur
ngiveoutcar bondi oxide.
Unli
keanimalsandhumans,pl antsdonothaveanyspeciali
zedst ructuresforgaseous
exchangebuttheyhavest omata( pr
esentinl
eaves)andl ent
icels( presentinstems)
andRoothairs(
onRoots)whichareinvol
vedi
ntheexchangeofgases.
Compar edt
oanimalsplant
'sroots,st
ems,andl
eavesrespir
eatav erylowerrate.

RespirationInRoot s:
Thepr ocessofr espirati
oninr ootsiscarri
edoutint hefol
lowingmanner :
 
 Ai roccursi nsev erali
nterspacesofsoi l.Thehairsofther ootsareindirectcontact
withthem.
 Oxy genoft hesoi lgetsdi ff
usedv iaroothairsandr eachesal li
nter
nalcel l
soft he
rootforrespirati
on.
 Car bondi oxidepr oduceddur i
ngt hediff
usionisrel
easedint heoppositedirect
ion.
 I nthecondi ti
onofwat erlogging,airgetsdefi
cienti
nsoilandi nthiscase,met aboli
c
activi
tyofther ootsdeclines.


Respir
ationInSt
ems:
 Thest emsofherbaceousplant
spossessstomataandtheairget
sdiff
usedviait
andreachesthecel
lsforr
espir
ati
on.
 Thecar bondioxi
deproducedduri
ngtheprocessget
sdi
ffusedintheai
rviastomata.
 Whent hest
emsar ewoody,thi
sgaseousexchangei
scarri
edoutbylenti
cel
s.

Page|
1 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
Respi
rat
ionI
nLeav
es:

 Leavesofthepl
antshaveti
nypor eswhichar eref
err
edasst omata.
 Theexchangeofgasestakesplacebythepr ocessofdiff
usionv i
astomata.
 Thest omataar
epresenti
nlargenumberonl owersurf
aceofl eavesofpl
ant.
 Eachst omaissur
roundedandcont r
oll
edby  GuardCel
ls 
(twokidneyshapedcel
l
s).
 Thenthestomaopengaseousexchanget akesplace
between At
mosphere 
and 
Int
eriorofLeaves.

Dir
ecti
onofDi f
fusi
on:
Thedirect
ionofdif
fusi
ondependsuponEnvir
onmentalcondi
ti
onandrequi
rementof
pl
ant.
Occursin2way s:
1.
Photosynthesi
s-CO2i nandO2outindayti
me(Presenceofsunli
ght
)
6CO2 +6H2O---
--
li
ght-
--
 C6H12O6 
+6O2 
+Energy
Duri
ngdayt i
meOxy gendiff
usesoutf
rom t
heplanttotheenvi
ronment
.

2.Respir
ation-O2inandCo2outatnight
(Absenseofsunl
ight
)
C6H12O6 
+6O2 --
--
--
--
--
- 6CO2 
+6H2O+Energy
Duringnightti
mecar bondi
oxidedi
ff
usesoutfr
om thepl
anttotheenv
ironment
.
Fact
or saf fecti
ngRespi r
ationi nPlants:
Therear e8env i
ronment alfact or
st hathassignif
icantimpactonrespir
ati
oninpl
ants,
 Oxy gencont entoft heat mospher e
 Ef fectofwat ercont ent
 Ef fectoft emper atur e
 Ef fectofav ailabil
ityoflight
 Impactofr espirablemat eri
al
 Ef fectofconcent rationofcar bondi oxideinatmospher e
 Pr otoplasmi ccondi ti
ons, i
.e.youngert i
ssueshav egreat
erpr
otoplasm ascompared
t
ool derti
ssues.
 Ot herf actors,i.
e.fluorides, cyanides,azi
des,etc.
Page|
2 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
 Respi
rat
ion Phot
osy
nthesi
s

Respir
ati
ontakespl
aceinall
li
vi
ngcel
ls, Phot
osynt
hesi
stakespl
aceonl
yincaseof
i
ncludi
nggreen(Chl
orophy
ll
s)andnon– Chl
orophy
ll
scel
ls.
green.

Itoccur
sbot hinnightanddayandi ncludes Photosynthesisoccur sonl
yinlightand
Glycol
ysi
s–i ncytoplasm, Krebscycl
e/Citr
ic i
ncludesLightr eacti
on–i ngranaof
acidcycl
e–i nmi t
ochondr i
almatri
xand chl
oroplast,Calvincycleordarkreacti
on–in
Elect
rontranspor
tchai nandoxidati
ve str
omaofchl oroplastandPhotolysi
sor
phosphorylat
ioni
ni nnermitochondri
al waterspli
tti
ngcompl exinthyl
akoidlumen
membr ane.

O2 
i
sut
il
izedandCO2 
andH2Oi
sfor
med CO2 
andwat
eri
susedandO2 
i
srel
eased

I
tisacatabol
icprocesswhi
chi
ncl
udes I
tisananaboli
cprocesswhi
chi
ncl
udest
he
dest
ruct
ionoffood. manufact
uredfood.

Oxygenisabsor
bedandcar
bohy
drat
eis Oxygeni
sliber
atedandcar
bohy
drat
eis
oxi
dized. synt
hesi
zed.

I
tisanexothermi
cprocessandener
gyi
s Iti
sanendot
hermicprocessandener
gyi
s
r
eleasedduri
ngrespi
rat
ion. stor
eddur
ingtheprocess.

Drywei
ghtofpl
antdecreasesandpotenti
al Inthi
scase,drywei
ghtofpl
anti
ncr
easesand
ener
gyi
stransf
ormedintokinet
icenergy
. l
ightenergyi
sconver
tedint
opot
enti
al
energy.

Typesofr espirat
ionont hebasi
sofpresenceorabsenceofoxy gen:
AerobicRespi r
ation:
 I
nthisty
peofrespi
rati
on,
thefoodsubstancesarecompl etel
y
oxi
dizedinto H2O and 
CO2 wit
htherel
easeofenergy
(ATP).I
trequiresatmospheric
oxygenandal lhigherorgani
smsrespi
reaerobi
cal
ly.
CO2istheby productr
eleasedin
thi
sprocess.
Anaerobi
cRespirati
on: 
Inthi
stypeofrespi
ration,part
ialoxi
dationoffoodtakespl
ace
andenergyisrel
easedintheabsenceofoxy gen.Thistypeofr espir
ati
onoccursi
n
prokar
yoti
corganismslikebact
eri
aandy east.Ethylal
cohol,Lacticaci
dsandcarbon
di
oxidearethebyproductfor
medi nt
hisprocess.

Page|
3 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
 *Note*Oxidat i
onal way sneedsox y
gen,butinanaer obicrespi
rat
ionoxidati
onoccurs
withoutoxy gen.
*Note*Cellularrespirati
on-Thebiochemi cal
pr ocess,whichoccurswithi
ncellsand
oxidi
zesf oodt oobt ainenergy,i
scall
edcel l
ularrespir
aton.
i ” 
Thisprocessiscatal
yzed
bysev eralenzymes.
Fir
stst epofcel l
ularrespirati
on-Gl
ycol
y sisi
st hefir
ststageofcellul
arrespi
rati
on.

Aer
obi
cRespi
rat
ion Anaer
obi
cRespi
rat
ion

I
nthi
srespi
rat
ion,
oxy
geni
sused. Oxy
geni
snotusedi
nanaer
obi
crespi
rat
ion.

Thi
srespi
rat
iont
akesplacei
nthecel
l
sofal
l Thi
sprocesstakesplacei
nfungi
,bact
eri
aand
hi
gherani
malsandplant
s. sev
eralendopar
asit
es.

Oxi
dat
ionofgl
ucoset
akespl
acecompl
etel
y. Par
ti
aloxi
dat
ionofgl
ucoset
akespl
ace.

Theendproductoft
hisr
espi
rat
ioni
swat
erand Theendproducti
nthi
scaseiscar
bondi
oxi
de
car
bondioxi
de. andl
acti
cacidorethy
lal
cohol
.

Oxi
dat
ionofonemol
ecul
eofgl
ucosey
iel
ds38 Parti
aloxi
dat
ionofonemol
ecul
eofgl
ucose
ATPmolecul
es. yi
elds2ATPmol ecul
es.

Thi
sprocesst
akespl
acei
nmi
tochondr
iaand Thi
spr
ocesst
akespl
aceonl
yincy
topl
asm.
cyt
opl
asm ofcel
l
.

Pr
ocessofAer
obi
crespi
rat
ion:

Page|
4 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
 1

Gl
ycol
ysi
s:
 Theterm gl
ycol
ysi
sisder
ivedf
rom t
woGr
eekwor
ds,
i.
e. 
Gly
cos 
whi
chmeanssugar
l
y
and  si
s meansspl
it
ti
ng.
 Theschemeofgl
ycol
ysi
swasgi
venbyOt
toMey
erhof
,J.Par
nasandGust
av.
 Occur
sint
hecy
topl
asm oft
hecel
l
.
 1mol
ofgl
ucoseconv
ert
edi
nto2mol
ofpy
ruv
ates.
 NetATPy
iel
d-2mol
s
 C6H12O6(
Glucose)
2Py
ruv
ates(
Pyr
uvat
eisa3Ccompound)
 Thent
hepy
ruv
atemov
est
oMi
tochondr
ial
ossesCO2andFor
medAcet
ylCoenz
yme
A.
 Py
ruv
ateAcet
ylco-
A+CO2

Page|
5 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
Page|
6 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
Kr
eb’
scy
cle:
 Itisthesecondst ageofcel lularrespi
rati
on.
 citr
icacidcy cl
ewasdescr ibedi n1937by  
HansAdolfKr
ebs 
andWill
i
am Arthur
Johnson.
 Thiscy cl
eisal soknownasThe  cit
ri
cacidcy cl
e (
CAC)orTri
car
boxyl
icaci
d
(TCA)  
cycl
e ort he  Krebscy cle.
 Itplaysani ntegr al r
oleincat abolism ofbreaki
ngdownofor
gani
cfuelmolecul
ei.
e.
glucose,sugar ,fattyacidandami noacids.
 Occur sinthemat ri
xofthemi tochondr i
a.
 Acet
ylcoAi
soxi
dizedt
ofor
m CO2,
ATPandH20
 NetATPy
iel
d-2mol
s

 Hydrogencar
eermolecules(
NADH&FADH2)
whi
chhol
dshi
gherener
gypr
oducedi
n
hugenumberinthi
scycle.

Page|
7 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
Page|
8 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
 Gl
ycol
ysi
s Kr
ebsCy
cle

I
tisal
i
nearpat
hway
. I
tisacy
cli
cpat
hway
.

I
toccur
sincy
topl
asm ofcel
l
. i
toccur
sint
hemat
ri
xofmi
tochondr
ia.

I
toccur
sinbot
haer
obi
candanaer
obi
c I
toccur
sonl
yinaer
obi
crespi
rat
ion.
r
espi
rat
ion.

I
tgenerat
estwoNADH2 andt
woATP I
tgenerat
es6NADH2,2FADH2 
and2ATP
molecul
esonthebr
eakdownofonegl
ucose molecul
esont
hebreakdownof2acet
yl–CoA
molecul
e. molecul
es.

El
ect
ront
ranspor
tsy
stem:
 Occursintheinnermembr aneofmitochondri
a
 H+car r
iermolecul
eswhi charepr
oducedinkreb’scycl
ear
ebr
oughtt
oETS.
 HigherenergyH+mol arebr
oughttolowerenergyl
evel
.
 Largeeneryisproduced.
 NetATPy i
eldi
s34mol sofATP.

NetReact
ioni
naer
obi
cpr
ocess:C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O+38ATP

4COMPLEXESARE
COMPLEX I-
NADHDehy dr
ogenase
COMPLEX I
I-
SuccenateDehydrogenase
COMPLEX I
II
-Cy
tochromebc1
COMPLEX I
V-CytochromecOxi dase

Page|
9 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
Pr
ocessofAnaer
obi
cRespi
rat
ion:
 Breakdownoffoodtorel
easeener
gyi
ntheabsenceofoxy
geni
sknownas
Anaerobi
crespi
rat
ion.
 Thi
sanaer
obi
crespi
rat
ioni
snotcommonl
yfound.

Page|
10 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
 Eg-
foundi
nfungi
(yeast
),
bact
eri
a,par
asi
ti
cwor
m andHumanmuscl
ecel
l
.
 Occur
sint
hecy
topl
asm ofcel
l
.
 1mol
ofgl
ucoseusual
l
ypr
oduce2mol
ofpy
ruv
ate.
 NetATPy
iel
d-2mol
.(
Ver
ylessamountofener
gyi
spr
oduced.
)
Anaer
obi
crespi
rat
ioni
nYeast
:
 Occur
sint
hecy
topl
asm oft
hecel
l
.
 Ter
medasFer
mnt
ati
on.
 Py
ruv
ateconv
ert
edt
oet
hanol
andcar
bondi
oxi
deandener
gyi
srel
eased.
 Par
ti
al/
incompl
eteoxi
dat
ionoccur
sandendpr
oducti
sEt
hanol
.
 Py
ruv
ate(
3'c’
compound)
C2H5OH(
Ethanol
2‘c’
compound)
+Co2+Ener
gy
 signif
icanceoffer mentation.
-Inbaker
ies,fer
ment ati
oni susedforpr
eparingbread,biscui
tsandcakes.
-I
nbreweries,i
tisusedi nprepari
ngseveral
alcoholicdr
inks.
-Fer
mentationisusedi nproducingvi
negarandint anni
ngandcur i
ngofleat
her.
eg-I
neverydayli
fe,t
hispr ocessisusedinprepar
ingcurd, dhokl
as,
idl
is,
bhatur
a,et
c.

Anaer
obi
crespi
rat
ioni
nbact
eri
a,Par
asi
ti
cwor
m &Muscl
ecel
l:
 Occur
sint
hecy
topl
asm oft
hecel
l
.
 Py
ruv
ateconv
ert
edt
oLact
icaci
dandener
gyi
srel
eased.
 Par
ti
al/
incompl
eteoxi
dat
ionoccur
sandendpr
oducti
sLact
icaci
d.
 Py
ruv
ate(
3'c’
compound)
Lact
icaci
d(3ccompound)
+Ener
gy
 Someti
meinHumanmuscl ecel
lsduri
ngvi
gor
ousexerci
seduetolackofoxygen
suppl
yAnaer
obicr
espi
rat
ionoccursandduet
oaccumulati
onofl
acti
cacidinsi
de
themuscl
ecell
speopl
efeelpai
ninthemuscl
e(muscl
ecrampi
ng)
.
 Anaer
obicr
espi
rati
ongi
veshugeamountofener
gyi
nthef
orm ofet
hanol
andl
act
ic
aci
dwhichcel
lcan’
tuseandexcr
etaoutoft
hebody
.
Netr
eact
ioni
nAnaer
obi
cpocess:
Gl
ucose(
C6 
H12 
O6)-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-→ 2C2 
H5 
OH+2ATP(
Alcohol
fer
ment
ati
on)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
Gl
ucose(
C6 
H12 
O6)-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
→ 2CH3CHOHCOOH+2ATP(
Lact
icaci
dfer
ment
ati
on)

Page|
11 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA
*NOTE* Theterm amphi
boli
cisusedtoexpl n 
ai “
biol
ogical
pat hwaythati
nvol
vesbot h
catabol
ism andanaboli
sm.”
TCAcy cl
eisanamphi bol
icpathwaybecausei ti
ncludes
bothcataboli
sm offat
tyaci
dsandcarbohydrat
esandsy nthesisofanabol
icprecursor
s
foraminoacidsynthesi
s.

Page|
12 BI
OLOGY RESHMA MOHAPATRA