PLANT KI

NGDOM
All l
ivingt hi ngsar ei dent ifiedandcat egor izedont hebasi soft hei rbodyf or msand
funct ions.
Biol ogi cal sy st emat ic( Gk. sy stems- orderorsequence)  
ist hest udyoft hedi ver sif
ication
ofl ivingf or ms, bot hpastandpr esent ,andt her elationshi psamongl i
v ingt hingst hrough
time.  
Itisoff ourt ypes
i
-Ident ificat ion- findi ngt hecor rectnameandposi ti
onofanor gani sm accor dingt ot he
est abl i
shedpl anofcl assi ficat ion.
i
i-Cl assi ficat ion- Thear rangementofdi fferentor gani smsi nt odi f f
er entgr oups.
i
ii-Nomencl atur e- Asy stem usedf ornami ngor gani sms.
Itwasgi venv ia  Car olusLi nnaeus  andi sut ili
zedbysci ent istsev er ywher e
thr oughoutt hewor ld.
i
v -Taxonomy -
Fr ami ngofr ul esf orcl assi ficat ion.
Basi sofcl assi ficat ion- Classi ficat ioni sbasedonchar act erist icswhi choccuri ncer t
ain
groupsofor gani smst hatmaket hem di ffer entf r
om ot hergr oups.
Obj ect iveofcl assi ficat i
on:
a.Tor ecogni zeandpr eci sel ydi st ribut et hebasi cuni tofcl assi ficat i
on( speci es)ont he
basi sofpr edeci dedchar act erist i
csofor gani sms.
b.Todev iseanappr opr iatecr it
er iaofassi gni ngt hebasi cuni tsi nt oanascendi ngser iesof
groupsont hebasi soft hei rsi mi l
ar i
tiesandr el ationshi ps.
c.Toshowt heev olut ionar ychangesi nt heor gani sms.
Hist or yofcl assi fi
cat ion:
**Ar istot le, Gr eeksci entist1stcl assi fiedl iv i
ngor gani smsaccor dingt hei rhabi tat s.i
.e
whet hert heyl iveonl and, wat erandai r.
**Cl assi ficat ionofani mal si ntoVi v i
par ous( Gi vebi rtht oy oungone) andov i
par ous( l
ay
eggs)wasal socamei nexi stence.
i
-Twoki ngdom cl assi fi
cat ion- Car olusLi nnaeusi .
eAni mal sandpl ant s.
i
i-Thr eeki ngdom cl assi ficat ion–Hackeli .e-Ani mal .plant sandPr otist s.
i
ii-Fourki ngdom cl assi ficat ion–Copel and- Ani mal ,Plant s,Pr ot ist aandMoner a.
i
v -Fiveki ngdom cl assi fi
cat i
on–RHWhi ttaker -Moner a,
Pr ot ista, Fungi ,
Pl antaeand
Ani mal ia.
Hier ar chyofCl assi f i
cat ion:
Thechar act er izat ionofor gani smsi ncl udesasuccessi onofpl anoft axai ndecr easi ng
order .Thi si sknownast axonomi chi er archyorLi nnaeanpr ogr essi v esy stem.
 Kingdom:  Ki ngdom i nv olv esdi ffer entphy l
aofani mal sanddi ffer entdi v i
sionsofpl ants.
Kingdom i st hemostast oundi ngessent ial div i
si oni nwhi chal lar ticlesar eset .Ani mal
Kingdom i nv olv esal lani mal si nt hewor l
d
 Phy l
um/ Di vision: Eachki ngdom i ssepar at edi nt osmal lersubdi v isionscal ledphy la.
 Eg-
 
Chor dat esar eaphy lum wi thi ndi vidual shav ingt henot ochor d.  
Di visioni npl ant sand
phy lum i nani mal si ncor por atesr elat edcl asses.
 Class:  
Sev er al or der st hatar er elatedt oeachot herar eincor por at edi nt oacl ass.
Chor dat esar ef ur thersepar at edi ntocl asses,  eg-Mammal ia, Bi rds, Rept i
l
ia, and
Amphi bians

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1 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
 Order: 
Theor deri
ncor porat
esaf ewr elatedfami li
es.
 Fami l
y: 
Itisagat heringofrelatedgener a.
 Genus: Genusi sagat heri
ngofr elatedani mal categori
eswhi chhavesimi
larchar
acters.
Fami l
i
esar esub- partit
ionedintogener a.Ani mal sthathavethesamegenusar e
fundament allythesameasandmostl ikelydev el
opedf r
om thesamecommon
predecessor .
 Species: I
tist heessent i
aluniti
ncl assificati
on.Thei ndi
vidualsf
rom anyanimalgroups
arefir
mlyr elated,obtainedfrom at ypical ancestorandcani nter
breedtocreat
e
offspr
ingst hataret hemselvesf erti
le.

Classi ficationSy stem:

ArtificialCl assi ficat i
on:
 Mostanci entsy st em ofcl assifi
cat ionpr oposedbyCar lousLi nnaeus.
 BasedonExt ernal mor phologicalchar act ers.
 Closel yr elatedspeci escoul dbecl assi fied.
 Limi tationwasequal wei ghtaget ov eget ative.
Eg:somat i
cst uct ure&sexual sexual str uct urechar acters.
Nat ur alsy stem ofcl assi fi
cation:
 Bent ham andHookersy stem ofcl assi fication.
 Exter nal aswel l asi nt ernalcharact er st akeni nt oconsi deration.
 Ov ershadowsl imi tationofar ti
fi
cial sy st em.
 Establ ishesr elationshi pbet weenor gani sms( tiger,
lionandcat ).
 Mor evi mpor tantgi v ent ointernal char act ers.
 Limi tation:Closel yr elatedor ganismscandi fferini mpor tantpr oper
ti
es.
Eg-pat hogeni candnonpat hogenicbact eria.
Phy logenet iccl assi ficat i
onsy stem:
 Phy lo( aspeci f i
cRace/ t
ribe),
Genet ic( her edi ty/origi
n) ,
Teev olutionar
yhistoryof
taxonomi cgr oup. Or i
ginofdi f
ferentor gani sms.
 Evolut ionar yr elationshi psbet weenor gani sms
 Simi laranddi ssimi larf eaturesofor gani sms. Eg- You,yourbr otherandsisterhav
esame
ancest ralor i
gi nandhav emor esimi lar i
tiest hany ourcousi ns.

Page|
2 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
 Tel
lsaboutthevoluti
onaryhist
oryoftheorganisms.
 Li
mitat
ion:
Closel
yr el
atedorganismscandifferini
mport
antoneort
woproper
ties.
 Dependsoninfor
mat i
onfrom numericalt
axonomy ,Cy
tot
axonomy,
andChemotaxonomy

Numer icalTaxonomy :
Mat hemat i
cal met hodofclassi fi
cationbasedonobser v
abl
echaract
eri
sti
cs.
Number sar eassignedtoeachchar acters.eg-noassi
gntodi
ff
erent
Behav i
or ,
hav bi
tat
,nutri
ti
on,colour,shape,etc.
Cytotaxonoy :
Classif
icationusingcompar at
ivest udiesofchr omosomes.
Eg-cromosomeno, shape,structureet c.
Human- 46,Monkey -42,
Dog- 78,Patato-20
Chemot axonomy :relat
edchemi cal:
Classif
icationbasedonchemi calcomposi ti
onofplant
s.

Plantkingdom char acteristics

TheKi ngdom pl antaecanbedef inedwi t
ht hesecharacter
isti
cs:
 Eukar yotes(Allmemberoft hisf amilycompr i
sesoftruenucleusandadvanced
membr aneboundor ganelles. )
 Multi
cel l
ular(
Madeofmul tiplecel ls)
.
 Cellwallispr esent.
 Atotr
ophi c(Preparet heirownf oodbyconduct ingphotosynthesi
swiththehel
pof
water,sunli
ghtandchl orophy ll)
.
 Immobi le(Theycan’ tper f orml ocomot ion).
 Habitatcanbeaquat icorl and.
 Theyar equi t
edi f
ferentf rom ani mals.
 TheKi ngdom Pl antaecont ai nsabout300, 000differ
entspeciesofpl
ants.
 Amongt hefivekingdoms, Ki ngdom pl antaeisav eryimportant
,ast
heyarethesource
offoodf orall ot
herl iv
ingcr eaturespr esentonpl aneteart
h,whichdependsonplant
sto
survi
ve.
Eg-Bi
gt rees,cactus,grasses, hur bs,et
c.

Basisofsubclassif
icat
ionofpl
ant
ae:
 Di
fferenti
ati
onofplantbodyint
oti
ssue.
 Abil
it
yt obearseeds.
 Typesofseeds(Nakedorcov er
ed)

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3 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
 Cr yptogamae( Hiddenmar ri
age):
1)Thal l
ophy ta:Donothav edif
ferentiatedplantbody .
-Thepl antbel ongingt ot hiscatagor i
esar ecommonl yAlgae.
-Thet erm Al gaewasgi venbyLi nnaeusi n1755.
-Thesehav et hesmal l
estchr omosomesofal lknownor ganisms.
-Theyar echl orophy l
l bear i
ng,
,autotrophic,t
hall
oidplantswhosebodynotdi ff
erenti
ated
i
nt or oot ,stem andl eav es.
-Algaear ecommonl yf oundi nAquat ichabitat(
freshwater/mar i
ne)
,wetrockandsoi l
,
treet runks, etc.
-Basi cf or msandsi zeofal gaeishi ghlyv ar
iablei
.etheycanbe
unicel lular/col oni
al/Filament ous.
-I
tpossesseseukar yoticplantcellst r
ucture.Thecellwallcontai
nscell
ulose,nucl
eus
cont ainsnucl earmembr aneandcy toplasm containsmembr aneboundor ganell
es.
-Eg-Cl amy domonas- singl ecell
.
Vol vox- col onial
Ulot hrix:fil
ament ousal gae
Spirogy ra-fil
ament ous( fr
eshwat eral gae)
Ulva- saladl eaf
Cladophor a

Ty pesofAl gae:
Algaear efurtherdivi
dedi ntot hreemai nt ypesont hebasi
soft
hei
rpi
gment
s,st
ored
foodandf l
agellat
ion.
a)Gr eenAl gae:Chlorophaceae
-Most lymar ineandsomear ef reshwat erli
ving.
-Eitherunicellul
ar/mul t
icellular/colonial.
-Cel l
wal lcontainsinnercel luloseandout erpectoselay
er.
-Reser vedfoodmat erialisst arch,oildroplets.
-Cont ai
nsphot osyntheticpi gment slikechl orophyl
laandb.
e.g-Chlamy domonas, ulothrix.

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4 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
b)Br
ownAl gae:Phaeophasiae
-
FucoxanthinandPhy cocoll
oidri
chmul ticel
l
ulareukaryot
icalgae.
-
Most l
ymar ine,
foundincolderseas.
-
Rangesf r
om si mpletobranchedfilamentousform,
-
Cellwalli
scomposedofcel lul
ose,pectoseandphy cocol
loi
ds.
-
Containschlorophyll
a,b,
eandcar otenoids.
-
Reproducti
oni sbothbyasexual andsexual means.
-
E.g-
Fucus,Sargassum,etc.

Page|
5 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
C)RedAl gae: Rhodophaceae
-
Thesear er edincol ourduet othepresenceofr edpigmentphy coeryt
hrin.
-
Habi t
tismost ymar i
neandf oundinwarm seas.
-
Most l
ymul ti
cellul
ar.
-
Cellwal l
cont ainscel l
ulose,
pecti
ncompounds, nucleopoly
saccharides(agar)
,et
c.
-Containsphot osy ntheti
cpigmentsli
kechlorophy l
l
a, car
otenes,Xanthophyll
s
Phycobill
ins,etc.
-
Reservef oodi sf l
orideanstarch.
-
E.g-Porphyra,Gracilari
a,et
c.

*
*Algaegrowi
ngoni
cear
ecal
ledCr
ypt
ophy
tesandt
hoseappearonr
ocksar
ecal
led
l
it
hophyt
es.

Repr oductioni nAlgae:

Veget ati
ve:
-I
tincludesf ragment ation,
budding,harmogonia.
-Eg-spir
ogy ra,
sphacel aria,
etc.
Asexual :
-Through
zoospor es,akinet
s,aplanospor es,
autospores,
monospor
es,
bispor
es,
pol
yspor
es,
endospo
resandhy pnospor es.
-Eg-Ulot
hr i
x,vaucheria,etc.
-Sexual:
-Therear ethreedifferentt y
pesofsexual r
epr
oduct
ion.
-Therear eisogamy, ani sogamyandoogamy .
-Eg-Spir
ogy ra,Chl
amy domonas, Vol
v ox,
etc.

Page|
6 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
Economi cI
mpor t
anceofAl
gae:
-
FoodSuppement s:
-
Biol
ogicalresear
ch
-
Intradeandbusiness
-
Inmedi ci
ne
-
Landf ormati
on

2)Bry ophy ta:Wi t

houtspeci alizedv asculartissue.
st
-Thesear et hesimpl estand1 amongt het err
est ri
alplant.
-Thesear eal soknownasamphi biansofpl antkingdom becauset hepossessescer tai
n
char acter swhi chenabl est hem t ol ivebot hinlandandwat er
.
-Theyar enonv ascular,
aut ot rophic,nonf lower i
ongandnonseededpl ants.
-Theirr eserv efoodmat erial isstar ch.
-Cellwal lismadeupofcel lulose, sur roundedbypect i
clay ercontaini
nggalacturonic
acid.
-Theygetdi fferenti
atedt of orm st em andl eafl i
kest ructure.
-Plantbodyi st hall
uslikeat tachedt ot hesubst r
at um byuni cell
ularandmul ti
cell
ular
rhizoids.
-Plant sar emonoeci us( theybearbot hmal eandf emal esexor ganonsamepl ant)
.
-Themai nplantbodyi shapl oid,itpr oducesgamet shencecal ledgamet ophyte.
-Themal esexor gani scal ledant her i
dium andf emal esexor gani scall
ed
archegoni um. sexorgansar ecov er edbyst er i
lejacket.
-Oogamoust ypesexual repr oduct ionandv egetativerepr oducti
onseen.
-Eg-Fer nandMoses- Ant hocer os,pol yt
ri
chum, Funar i
a,etc.
Economi cimpor t
ance:
-Prev entionofsoi lerosion.
-Soilfor mation.
-UsedasAnt i
septic.

Page|
7 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
3)Pteridophy t
a:-
wi thv ascul arti
ssues.
-Thet erm Pteri
dophy tacoi nedbyHackel in1866.
-Thepl antshav i
ngwel lor ganizev ascularti
ssuesi.exy l
em andphloem f
orconduct
ion
ofwat er,mineral andf ood.
-Plantbodyi sdifferentiatedi nt
or oot,
stem andl eaf.
-Thesear eseedl esspl antswhi chr eproducebyspor ul
ation.
-Therear e13000speci esofpt eridophy t
ahav ebeenr ecordedti
ll
date.
-Thesear efoundi ncool ,
dampy ,shadypl acewhi l
esomemayal sofoundinsandysoil
condition.
-Theirsizevariessomef ractionofcent imeterto20m.
-Themai nplantbodyi sknownasspor ophyte.
-Themal esexor gani scal l
edant her i
dium andfemal esexor ganiscal
l
edarchegoni
um
-Pteri
dophy t
eshowal terationofgener ation.
Economi cImpor tance:
-Fooderf ordomest i
cani mal s.
-Usedi nmaki ngmedi cine.
-Commer ci
alused: Goldcanbeobt ai
nf r
om PlantEqui septum.
-Usedasor nament alplant .

Page|
8 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
Br
yophy
tav
sPt
eri
dophy
ta

Page|
9 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
Phaner
ogams:
1.Gy mnosper m:(Bearnakedseed)
-Thesear eplantswi thnakedseeds, i
nwhi cht hereiscompl etelackofov ary.
i.
eovules
arenotencl osedbyanov arywal l.
-Thesepl antsareusual lyfoundi ncolderpar tofnorthernhemi sphere.
-Plantbodyi ssaprophy ticwhi chi sdiff
erentiatedintoroots,stems,leaves.
-Rootsy stem iswell developedwi thtaproot ,Stemsar ebranchedorunbr anched.
-Allgymnosper msar eper i
nialandwoodyf ormi ngeitherbushesort rees.
-Polli
nati
oni sanemophi ll
ous( takespl acebywi nd.)
-I
tshowst endencyofpol yembr ony.
-Plantspossessesv asculart i
ssueandar ear rangedinv ascularbundles.
-Fl
ower sar enotfound. Twot ypesofspor ophy l
ls,
microsporophy l
lsand
megaspor ophyll
sar eaggr egat edt oform disti
nctcones. poll
encones( malecones)and
seedcones( femalecones) .
Economi cImpor t
ance:
-Usedasor nament al pl
ant.
-usedinedi bleform.
-usedinmedi ci
nef ormat i
on.
-Decorativeanddomest i
cuse.
-Manuf actureofpaper ,
tanninandr esin:Tanni nisuset omaki ngleatherandinkand
resinuset omakeshoepol i
sh, plasti
cpai ntset c.

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10 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
2.Angiosper ms:Bearseedsi nsi
def ruits.
-Thesear eseedbear ingpl ant si
nwhi chseedsar eencl osedbyov ary( f
ruit
s).
-Sporophyll
s, poll
engr ai nsandov ulesar earr
angedintof l
owers.
-Theyaref oundi nwi der angesinHi mal ayasorAntart
icaandTundr a.
-Theyhav ecot yl
edons( seedl eaves)whi char ethestr
uct ur
espr esentinthepl ant
embr yosoft heseed.
-Leavesfoundar esimpl eorcompound.
-Themal esexor gani nt hef l
oweri sst amenandf emalesexor gani spistleorcarpel
whichencl osest heov ule.
-Doublefertil
izati
ont akespl aceandt ri
pl eendosperm developesf r
om zy gote.
-Vasculartissuepr esent .
-Thesear esapr ophytic, symbi ot
icorpar asi
ti
cwhilesomear eautotrophicinnature.

Classif
icat
ion:
a)Monocot yl
edon:
-Theseareembr yowi
thsingl
ecoty
ledon.
-Stomataaredumbbellshaped.
-Rootsarenotdevel
opedsecondar
ygr owthabsent
.
-Fl
oralpart
sinsetofthreeorit
smult
iples.
-Cambium isabsent
.

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11 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA
-
Vascul
arbundl
esarescat
teredandcl
osed.
-
Eg-
Grasses,
bamboo,
sugarcane,
cer
eal
s,
banana.
pal
s,
li
l
ies,
orchi
ds,
oni
on,
etc.

b)Dicotyledons:
-Thesear eembr y
owi thtwocot yl
edons.
-Stomat aar eki
dneyshaped.
-Rootsdev elopf r
om radical.
-Secondar ygrowt hoftenpresent.
-Fl
oralpar t
sar eFourorf iv
e.
-Vascularbundl esareopenandpossessesr i
ngandbundlesofstem possesses
cambi um.
-Eg-Pulses,mostf ruit
s,vegetabl
es,spi
ces,har
dwoodt r
eespecies,
etc.
Economi cImpor tance:
-Angiospermscompr i
sesourmaj orfood,
fi
bre,
spi
ceandbev er
agecrops.
-Thesear eusedi nmaki ngmedi ci
nes,per
fumes,rubber
s,soapandcosmet i
cs.
-Theypr ovideust imber.

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12 BIOLOGY RESHM A M OHAPATRA