SP-CH-AS-1

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Dalton’s atomic hypothesis
(i) Atoms cannot be subdivided.
(ii) Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
(iii) Atoms of the same element are alike.

Rutherford’s -scattering experiment

Rutherford carried out a series of experiments using -particles. A beam of a-particles was
directed against a thin foil of gold, platinum, silver or copper. The foil was surrounded by a circular
fluorescent zinc sulphide screen. Whenever an a-particle struck the screen, it produced a flash of light

The following observations were made:

(i) Most of the -particles went straight without suffering any deflection.

(ii) A few of them got deflected through small angles.

(iii) A very few (about one in 20,000) did not pass through the foil at all but suffered large deflections
or even rebound.

Following conclusions were drawn from the above observations:

(i) Since most of the particles went straight through the metal foil undeflected, it indicates that
there must be very large empty space within the atom.

(ii) A few of the -particles were deflected from their original paths through moderate angles, it
was concluded that whole of the positive charge is concentrated and the space called nucleus.
It is supposed to be present in the centre of the atom.

(iii) A very few of the-particles suffered strong deflections or even rebound on their path indicated
that the nucleus is rigid and a-particles recoil due to direct collision with the heavy positively
charged mass.

Quantum Theory
In order to explain certain aspects of black-body radiation, Max Planck formulated the quantum theory.
The quantum theory states that energy is emitted or absorbed, not continuously but discontinuously in
the form of small packets. These small packets of energy are called quantum. In case of light, the
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quantum is known as photon. Energy of each quanta is given by the expression:

E = h
 = Frequency of radiation h = Planck’s constant E = Energy

A radiation is also characterised by wavelength l. The product l.u is equal to c, where ‘c’ is the velocity of
light. A radiation is sometimes denoted by wave number  , which is equal to 1/.
The expressions given below are useful in solving numerical problems on spectrum:
hc
E = h = = hc  The value of Planck’s constant is 6.626 10–34 Js.

Einstein extended the quantum theory by postulating that energy is not only emitted or absorbed but also
propagated into space in the form of packets. Each packet is called a photon. The energy ‘E’ and mass
‘m’ of a photon is given by the expression:

E = mc2

Illustration 1: One of the sodium lines have a wavelength of 5890 A°. Calculate the energy
and mass of the corresponding photon.
hc 6.626 1034  3 108 = 3.375 ´ 10–19 J
E= =
 5890 1010
Also, E = mc2

3.375 1019
Therefore, the mass of a photon = = 3.76 ´ 10–36 kg
3 10 
2
8

Concept of Photon

Observation of photelectric effect made by Einstein had confirmed electromagnetic radiation as

streams of particles .When we stop the radiations by any physical obstruction we cannot convert
radiations into matter. Therefore rest mass of photons ought to zero. Besides according to
m0
Einstein’s formula m  2 2
, a particle travelling with the speed of light must be massless.
1 v / c
Otherwise its effective mass during motion will be infinite.
 mo  0

Energy of a photon is denoted by ‘hn’

E = h= pc

Where n is the frequency of the wave and p is the momentum associated with the particle E=pc is
valid for all the particles which are massless ( travelling with the speed of light ).

Therefore photon behaves as a MECHANICAL PARTICLE Which can exchange momentum with
other particles.

Note : A photon is always absorbed or destroyed completely or remains intact.

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Illustration 2 : Calculate the kinetic energy of an electron emitted from the surface
of a metal by light of wavelength 5. 5 x 10-8 cm. Threshold energy for the
metal is 2. 62 x 10-9 ergs.

C 3 x 1010 cm s 1
Solution :   
 5.45 x 1017 s 1
 8
5.5 x 10 cm

/2 mv2 = hn -hn0
1

= ( 6 . 63 x 10-27 ergs - sec ) ( 5.45 x 1017 s-1) - 2. 62 x 10-9 ergs

K. E = 9.93 x 10-10 ergs

Mosley’s Experiment and the concept of Atomic Number : Moseley studied the x-ray spectra
of 38 different elements, starting from aluminium to gold. He measured the frequency of principal lines
of a particular series (the a-lines in the k-series) of the spectra. He observed that the frequency of the
particular spectral line was related with the serial number of the element in the periodic table which he
termed as atomic number (Z). He presented the following relationship.

(B)
(A)
20
20

15 15
v / 108 S 1
v / 108 S 1
10 10

5 5
20 40 60 80 100 10 20 30 40
Relative Atomic Mass (A)
Atomic Number (Z)
. .

v  a ( Z  b)

Where v = frequency of X-rays,

Z = atomic number, a and b are constants. When the values of square root of the
frequency were plotted against atomic numbers of the elements producing X-rays, a straight line was
of obtained.It was pointed out that the atomic number of an element is equal to the total positive
charge contained in the nucleus.

Atomic number of the element

=Serial number of the element in periodic table.

=Charge on the nucleus of the atom of the element
=Number of protons present in the nucleus of the atom of the element
=Number of extranuclear electrons present in the atom of the element.

Atomic spectrum of hydrogen: When an electric discharge is passed through hydrogen gas at low
pressure, a bluish light is emitted. When a ray of this light is passed through a prism, a discontinuous line
 SP-CH-AS-4

spectrum of several isolated sharp lines is obtained. The wavelengths of various lines how that these
lines lie in visible, ultraviolet and infra-red regions. All these lines observed in the hydrogen spectrum can
be classified into five series.

Spectral series Discovered by Appearing in

Lyman series Lyman Ultra-violet region

Balmer series Balmer Visible region
Paschen series Pashcen Infra-red region
Brackett series Brackett Infra-red region
Pfund series Pfund relation Infra-red region
Ritz presented a mathematical relation to find the wave number of various hydrogen lines.

1 v 1 1 
v    
λ c  n12 n22 

where R is a universal constant, known as Rydberg constant. It’s value is 109,678 cm –1, n1 and n2 are
integers (such that n2 > n1). For a given spectral series n1 remains constant while n2 varies from line to
line in the same series.

The value of n1 = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for the Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and Pfund series respectively.
n2 is greater than n1 by at least 1.

Bohr’s Atomic Model

BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
Neils Bohr applied the quantum theory to develop a model for hydrogen atom and a hydrogen-like electronic
species (e.g., He+). Some of the important postulates of this model are:
(i) Electrons revolve around the nucleus in paths called orbits. The orbits are circular. Electrons can
revolve only in those orbits whose angular momentum (mvr) is an integral multiple of
h/2.
(ii) Each orbit is associated with a definite amount of energy. As long as an electron rotates in a
particular orbit, the electron neither gains nor loses energy. These orbits are also called stationary
states. Each stationary state has a definite amount of energy and, thus, called energy level or
energy shell.
(iii) Energy levels or energy shells are numbered 1, 2, 3, and so on and are represented by alphabets
such as K, L, M ... respectively.
(iv) As the number increases, that is, in orbits bearing numbers 2, 3, or 4 ... the energy and distance
from the nucleus increases.
(v) Electrons absorb energy on moving to a higher energy level. On the contrary, electrons lose energy
on moving to a lower energy level. The energy absorbed or lost is equal to the difference in energy
of the two orbits.
On the basis of the points mentioned above, Bohr quantised the first property—angular momentum
(mvr)—of an electron rotating in an orbit. The angular momentum is represented mathematically as:
nh
mvr =
2
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Radius of the Orbit, Velocity and Energy of an Electron Present in the Orbit (For derivation see
class notes .)

n2h2
i) r
4 2 m. k . e 2
Substituting the values of h, m, k, and e

r = n2 .0.529 A°

The radius of the first orbit of H atom, r1 = 0.529 Aº

The radius of the second orbit of H atom, r2 = 2.116 A°, and so on

2 e 2 kz
ii) v=
nh
In case of H atom, atomic number Z = 1

2 ke 2 1
... v= . (substituting the values of k, e, and h)
h n

2.182  106
Or, v = m/s
n
The velocity of the electron in various orbits can be calculated by using above expression .

iii) The total energy of the electron En in the nth orbit is equal to the sum of the potential and kinetic
energy.

2 2 Z 2e 4 mk 2
En = – substituting for constant, other factors, and for a H atom Z = 1
n2h2

2.17 1018 2.17 1018

En =  –1
J. atom =  ´ 6.02 ´ 1023 J. mol–1
n2 n2

13.06  105
En =  J. mol–1
n2
Also, 1 e.v. = 1.6 ´ 10–19 J
13.6
... En =  2 eV atom–1
n

Energy of the electron in the 1st orbit of H atom, E1 = – 2.17 ´ 10–18 J.atom–1
Energy of the electron in the 2nd orbit of a H atom, E2 = – 0.543 ´ 10–18 J.atom–1
Energy of the electron in the 3rd orbit of a H atom, E3 = – 0.241 ´ 10–18 J.atom–1

As the value of n (or the number of orbits) increases, there is a corresponding increase in the
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energy associated with it.

The energy possessed by an electron when present in a ground state (i.e., in the first orbit) is –
13.6 eV. The negative sign indicates the bound state or quantised state of the particle.

The expressions given above can also be used for one electron species (i.e., He+, Li2+) by using the
corresponding value of atomic number Z.

Exercise 1

1. Which of the following statement is not correct regarding cathode rays

(a) Cathode rays originate from the cathode
(b) Charge and mass of the particles constituting cathode rays depends upon the nature of the gas
(c) Charge and mass of the particles present depends upon the material of the cathode
(d) The e/m ratio of the particles is much greater than that of anode rays.
2. Which of the following does not characterise X-rays?
(a) The radiation can ionise gases (b) It causes ZnS to show fluorescence
(c) Deflected by electric and magnetic fields (d) Have wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet rays
3. Which of the following is false regading Bohr’s model
(a) It introduces the idea of stationary states
(b) It explains the line spectrum of hydrogen
(c) It gives the probability of the electron near the nucleus
(d) It predicts that the angular momentum of electron in H-atom = nh /2 p.
4. Bohr’s concept of an orbit in an atom contradicts
(a) de Broglie’s equation (b) Pauli’s principle
(c) Uncertainty principle (d) Hund’s rule
Constant
5. The energy of an orbit in a hydrogen atom is given by the relation E = (kJ mol–1)
n2

Which of the following properties represents the constant in the above relation ?
(a) Electron affinity (b) Ionization energy (c) Electronegativity (d) Bond energy

Ionisation Energy
Ionisation energy (I.E.) is defined as the energy required to remove an electron from the outermost orbit
of an atom in gaseous phase. For example, if the electron in H atom is in ground state, the amount of
energy required (ionisation energy) to remove the electron is 13.6 eV or 2.17 ´ 10 –18 J. Likwise, if the
electron is present in the 3rd orbit, the ionisation energy is 0.241 ´ 10–18 J.

Explaination of Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen

If the electron undergoes a transition from a higher orbit n2 to a lower orbit n1, the emitted radiations
appear in the form of lines called spectrum. The difference of energy (E) between the levels n2 and n1
is mathematically represented as:
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2 2 mZ 2 e 4 k 2 1 1
E   2  2
h2  n1 n2 
Then, the frequency u of the emitted radiation will be given as:

2 2 mZ 2 e 4 k 2 1 1
u=  2  2
h3  n1 n2 

And, the wave number will be

 2 2 mZ 2 e 4 k 2  1 1
= = 3  2  2
c ch  n1 n2 
In case of a H atom
Z = 1, and

2 2 m e 4 k 2
= 1.09678 ´ 107 m–1 = Rydberg constant
ch 3

Illustration 3: Calculate the frequency of radiation emitted when an electron jumps from the
third to the first orbit of a hydrogen atom. (Rydberg constant, RH = 1.09678 ´ 107
m–1; h = 6.626 ´ 10–34 J.s; c = 3 ´ 108 m/s)

1 1 1
 = = RH  2
 2
  n1 n2 

1 1 
= 1.09678 ´ 107    m–1
1 9 
= 1.09678 ´ 107 ´ 0.889 m–1
c
Frequency, u =

= 3 ´ 108 ´ 1.09678 ´ 107 ´ 0.889
= 2.925 ´ 1015 s–1
Sommerfield Modification

The frequencies of the spectral lines of hydrogen—as postulated by Bohr’s theory—are in close agreement
with their experimental values; however, the model could not explain the splitting of spectral lines. According
to Bohr’s theory, there should be a single line corresponding to each transition, but the fine spectrum
shows that the lines have more than one component. In order to explain this multiplet structure of spectral
lines, Sommerfield introduced another quantum number along with the idea of elliptical orbits (the elliptical
orbit idea is not valid any more). This quantum number is now denoted by ‘l’and can have values 0, 1, 2,
3 ... and is known as azimuthal/orbital quantum number.

Illustration 4 : How many spectral lines are emitted by atomic hydrogen excited to
nth energy level ?

Solution : The number of lines emitted from nth energy level

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= 1 + 2 + 3 + ............................. n -1 = S (n-1)
n(n  1)
n  2
(n  1)(n  1  1) (n  1)(n)
  (n  1)  
2 2
Number of spectral lines that appear in hydrogen spectrum when an
n(n  1)
electron de excites from nth energy level =
2
Exercise 2

1. Calculate the velocity of an electron placed in the third orbit of hydrogen

atom. Also calculate the number of revolutions per second that this electron
makes around the nucleus.

2. Calculate of the wavelength of radiations when the electron jumps from lll
to ll orbit of hydrogen atom. The electronic energy in ll and lll Bohr orbit of
hydrogen atoms are -5.42 x 10-12 and -2.41 x 10-12 erg respectively.

3. Calculate the wavenumber for shortest wavelength transition in the Balmer

series of atomic hydrogen.

4. A bulb emits light of wavelength 4500 Å. The bulb’s rated as 150 watt and 8 %
of the energy is emitted as light. How many photons are emitted by the
bulb per second ?

5. A certain laser transition emits 6.37 x 10 15 quanta per second per square
metre.Calculate the power output in joule per square metre per second.
Given = 632.8 nm

Limitations of Bohr’s theory

(i) It does not explain the spectra of multi-electron atoms.
(ii) When a high resolving power spectroscope is used, it is observed that a spectral line in the
hydrogen spectrum is a collection of several lines which are very close to one another. Bohr’s
theory does not explain the fine spectra of even hydrogen atom.
(iii) It does not explain the splitting of spectral lines into a group of lines under the influence of
magnetic field (Zeeman effect) and electric field (Stark effect).
(iv) It is not in agreement with Heizenberg’s uncertainity principle.
Bohr’s theory and de-Broglie Equation: One of the postulates of Bohr’s theory is that angular
h
momentum of an electron is an integral multiple of . This postulate can be derived with the help of de-
2
Broglie concept of wave nature of electron.
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Consider an electron moving in a circular orbit around nucleus. The wave would be associated with the
circular orbit. If the two ends of the electron wave meet to give regular series of crests and troughs, the
electron wave is said to be in phase, i.e., the circumference of Bohr’s orbit is equal to whole number
multiple of the wavelength of the electron wave.

so, 2r = nl

2r
or  .....(i)
n
From de-Broglie Equation

h
 .....(ii)
mv

h 2r
Thus, 
mv n

h
or mvr  n. [v = velocity of electron and r = radii of the orbit]
2

h
i.e., Angular momentum  n. ...(iii)
2
This proves that de-Broglie and Bohr-concepts are in perfect agreement with each other.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle:

Werner Heisenberg presented a principle known as Heisenberg uncertainty principle which states:
“It is impossible to measure simultaneously the exact position and exact momentum of a body as small
as electron.”

The uncertainty of measurement of position, x, and the uncertainty of momentum, p or mv, are
related by Heisenberg’s relationship as

x.p  h/4p

or x.mv h/4p where, h is Planck’s constant.

For an electron of mass m (9.10 × 10–28 g), the product of uncertainty is quite large.

In the case of bigger particle (having a considerable mass), the value of the product of uncertainty is
negligible.

If the position is known quite accurately i.e., is very small, Dv becomes large and vice-versa. Thus,
uncertainty principle is important only in the case of smaller moving particles like electrons.
 SP-CH-AS-10
Quantum numbers

The characteristics of an electron present in an atom are determined by four quantum numbers. They
are as follows:

1. Principal quantum number (n)

It can have values 1 (K shell), 2 (L shell), 3 (M shell), and so on. This quantum number specifies the
position and energy of an electron in an orbit or shell.

2. Azimuthal quantum number (l)

It can have values 0, 1, 2, 3 ... (n – 1). This quantum number depicts the sub-shells in an energy
shell. It also describes the shape of the orbital occupied by an electron.
The sub-shells or orbitals are named as given below:
l = 0 (s), l = 1 (p), l = 2 (d), l = 3 (f), and so on
If n = 1, l can only have only one value—0 (zero)
n = 2, l can have two values—0 and 1
n = 3, l can have three values—0, 1, and 2
Thus, K shell can have only one sub-shell. The L will have two sub-shells, and so on. These are
named 1s, 2s, and 2p respectively.

3. Magnetic quantum number (m)

It can have values l, (l – 1), (l – 2) ... 0 ... –l, that is, for each value of ‘l’ the magnetic quantum
number can have (2l + 1) values.

The spectral lines of hydrogen further split up when the spectra is observed in a magnetic field.
This phenomenon of splitting of the spectral lines of hydrogen is known as Zeeman effect. The
necessity of having the third (i.e., magnetic) quantum number is to explain the Zeeman effect. The
magnetic quantum number ‘m’ specifies the orientations that a particular orbital can have in space
in the presence of a magnetic field.

If ‘n’ = 1, ‘l’ = 0 and ‘m’ = 0; this means that the ‘s’ orbital can have only one orientation in space in
the presence of a magnetic field.
If n = 2, l = 0 and 1.
When l = 1, ‘m’ can have values 1, 0, and –1. In other words, a ‘p’ orbital can place itself in three
orientations with respect to a magnetic field.
When l = 2 (d orbital) ‘m’ can have values 2, 1, 0, –1, and –2. In other words, five orientations are
possible for a ‘d’ orbital. Likewise, in case of a ‘f’ orbital (l = 3), seven orientations (3, 2, 1, 0, –1, –
2, and –3) are possible corresponding to‘m’ values in the presence of a magnetic field. The energy
value of each orientation will be different.
In the absence of a magnetic field, different orientations will have the same energy value, that is,
these positions are degenerate. Degeneracy is removed by applying a magnetic field. This results
in an energy difference at various positions, which can be occupied by the orbital in the presence
of a magnetic field.

4. Spin quantum number (s)

An electron spins about its own axis (like a top) in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
Hence, spin quantum number (s) is necessary to specify the motion (spin) of an electron. The spin
quantum number can have two values: +1/2 (for a clockwise spin) and –1/2 (for a counterclockwise
spin).
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Electronic Configuration of Atoms
Writing electronic configuration of atoms of different elements is important. One can correctly write the
electronic configuration of an atom if the rules for filling of electrons in various orbitals are followed.
These rules are given below.

1. Aufbau Principle
It states that electrons are filled one by one in various orbitals in order of increasing energy,
starting with the orbital that has the lowest energy. How will you remember the energy order of
such a large number of orbitals? Write the orbitals, and cross them by arrows (as shown in the
adjacent figure). Starting from the top, the direction of the arrow shows the energy order of the
orbitals.

1s
2s 2p
3p 3d
3s
4d
4s 4p 4f
5s 5p 5f
5d
6s 6p 6d

1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s ....

2. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

It states that there can be only one electron for each set of quantum numbers. Thus, a maximum
of two electrons can be accommodated in each orbital. When two electrons are present in an
orbital, their spins are in opposite direction, that is, their spins are paired. ( ).

3. Hunds Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

This rule states that if same energy orbitals are vacant, electrons remain unpaired. For example,
2p3 will have the configuration (a) and not (b).
2p 2p

(a ) (b )
4. Half-filled and completely filled orbitals are more stable.

Based on the rules ,we can easily determine the electronic configurations of most elements . We
just need to know the atomic number of an element, the order in which orbitals are to be filled and
the maximum number of electrons in a shell, sub-shell or orbital.The configuration so obtained can
be represented in two ways . As an illustration, let us consider fluorine (Z= 9):

F( Z = 9 ) 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2p1z or

Importance of knowing the exact electronic configuration of an element lie in the fact that the
chemical properties of an element are dependent on the behaviour and relative arrangement of its
 SP-CH-AS-12
electrons.

Illustration 4 : a) A compound of vanadium has a magnetic moment of 1.73 BM.

Find the electronic configuration of vanadium ion in the compound.

b) Name the orbitals corresponding to given set of quantum

numbers

(i) n = 3,  = 2 , m =  2 (ii) n = 4 ,  = 0 ,m = 0
(iii) n = 3,  = 1, m =  1 (iv) n = 2,  = 1 , m = 1

Solution : a) Magnetic moment =  n(n  2) where n = number of unpaired

electrons.
.  n2  2n  (173
 n(n  2)  173 . )2
n  1
therefore vanadium atom must have one unaired electron and thus
its electronic configuration.
4
23V : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d1
b) i) 3dx2 - y2 or 3dxy
ii) 4s
iii) 4px or 4py
iv) 2px or 2py

Illustration 5 : a) Find the orbital angular momentum of an electron in the following

orbital
(i) 3p (ii) 3d (iii) 3s

b) Arrange the electrons represented by the following sets of

quantum number in decreasing order of energy.

i) n  4,   0, m  0, s  1 / 2
ii) n  3,   2, m  0, s  1 / 2
iii) n  3,   1, m  1, s   1 / 2
iv) n  3,   0, m  0, s   1 / 2

h
Solution : a)   (   1)  (   1)
2
i) For 3p,   1    1(1  1)  2

h
ii) For 3d,   2    2( 2  1)   6
2
iii) For 3s,  = 0,  1  0

b) Higher is the value of (n  ) higher is the energy and if (n  ) are

same than , higher the n values, higher the energy
For (i) (n  ) = 4 4s orbital
 SP-CH-AS-13

For (ii), (n  ) = 5, 3d orbital

For (iii) (n  ) = 4, 3p orbital
For (iv) , (n  ) = 3 3s orbital

Decreasing order of energy = (ii) > (i) > (iii) > iv)

Exercise 3

1. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with particle A is
5 x 10-8 m, calculate the wavelength associated with particle B if its momentum is
half of A.

2. Calculate the accelerating potential that must be imparted to a proton beam to give
it an effective wavelength of 0.005 nm.

3. Calculate the uncertainty in position of a particle when uncertainty in the momen

tum is (a) 1 x 10-2 gm cm sec-1 and (b) zero.

4. Find the theshold wavelengths for photoelectric effect from a copper surface, a
sodium surface and a caesium surface. The work function of these metals are 4. 5 eV,
2.3 eV and 1.9 eV respectively.

5. Energy required to stop the ejection of electrons from Cu plate is 0.24 eV. Calculate
the work function when radiation of  = 253.7 nm strikes the plate ?

Quantum or Wave mechanical model of atom:

This new model of atom was put forward by Schrodinger in 1920 by taking into account the de Broglie
concept of dual nature of matter and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. He described the motion of the
electron in three dimensional space in terms of a mathematical equation called Schrodinger wave
equation viz.

 2   2   2  8 2 m
 2  2  (E – V) = 0
x 2 y z h2
where y is the amplitude of the electron wave at a point with coordinates x, y, z, E = total energy and
V = potential energy of the electron y is also called wave function. y2 gives the probability of finding the
electron at (x, y, z). The acceptable solutions of the above equation for the energy E are called eigen
values and the corresponding wave function y are called eigen functions.

Application of Schrodinger wave equation to hydrogen atom: For hydrogen atom, potential energy,

e2
V=– . Replacing mass m of the electron by reduced mass (µ) of hydrogen atom (1/µ) = 1/me + 1/
r
mp), Schrodinger wave equation for hydrogen atom is obtained. As µ = mp me /(mp + me) and me << mp
therefore, µ 
~ me. On solving of E, we get
 SP-CH-AS-14

2 2 me e 4
En = 
n2h2

1 2 2 me e 4 me e 4
or in S.I. units. En = –   , where Î0 is permitivity of vacuum.
( 4 0 ) 2 n 2 h 2 8 02 n 2 h 2

Schrodinger wave equation in terms of spherical Z

polar coordinates: Putting x = r sin  cos, y = r
sin  sin, z = r cos, Schrodinger wave equation in P(x, y, z) or (r, )

terms of spherical polar coordinates is obtained i.e. it

r
now consists of three variables,r,  and . Hence the
complete wave function can be expressed in the form 
(r, ,) = R(r). O
H (). F () X

R (r) which is a function of radical distance r is called 90°

radial wave function O H (. F() which depends

Y
upon angle  and is called Angular wave function.
Dependence of Radial and Angular wave functions on quantum numbers:
n, l, m(r, , ) = Rn, l (r). O
H l, m (). m ()

where n, l and m represent principal, azimuthal and magnetic quantum numbers respectively.

Plots of Radial Wave Function (R), Radial Probability Density (R2) and Radial Probability Function
(4 p r2R2):
The probability of funding the electron in a spherical shell of thickness dr at a distance r from the nucleus
is equal to the product of the volume of shell of thickness dr at distance r from the nucleus (4p r2dr) and
the radial probability density (R2) per unit volume i.e., equal to 4pr2 dr R2 = P dr where P = 4pr2R2 is
called radial probability function.

2p
1s 2s
R R
R
(a) NODE
+
r r – r

2p
1s NODE 2s
R2 R
2
R
2

(b)

r r r
 SP-CH-AS-15

14
12 2p
10 1s 5 5
8 2s

4r2R2
4 4

4r2R2

4r2R2
6 3 3
4 2 2
(c) 2 1 1 2.1 Å
2.7 Å
0 0 0
2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
r(Å) r(Å) r(Å)
0.529 Å

In the plots of radial probability versus distance from the nucleus, number of peaks i.e. region of maximum
probability = n – l e.g., 2s has two peaks 3s will have 3 peaks, 2p has one peak, 3p has two peaks and so
on.
Number note that the nodal surface of 2s orbital exists at a distance of 2a0 from the nucleus where a0 is
the Bohr radius i.e., 0.529 Å.
H F)|2: For any ns orbital,
H F) and angular probability density | O
Plots of angular wave function ( O
OH F = (1/4p)1/2 i.e., it is independent of angles q and f. Hence the plots of O
H F as well as | O H F|2 are
circular in two dimensions or spherical in three dimensions. The plots of O H F for for pz orbital involves
angle q while those for px and py orbitals involve both q and f. Hence in their case, two tangent spheres
are obtained.

Exercise 4

RH
1. A particular level in a hydrogen atom has energy = – . What is the degeneracy of this
4
level?

2. Two particles A and B are in motion. The wavelength associated with A is 5 ´ 10–8 m. Calculate
the wavelength of B if its momentum is half that of A.

3. The kinetic energy of a sub- atomic particle is 4.55 x 10 -25 J. Calculate the frequency of
the particle wave ( h = 6.625 x 10-34 J sec )

4. An ion (with atomic number Z) is isoelectronic with hydrogen in the nth excited state. This
ion emits two photons successively to first excited state of energies 10.20 eV and 17.00
eV. This can also emit two photons successively to second excited state of energies 4.25
and 5.95 eV. What are the values of n and Z. (Ionisation energy of hydrogen = 13.6 eV)

QUANTUM NUMBERS
 SP-CH-AS-16

SUMMARY
1. Z
X ,A= Z + n
A

1 1 1 mM
2. Reduced mass   = m = mass of e– ; M = Mass of nucleus
 M m mM
h
3. Photon is considered massless bundle of energy. But to find its mass use m =
c
4. E = mc2 , E = h = hc/  = hc 
no. of molecules reacting
5. Quantum efficiency or Quantum Yield =
no. of quanta absorbed
6. Rn = R1 (A)1/3 , R1 = 1.33 ×10–13 cm A = mass number
1 Z . 2e  1
7. m  v 2  K e ; Tan 
2 r 2 b
1
number of a particles at  = K 4 ; b = impact parameter
sin  / 2

1 1 1  2
8. Rydberg’s Equation  R H  2  2  Z
 n1 n 2 
9. Limiting spectral line (series limit) means n2 = 
10. H line means we know n1 , n2 (longest  , shortest  , least E) [ H , H , H , H ]
n (n  1)
11. No. of wavelengths observed in the spectrum =
2
when e deexcites to ground state , n = no. of higher orbit
–

12. 1/2 mv2 = h – h0(w) (work function or B.E.)

hc
 0 = Threshhold frequency W = h 0 = 
0
1 2
13. Accelerating potential = eV = KE = mv
2
14.  = hc/E = 1240 ev. nm
1 K q1 q 2
15. K ; P.E. = centrifugal force = mv2/r
4  r
0
h
16. mvr = n· = n .
2
E1 2 2 4
z 2 2 me 4 2  2 me
17. En = 2 =– z ; E = 2
n n2h2 1
h
22 2
nh z 2 e
18. rn = x 19. v= 
Z 4 2e 2 m n h
20. revolutions per sec = v/2r 21. Time for one revolution = 2r/v
22. Separation energy = E n    E n given  2, 3, 4 ,.................
 SP-CH-AS-17
23. No. of waves = n = no. of shells 24. I.E. = En= – Eground state of e- (K, L, M, N)
150
25.  = h/mv = h/p 26. = Å
Vin volts
27. En  KE KE = 1/2 mv2 , E = h 28. x.p > h/4
29.  1/2 = a(z–b) b = screening constant
30. Nucleons 31. Isotopes, Isobars, Isotones (A – Z)
32. Isoelectronic 33. Isosters
34. Isodiaphers (A – 2Z) 35. paramagnetic
h
36. Diamagnetic 37. S= S(S  1)
2
38.  = n ( n  2) B.M. n = number of unpaired e– ;
39. Radial Nodes ; Angular nodes ; Total nodes
(n – l – 1) l (n–1)
40. Total no. of e– in an energy level = 2n2
Total no. of e– in a sublevel = 2(2l+1)
Maximum no. of e in an orbital
–
=2
Total no. of orbitals in a sublevel = (2l+1)
No. of subshells in main energyshell = n
No. of orbitals in a main energy shell = n2
l= 0 1 2 3 4
s p d f g

41. ELEECTROMEGNETIC SPECTRUM

 increases

in meters.
Distinction between the wave – particle nature of a photon and the particle–wave nature of sub-
atomic particle.
PHOTON SUB ATOMIC PARTICLE
1
1. Energy = h Energy = m2
2
c h
2. Wavelength = Wavelength =
 m
Note: We should never interchange any of the above and to write electronic conf. of Cation
first write for neutral atom & then remove e– from outermost shell.
 SP-CH-AS-18

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE

Exercise1 : 1. (b, c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)

Exercise2 : 1. V3 = 7.275 x 105 m /sec ; rps = 2.432 x 1014

2. 6603 Å

3. 0.27434.25 cm-1

4. 27.2 x 1018

5. 2 X 10-3 Jm-2 sec-1

Exercise-3 : 1. 10-7

2. 32.85 v

3. (a) 5.27 x 10-28 m

(b) 

4. 276 nm, 540 nm, 654 nm

5. 4.65 eV

Exercise 4: 1. 4
2. 10–7 m
3. v = 1. 366 x 109 Hz
4. Z = 3; n = 6
 SP-CH-AS-19
SUBJECTIVES

LIGHT

1 H- atom is exposed to electromagnetic radiation of 1028 Å and gives out induced radiations.
Calculate  of induced radiations.

2 The wavelength of a certain line in the Paschen series in 1093.6 nm. What is the value of n high for
this line. [RH = 1.0973 × 10+7 m-1]

3 A certain dye absorbs 4530 Å and fluoresces at 5080 Å these being wavelengths of maximum
absorption that under given conditions 47% of the absorbed energy is emitted. Calculate the ratio
of the no. of quanta emitted to the number absorbed.

4 The reaction between H2 and Br2 to form HBr in presence of light is initiated by the photo
decomposition of Br2 into free Br atoms (free radicals) by absorption of light. The bond dissociation
energy of Br2 is 192 KJ/mole. What is the longest wavelength of the photon that would initiate the
reaction.

5 Wavelength of the Balmer H  line (first line) is 6565 Å. Calculate the wavelength of Hb (second
line).

6 Calculate the Rydberg constant R if He+ ions are known to have the wavelength difference be-
tween the first (of the longest wavelength) lines of Balmer and Lyman series equal to 133.7nm.

7 The quantum yield for decomposition of HI is 2. In an experiment 0.01 moles of HI are decomposed.
Find the number of photons absorbed.

8 The light radiations with discrete quantities of energy are called ______.

9 What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength as the Balmer
transition, n=4 to n=2 of He+ spectrum.

10 Calculate the energy emitted when electrons of 1.0 g atom of hydrogen undergo transition giving
the spectral line of lowest energy in the visible region of its atomic spectrum.

PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY

11 Calculate the wavelength of the radiation that would cause photo dissociation of chlorine molecule
if the Cl- Cl bond energy is 243 KJ/mol.

12 Suppose 10-17 J of light energy is needed by the interior of the human eye to see an object. How
many photons of green light (l = 550 nm) are needed to generate this minimum amount of energy.

13 A photon having l = 854 Å causes the ionization of a nitrogen atom. Give the I.E. per mole of nitrogen
in KJ.

14 Calculate the threshold frequency of metal if the binding energy is 180.69 KJ mol-1 of electron.

15 Calculate the binding energy per mole when threshold wavelength of photon is 240 nm.

16 A metal was irriadated by light of frequency 3.2 × 1015 S-1. The photoelectron produced had its
KE, 2 times the KE of the photoelectron which was produced when the same metal was irriadated
 SP-CH-AS-20
with a light of frequency 2.0 ×1015 S-1. What is work function.

17 U.V. light of wavelength 800 Å & 700 Å falls on hydrogen atoms in their ground state & liberates
electrons with kinetic energy 1.8 eV and 4 eV respectively. Calculate planck’s constant.

18 The dissociation energy of H2 is 430.53 KJ/mol. If H2 is exposed to radiant energy of wavelength

253.7 nm, what % of radiant energy will be converted into K.E.

19 A potential difference of 20 KV is applied across an X-ray tube. Find the minimum wavelength of
X-ray generated.
20 The K.E. of an electron emitted from tungstan surface is 3.06 eV. What voltage would be
required to bring the electron to rest.
BOHR’S MODEL

21 Calculate energy of electron which is moving in the orbit that has its rad. sixteen times the rad. of
first Bohr orbit for H–atom.
 21.7  10 12
22 The electron energy in hydrogen atom is given by E n  ergs. Calculate the energy
n2
required to remove an e- completely from n = 2 orbit . What is the largest wavelength in cm of light
that can be used to cause this transition.

23 Calculate the wavelength in angstrom of photon that is emitted when an e- in Bohr orbit n=2
returns to the orbit n=1. The ionization potential of the ground state of hydrogen atom is 2.17×10 -
11 erg/atom.

24 The radius of the fourth orbit of hydrogen atom is 0.85 nm. Calculate the velocity of electron in
this orbit.

25 The velocity of e- in a certain Bohr orbit of the hydrogen atom bears the ratio 1:275 to the velocity
of light. What is the quantum no. "n" of the orbit and the wave no. of the radiation emitted for the
transition from the quatum state (n+1) to the ground state.

26 Electrons of energy 12.09 eV can excite hydrogen atoms. To which orbit is the electron in the
hydrogen atom raised and what are the wavelengths of the radiations emitted as it drops back to
the ground state.

27 A doubly ionised lithium atom is hydrogen like with atomic number z = 3. Find the wavelength of
the radiation required to excite the electron in Li2+ from the first to the third Bohr orbit.

28 Estimate the difference in energy between I and II Bohr Orbit for a hydrogen atom. At what minimum
at no. a transition from n=2 to n=1 energy level would result in the emission of X-rays with
l = 3.0 × 10-8 m? Which hydrogen like species does this at no correspond to.

29 Find out the no. of waves made by a Bohr electron in one complete revolution in its 3rd orbit.

30 Iodine molecule dissociates into atoms after absorbing light of 4500A0. If one quantum of radiation
is absorbed by each molecule, calculate the K.E. of iodine atoms
(Bond energy of I2 = 240 KJ/mol)

31 Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted, producing a line in Lyman series, when an electron
falls from fourth stationary state in hydrogen atom.

32 Calculate the wave no. for the shortest wavelength transition in the Balmer series of atomic
 SP-CH-AS-21
hydrogen.
DE-BROGLIE AND HEISENBERG

33 What is de Broglie wavelength associated with an e– accelerated through P.D. = 100 KV.

34 Calculate the de-broglie wavelength associated with motion of earth (mass 6 × 10 24 Kg) orbiting
around the sun at a speed of 3 × 106 m/s.

35 A base ball of mass 200 g is moving with velocity 30 × 102 cm/s. If we can locate the base ball
with an error equal in magnitude to the l of the light used (5000 Å), how will the uncertainty in
momentum be compared with the total momentum of base ball.

36 An electron has a speed of 40 m/s, accurate up to 99.99%. What is the uncertainity in locating its
position.

37 What is de-Broglie wavelength of a He-atom in a container at room temperature.(Use Uavg)

38 Through what potential difference must an electron pass to have a wavelength of 500 Å.

39 A proton is accelerated to one- tenth of the velocity of light. If its velocity can be measured with a
precision + 1%. What must be its uncertainity in position.

40 To what effective potential a proton beam be subjected to give its protons a wavelength of 1 ×10 -
10m.
GENERAL

41 Calculate magnitude of angular momentum of an e– that occupies 1s, 2s , 2p , 3d , 3p.

42 Calculate the number of exchange pairs of electrons present in configuration of Cu according to

Aufbau Principle considering 3d & 4s orbitals.

43 He atom can be excited to 1s1 2p1 by  = 58.44 nm. If lowest excited state for He lies 4857cm –1
below the above. Calculate the energy required to achieve the lower excitation state.

44 Wave functions of electrons in atoms & molecules are called________.

45 The outermost electronic conf. of Cr is___________.

46. The Characteristics X - ray wavelength for the line of the K series in elements X and Y are
9 .87 Å and 2.29 Å respectively. If Moseley’s equation v = 4. 9 x 10 ( z - 0.75) is followed,
7

what are atomic number of X and Y ?

47. How much will the kinetic energy and total energy of an electron in H atom change if the
atom emits a photon of wavelength 4860 Å ?

48. With what velocity should an particle travel towards the nucleus of copper atom so as
to arrive at a distance 10-13 meter from the nucleus of the copper atom ?

49. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the electron in the ground state of hydrogen atom,
given that its kinetic energy is 13.6 eV. ( 1eV = 1. 602 x 10-19J ).

50. Calculate the energy emitted when electrons in 1 g atom of hydrogen undergo transition
giving spectral lines of lowest energy in the visible region of its atomic spectrum.
 SP-CH-AS-22
OBJECTIVES
LEVEL-l

1 The ratio of the energy of a photon of 2000 Å wavelength radiation to that of 4000 Å radiation is
(A) 1 / 4 (B) 4 (C) 1 / 2 (D) 2
2 The maximum energy is present in any electron at
(A) Nucleus (B) Ground state
(C) First excited state (D) Infinite distance from the nucleus
3 Which electronic level would allow the hydrogen atom to absorb a photon but not to emit a photon
(A) 3s (B) 2p (C) 2s (D) 1s
4 The third line in Balmer series corresponds to an electronic transition between which Bohr’s orbits in
hydrogen
(A) 5  3 (B) 5  2 (C) 4  3 (D) 4  2
5 Correct set of four quantum numbers for valence electron of rubidium( Z = 37) is
1 1 1 1
(A) 5, 0, 0, + (B) 5, 1, 0, + (C) 5, 1, 1, + (D) 6, 0, 0, +
2 2 2 2
6 The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired electron of chlorine atom is
n l m n l m
(A) 2 1 0 (B) 2 1 1
(C) 3 1 1 (D) 3 0 0
7 The orbital diagram in which the Aufbau’s principle is violated is
2s 2px 2p y 2pz 2s 2px 2p y 2pz
(A)    (B)    
(C)     (D)    
8 The total number of neutrons in dipositive zinc ions with mass number 70 is
(A) 34 (B) 40 (C) 36 (D) 38
9 Principal quantum number of an atom represents
(A) Size of the orbital (B) Spin angular momentum
(C) Orbital angular momentum (D) Space orientation of the orbital

10 Which of the following sets of quantum numbers represent an impossible arrangement

n l m ms n l m ms
1 1
(A) 3 2 –2 (B) 4 0 0
2 2
1 1
(C) 3 2 –3 (D) 5 3 0
2 2

11. How many electrons with  = 3 are there in an atom having atomic number 54.
(A) 3 (B) 10
(C) 14 (D) None

12. The maximum number of electrons possible in sublevel is equal to

(A) 2  + 1 (B) 2n2
 SP-CH-AS-23
(C) 2  2 (D) 4  + 2

13. Rutherford’s experiment ,which established the nuclear model of the atom, used a beam of
(A) - particles which impigned on a metal foil and got absorbed
(B)  -rays, which impigned on a metal foil and ejected electrons.
(C) helium atoms, which impigned on a metal foil and got scattered.
(D) helium nuclei, which impigned on a metal foil and got scattered.

14. The correct set of quantum number for the unpaired electron of chlorine atom is
(A) n  2,   1, m  0 (B) n  2,   1, m  1
(C) n  3,   1, m  1 (D) n  3,   0, m  0

15. If the energy of an electrol in the first Bohr orbit of H -atom is - 313.6 Kcal/mol; then energy
of electron in the second orbit will be
(A) - 34.84 Kcal/mol (B) -12.5 Kcal/mol.
(C) -78.4 Kcal/mol (D) 313.6 Kcal/mol

16. The wavelength associated with a golf ball weighing 200 g and moving at a speed of 5m/h is
of the order.
(A) 10-10 m (B) 10-20 m
(C) 10 m
-30
(D) 10-40 m

17. The statements whichis/are correct

(A) Number of total nodes in an orbital = (n -1 )
(B) Number of radial nodes in an orbita = n -  -1
(C) Number of angular nodes in an orbital = 
(D) All

18. Which represent an impossible arrangement ?

n  m s
(A) 3 2 -2 1/2
(B) 4 0 0 1/2
(C) 3 2 -3 1/2
(D) 5 3 0 1/2

19. Which set of quantum number is not consistent with theory ?

(A) n  2,   1, m  0, s  1 / 2 (B) n  4,   3, m  2, S  1 / 2
(C) n  3,   2, m  3, S  1 / 2 (D) n  4,   3, m  3, S  1 / 2

20. Which set of quantum number represent the electron of lowest energy ?
(A) n  2,   0, m  0, S  1 / 2 (B) n  2,   1, m  0, S  1 / 2
(C) n  4,   0, m  0, S  1 / 2 (D) n  4,   0, m  0, S  1 / 2

21. The nucleus of an atom is located at x = y = z = 0. If the probability of finding an s-

orbital electron in a tiny volume assumed x = a, y = z= 0, is 1 x 10 -5, what is the probability
of finding of the electron in the same sized volume around x = z = 0, y = a ?
(A) 1 x 10-5 (B) 1 x 10-5 a
(C) 4 x 10-5 a2 (D) 1 x 10-5 x a-1
 SP-CH-AS-24

22. Which orbital has two angular nodal planes

(A) s (b) p
(C) d (D) f

23. If wavelength is equal to distance travelled by the electron in one second , then
h h
(a)   (B)  
p m

h h
(C)   (D)  
p m

24. Number of photon of light of wavelength 4000 Å required to provide 1.00J of energy is
(A) 2. 01 x 1018 (B) 12. 01 x 1031
(C) 1. 31 x 10 17
(D) None is correct

25. As electron moves away from nucleus its K.E

(A) Decreases (B) Increases
(C) Remains constant (D) None
 SP-CH-AS-25

LEVEL - III

1 The orbital angular momentum of an electron in 2s orbital is:

1   
(A)  . (B) Zero (C) (D) 2.
2 2 2 2
2. The explanation for the presence of three unpaired electrons in the nitrogen atom can be given by
(A) Pauli’s exclusion principle (B) Hund’s rule
(C) Aufbau’s principle (D) Uncertainty principle
3. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the Mth shell is
(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 18 (D) 32
4. Which quantum number will determine the shape of the subshell
(A) Principal quantum number (B) Azimuthal quantum number
(C) Magnetic quantum number (D) Spin quantum number
5. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1. This represents its
(A) Excited state (B) Ground state (C) Cationic form (D) None
6. Which of the following has maximum number of unpaired electron (atomic number of Fe 26)
(A) Fe (B) Fe (II) (C) Fe (III) (D) Fe (IV)
7. Which quantum number is not related with Schrodinger equation
(A) Principal (B) Azimuthal (C) Magnetic (D) Spin
8. According to Bohr’s atomic theory, which of the following is/are correct:
Z2
(I) Kinetic energy of electron 
n2
(II) The product of velocity of electron and principle quantum number ‘n’  Z2
Z2
(III) Frequency of revolution of electron in an orbit 
n3

Z3
(IV) Coulombic force of attraction on the electron 
n4
(A) I, III, IV (B) I, IV (C) II (D) I
9. If 0 is the threshold wavelength for photoelectric emission,  wavelength of light falling on the surface of
metal, and m, mass of electron, then de Broglie wavelength of emitted electron is
1 1 1 1
 h ( 0 )  2  h ( 0   )  2  h (   0 )  2  h 0  2
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 2mc( 0   )   2mc  0   2mc  0   2mc 

10. It is known that atom contain protons, neutrons and electrons. If the mass of neutron is assumed to half
of its original value where as that of proton is assumed to be twice of its original value then the atomic
14
mass of 6 C will be
(A) same (B) 25% more (C) 14.28 % more (D) 28.5% less
11. Give the correct order of initials T (true) or F (false) for following statements.
 SP-CH-AS-26
(I) If an ion has 2 electrons in K shell, 8 electrons in L shell and 6 electrons in M shell, then
number of S electrons present in that element is 6.
(II) The maximum number of electrons in a subshell is given by 2n2.
(III) If electron has magnetic number –1, then it cannot be present in s-orbital.
(IV) Only one radial node is present in 3p orbital.
(A) TTFF (B) FFTF (C) TFTT (D) FFTF
12. Predict the magnetic moment for S2–, Co3+ [At. no. of S = 16, Co = 27]
13. The critical wavelength for producing the photoelectric effect in tungsten is 2600Å. What wavelength
would be necessary to produce photoelectrons from tungston having twice the kinetic energy of these
produced at 2200Å ?
14. The shortest wavelength of He atom in Balmer series is x, then longest wavelength in the Paschene series
of Li+2 is
36 x 16 x 9x 5x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 7 5 9
15. An electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state absorbs energy equal to the ionisation energy of Li+2.
The wavelength of the emitted electron is:
(A) 3.32 ×10–10 m (B) 1.17 Å (C) 2.32 × 10–9 nm (D) 3.33 pm

16. In compound FeCl2 the orbital angular momentum of last electron in its cation & magnetic moment (in
Bohr Magneton) of this compound are
(A) ( 6 ), 35 (B) ( 6 ) , 24 (C) 0, 35 (D) none of these

17. An electron, a proton and an alpha particle have kinetic energies of 16E, 4E and E respectively. What is
the qualitative order of their de Broglie wavelengths?
(A) e > p =  (B) p =  > e (C) p > e >  (D)  < e » p

18. Question: Is the specie paramagnetic?

STAT-1: The atomic number of specie is 29.
STAT-2: The charge on the specie is + 1.
(A) Statements (1) alone is sufficient but statement (2) is not sufficient.
(B) Statement (2) alone is sufficient but statement (1) is not sufficient.
(C) Both statement together are sufficient but neither statement alone is sufficient.
(D) Statement (1) & (2) together are not sufficient.
19. Question : Are the rays in discharge tube cathode rays?
STAT1 : Rays are deflected towards – ve electrode kept externally.
STAT2 : Rays are produced at low pressure and high voltage.
(A) Statements (1) alone is sufficient but statement (2) is not sufficient.
(B) Statement (2) alone is sufficient but statement (1) is not sufficient.
(C) Both statement together are sufficient but neither statement alone is sufficient.
(D) Any one of them is sufficient.
20. Given H for the process Li(g)  Li+3(g) + 3e– is 19800 kJ/mole & IE1 for Li is 520 then IE2 & IE1
of Li+ are respectively (approx, value)
(A) 11775, 7505 (B) 19280, 520 (C) 11775, 19280 (D) Data insufficient
21. The ratio of difference in wavelengths of 1st and 2nd lines of Lyman series in H–like atom to difference in
wavelength for 2nd and 3rd lines of same series is:
 SP-CH-AS-27
(A) 2.5 : 1 (B) 3.5 : 1 (C) 4.5 : 1 (D) 5.5 : 1

22. Which of the following statement is INCORRECT.

e
(A) ratio for canal rays is maximum for hydrogen ion.
m
e
(B) ratio for cathode rays us independent of the gas taken.
m
(C) The nature of canal rays is dependent on the electrode material.
e E2
(D) The ratio for electron is expressed as , when the cathode rays go undeflected under the
m 2B 2 V
influence of electric field E, magnetic field B and V is potential difference applied across electrodes.
23. The quantum numbers of four electrons (e1 to e4) are given below
n l m s n l m s
e1 3 0 0 +1/2 e2 4 0 1 1/2
e3 3 2 2 –1/2 e4 3 1 –1 1/2
The correct order of decreasing energy of these electrons is:
(A) e4 > e3 > e2 > e1 (B) e2 > e3 > e4 > e1 (C) e3 > e2 > e4 > e1(D) none
24. If radius of second stationary orbit (in Bohr's atom) is R. Then radius of third orbit will be
(A) R/3 (B) 9R (C) R/9 (D) 2.25R
25. An electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state absorbs 1.5 times as much energy as the minimum
required for it to escape from the atom. What is the velocity of the emitted electron?
(Given mass of e– = 9.1 ×10–28 gm)
 SP-CH-AS-28

ANSWERS
LEVEL - I

TOPICWISE QUESTIONS

1 6563 Å ; 1216 Å ; 1026 Å 2 6 3 0.527

4 6235 Å 5 4863 Å 6 1.096 × 107 m –1
7 3 × 10 21 8 photons 9 n1 =1, n2=2 10 1.827 × 105 J/mol

11 4.9 × 10–7 m 12 28 photons 13 1403 KJ/mol 14 4.5 ×1014 s–1

15 497 KJ/mol 16 319.2 KJ/mol 17 6.57 ×10–34 Js
18 8.68 % 19 0.62 Å 20 3.06 V

21 – 1.36 × 10–19 Joules 22 5.425×10–12 ergs, 3.7×10–5 cm

23 1220 Å 24 5.44 × 105 m/s 25 2 ; 9.75 × 104 cm–1
26 3 , 6563 Å , 1215 Å , 1026 Å 27 113.74 Å
28 10.2 eV , z = 2 29 3 30 2.186 × 10–20 Joules
31 9.7 × 10–8 m 32 27419.25 cm –1

33 3.88 pm 34 3.68 × 10–65 m 35 1.75 × 10–29 36 0.0144 m

37 0.79 Å 38 6.03×10–4 volt 39 1.05×10–13 m

40 0.0826 volts
h h h
41 0;0; 2 ; 6 ; 2 42 25
2 2 2
43 3.3 × 10–18 J 44 orbitals 45 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

OBJECTIVE
LEVEl - I

1 D 2 D 3 D 4 B 5 A 6 C

7 B 8 B 9 A 10 C 11. D 12. D

13. D 14. C 15. C 16. C 17. D 18. C

19. C 20. A 21. A 22. C 23. D 24. A

25. A
LEVEl - lI

1 B 2 B 3 C 4 B 5 B

6 C 7 D 8 A 9 A 10 C 11 C

12 zero, 4.9 B.M. 13 l = 1900Å 14 B 15 B

16 B 17 A 18 C 19 A 20 A 21 B

22 C 23 C 24 D 25 1.54 × 106m/s