Paki

stanSt
udi
es
Quest
ionAnswerFor
mat
e

by

Haf
izAshf
aqAhmed
 1
Chapt
er#1
I
DEOLOGYOFPAKI
STAN
Q1. Wr
it
edownt
heai
ms&obj
ect
ivesoft
hecr
eat
ionofPaki
stan?
Ans.Pakistancamei nt
obeingon14th August1947.TheMusl imsofIndia
hadscari
fi
estherewealt
hhonour&li
fetomakeaPaki st
anreali
ty.St
ruggl
efor
att
ainmentofPakist
anstar
tedver
yaft
erthewarofindependence1857.
Ai
ms&Obj
ect
ivesoft
heCr
eat
ionofPaki
stan
Aftert hewarofI ndependencet heMusl imswer egr eatl
ypr essedbyt he
Hindusaswel last heBr i
ti
sh.Soci al,
pol i
tical andeconomi cal condi tionsoft he
Musl i
mswer et ot al l
ychanged.Thati swhyt heydemandedf orasepar ate
stat eoft heirown.Fol l
owi ngwer et heAi ms& Obj ectiv
est hatl edt ot he
creat i
onofPaki st an.
1. Set ti
ngupofaFr eeI slami cSoci ety :
Themai nobj ectiv eoft hecr eationofPaki stanwast oestabl ishaf reeI slami c
Soci etyhav ingi tsowni dent it
yandgov ernment ,practi
cingi tsownsoci al
principlesandr eligionandi nv i
ti
ngt heMusl imsoft hewor ld,par ticularlyand
other sgener allyt oadoptt heI sl
ami cwayofl ife.
2. Pr otect ionf rom Communal Riots:
ThecommunalRi ot sonev er yotherdaymadei tclearthatt heHi nduscoul d
monopol i
es t he pol it
ics af tert he depar t
ure ofThe Br iti
sh.The l ives of
Musl i
mscoul dnev erbesaf ei nt heuni tedI ndi a.TheHi nduor ganizat i
onshad
agai nandagai nasser t
edt hatHi nduRajwoul dbei mposedonI ndi aaf tert he
i
ndependence.Sot ogetr idoft heseat rocitiest heMusl imsdemandedt hei r
separ atest at e.
3. Soci al &Pol i
t i
cal Dev el opmentofMusl ims:
Aftert he warofI ndependence 1857,t he soci alenv ir
onmentwast ot ally
changed.The Musl i
ms wer e scar ed of t he cast e sy st em and ot her
discr i
mi nations.They coul d enj oy nei ther pol i
ti
calnor soci all iber ti
es;
ther ef
or e,theypr efer r
edt ohav easepar atehomel andinwhi cht heycoul dlive
accor dingt ot het eachi ngsofI slam.
4. Pr otect ionofMusl im Language
TheHi ndusdi dt hebestt or eplaceUr dubyHi ndi.Butt heydi dnotsucceed
dur ingBr iti
shper iod.I fSout hAsi ahadgotf reedom wi thoutpar tit
ion,t he
Hindu maj oritycoul dv eryeasi lydecl are Hi ndi,the officialand nat ional
l
anguage.TheHi ndugov ernmentcoul dwi peoutal lsignsofMusl im cul tur e;
ther ef
or e,theMusl imshadnochoi ceexceptput t
ingademandf orPaki stan.
5. Pr otect ionofTwoNat i
onTheor y:
TheMusl i
mscl aimedsepar atenat i
onhoodf ort hemsel vesandt heywer e
det erminedt omai ntainasepar ateent it
yf oral ltimest ocome.TheMusl ims

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 2
bel i
ev ei nsepar ater eligion,pr acticedi ffer entt r
adi tions,andhav et heirown
hist oryandt hei rcul turalher it
age.Thei rcl aim wasabsol utelyt rue.I twast heir
rightt okeept hei rsepar at eent i
tyal i
v eandt oenj oyal lhumanr ight s.Thi swas
notpossi bleinundi vi
dedI ndi a.
6. Est ablishmentofI slami cSt ate:
Islam i sacompl et ecodeofl i
fe.TheMusl i
mswant edt oi mpl ementt he
sy stem pr actically.Thi scoul dnotbeat tai nedi nUni tedI ndiat heref ore,t hey
passedar esol utionanddemandedanI slami cst at eint heNor thEastand
Nor thWestofSout hAsi a.
7. Set tingupofTr ueI slami cSoci ety:
Islam uphol dst hegol denpr inciplesoff reedom,j usti
ce,br ot her hood and
equal i
tybutl ivingf orcent urieswi t
ht heHi nducommuni t
y ,theMusl i
mswer e
gr adual l
yi gnor ing, consci ousl yorunconsci ousl y,thesepr incipl es.Isl am gi ves
gui dancef ori ndi vi
dualaswel lascol l
ect i
v el i
fe.I thasi t
sownpr i
nci plessuch
asbanonusuar y,gambl ing, t
or ef r
ainf rom al lunl awf ulmeansofi ncomeand
ex pendi ture.Agai n ext rav agance i sr egar ded dev ili
sh.The r i
ght s oft he
nei ghbour sar est ressedwhi chr esultsi nsoci alsecur i
tytoal l
.God- fear i
ngand
bel i
efi nt heHer eaf terar et hebasi sf orthesoci allifeoft heMusl i
ms.
8. Dr eam ofMusl imst ogetf r
eedom:
Duet ot hei l
ltreat mentofHi ndusandBr iti
sht heMusl imsal sowant edtoget
freedom andest abl i
shedt heirownGov t.i nt hesubcont i
nentbecauset he
freedom i sr i
ghtofev er ynat ion and t he count ry .Fort hisr eason t hey
demandedPaki stan.
9. Nar r
owMi ndednessofHi ndus:
TheHi nducommuni ty’
snar row mi ndednesscoul dbegaugedf rom t hef act
t
h
thatt heydonotf eelashamedofi dolwor shi pdur ingt he20 cent uryev en.
Thewomenar econsi der edsl aves.Theydonotr ecogni zet her ightofsecond
mar ri
agef ort hewi dow.Theyconsi dert hemsel vesmuchsuper iort ot he
peopl eoft heirownr ace.TheHi ndusdecl areat hingpol lutedi fithasbeen
touchedbyaMusl im.Ther ewasaconceptofcast esy stemsi nt heHi ndus
i
t self.Ther ewasonl yonewayofMusl im’ sdel i
ver ancef rom suchanar r ow-
mi ndedandpr ejudi cedcommuni ty,andt hatwasasepar atest at ecompr ising
thepr ovincesofMusl im maj or i
ty,andassucht heydemandedasepar ate
homel and.
10. Togetr idoft heBr i
tish:
Af tert hewarofi ndependence( 1857) ,t heBr it
ishmal treatedt heMusl i
ms.
Pol iti
calr ightsoft heMusl imswer esnat ched.Door sofnewj obswer eclosed
andal sot heMusl imswer edepr ivedoft heirj obsandwer edepr i
v edoft heir
pr oper ty( estat es).Ther ewasno soci alst at usf ort heMusl ims.So t hey
demandedsepar at ehomel and.
11. At tainmentofPeacef ul Atmospher e:

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 3
Aftert hef or mat i
onofMahasabhaandi t
sent rancei ntopol iti
cs,pr ej udiced
mov ement sl i
keShuddhiandSangt hanwer ebor n.Ri ot soccur redher eand
ther e.Theyext i
ngui shedt hef ireofr evengebydi shonour i
ngt hemosquesor
attacki ng Mohar r
am pr ocessi ons.Thedai l
yi ncr easei nr iotshad gi vena
war ni ngt ot heMusl ims.I ti sr ight lyremar kedt hatt hel ast25y ear swer espent
i
nHi ndu- Musl im ci vilwar .I tscur ewasnoot hert hant hecr eat ionofPaki stan
i
nt heMusl im maj oritypr ov incessot hatt hedai lyoccur r
encesofr iot smay
comet oanend.TheMusl imsmayenj oyt hepeacef ulcondi tionsi nasepar at e
stat eoft hei rown.
12. I slami cCul tureandCi vilizat i
on:
Successofcongr essi nel ect i
onsof1937andcapt uringt heleader shi pwasan
enoughpr ooft hatt heHi nduswant edt odemol ishMusl i
m ci vilizat ionand
cultur e.Ev erynow and t hen new i nt rigues wer e hat ched t o dest royt he
Musl im’ sr eligiousv alues.Thebr eedingofcowsandt owor shi pt hem wast he
reckonedcul tureofHi ndust an.TheHi nducommuni tywaspl anni ngt opr ev ai
l
uponMusl i
msi nthei rcust omsandcer emoni es.TheMusl i
m cer emoni eswer e
i
nt erf ered wher eas t he Hi ndu f est ivals ofDi wal i,Lor his,Dasehr a wer e
celebr atedwi thgr eatpompandshow.I nshor t,ifI ndiawer enotdi vided,t his
count rywoul dhav ebecomeapur eHi nduSt ateandt henextgener ationof
Musl imswoul dhav ebeenMusl i
m onl ybyname,buti twoul dhav ebeen
i
mpossi blef ort heMusl imst of ol l
owI slam pr act i
cal ly.
13. Del i
v erancef rom Economi cExpl oi tation:
TheHi nduscommuni t
ywasnotcont ent ed wi tht hepol i
ticalr ule;i twas
det ermi ned t o wor sen t he condi ti
on oft he mi nor i
ties economi cal ly.But
especi allyt heywant ed t ot ake r ev enge f r
om t he Musl i
msf ort hei rpast
def eat s.Undert hepat ronageoft heEngl ish,t heHi nduswer emadet he
owner soft hel and.Theywer eencour agedi nt r
adeandcommer ceal so.Onl y
the t rade ofhy des and ski ns r emai ned wi tht he Musl ims.They wer e
encour agedi nt het radeofshi ni ngnat ur e, orsomef act or y
,andt hatbel onged
to a Musl ims,t hey st ar t
ed cut t hr oat compet itions.So af ter bei ng
dishear t
enedt heMusl imshadt oleav et hef act oryort rade.TheMusl i
mshad
seent hisst ateofaf fairsf ory ear st il
lt heyr eachedt heconcl usi ont hatwher e
thepr oblemswer eset tl
edbyt hev otesofmaj ority,itwashar dl ypossi blet o
l
iveal ongwi tht hepr ejudi cedandcr uelHi ndumaj or i
ty .Thesol eai m oft he
Hinduswast or e-conv ertt heMusl imst oHi ndui sm andabsor bt hem i nthat
reli
gi on.Sot her ewasnor oom l eftf ort heMusl imsexceptdemandi nga
separ at eindependenthomel and, fort hemsel v es.
20. Musl im Uni ty:
Musl imswer edi sper sedi nt he20th cent ur yespeci allyaf tert hef ailureof
Khi l
af atmov ement .TheMusl i
mswant edt obecomeuni t
edagai nbecause
unityi sal sot hebasi ct eachi ngofI slam.Butt heuni tyoft heMusl im wor ld

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 4
cannotbepossi
blewi
thoutt
hecr
eat
ionofPaki
stan.

Inshor
ttheMusl
imsdemandedaseparat
estat
eonl
ybecauseoft
hei
rwor
se
condi
ti
onsandt
osavethei
rnat
ional
int
egr
it
y.

Q2: Expl
aint
heIdeol
ogyofPaki
stani
nthel
i
ghtoft
hesay
ingsoft
he
Quai
d-e-
Azam?
Ans.Pakist
anistheonlystat
ethatcameint
obei
ngont hebasesofst
rong
i
deology
.Sincei
tsestabli
shmentithasbeendemandedtoaccompli
shits
basi
caim.
I
deol
ogy
:
Thesoci alorpol
i
ticalPr
ogrammeofanymov ementt
hatbecomesacoll
ect
ive
objectiv
eofanynat i
oniscall
edIdeol
ogy
. OR
I
deol ogymeanssuchanai m accordi
ngtowhi
chhumanbeingspl
annedabout
theirfut
ure.
TheI
deol
ogyofPaki
stan
TheI deologyofPaki stan wast heconsciousnessoft heMusl i
msi nt he
hist
oricalperspect
ive ofthe south Asi
an sub-cont
inentthattheywerea
separate nati
on on the basis ofthe I
slamicideol
ogy .No doubtIsl
ami c
i
deologyi sthebaseofideologyofPakist
ansot hebasicfundamentsofI
slam
arealsothebasesoft heIdeol
ogyofPakistan.
I
deol
ogyofPaki
stan&Di
ff
erentSchol
ars
I
deol
ogyofPaki
stani
sdef
inedbyt
hedi
ff
erentsoci
ologi
stas:
-
1. Sy
edAl
iAbbas
Sy
edAl
iAbbasf
ormerpr
ofessorofhi
stor
ydef
inedi
deol
ogyofPaki
stanas.
“I
deologyofPaki stan and I deol ogyofI sl
am hav e same meani ng.
Actuall
yideologyofPaki st anist hepr acti
calshapeofthet eachi
ngsof
I
slam.”
2. Dr .Asl am Syed
Dr.Aslam Sy eddef i
nedt
hei deologyofPaki stanas.
“IdeologyofPaki stani st henameofmol di
ngofi ndivi
dualand
collecti
veli
v es accor ding t oI slam and also ofsav ing fr
om
conf l
ict
ingi
deologies. ”
3. Al l
amaAl laud-Di
n-Siddiqui
Awel lknownschol arAl
lamaAl l
aud- Din-Siddiquidefi
nedideol
ogyofPaki stan
as.
“IdeologyofPaki stani st henameofi mplementati
onofI slamic
pr i
ncipl
esonper sons.Ongr oups& ongov ernmentandI sl
am
shoul dbestrongert hant hest r
ongestf or
ceshere”
QUAI
D-E-
Azam ANDI
DEOLOGYOFPAKI
STAN

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 5
Quai
d-e-
Azam wastheliberat
oroft
heMuslim nat
ioninSub-Conti
nent
.
Hestr
uggl
edf ort
heseparatest at
eont hebasesofI sl
amicIdeology
.He
hi
msel
fexpl
ainedt
hisbasi
cideology.-
1. Foundat
ionofMusl
i
m Nat
ion
OnceQuai
d-e-Azam sai
d,
“Pakist
ancamei nt
o bei
ngt
hev
erydaywhent
hef
ir
stHi
ndu
becameaMusl i
m.”
2. Paki
stanandt
heHol
yQur
an:
I
ntheannualmeet i
ngof1943atKar achiQuai
d-e-Azam sai
dwhileclar
if
ying
t
herel
ati
onofPakistanandI slam:
“Whatist hatrel
ationwhichhasmadeMusl im asi
nglebody ?
Whati st hatrockonwhi chthestructureofMusli
m Nat i
oni s
rest
ored?Whati sthatbasewhichhassecur edthesafet
yoft he
boatoft hisMusl im Nat
ion?Thatrelati
on,r
ockandbasei st he
HolyQuran. ”
3. I
slam i
sacompl
etecodeofl
i
fe:
Whi
l
eaddr
essingthestudent
s, i
nMarch,1944hesaid,
“OurguideisIsl
am andthis,i
sthecompletecodeofourl
i
fe.We
neit
herneedanyr edoryel
lowflagnordoweneedanySocial
ism.
Communi sm,National
i
sm oranyotheri
sm”
4. El
i
minat
ionofdi
ff
erences:
On21Mar
ch,1948whil
eaddressi
ngthepeopl
einDhakaandsaid,
“Iwantnottoseey outotal
kasaSi ndhi
,Balochi
,Punjabiand
Bengali
.Whatisthefunofsayi
ngthatwearePunj abi
,Si
ndhior
Pathan?WeareonlyMusli
ms.”
5. Needofdi
vi
sionofI
ndi
a:
Whi
leaddr
essingatAl igar
hhecl ari
fiedtheideologyofPakistani nt hese
wor
ds:
“Whatwast hemoti
veoft hedemandf orPakist
anandasepar ate
electorateforMusl
ims?Whatwast hecauseoft hedi vi
sionof
India?Itscauseisnei
thert henarr
owmi ndednessofHi ndusnor
thet acti
csofTheBri
ti
shbuti sthebasi
cdemandofI slam? ”
6. Nat
ional
Ident
it
yofTheMusl
i
ms:
I
nt heli
ghtoft hehistor
yoft hesubconti
nentQuaid-
e-Azam argued t
hat
Musli
mshav eneverbeenami nori
ty.Theyareaperf
ectnat i
onandhav ethe
r
ightto est
abl
ishani ndependentstat
ei nthoseareaswher etheyarei n
major
it
y.
7. Paki
stan,
Apr
act
ical
labor
ator
yforI
slami
csy
stem:
Whil
eaddressi
ngthestudent
sofl
sl
ami
aCol
l
ege,Peshawaron13Januar
y
1948Quai
d-e-
Azam sai
d,

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 6
“
Wedi dnotdemandPakistanj
ustt
oownapi eceofl
andbutweinf
act
wantedtohaveaLaboratoryf
orexper
iment
ingthetr
ueteachi
ngsof
I
slam.”
8. Pr
otect
ionofMusl
i
m cul
tur
e:
Addr
essi
ngt
hearmyof fi
cers,i
nOctober,
1947, Mr.Jinnahsai
d,
“Ourobjectwast ocreat
esuchast atewher ewecanlivefr
eel
y,
ourculture and ci
vi
li
zati
on getf l
ourished,and wher
eI sl
ami
c
conceptofsocialj
usti
cecanflour
ishexact l
y.
”
9. Cr
it
ici
sm oft
heWest
ernEconomi
csy
stem:
Ontheeveofi
naugur
ati
ngt
heSt
ateBankofPaki
stanon1Jul
y1948,t
he
Quai
dsai
d,
“TheEconomi csy
stem ofwestiscr
eati
ngunsolvabl
eproblemsforhumanit
y.
Ithasfail
edtoprovi
dej usti
cet
othepeople.Wear etopresentaneconomic
system basedonori
ginalIsl
ami
cconceptequal
i
tyandsocialjust
ice.
”
10. ASt
aunchsuppor
teroft
heTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
Hewasagr eatsuppor t
eroft wo-nat
iontheoryandheconsi
deredt
heMuslims
asepar
atenati
onf r
om ev er
yaspect.Hesaid:
“The Musl ims ar e a nat
ion byev er
yr i
ghtto est
abli
sh t
hei
r
separatehomel and.Theycanadoptanymeant opromoteand
protectt heirspi r
it
ual,mor al
,economic,social
,poli
ti
caland
cult
uralinterests”
.
11. Or
igi
nofPaki
stan
I
nhi
saddr
essatAhmedabadon29t
hDecember1940Quai
d-e-
Azam sai
d,
“Pakistan existed fr
om cent uri
es.Nor t
h West remained a
homel andofMusl i
ms.Independentstat
esofMusli
msshoul dbe
establi
shedint heseareassothattheymightl
i
veaccordi
ngtothe
teachingsofIslam”.
12. Separ
ateSt
atusofTheMusl
i
ms:
I
nhi
saddr eon23rdMar
essatLahor ch1940i
twascl
ear
lyment
ioned,
“NoActorLawwoul
dbeaccept
abl
ewhi
chdenyt
hesepar
atest
atus
oftheMusl
ims.
”
13. Demandf
ort
heSepar
ateHomel
and:
Quaid-
e-Azam sai
dinhispresident
ialaddr eon23rd Mar
essatLahor ch
aboutthedemandofsepar
atehomelandfort
heMusl
imsas:
“ HindusandMusl i
msbel ongt otwodi f
fer
entr eli
gionsbasedon
totall
ydifferentbeli
efs,andpr esentthedif
f erentideologi
es.They
hav ediff
erentepics,dif
fer
entheroesanddiff
er enthistory
.Theref
ore,
theuni onoft wonat i
onsisf at
alforthesub-cont i
nent,becauseiti
s
notbasedonequal it
ybutonnumer i
calmi norit
yandot herasa

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 7
major
it
y.Itwouldbebet t
erfortheBri
ti
shgov ernmenttopar
ti
ti
onthe
sub-
conti
nentbykeepi nginviewtheinter
estsoft hetwonati
ons.I
t
wil
lbeacorrectdeci
sionreli
giousl
yandhistori
call
y”.
14. Pr
omot
ionofI
slami
cIdeol
ogy
:
On1stOct ober1947,whi
l
eaddr
essi
ngt
heof
fi
cer
soft
heGov
ernmentof
Paki
stan,
hesaid,
“Thei
rmissi
onistheest abli
shmentofast atewheret
heycould
l
i
v eli
kef
reepeopleintheirownsoci o-cul
turalsetupnecessar
y
f
orthepr
omot i
onofsocialjusti
ceandIslamicideol
ogy”
.
15. Musl
i
m Uni
ty:
Quai
d-e-
Azam oncesai
dwhi
l
ecl
ari
fyi
ngt
her
ootofMusl
i
m uni
ty.
“Whati sther el
ati
onwhichhasmadeMusl imsasingl
ebody?
Whati sther ockonwhi chthestruct
ureofMusli
m Nat i
onis
standi
ng?Whati sthebasewhichhassecur edt
hesafet
yofthe
boatofthisMusl i
m Nat
ion?Thatrelat
ion,r
ockandbaseisthe
HolyQuran.”
16. TheConst
it
uti
onofPaki
stan
TheQuai
d-e-Azam whi l
et al
kingt o anAmer
icanjour
nali
stsai
daboutt he
maki
ngofconstit
uti
onofPaki stan.
“Paki
staniconsti
tutionisyett
obemadebutIcansayf orsure
thatitwouldbeofdemocr at
ict
ypeandwoul dconsi
stoft he
basicpri
nciplesofI sl
am.Thesepri
nci
plescanbeimpl
ement ed
onourpr act
icall
i
feast heywer
e1300yearsago.”
17. Dest
inat
ionofMusl
i
ms
Duri
ngtheCongr essr ul
ef r
om 1937t o1939,thetreat
mentt otheMusl
ims
convi
ncedt
hem oft heirdesti
nati
on.Quai
d-e-
Azam i
nclearwordssai
d:
“TheBr it
ainwant storul
eI ndi
a,Mr.Gandhiandt heCongress
wantt or uleIndiaandtheMusl i
ms.Wesayt hatwewil
lnotlet
eithertheBr i
tainorMr .Gandhitorul
eMusl i
ms,wewantt obe
free”
18. St
rongBel
i
efofMusl
i
ms
Quai
d-e-
Azam hadast rongbel
iefinachiev
inghi
sgoal.Hesaid:
“Wecannotbemov edordivert
edfr
om ourpurposeandobj ect
ive
byt hreatsorinti
mi dat
ions.Wemustbepr epared tofaceall
dif
ficult
iesandconsequences,makealthesacrif
icesthatmaybe
requiredofustoachievethegoalwehavesetinfrontofus”
19. Paki
stan&Uni
tedNat
ions
Withthewil
lofAll
ah,t
heMuslimswereabl
etoest
abl
i
shPaki
stan.ONt
hat
th
occasi
on,
on15 August,1947hesai
d:

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 8
“Musli
msofI ndiahaveshownt othewor ldthatt heyar
eauni ted
nati
on,thei
rcausei sj
ustandr i
ghteouswhi chcannotbedeni ed.
Letus,onthi
sday ,humbl
yt hankGodf orHisbount yandpraythat
wemi ghtbeabletoprovethatwear eworthyofi t
.Thisdaymar ks
theendofapai nf
ulphasei nournat i
onalhi st
or yanditshould
alsobethebeginni
ngofanewandanobl eer a”.
20. Nat
ional
Sol
i
dar
it
y
Quai d-
e- Azam want edtoestablishsuchaPaki stanwhichi sst r
ong&uni ted
from ev eryrespect .Oncehesai dafterthecreati
onofPaki stan.
“Thepeopl ewhot hinkt hattheywi l
ldemoli
shPaki stantheyar e
foolish&noti nt heirsenses.Ther eisnoanypoweri nthewor l
d
whodemol i
shesPaki stan.Ther ootsofPakistanar ev er
ydeep&
strong”
Inthel i
ghtofabov ementionedf act
swecaneasi l
yconcludet hattheQuaid-e-
Azam wast r
ulyawar eoft hebasi cdemandsofanI slami cstat eandhe
struggled fori t.Accor di
ng to hisi deasI sl
am wast heonl ybaseofThe
IdeologyofPaki stan.

Q3. Expl
aint
heI
deol
ogyofPaki
stani
nthel
i
ghtofsay
ingsofAl
l
ama
I
qbal?
Ans.Thesoci alorpol
it
icalProgr
ammeofanymov ementt
hatbecomesa
col
lect
iveobjectiv
eofanynati
oniscalledIdeol
ogy
. OR
I
deologymeanssuchanai m accordi
ngtowhichhumanbeingspl
anned
aboutthei
rfuture.
TheI
deol
ogyofPaki
stan
TheI deologyofPaki stan wast heconsci ousnessoft heMusl i
msi nt he
hist
oricalperspect
ive ofthe south Asi
an sub- conti
nentthattheywer ea
separate nati
on on the basi
s oft he I
slami ci deol
ogy.No doubtIslamic
i
deologyi sthebaseofi deol
ogyofPaki stansot hebasicfundamentalsof
Isl
am ar eal
sothebasesoft heIdeol
ogyofPaki stan.
I
deol
ogyofPaki
stan&Di
ff
erentSchol
ars
I
deol
ogyofPaki
stani
sdef
inedbyt
hedi
ff
erentschol
arsas:
-
1. Sy
edAl
iAbbas
Sy
edAl
iAbbasf ormerpr
ofessorofhist
orydef
inedideol
ogyofPakistanas.
“I
deologyofPakistan and Ideol
ogyofI sl
am hav e same meani ng.
Actuall
yideol
ogyofPaki st
ani sthepracti
calshapeoft eachingsof
I
slam.”
2. Dr
.Asl
am Sy
ed
Dr
.Asl
am Sy eddefi
nedt hei deologyofPaki
stanas.
“I
deology ofPakistan ist he name ofmoldi
ng ofindi
vidualand
col
lecti
veli
vesaccordingt oIsl
am andal
soofsavi
ngform confl
i
cti
ng
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 9
i
deol
ogi
es.
”
3. Al
l
amaAl
l
aud-
Din-
Siddi
qui
A wel
lknownscholarAll
amaAl l
aud-Di
n-Si
ddiquidefi
nedideol
ogyof
Paki
stanas.
“I
deol
ogyofPakist
anist henameofi mplementati
onofIslamic
pri
nci
plesonpersons.Ongr oups& ongov ernmentandI sl
am
shoul
dbestr
ongerthanthestr
ongestfor
ceshere”
Al
l
amaI
qbal
&Ideol
ogyofPaki
stan
All
amaIqbalwast heper sonwhof orthefi
rstt
imegav etheconceptofa
separ
atestatefortheMusl i
mskeepi nginvi
ew theTwoNat ionTheor
y.He
cl
earl
yexpl
ainedtheIdeologyofPakist
aninhi
ssayingsandpoetr
y.
Afl
ameIqbalandIdeologyofPakist
an:
1. Separ
ateRecogni
ti
onofMusl
i
ms:
All
amalqbalmadei tclearthattheMusl imshavet hesepar aterecogni
ti
on
fr
om t
heHindusont hebaseofreli
gionandcultur
e.Inthisregardhesaid
“I
ndi
ai snotacount ry,itisaSub-continentofhumanbei ngs
bel
ongingtodiff
erentlanguagesandpracti
cingdi f
fer
entrel
igi
ons.
Musli
m nationhasitsownr el
igi
ousandcul t
uralident
it
y.”
2. Condemnat
ionofWest
ernDemocr
ati
cConcept
s:
All
amal qbalwasstronglyagai
nstthewest ernconceptofDemocr acy.
Despi
teflour
ishingallov
erthewor l
d,t
hissy st
em cannotprovidesolut
ionof
theprobl
em ofIslamicworld.I
qbalwasoft hev i
ewt hatal
lsocial
andpol i
ti
cal
probl
emscanbesol vedwiththehelpofIsl
ami csystem.Hesai d,
(Western
democracyisdev oi
dofdept h,i
thasmerelyanat tr
activ
eoutlook.)
3. Conceptofsepar
ateMusl
i
m St
ate:
Dr
.MuhammadAl l
amal qbalwasgr eatsupport
erandpr eacherofsepar ate
Musli
m st
ate.Hegav ethisideaofsepar atestatefortheMusl imsi n1930
whi
leaddr
essingtheannual meeti
ngofAl lIndi
aMusl i
mleaguei nAll
ahAbad,
“Iwantt oseet hePunj ab,NWFP,Si ndhandBal ochi
stanint he
form of one homogenous st ate. Whet her India get s
independencesundert hecr ownofEngl andoroutofi t
,Ithink
independentstateofwest ernprovincesist hedest i
nyoft he
peopleli
vingthere.
”
4. Commendat
ionofI
deaofSi
ngl
eNat
ion:
I
nMarch,
1909whenl qbalwasaskedt oaddr essameet ingheldbyMi nvraRaj
Amr
it
sarbuther efusedt oaddresst hatmeet i
ng&sai d.
“Iremainedt hesupporteroft hi
si deabutnow Iam oft heview t
hat
preser
vationofseparatenat i
onhoodi susefulf
orHindusandMusl i
ms
bir
th.Tohav et heconceptofsi nglenati
oninIndiai
snodoubtpoet ic
andbeaut i
fulbutimpracti
calregardingpr
esentcir
cumstances.
”
5. ConceptofTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 10
Al
l
amaI
qbal
explainingthetwonat i
ontheoryas:
“Despit
el i
vi
ngtoget
herf or1000y ear
s,HindusandMuslimshavethei
r
owni ndivi
duali
deologiessot heonl ysoluti
onofpoli
ti
calconfl
i
ctin
Indi
aistohav easeparateindependentparl
iamentf
oreachnati
on.
”
6. Er
adi
cat
ionofRaci
al&Regi
onal
Prej
udi
ces:
All
amaIqbalrej
ectedt heRacial&RegionalPr
ejudi
ces.Oncehesai dinthis
regar
das:
“Conceptofnat i
onandhomel andi
sconfusingtheMuslims.That
iswhyI sl
amichumaneobj ectsarebecomi ng di
m.I tisalso
possiblethattheseconceptsmaydest r
oyt herealconcept
sof
Isl
am. ”
7. Expl
anat
ionofRel
ati
onofI
slam &pol
i
tics:
All
am I
qbalwasi nthefav ourofbasicconceptt hatpoli
ti
csi sapar tofreli
gion
(I
slam)andI
slam providescompl eteguidanceabouti t,
“Isl
am doesnotconsi dermat t
erandsoulsepar atefr
om eachot her
.
Al l
ah,Uni
verseandstateallarethebasicelementsofsingleunit
.Man
isnotsoal ienthatheshouldl eav
ewor l
dlyaff
airsfort hesakeof
reli
gion.
”

8. I
slam i
scompl
etecodeofl
i
fe
I
ntheannualmeet i
ngofMusl i
m LeagueonDecember29,1930atAl lahabad,
hesai
d,
“Isl
am isnotthenameofsomebel i
efsandcustomsbutitisacompet e
codeofl i
fe.I
n,Europe,reli
gioniseveryone’spersonalmatt
erwhi ch
divi
dest hehumanonenessi ntotwoopposi t
epartsi.
e.bodyandsoul.
In contrasttot hatinIslam,God,Uni verse,soul,matt
er,sateand
reli
gionsar eboundtoeachot herorinotherwordsMusl i
msar eone
nation”
9. I
slam i
sal
i
vel
ypower
I
nhi
sAl
l
ahabadaddresshesaid:
“Isl
am isali
velypowerwhi
chfr eeshumanmindf
rom t
houghts
countr
yandr ace.I
fweunder
standt hi
sthi
ngt
henwecanbet he
leader
sofprominentI
ndi
anci
vil
izati
on.
”
10. I
slam i
sthewayt
osuccess
Al
l
amaI
qbal
saidinrel
ati
ontoIsl
am:
“Thelesson whi
ch Ilear
ntfrom historyisthatIsl
am always
helpedtheMusli
ms.Eventoday,I
deologyofIsl
am cansaveyour
beingfr
om dest
ructi
onbyuni
ti
ngy ourdiv
idedpowers”
.
11. Noot
heri
deol
ogyofl
i
fet
hanI
slam
Onthepubli
cat
ionofhi
spoem,“
Khazr-
e-Rah”peopl
estar
tedtocal
lAl
lama
I
qbalascommunist
.Herej
ect
edt
hisbal
ancefir
stl
yinhi
sessayandt
henina

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 11
l
ett
ert
oAl
l
-e-AhmedSarwurin1937.Hesaid:
“Tomecapi t
ali
sm,communism andotheri
smsofthisworl
dhave
noimportance.Isl
am i
stheonlyr eal
i
tywhichisthereasonof
sal
vati
on.Tohav eacontr
actwithanyotheri
sm i
sjustl
iketobe
outofI
slam.”
12. Opposi
ti
onofNat
ional
i
sm
Hedescr
ibedther
easonofopposit
ionofnat
ionali
sm i
nthewor ds:
“Iam opposedtonat i
onal
ism,notbecausei fitisallowedto
devel
opinIndi
a.I
tisli
kel
ytobri
ngl essmateri
algaintoMusli
ms.
Iam opposedt oitbecauseIseei nittheger msofat hei
sti
c
materi
ali
sm whi
chIlookuponast hegreatestdangertomodern
humanity
”
13. Separ
ateExi
stenceofMusl
i
ms
Thefactisthateventheenemiesacknowl edget hatitwasIqbal whomadet he
i
deaofadi sti
nctMuslim Nat
ionhoodcrystalclearint hemindsoft hemasses.
AbigotedHinduleaderMadanMohanMal wiyaoncer emar
ked.
“BeforeIqbal
,wehadnott hesl ightestideat hattheMusl i
ms
possessedasepar at
eexist
encei nI ndia.Weregar dedthem t
obe
apar tofacommonnat i
onalism”
14. Foundat
ionofPaki
stan
All
amaI qbalnotonl yputf orwardt hepr oposalofPaki st
an’scr eati
onby
uni
tingtheMusl im maj or
it
ypr ovi
ncesofnor th-wester
nIndia,heal soexpl i
cit
ly
poi
nt edoutt hef oundat i
onsonwhi cht hisstatewast obeest abli
shedand
wast ofuncti
on.Hesai d:
“Toaddr esst hissessionofAl lI
ndiaMusl im Leaguey ouhav e
selectedamanwhoi snotdespai r
edofI sl
am asal i
v i
ngf orcefor
freeingtheout lookofmanf rom it
sgeogr aphicalli
mi t
ations,who
believest hatreli
gionisapowerofut mostimpor tancei nthelife
ofindividualaswel lasst ates.”
15. Uni
tyofMusl
i
m Wor
ld
All
amaIqbalwasagreatsupporterofMusl
imsUni t
y.Hegavethemessaget o
theNati
onofuni
ty,
equalit
y,f
raterni
ty&tol
erance.Heal
sodecl ar
edthatther
e
i
snoanyconceptofdi scr
iminati
onont hebaseofcolour,castandcreedin
I
slam.ThemessageofunityoftheMusli
m Wor l
dcanbeseeni nhispoetr
yas.
‫ﯿﮯ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﻧﯽﮐﮯ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬
‫ﺎﺳ‬‫ﻡﮐﯽ ﭘ‬‫ﺮ‬
‫ﻠﻢﺣ‬
‫ﻮﮞﻣﺴ‬
‫ﯾﮏﮨ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻐ‬‫ﺎﺷ‬
‫ﺎﮎﮐ‬
‫ﺎﺑﺨ‬‫ﻟﮯﮐﮯﺗ‬
‫ﺎﺣﻞﺳﮯ‬
‫ﯿﻞﮐﮯﺳ‬
‫ﻧ‬
16. Geogr
aphi
cal
Limi
tat
ionsofManki
nd
AccordingtoAl
lamaIqbal
,Isl
am i
sapracti
calwayt oeli
minat
ethear ti
fi
cial
di
sti
nctionsofraceandnat i
onandtotranscendbeyondt hegeographical
l
imit
ations ofmanki
nd.He wanted t
o establ
ished Musl
im nati
onali
tyon

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 12
i
deol
ogi
cal
li
nes:

Allamalqbalcategorical
lystat
edt hattheHi ndusandt heMusl i
mscan’tli
ve
togetherinonest at
e,andt hattheMusl i
mswoul dsucceedi nmakingthei
r
ownsepar at
est atesoonerorlater.Headv ocatedtheseparatenati
onhoodof
Musl i
ms.DeclaringIslam acompl et
ecodeofl if
eAllamal qbali
ntheannual
SessionofAllIndiaMuslim LeagueatAl l
ahabadin1930, demandedaMusl i
m
stateintheNorthWestoft hesub-conti
nent.

Q4. Descr
ibet
hei
mpor
tanceoft
heI
deol
ogyofPaki
stan.
Ans.Pakist
ani stheonlystat
ethatcamei ntobei
ngont
hebasesofstr
ong
i
deology
.Sinceitsestabli
shmentithasbeendemandedt oaccompl
i
shi t
s
basi
caim.Foll
owingarethebasesofit
sideology
.
I
deol
ogy
:
Thesoci
alorpol
it
icalPr
ogrammeofanymov
ementt
hatbecomesacol
l
ect
ive
obj
ect
iveofanynati
oniscall
edI
deol
ogy
. OR

I
deologymeanssuchanai
m accor
dingt
owhi
chhumanbei
ngspl
annedabout
t
heirfut
ure.
TheI
deol
ogyofPaki
stan
TheI deologyofPaki stan wast heconsci ousnessoft heMusl i
msi nt he
hist
oricalperspect
ive ofthe south Asi
an sub- conti
nentthattheywer ea
separate nati
on on the basi
s oft he I
slami ci deol
ogy.No doubtIslamic
i
deologyi sthebaseofi deol
ogyofPaki stansot hebasicfundamentalsof
Isl
am ar eal
sothebasesoft heIdeol
ogyofPaki stan.
I
MPORTANCEOFI
DEOLOGYOFPAKI
STAN
I
mpor tanceofIdeologyofPaki st
anisasunder :
-
1. Ri ghtofSelfDet ermination
I
nt hedecentciv i
li
zat i
onsoft hewor ld,ri
ghtofsel fdeterminati
onhasgott he
placeofbasichumanr i
ght.TheMusl i
m ofsub- continentwor khardforthe
attai
nmentofr i
ghtofsel fdetermination,ont hebaseoft hi
srighttheMusli
m
demandedsepar ateel ector
atei n1906andt hisrightwasawar dedt othe
Muslimi n1909’sMi ntoMor l
eyr ef
orms.
2. Pr otecti
onoft heMusl imsofSub- Cont i
nent
I
deologyofPaki stansav edt heMusl i
m oft heSub- Continent
.Becauseoft he
i
deologyofPaki stan, t
heMusl imsofI ndi
awhohadbecomeami nori
tydueto
thewest er
ndemocr acybecameagr eatnation.
3. CauseofI ndependenceofMusl i
ms
IdeologyofPaki stani st hecauseofi ndependenceofMusl i
ms.Becauseof
theideologyofPaki stant heMusl imsofI ndiagotf reedom andt heygotsocial
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 13
better ment .Inaddi tiont ot hatot hernat ionsl i
keSi khs,Hi ndusandChr istians
hadot herbenef i
tsoutoft hat .
4. Endi ngofHi ndu- Musl im Tensi on
Aftert hecr eationofPaki stan, Hi ndu- Musl i
mt ensi onwhi chhadbeenapar tof
Dailyl i
feended.Al ongwi tht hatt ensi ont heev entsoft er rori
sm al soended.
Theybot hgotpeacef ulat mospher ewhi chi snecessar yf ort hedev elopment
ofanysoci ety.
5. Sy mbol ofSecur ityoft heMusl i
ms
Thei deol ogyofPaki stani sv eryi mpor tantf ort heMusl im oft heSub- Cont inent
aftert hest artoft hi st heor yt heMusl imsf eelbet terandsecur edi nt heSub-
Cont i
nent .Thepeopl ewhobel ievet hei deol ogyofPaki stanal thoughbel ongt o
differentr acesanddi f ferentar eas,ar euni ted.Becauseoft hisnat ur aluni t
y,
theycandef eatf or eignconspi raciesandenemi esofPaki st an.
6. Char acterBui ldi
ng
Ideol ogyofPaki st an i s a sour ce ofChar act erBui l
ding oft he Musl ims.
Ideol ogyofPaki stani sbasedonI slami cideol ogyandexempl ar ypr i
nci plesof
Isl
am.Soduet ot hei deol ogyofPaki stanwear eabl et oest abl isht heI slami c
soci etyi nPaki stanandwecr eat et hecour age,honest y ,toler ance,br av ery,
equal i
ty ,
fraternity&char act erbui ldingi nPaki st an.
7. Uni tyofI slami cWor l
d
Ideol ogyofPaki st ani sl aiddownont heI slam.Ther ei snoanydi scriminat ion
ont hebaseofcol ourcast ,cr eed,st ateoracount ryi nI slam andPaki stani s
obtai nedont hebaseofI deol ogyofPaki stan.Sot heuni tyoft heI sl
ami cwor l
d
i
st hekeyf actoroft hef oreignpol icyofPaki stanandPaki stant riedhi sbestt o
creat et hehar monyanduni tyoft heMusl im Wor ld.
8. Sour ceofPower
Isl
am gav et heconceptoft wonat iont heor yinsub- cont inentandsecur edt he
separ ater ecogni tion oft heMusl imsi n sub- cont inent .Two nat i
on t heor y
prot ect edt heMusl imsi nt hehourofneedespeci allyi nBr it
ishr ul e,that’swhy
i
deol ogyofPaki stani st hesour ceofpoweri nt hesub- cont inentonwhi ch
baset heMusl i
msst r
uggl ehar df ort heat tainmentofPaki stan.Fi nal lyt hey
succeedt oachi evePaki stan.
9. For mat i
onofExempl ar ySoci et y
TheMusl imswant edt oest abl isht heexempl ar ysoci etyi nt hesub- cont inent
butt hisdr eam coul dn’tbef ul fi
llint heuni t
edI ndia.Musl i
msofI ndi ahada
bril
liantchancet obui l
dandexempl arysoci etyinPaki stanaf tert hecr eationof
Paki st an.Accor dingt ot heconst i
tut i
onofPaki st an, gov er nmenti sresponsi bl
e
fort he secur ity ofbasi c human r i
ght s.Thi st hing i s necessar yf oran
exempl arysoci ety.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 14
10. Fr eedom f rom Hi ndu- Br i
tishSoci et y
Aftert hedeat hofAur angzebAl lamgi rt hedecl ineoft heMusl im oft heSub-
Cont inentwasst arted.I n1857TheBr itisht ook- ov ert hewhol esub- cont i
nent
th th
and Musl im becamet heirr uled.I nt he18 and 19 cent ur yTheBr itish
i
ncr easedt hei ref for tst ospr eadChr istiani tyandHi ndusst ar tedt ospr ead
Hindui sm.Undert hesecondi tionst hei deol ogyofPaki stansav edt hem f rom
suchspr eadi ng.
11. Pr otect ionofMusl im Ci vil
izat ion&Cul ture
Rightf rom t her eignofJal al-ud- DinMuhammadAkbar ,Hi ndust hr ought heir
“Bhagt iMov ement ” ,hadbeent ryingt odepr i
v et heMusl imsofI ndi af rom t heir
i
dent ityasasepar at enat i
on.Af tert hewarofI ndependencei n1857Hi ndus&
TheBr i
t i
shst ri
edt heirbestt odemol isht heMusl im Ci vil
izat i
onandCul ture
and t heMusl imswant ed t o pr ot ectwi t
ht heircul t
ure.Thepr ot ect i
on of
Musl im Cul tur eandCi vil
izationi sonl ypossi blet hei deologyofPaki stan.
12. Sy mbol ofBenef icenceoft heSoci ety
Thepr ogr essoft heMusl imsoft hesub- cont i
nentwashi ddeni nt heai m of
get t
ingPaki stanwhi chwasl ight enedbyt hecr eat ionofPaki stan.Besi des,
i
deol ogyofPaki stan i si deol ogyofI sl am so i ti si n awayasour ceof
benef icenceont heDayofJudgment .
13. ReasonofHumanDi gni ty
Thebasi cai m ofcr eationofPaki stanwast hef or mat i
onofsuchst atewher e
Musl ims can l ivet heiri ndi vidualand col lect ivel iv
es accor ding t ot he
principlesofI slam.I naddi ti
ont ot hatt her et heycanmakesuchasoci ety
wher ecour ageousandmor allyhi ghpeopl edomi nate.Thi shei ghtenst he
humandi gni ty.Cr eat ionofPaki st anupt oahi ghext entf ulfi
lledt hisai m.
14. Sour ceofEconomi cDev elopmentoft heMusl ims
IdeologyofPaki stani ssour ceofeconomi cdev elopmentoft heMusl i
ms,
becauseaf tert hecr eationofPaki stan,Musl imsgott hef r
eedom f r
om The
Briti
sh, andHi ndul andl ords.TheMusl i
mshav ef ul lcont rol ont rade, serv i
ces&
agr i
cult ure.Expl oi tationofMusl imsoft hesub- cont i
nentcamet oanend.And
theybecamest rongeconomi cally.
15. I ndust rialandMi neral Dev elopment
Aftert hecr eat i
onofPaki st an,Musl imsusedt hei rcapabi li
tiesi nf indi ngand
usingt hemi ner alsbl essedbyGodandmadepr ogr essi nt hef i
el dofi ndust ry
andmi ner als.
16. Est abl ishmentofWel fareSt at e
Ont hebasi sofi deol ogyofPaki st ansepar at est at ef ort heMusl imswast obe
establ i
shed.I nwhi cht heyi ntroduceddemocr at i
cv alues, soci alsy stem based
onI slam,j ust i
ce&economi cpr osper i
tyoft hepeopl ewhi chwoul dl edt ot he

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 15
Pakistantowardsthewel far
estate.
17. Successf ortheMusl i
ms
IdeologyofPakistani sthesourceofsuccessf ortheMuslimsinthewor ld.
Duet othesepar at
est at
e,theMusl i
msbecamepr osperousandtheyadopted
Isl
ami cway sofl i
fe.Theyobeyt heIsl
amicpri
ncipl
esandf ol
low I
slam and
starttospendoft heirli
vesaccordingtoIsl
am andintr
oducedIsl
amicethical
system whichledtot hesuccessoft heMusli
msbot hinthi
swor dandthelife
afterthedeath.

Q5. Wr
it
eacompr
ehensi
venot
eonTwoNat
ionTheor
y?
Ans.Thesoci alorpoli
ti
calProgr
ammeofanymov ementt
hatbecomesa
coll
ecti
veobject
iveofanynati
oni scal
ledI
deology
. OR
Ideol
ogymeanssuchanai m accordi
ngtowhichhumanbeingspl
anned
abouttheirf
utur
e.
TWONATI
ONTHEORY
I
nt hehist
oricalperspecti
veofthesub-cont
inentTwoNat i
onTheorymeans
thatdespitelivi
ngtogetherinthesamecount r
y,theHi
ndusandtheMusli
ms
aret wosepar at
enations.ThoughtheMusli
msandt heHindusbot
hhavebeen
l
ivingtogetherforcenturi
es,yett
heycoul
dnotmer gewi
theachother
.
BEGI
NNI
NGOFTWONATI
ONTHEORY
Thehistoryoft wonat iontheoryisasol dast hehi storyofman.Accor dingto
theholyQur an,theconceptofonenat ionwaspr oducedbef or
eAdam.Qur an
says:
“WeSai d:Godown,al lofyouf rom her e;butveril
ytherecomet h
unt oy ouf r
om Meagui dance;andwhosof oll
ow Mygui dance,
thereshal lnof earcomeupont hem nei thershallt
heygrieve.But
theywhodi sbelieveanddenyOurr evelati
ons,suchar er i
ghtful
owner softhef i
re.Theywi l
lbet herei
n.”
Isl
am andTwoNat i
onTheor y:
Isl
am hasdi ff
erentchar acterandt emper ament .TheconceptofTwoNat i
ons
wasgivenbyI slam 14hundr edy ear
sago.Accor dingtoIslam ther
ear eonl y
twonationsint hewor l
d; Beli
eversandNonbel i
evers.
EVOLUTI
ONOFTWONATI
ONTHEORYI
NINDI
A:
InthesubcontinentTwoNat i
onTheoryisasol dast hehi storyofthe
Musli
ms.Twonat ionstheoryhadbeenformedinIndi
awhenRaj aSamr i
ofKadangaNooraccept edIsl
am,becauseHindusandMusl imsofIndia
bel
onged tot he same r ace.They wereli
ving i
nt he geogr aphi
call
y
connect
edar eas.Theywer etheciti
zensofonecount ry.Ther ewasno
hugediffer
encebet weent hei
rcustoms.Inspiteofallt hesecommon

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 16
things,r eligious f er vorhad pr ovi ded t hem such a st r
ong base f or
nat i
onal ism whi chal togethermadet heMusl imsandever ythingdi ffer ent
from Hi ndus.I tiscl earf rom t hewor dsoft heQuai d-e-Azam:
“Paki stanwascr eat edont hever yf irstdaywhenf irstHi ndu
accept edI slam i nI ndi a”
1. Hazr atMuj adidAl fSani &TwoNat i
onTheor y
Hazr atMuj addadAl fSaniexpl ainedt heTwoNat i
onTheor yin16th and17th
centur y:
-
“IfMusl imswantt ol i
v el i
keal i
v enat i
ont hent heywi llhav etoget
ridofal lt hosepagani sm.Theywi llhav et ol i
v esepar at elyf rom
Hi ndus.I ft hi
sconsci ousnessofsepar at e nat i
onal i
sm i snot
pr oducedamongt heMusl imst hent hef eari st hattheywoul dbe
sweptawayi nt hef loodofone- nationhood. ”
2. Hazr atShahWal i Ull
ah&TwoNat i
onTheor y:
ShahWal iUllahwasal soagr eatsuppor teroft wonat i
ont heor y.Hesav edt he
Musl imsoft hesub- cont i
nentatt hatt i
mewhent heMusl i
msdecl inewas
startedaf tert hedeat hofAur angz ebAl lamgi rin1707.Headv i
sedt heMusl i
m
tobeuni tedandf oll
owedt heI slami cr ules&r egul ati
ons.Heal soadv isedt he
Musl imst ogi v eupHi nduandUn- I
slami cv alues.Heconsi der edt hatt he
Musl imsar ethesepar atenat i
onf rom Hi ndus.
3. Si rSy edAhmedandTwoNat ionTheor y:
SirSy edAhmedKhanwast hef irstIndi anMusl i
m pol i
ti
cal leaderwhousedt he
wor d“ Nat i
on”f ort heMusl imsoft hesub- cont i
nenti n1867.Dur i
ngt heUr du
HindiCont rover syhecamef orwar dwi tht wonat ionconceptanddecl aredt hat
theMusl i
mswer easepar atenat ion,hav ingt heirowncul tureandci v il
ization.
Het alkedt oMr .Shakespear e,Gov ernorofBanar asandexpl ainedt het wo
nat i
ont heor yas:
“Hi ndiUr du conf l
i
cti st hest arting oft hespaceofsepar ation
bet weenHi ndusandMusl imswhi chwi llgradual lyincreaseanda
daywi llcomewhenbot ht henat i
onswi l
lsepar at efrom eachot her
af terdi vi
si on.”
4 AllamaI qbal andTwoNat ionTheor y:
Allama I qbalawakened t he Musl ims ofsub- cont i
nentwi t
h his poet r yt o
demandasepar atehomel and.Hel edt heMusl imsatev er
yst epandr ender ed
greatser vi
cesf ort heest ablishmentofPaki st an.Al lamaI qbalconsi der ed
Isl
am asacompl etecodeofl ife.Hesai dt hathewasf ul l
yconv i
ncedt hatt he
Musl imsofI ndi awoul dultimat el
yhav easepar atehomel and,ast heycoul d
notl i
vewi tht heHi ndusi nuni tedI ndi a.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 17
Theevoluti
onoft
heTwoNationTheorygotmomentum slowl
y.Al
l
amaI qbal
cl
earl
yst r
essedt
heneedofasepar at
estatebyincl
udingtheprovinceof
NWFP, i
nhisaddr
essatAl
l
ahabadin1930.Butt
heBrit
ishandtheHindusdid
notagr
eet oit
.
5 Quai
d-e-
Azam andTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
TheQuai
d-e-
Azam wasabi
gsuppor
teroft
wo-
nat
iont
heor
y.Hesai
d,
“
Thefoundat
ionofTwoNat i
onTheor
ywasl ai
dont heday
when t
he first non-
Musl
i
m of sub-cont
inent became
Musl
im”.
Thistwo-nati
ontheorywasor
igi
nat
edwi
tht
hear
ri
valoft
heMusl
i
msi
nthe
sub-cont
inent
.Hesaid:
“
Indi
aisnei
theracountr
ynoritsi
nhabi
tant
sar
eanati
on.Thi
sisasub
-
conti
nentwheremanynat i
onsliv
e;amongtheset
heHinduandthe
Musl
im ar
etwoimportantnat
ions”
.
6 JohnBr
ightandTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
On24thJune,1858JohnBr i
ghtgav
etheconceptofasepar
atest
atef
ort
he
Musl
imsofthesub-cont
inent
.
7 Sy
edJamal
UdDi
nAf
ghani
andTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
I
n1879MaulanaJamal
-ud-
DinAf
ghanigav
etheconceptofTwoNat
ionsi
n
t
hesub-
cont
inent
.
8 Mol
anaAbdul
Hal
eem Shar
arandTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
I
n1890Maul
anaAbdul
Hal
eem gav
etheconceptoft
heTwoNat
ionTheor
y.
9 Wal
aitAl
iBambookandTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
I
n1913Wal
aitAl
iBambookpr
esent
edt
heTwoNat
ionTheor
y.
10 Mol
anaAshr
afAl
iThanv
iandTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
I
n1928,ont hebasisofsepar
ateident
it
y,Maul
anaAshr
afAl
iThanv
i
t
alkedaboutsepar
atest
ateoft
heMuslims.
11 Mur
tazaMakeshandTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
I
n1928,onthebasi
sofsepar
atei
dent
it
y,Mur
tazaMakesht
alkedabout
separ
atest
ateoft
heMuslims.
12 Chaudhr
yRehmatAl
iandTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
Chaudhr
yRehmatAlii
n1933suggest
edt henameofPaki
stanonthebaseof
TwoNat i
onTheor
y,whil
ehewasast udentoft
heCambridgeUniver
sit
yof
Engl
and.
I
mpor
tanceofTwoNat
ionTheor
y:
Theent
ir
efr
eedom mov
ementr
evol
vesar
oundTwoNat
ionTheor
ywhi
ch

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 18
becamet hebasisofdemandf orPakist
an.I
tmeanst hattheMusl i
m ofthe
sub-conti
nentwereasepar atenati
onwi tht
heirdisti
nctcultur
e,civi
li
zat
ion,
l
iter
ature,hi
stor
y,rel
i
gionandsocialval
ues.I
slam,thereli
gionoftheMusli
ms
wasbasedont heconceptofTauheedandt heref
orecoul dnotbemer gedin
anyothersystem ofrel
i
gion.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 19
Chapt
er#2
HI
STORI
CALASPECTSOF
THEI
DEOLOGYOFPAKI
STAN
Q1. Descri
bet
heser v
icesofHazr
atMujadi
dAlfSani(
Shei
khAhmadSi
rhi
ndi
)
fort
herev
ivalofIsl
am i
ntheSub-
Conti
nent.

Ans. Hazr atMujadi

d Al
ifSaniwas a gr eatMusli
m saintand my st
ic ofthe
Naqshbandiaorder
.Hechall
engedthemightofAkbar,
thegreatMughalemperor,
to
re-est
abl
ishtoglor
yofIsl
am whichhadbeengr av
elyt
hreat
enedbytheanti-
Isl
amic
trendsofAkbar
.
Br
iefI
ntr
oduct
ionofHazr
atMuj
adi
dAl
fSani
Hazr atMuj adidAl fSani ,whoser ealnamewasShei khAhmadt i
tl
enamewas
baddr udinadescendantoft hesecondpi ousCal i
phHazr atUmarI bnAlKhat abfor
whichhewasal sor eferredasFar ooqi.Hewasapr omi nentdi scipleofKhawaj aBaqi
Bill
ah,anemi nentsai ntoft heNaqshabandi aspi rit
ualor der.Shei khAhmadwas
drawni nt
omy stici
sm byhi sf at her.Shei khAbd- al-Ahad, apr omi nentSuf iandschol ar.
Her ecei v
edKhi l
afatfrom hi sf at heri ntheChi sht i
yaandSuhur wr di
yaspi r
itual orders.
Hei spopul arl
yknownasMuj adid- i
-Afli
-i-
Sani( ReceiverofI sl
am dur i
ngt hesecond
Mi l
l
eni um) .SheikhAhmadwasbor nonJune26,1564atSi rhi
nd,t heCapi talof
East er
nPunj abdur ingMughal rule.
EarlyEducat i
on
Her eceiv ededucat i
onundert hemostpr omi nentandl earnedt eacher sat
SialkotandSi rhind.Hememor izedt heHol yQur anandt henswi t
chedov ert othe
studyofHadi th,Taf sir( comment ary)andMa’ qual( phil
osophy ).Het rav eledf r
om
placet opl acet obenef i
tf rom t her enownedschol ars.Dur i
nghi swander i
ngt o
quenchhi st hi
rstf orthemy sticalknowl edgehecamei ntocont actwi t
ht hel eading
l
ight sofAkbar ’
scour tAbu- al -FazlandFai zi.WhenAbu- al
-FazlandFai zilear ntofhi s
bril
li
anceandext r
aordinar ymy st i
cali nsight ,theyt r
iedt odr awhi mi nt
ot heCour tof
Akbar .Howev er,Shei khAhmad’ sconnect ionwi tht hecel ebratedbr other sAbu- al-
FazlandFai zidi dnotpr olongbecauseofAbu- al-Fazl’sun- I
slami ct r
ends.Shei kh
Ahmadwr ot ehisf amousbook,I sbat -
un- Nabuwwat( affir
mat i
onofpr ophethood)i n
whichhegav eanexcel lentexpl anat i
onoft hepr ophethood.

RELI
GIOUSANDSOCI
ALSERVI
CES
WhenShei khAhmadbeganhi srefor
m mov ementAkbarwasr uli
ngthesub-
cont
inentandhi sant i-
Islamicout l
ookhadaggr avat
edt hesoci
alenv i
rons.Akbarhad
no l
eanings towar ds I slamic pri
ncipl
es and tenets.He promot ed Hinduism by
marryi
ngHi nduladiesandbyal lowingfreeaccesstot heRajputsandHi ndusinhis
cour
t.Heal soappoi ntedHi nduRaj put
sonhighercivi
l andmil
itar
yposi t
ions.
1.Opposit
ionofDi n-i-I
lahi:
Thei ntr
oduct ionofDi n-i
-Il
ahibyAkbarwasagr aveattempttodi stor
tIsl
am.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 20
Heassumedt het it
leofMuj adi d-i
-Azam andI mam- i
-Adil andissuedor der
sper taining
tot her eli
giousmat terswhi chwer et obeconsi deredasaut hent i
candf inal.The
i
mpactofDi n-i-Il
ahigr eatl
yaf fected theMusl i
m bel iefsand t rends.Itspl itt he
Musl i
m soci et yi ntosev er
al facti
onsandpr omot edher et i
cat t
itudesandpr acti
ces.
2.Soci alReor ms:
Att hatt imeMusl i
m soci etywasr i
ddenwi thun- Islamicpr acticesandt r
ends.
Undert heHi ndui nfl
uence,af irm andwi despreadbel iefi nKar amat( mir
aclesoft he
saints)haddev el opedi nt hesoci etywhi chgreatlymi sgui dedt hei nnocentpeopl e.In
Sufism manymeansofdev elopingmagi calandsuper nat uralpower s,ali
ent oI slam,
hadbeendev eloped.
3.Ref ormsi nTasawaf (Spirituali
ty):
Themy st i
csandSuf isoft hoseday sopenl ydeni edt heaut hent i
cit
yofShar i
a
bydecl aringShar ia(thel awofI slam)assuper fi
cialandext ernal .Theyev enpr oudly
mani festedt hei rindifferencet owardst heSunnahorExampl esoft hePr ophet( peace
beuponhi m) .Theul emaandt heologiansceasedt oref ertot heQur anandHadi thin
theircomment ar i
esandconsi deredjur i
sprudenceast heonl yr eligiousknowl edge.
Byt heset rendst her eli
giousspi ri
texcessi vel
ydi mi nishedandgav er i
set ot he
j
uristicv i
ewofI slam.
4.Pur
gat
ionofMusl
i
m Soci
ety
:
Shei khAhmadunder t
ookt hej obofpur i
fyingt heMusl im soci etyofun- I
slamic
tendenci esbysendi nganumberofhi sdi sciplesi nal ldirect i
onst opr eacht hetrue
Isl
am.Heaskedt hem t heemphasi son( Itti
bat-i-
Sunnah)f ollowi ngt heexampl esof
theHol yPr ophet( peacebeuponhi m) ,andt hecommandment sofShar i
ai nt heir
sermonsand pr eaching’ s.Thewor kwasv i
gor ousl ypur sued i nI ndiaand ot her
neighbour ingMusl im count ries.Shei khAhmadal sobeganacor respondencewi th
thepr omi nentschol arsofal lMusl im count ries.I nhi sl ettersheexpl ai
ned t he
rel
igiousdoct ri
nesandputgr eatst ressont heI tt
ibat -i-
Sunnah.
5.St r
uggl eAgai nstAt hei sm:
Shei khAhmadwasgr eatlyopposedt otheat hei sm andopenl ydenouncedun-
Isl
ami csoci et y.Hewor kedv eryhar dt or estoret heor i
ginalt eachi ngsofI slam and
emphasi zedont heconceptofTauheed.Heexposedt hef allacyofDi n- i-
Il
lahiand
cameoutwi thf ullv i
gourt ocur bt hei nfl
uenceoft hissat ani ccr eed.Heur gedt he
Musl i
mt oor dert heirlivesaccor dingt ot hepr i
nci plesofI slam.Hedecl aredt hat
my sticism wi thoutShar iatwasmi sleadinganddenouncedt hoseUl emawhohad
quest ionedt heaut hori
tyofShar i
a.
6.Ref or mat ionofNobl es:
Shei khAhmadst ressedont heMusl imst or ev erttot hepur erIslam bygi vi
ng
upher eticalcust omsandpr actices.Hel abour eddi li
gent lyt oset tl
et hedi fferences
betweent heschol oarsandt hemy stics.Hei nitiatedt hel eadi ngnobl esneart he
emper ori ntohi sdi sci
pleshi pandt hrought hem exer tedani nf luencet obr ingabouta
changei nt hel if
eoft heCour t
.Hewasabl et oenl i
stAbdurRahi m Khan- e-Khana,
Khan- i-Azam Mi rzaAzi zandMuf t
iSar darJehan, themosti nfluent i
alper sonal it
iesof
Akbar ’ser ai ntohi sdisci pl
eshi p.Heal soper suadedt hegr eatmenofJehangi r’
s
period t ot akeanoat hofAl l
egianceatShei khAhmad’ shands.I nt het imeof

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 21
Jehangi rShei khAhmadwassuccessf ultoagr eaterextentt oext ractasol emn
under taki
ngf rom theMusl imst hatt heywoul dnotobeyanyor dersr epugnantt o
Isl
am.Shei khAhmadadopt edanef fectivemet hodofper suasionbywr i
tingl ettersto
thel eadingnobl esoft her oyalcour t.Hebeganaddr essingl etterswr itteni na
l
anguage,whi chwoul dmov emount ains,t oleadi ngnobl esoft hest ate,bemoani ng
thesadst atei nwhichI sl
am hadf all
eni nI ndia, andr emindingt hem oft heirdut y.His
l
ettersar eknownasMukt ubat-e-Imam Rabbaniandwer eaddr essedt o,besi des
otherl eadingnobl es,Shei khFar i
d, Khan- i-Azam, Sadr -
i-
JehanandAbdurRahi m Khan
-e-
Khana.
7.Emphasi sonI slami cVal ues:
SheikhAhmadper suadedt heMusl i
mst oadoptsi mpl ehabi tsi nl if
eandt o
stri
ctlyadher etoNamaz.Heal soexpl ainedt heut i
lit
yofFast inganddecl aredt hat
fasti
ngpr otectst hemanki ndf rom manysi ns.Hi sef f
ortscont ri
but edagr eatdeal
towar dst hepopul ari
tyofI sl am int hesub- continent .
8.TwoNat ionTheor y:
SheikhAhmadwasast aunchadv ocat eoft hesepar atenessoft heMusl i
ms
anddesi redt omai nt aint hedi st i
nct i
vei mageoft heMusl i
m Nat i
onal ism.Hel ai
d
greatemphasi sont hesepar atei dentityoft heMusl i
msandadopt edav er ystern
atti
tudeagai nsttheHi ndus.Shei khAhmadf irml ybelievedinTwo- Nat i
onTheor y
.He
wasi nf av ourofmai ntainingt hedi fferencesbet weenHi ndusandMusl ims.He
want edJi zy atober e-imposedonHi ndusanddemandedt hedest ructionofHi ndu
templ es.
9.Wahdat
-ul
-Waj
udandWahdat
-ul
-Shahud
Thephi losophyofWahdat -
ul-
Waj udwaspr esent
edbysomeSuf i
sofAkbar ’
s
time.Theybel i
ev edthattheent i
reUni verseisthesy mbolofAl mi
ghtyGodanda
sour ce ofr ev elati
on ofGod’ s sovereignty.The adv ocates ofWahdat -
ul-Wajud
bel i
ev edt hatt herewasnol ivingdifferencebetweent heManandhi screatorGod
andbot hindividualandGodar enotsepar atedfrom eachot her
.Theyalsobelieved
thatev erypar ticl
eoft heuni v
er serepresent edthepr esenceofGodand,t herefore,
thewor shipofGod’ screatureamount edt othewor shipofGod.Shei khAhmad
openl ynegat edt hi
sphilosophyanddecl areditasul t
r av i
restothepr i
nci
plesof
Islam.Hepr esent ed hi
sphi losophyofWahdat -ul-
Shahud whi chmeantt hatt he
creat orandcr eaturesweret wodi ff
erentandsepar ateentit
les.
10.St
ruggl
eAgai
nstJehangi
r'
sPol
i
cies:
SheikhAhmadal sodealtwi t
hmat t
ers,ot
hert hanreli
giousrevi
val inhislett
ers.
This pol i
cydr ew him i nto seri
ous diff
icul
ti
es.Asi fJah,t he Pr
ime Mi nist
erof
Jehangi r
’scour taler
tedJehangi rofthemount i
ngpopul ari
tyofShei khAhmadby
i
ncitingt heEmper orthatShei khAhmad’ sant i
-Hinduv i
ewswer ecreatingunr estin
thecount r
y .Jehangi
rsummonedShei khAhmadt ohiscour tandaskedhi mt o
explain hisst atements.Shei kh Ahmad appear ed int he royalcourti n a highly
dignifi
edmannerandexpl ainedhi sstatementsi nacour ageousst yle.Someone
pointedoutt oJehangirt hatSheikhhadnotper f
ormedt hatactofPr ostrations.When
hewasaskedt operf
orm Saj dahwasonl yduet oAl mightyGod.Jehangi r,i
nfuri
ated
overt hi
sbluntr epl
yorder edtheSheikhtobeimpr isonedintheFor tofGawal i
ar.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 22
11.St r
uggledur i
ngImpr i
sonment :
Shei
khAhmaddi dnotshi r
khi spr eachi ngofI slam dur i
nghisimpr i
sonment .
Aftertwoy ears,Jehangirfeeli
ngr epent ful,releasedhi mf rom thefortandv enerated
him wi thadr essofHonourand1000r upeesf orhi sexpenses.Hewasgi vent he
optionofgoi ngbackt oSirhi
ndorr emai nsi nt her oy
al court.Shei
khAhmadpr eferred
tost ayintheroyalcourt.I
nor dert opopul arizeIslam anumberofMusl i
mr ef
ormer s
andr eviver
sadopt edal i
beralpoi ntofv iewi nt heirpreachingsot hatalargenumber
ofpeopl ecouldbeat tr
actedt owar dI slam.They ,howev er,
wer esuccessfultoagr eat
extent,butatt hesamet i
met hisl iberalappr oachgav eriset otheconceptofj oint
nationali
sm.Thi strendprov edi njurioust othesepar ateanddi sti
nctnationalimage
oftheMusl i
ms.
12.TheI
nfl
uenceofShei
khAhmad’
sEf
for
ts
Theef fortsofShei khAhmadt opur ifyt her eligiousandpr act i
call i
feoft he
Musl imsl ef tani ndel ibleimpactont hehist or yofMusl i
mI ndia.Al lamaI qbalpoet -
phil
osopheroft heEasthaspai dr icht ri
butest oShei khAhmadi noneofhi spoems
forr ef usingt oper f ormt heactofpr ost
rat ionbef or et heemper or.Al l
amaI qbal
consi der shi m ast hespi rit
ualguar dianoft heMusl i
msofI ndia.Hi smov ementf or
thecauseofI slam gav eanewl if
et ot heMusl i
msandi sr egar dedast hecal lbackof
Muhammad, whichl ef tfar-r
eachi ngi mpacti nr eligi
ousandpr actical f
ields.
13.Deat h
Afterl ivingf ort hreey ear swi tht heemper orJehangi r,Hazr atMuj adidsought
permi ssi ont ol eav ef orSi rhind.HepassedawayonDecember10, 1024A. D.andwas
buriedi nSir hind.
Concl usi on:
Shei khAhmad, til
lthel astbr eat hofhi sl i
fecont inuedwi tht hepr opagat i
onof
Isl
am.Hedr ewadi stinctionbet weenI slam andat hei sm.Heconsi derablypr ev ail
ed
uponJehangi rt oal t erhi srel i
giousv iewandabandonhi sf ather ’
sr eli
giouspol icies.
Jehangi rundert hei nf luenceofMuj adi’spr eachi ng,or derKhut aba( holyser mon)t o
ber eci tedandcow sl aught ert obecar ri
edoutasr equi redbyI slami cpr inciples,
Jehangi ralsoagr eedt ot heconst ruct ionofabi gmosqueont headv iceofMuj adid.
Hazr atMuj adi dAl fSaniwast hemostpower fulr eli
giousper sonalityint he
hist
or yofI ndi a.Hewasawi delyr eadschol arandamagnet i
cor ator.Hegotan
oppor tuni tyi nal iber alat mospher ei nJehangi r’
sr eignt ousehi spower fulpent o
denounceAkbar ’sr eligiousi nnov at i
ons.Muj adi dAl fSaniwast heonl yindi vi
duali n
the hi storyofI ndi a who opposed Akbarand t her ebyi nv i
ted hi s wr ath.He i s
consi der ed as t he pi oneerofMusl i
m Sel f-assertion by denounci ng un- Islami c
practices.
In shor tHazr atMuj adi d-e-Al afsanichecked t he pr essur e ofnon I slami c
customs,conv ert ed a gr eatnumberofHi ndust oI slam,pr ovided pur eI slami c
teachi ngsander adi cat edt hewr ongi deasofsocal ledMy stics.Wecansayt hathe
wast hef irstper sonwhounder stoodt heHi nduamal gamat ioni nIslam andpur if
iedi t
.
Q2. Wr
it
edownt
heser
vicesofHazr
atShahWal
iUl
l
ah.

Ans. Af
tert
hedeat
hofAur
angzeb(
1707)t
heMusl
i
m soci
etyf
acedsomeser
ious

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 23
probl ems.The MughalEmpi re had f allen i ntot he hands ofmosti ncapabl e
successor sofAur angzebwhocoul dnotwi thholdt hesupr emacyoft heMusl i
mr ule
becauset heyi ndul gedi ntol uxur iousl i
fe.Wi tht heweaknessoft heMusl im Empi re,
Islam, t
her el i
gionoft heMusl i
ms, f
acedser i
ouspr oblems.
BirthandEar l
yLi fe:
Hazr atShahWal iUl lahwasbor ni napi ousf ami l
yofDel hion21stFebr uar y,
1703, foury ear sbef or et hedeat hofAur angzeb.Hi sreal namewasQut ub- ud- Dinand
l
at eroncamet obeknownasWal iUllahf orhi spi oushabi ts.Hi sf at herShahAbdur
Rahi m waswel l-knownf orhi spi et yandpr ofoundknowl edgeofI sl am.ShahAbdur
Rahi m wasaSuf iandt heol ogian.Hewasengagedi nt hecompi lationofFat awa- i-
Alamgi ri byt heemper orAur angzeb.
ShahAbdurRahi m, hisf at her,diedatt heageof77whenShahWal iUl l
ahwas
j
ust17y earsol d.Het r
ansf erredt heBai a( aut horityi nsuf ism)andI rshad( spi ri
tual
educat ion)t oShahWal iUl l
ahathi sdeat hbedandsai d,hi shandi smyhand.Af ter
thedeat hofhi sf atherShahWal iUllahbegant eachi ngatMadr assaRahi mi y aof
Del hiwher ehet aughtf or12y ear s.
Educat ion:
ShahWal iUllahr ecei vedhi sear lyeducat ioni nspi ri
tual ism andmy sticism
from hi sf at her.Hememor izedt heHol yQur anwhenhewassev eny ear sol d.He
receiv ededucat ioni nTaf si r,Hadi sandacqui redspi r
itualdi scipl i
nef rom hi sgr eat
father .Heal sost udiedmet aphy sics,logicandI lm- ul-
Kal am underhi sf at her .
Shah Wal iUl lah excel l
ed i n ev erydi scipl i
ne oft he I slami cl ear ning.He
compl et edhi sst udiesi nt hef i
fteent hy earofhi sagei nal l thepr ev alentcust omsand
traditionsofhi scount ry.Hest udiesSahi h-i-
Bukhar iandof tenat tendedhi sf ather
dur i
ngt her eadi ngoft heHol yQur an.ShahWal iUl lahal soacqui redknowl edgeof
var i
ousbr anchesofj urispr udence( Fiqah) .Hest udi edShar h- i
-Waqay aandHi day a
andsomepor t
ionofUsul -
i-Fiqah.
ShahWal iUllahdi dnotconf i
nehi sappet itef orknowl edget ot hest udyof
theologybutwasequal lywel lv ersedi nt hehumani t
iesbr anchofknowl edgeaswel l.
Hest udi edMuj izalQanunofHi kmatandShar h-i-
Hi day a- i
-Hikmati nt hef i
el dof
medi ci neandTi b.
Pilgri
maget oMakkahandMeet ingsWi t
hAr abUl emas:
Hewentt oAr abi af orhi gherst udi esandper formi ngHaji n1730.Her eceiv ed
educat ionundert hemostcapabl et eacher sofMakkahandMedi na.Her ecei vedhi s
educat ionf rom Shei khAbuTahi rBi nIbrahi m ofMedi an.Heal soobt ainedt heSanad
i
n Hadi sf rom Shei kh Abu Tahi r who possessed ext raor di nar yi ntell
ect ual
pot ent i
alities.Hecamebackf rom Saudi Ar abiai n1734.

CONDI
TIONSOFTHATAGE
Theun-I
slamictr
endsandpr acti
ceswer ef
louri
shi
ngandagener alignorance
ofIsl
am,QuranandHadi thandcreatedanguishamongstt hereli
gioussaint
s.The
ti
meandsi t
uati
onwasr ipeforthereformersandr evi
verstoemerget opurget he
Musli
m soci
etyofthesetr
ends.Consequentlyaneraofrel
igi
ousregenerat
ionbegan
wit
htheemergenceofShahWal iUl
lahagr eatMusli
mt hi
nker
,ref
ormerandMuhadi s.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 24
1.Soci
alCondi
ti
ons:
Duri
ng these days pol
i
ticaland socialtur
moilwas r ampantinthe sub-
conti
nent.Lif
e,propertyandhonourwer enotsecur east herewereanumberof
di
sruptiv
ef or
cesatwor kintheMusl i
m society
.TheMughalEmpi reaf
tert
hedeat h
ofAurangzeb,wasi nt hehandsoft heincapablesuccessor
swhower eunableto
wit
hholdt hegloryoftheempi r
e.TheMughalEmpi regraduall
ybegantocoll
apse
wit
hmani festsi
gnsofdecadence.

2.ReligiousCondi ti
ons:
The reli
gious gr
oups wer e also cl
aiming theirsuper ior
it
yand t he tussle
betweent heShiaandSunni sectswasposi ngserioust hreatstoMusl i
m nobil
i
ty.
3.PoliticalConditi
ons:
Thest abil
it
yandst r
engthofAur angzebt i
mewasl acki
ngi nthepol iti
cal
,
socialandr el
igi
oussect i
onsoft hesociety.TheMar hat asandSi khshadgai neda
fi
rm f oot hol
dt hatusuallyraided theseatoft heGov ernment,Delhi,somet i
me
occupy ingt heol dcit
yphy sical
lyforshor tdurati
ons.Ther i
seofMar hatami ght
promot eHi ndunat i
onal
ism whichintensi
fi
edt hesocial decayintheMusl i
m society.

SERVI
CESOFSHAHWALI
ULLAH
ShahWal iUll
ah,ashasbeenment i
onedi nthepr ecedi
ngpages,wenttohej
az
forhishi ghereducati
onandf orper
formingHaj .DuringhisstayatMakkahShahWal i
Ull
ahsawav i
sioninwhichHol yPr
ophet( peacebeuponHi m)bl
essedhim wit
hthe
ti
dingst hathewoul dbei nst
rumentalintheor gani
zationofasectionoftheMusli
m
society.Sohesethi mselft
owor kf orthebet termentofMusl im soci
ety.Abri
ef
descripti
onofhi sservi
cesisasunder:

1.Rel igi ousRef or ms:

Shah Wal iUl l
ah immedi at el
ysethi msel ft ot he sacred t askofspi r
itual
consol idati
on ofMusl i
m soci ety.He pr epar ed a few st udents and gav ethem
knowl edgei ndifferentbranchesofI slamicl earning.Theywer eentrust edwi ththejob
ofimpar ti
ngt heknowl edget oother s.
a)Isl ami cPr act i
ces:ShahWal iUl l
ahper suadedt heMusl i
mt ost rictl
yf oll
ow the
footst eps oft he Hol yPr ophet( peace be upon hi m) .He i ntr
oduced t he basic
pri
nci pl esofI slam t othepeopl e.Headv ocat edt heQur aniceducat i
onf orthewel f
are
and benef i
tsoft heMusl imsand asked t hem t o abandonun- Islam t r
endsand
practices.Heur gedt hepeopl etol eadasi mpl elifeandav oidinv olvementi nthe
l
uxur iesoft hewor ld.Hei niti
atedt atbiq( integrati
on)oft heMusl im societywhi ch
wasont hev ergeofdest ructi
on.Byadopt i
ngt hemet hodoft abi qhei ntroduced
l
iberal elementandt husbr oughtel astici
tyint heunder standingofI slam.
b)Ijtehad:Headopt edabal ancedappr oachandunder st
andingt owar dsr eli
gious
mat ter s.Het horoughl ystudiedallschool soft houghtsandexpr essedwhatwasr i
ght
and j usti n ami ld and sophisticated waywi t
houthur ti
ng anyone.Her emov ed
misunder standingt oal ar
gerext ent,bet weenShai sandSunni sandi nt hisway
providedaspi ri
tualbasi sfornat i
onalsol idarityandhar mony .Hepr esentedI sl
am in

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 25
amor er ational wayt omakei taccept abl etot helargernumberofpeopl e.Hehi msel f
stat es, Iwasi nformedt hroughI lham ( inspirat i
on)t hatIwoul dhav et ounder t
aket his
responsi bilit
y .Thet imehascomewhenev eryi njunct i
onoft heShar i
aandt he
gener al i
nst ructi
onofI sl am shoul dbepr esent edtot hewor l
di nar ati
onmanner .
c)Ji had:ShahWal iUl lahgoti nt ouchwi thr ul
er sandi mpr essedupont hem t o
enf or ceI slami cl aws.Heal sour gedt hem t omoul dt heirl i
ves,accor dingt ot he
Isl
ami cway .Heeducat edt heMusl im sol di
er sont hei mpor tanceofJi hadandasked
them t ogof orJi hadf ort hegl orifi
cat i
onofI slam.
d)Economy :Heaskedt het rader st oadoptf airprinciplesoft radeaspr eachedand
pract i
cedbyt heHol yPr ophet( peacebeuponhi m).Hei nformedt hepeopl eabout
thesi nsofaccumul ationofweal thandaskedt imet okeepasmuchweal thwi th
founderofmoder nMusl imI ndiaandassucht hefat herofmoder nMusl i
mI ndia.He
producedi l
lumi nariesl ikeSi rSy edAhmadKhanwhor ender edmer i
toriousser vices
tot heMusl imsofI ndiat odr aftthei rdest i
nies.
e)Remov alofSect ariani sm:I nhi st imet heShi asandSunni swer eaggr essiv ely
host ilet oeachot herandt heirr i
v alr
ywasdamagi ngt heMusl im uni ty.ShahWal i
Ullah wr ote I zalat-
al -Akhi f
a and Khi lafat-al
-Khul afa i n or der t o r emov e
mi sunder standi ngbet weenShi asandt heSunni s.Her ef usedt odenounceShi asas
her et i
cs.
f)Bal anceBet weenFourMusl i
m School sofThought s:ShahWal iUllahadopt edan
anal y ti
calandbal ancedappr oacht owar dshef ourschool soft houghtofmy st i
cism.
Inor dert ocr eateabal ancebet weent hef ourschool s,i.e.,Hanaf i
,Hambal i
,Shaf iand
Mal aki ,hewr oteAlI nsaff iBay anShabalI khtil
afinwhi chhet r
acedt heirhistorical
backgr ound.
2.Pol
i
ticalRef
orms:
Apartf rom i mpar tingr eli
giouseducat ionofMusl i
ms,ShahWal iUl lahal so
providedl eader shipt ot heMusl imi nthepol i
ticalf i
eld.Hecameoutwi thhi sgr eat
wisdom andf oresightt ocr eat epolit
ical awakeni ngi ntheMusl imsofI ndia.
a)St ruggleagai nstAnar chy:Ther i
seofMar hat asandSi khshadposedser ious
problemst ot heMusl imr ulers.TheMughalr ulerswer enomor einaposi ti
ont o
withholdt hesupr emacyoft heMusl i
mr ulewhi chwasgr av elyj eopardizedbyt he
emer genceoft heSi khs,Mar hatasandot hernon- Muslimf or ces.ShahWal iUl l
ah
came up t ot ackle hi s pr ecar i
ous si tuat i
on.He had r i
ght lynot i
ced t hati ft he
Mar hatasar enotcheckedef f
ectivel
yt hepol i
ticalpoweroft heMusl imswoul d
disappearf orev er
.Hewr otel etterstot hel eadi ngMusl i
m nobl esandi nformedt hem
ofthecr i
ti
calsi tuationhangi ngont heheadoft heMughalr ule.Heaskedchi eft
ains
tocomear ound.Heev ent uallywonov erNaj i
b-ud- Daula,RehmatKhanandShuj a-ud-
Daulaagai nstMar hat as.
b)St epst oCheckt heMar hatas:Howev er,theMusl im chiefswer eunabl et of ace
Mar hatasef fectively.Thei rresour ceswer einadequat etocrusht heMar hataspower .
ShahWal iUllah,t her ef
or e,lookedf orwar dt oAhmadShahAbdal i.He,ont hecal lof
ShahWal iUllah, camet oI ndiaandi nfl
ict edacr ushi ngdefeatont heMar hat asatt he
ThirdBat tl
eofPani patin1761.Thev i
ctor yofAhmadShahAbdal iatPani patbl asted
theMar hatspowerandpav edwayf orther evivalofI sl
am inIndi a.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 26
c)Ef f
or t
sf orMusl im Uni ty:Headv isedt heMuslimst obeuni tedf orthesakeof
Musl i
m soci ety.Andkeepi nmi ndt heIslamicteachingsofbr ot
her hood.Hetaught
them t owor kf orthebet t
ermentofhumani tyandt of oll
ow thet eachingsofIsl
am
regardingNon- Musli
ms.Hewasagr eatadv ocat
eofhumanr i
ghtsespeci al
lyofNon-
Musl i
ms.
d)Two- NationTheor y
:ShahWal iUl l
ahwasast aunchsuppor terofTwoNat i
on
Theor y.Hepl ayedav i
talroletomakeMusl i
msast rongnat i
onont hebasesoft heir
Culture,Historyandher itage.Histeachingspr ov
edhel pfulandsav edMusl i
m cult
ure
from theamal gamationofHi nducustoms.
3.Li
ter
arySer
vicesofShahWal
iUl
l
ah
ShahWal iUl l
ahwr ot e51books,onmy sticism andot herbr anchesofI slami c
l
ear ningwhi chdealwi t
hr eli
gi ous,economi candpol i
ti
calpr obl ems.23bookswer e
i
nUr duand28wer einPer sian.
a)Tr ansl ationoft heHol yQur an:Hi sout standi ngwor kwashi st r
ansl ationoft he
Hol yQur ani ntosi mpl ePer sianl anguagewhi chwast hel it
er aryl anguageofhi sday s.
Hepr oducedt hi smast erpieceofl i
t eraturei n1737- 38whi chi nv i
tedgr eatcr iti
cism
from t heor thodoxUl emawhot hreat enedhi m ev enwi thdeat h.ShahWal iUl lah’s
transl ati
onwasanexcept i
onalactast herehadnev erbeenat r
ansl at i
onoft heHol y
Qur anbef or ei naf oreignl anguage.Hi st ransl ationbr oughtt heknowl edgeoft he
Hol yQur anwi thi nther eachofanav eragel iter ateper sonwhof oundi teasi ertor ead
andunder standt heHol yQur ani nal anguageot hert hanAr abi c.Af terShahWal iUllah
hist wosonsShahRaf i-ud-Di nandShahAbdulQadi rprepar edUr duv ersionsoft he
Hol yQur an.
b)Huj jat-
ul lah-al -
Baligha:Huj jat-ull
ah- al-Balighai sanot herf amouswor kofShahWal i
Ullah.I nt hiswor kShahSahi bhasdi scussedi ndet ailsther easonsoft hesoci aland
reli
giousdecayoft heMusl ims.Hehasal sodi scussedt hei mpor tanceofappl ication
ofI j
iti
hadi nhi sbookandhasment i
onedt hei ntellect ualandschol ast icr equirement s
ofaMuj tahi dpr i
est .
c)I zal at
-al -KhifaandKhi lafat -
al -
Khul afa:ShahWal iUl l
ahwr oteI zalat-al-
Khi faand
Khi l
af at-
al -Khul afai nor dert or emov emi sunder standi ngbet weenShi asandt he
Sunni s.Her efusedt odenounceShi asasher et ics.
d)AlI nsaff iBay anSbabalI khti
laf :ShahWal iUl l
ahadopt edananal y t
icaland
balancedappr oacht owar dshef ourschool soft houghtofmy sticism.I nor dert o
creat eabal ancebet weent hef ourschool s, i.e.,Hanaf i,
Hambal i
, Shaf iandMal aki, he
wr oteAl Insaff iBay anShabal I
kht i
lafinwhi chhet racedt hei rhist or i
cal backgr ound.
e)Fuy uz-al -Har amai n:I nFuy uz -
al-
Har amai n,ShahWal iUl l
ahdepi ctsoneofhi s
dreamsdur inghi sst ayi nAr abia.Hedescr i
best hatt heGodAl mi ght ychosehi m as
ani nter medi aryt oest ablishanewor deri nhi st ime.
Besi det heabov ement i
onedwor ksShahWal iUllahwr otemanyot herbooks
ondi fferentt opi cs.Theyi ncludeal -Nawadar -Mi n-al-Hadi s,Aqad- al -Jaiyad- f
i-Ahkam
wr i
tingsar epr oducedi nAr abicandPer sianl anguages.
4.Soci
alRef
orms:
I
nShahWaliUll
ah'sti
meMusl i
mswer eindul
gedinmanynon-
Isl
ami
c
cust
omsbecauseofco-exi
stencewi
ththeHi
ndus.Hetookf
oll
owi
ngstepst
o

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 27
bewar
etheMusl i
msoft hesepr oblems:
1.Hest ruggledt ogetr i
doft heHi nduconceptaboutt hemarri
ageoft he
widowsandt ol
dt heMusl i
mst hatitist heSunnahofTheHol yProphet
(PBUH)
2.Het oldt heMusl i
mst oav oidsuper sti
ti
ons,charm wear i
ngandot her
suchpr actices.
3.He al so st ruggled againstt he dowr yand ot hersuch unnecessary
expansesont het i
meofmar ri
age.
4.Het ri
edt oabol ishmour ningondeat hmor et
hant hreedaysasitwas
againstIslami ct eachings.
5.Headv i
sedt heMusl i
mst owor kforlawf ulear
ningandt oavoi
d(Usury)
int
erestonl oan.
6.Heal sowor kedagai nsttheunj ustdistri
butionofwealth.
7.Hepr eachedsi mpl i
cit
y .
8.Hewor kedagai nstthesect ari
anism andgr ouping.
Madr assaRahi mia:
Madr assaRahi miaandot herinsti
tut i
onsf oundedbyhi m,i mpar tededucat ion
i
nt hel ightofhi swor ks.A bunchofr eligiousnat i
onalistwaspr epar edbyt hese
school swhoi nter pretedI slam accor di
ngt ohi sdoct ri
nes.ShahAbdulAzi z,the
eldestsonofShahWal iUllahledt heserel i
giousnat i
onalistst owageJi hadf orthe
l
iber ati
onofMusl i
mI ndiaandul ti
mat el
yt obuildedi fi
cef oraCal iphst ateont he
principlesofI slam asdescr ibedbyShahWal i Ull
ah’sdoctrines.
Concl usion:
I
nshor tImam- ul-
HindHazr atShahWal iUl l
ah, agreatsai nt,scholarandr eformer
i
soneoft hosegr eatper sonalit
iesofI slam who,wi thhi sdedi catedser viceshad
broughtt heMusl im soci etyt ogetheront hest ablefoundat i
ons.Hecont inuedt he
wor kofHaz r
atMuj adidAl fSaniandst ruggl edforr el
igious,cul t
ur alpoliti
caland
soci alrevivaloftheMusl i
ms.

Q3. Wr
it
eanot
eonMuj
ahddi
nMov
ement
s.
Ans. I nt hehistoryofSub- ContinentJihadMov ement( TehreekMuj ahideen)i s
consi deredami lestone.Thi smov ementwasnotonl yforther evi
valofJihadf ort he
destruct i
onofBr it
ishruleinI ndiabutalsoforthepuri
fi
cati
onofMusl i
m Soci ety
.
FounderofMuj ahideenMov ement :
SyedAhmedBar ai
lvithefounderoft hismov ementwasthei nher
it
orofthemant l
eof
ShahAbdulAzi z.Hewasbor nonOct ober24,1786i nar espectablef
ami l
yofRai
Bar i
l
y .
Beginni ngofCar eer:
From thev erybegi nninghehadani ncl
i
nati
onofbecomi ngasol i
derr ather
thanendeav ori
ngt obecomer enownedschol arormy st
icasdi dhi spredecessor s.
SyedAbmedbeganhi scareerasaSawari ntheservi
ceofNawabAmi rKhan,t he
rul
erofTonki n1810.Dur inghi sser vi
ceSy edAhmedl earntmi l
i
tarydiscipli
neand
strategywhi chmadehi m agr eatmili
tarycommanderinthey earstocome.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 28
BeginningofTheDi scipleshi pofShahAbdulAzi z:
SyedAhmedl efttheser vi
cewhenAmi rKhanr efusedt ofightafterTonkf ellto
theBriti
sh.Tonkwasdecl aredasDar -
ul-harbbyShahAbdulAzi zandSy edAhmed
could no l ongerser vet her e and r eturned t o Delhibywal king 318 mi lesf rom
Lucknowt oDel hi
.BynowSy edAhmedhaddeci dedt ocomeundert hediscipleship
ofShahAbdulAzi z.I n1807het ookt heoat hofal legi
ance( bai a)atthehandsof
ShahAbdulAzi zandent eredt hef ol
dofNaqshbandi a,Qadr iyaandChi sti
yasuf i
order.
SyedAhmedasaPr eacher :
SyedAhmedBar ail
v iwasgr eat l
yi mpressedbyt hepreachi nganddoct ri
nesof
ShahWal iUl l
ahandwasst aunchdi scipleofhi ssonShahAbdulAzi z.In1818,Sy ed
Ahmedwr oteSirat
-i-Must aqim.I nt hispr oj
ecthi stwodi sti
ngui sheddisciples,Shah
IsmailShaheedandMaul anaAbdul Hay e,assist
edhi mi nthepr eparati
onoft hebook.
Thewor ki sanexcel l
entsummar yoft hephi losophies,doct ri
nesandr eformsof
ShahWal iUl l
ahwhi chhehadexpr essedi nanumberofhi sfamousbooks.Att his
momentSy edAhmedswi tchedov ert othepubl i
cpr eaching.Hepr ovedagr eat
success,asapr eacher,inspi t eofthel esserrhet or
icinhisser mons.
Begi
nni
ngofJi
hadMov
ement
:
SyedAhmedwasext r
emelydi smay edtoseet hedecl ineoft heMusl i
msin
thei
rr el
igi
ous and ideol
ogicalcommi t
ment s.He ear nestly desi
red to see t
he
restor
ati
onoft hesupremacyofI sl
am inI ndi
a.Thepur poseofhi sl
ifeandst r
uggl
e
wasnotconf inedt
ot hespreadofIslam bypr eachi
ngonl y,buthebel i
evedintaki
ng
practi
calstepsforthispurpose.Themai nobj ect
ivebeforeSy edAhmedwast he
establ
ishmentofastatewhichwasbasedonI slamicpri
nciples.In1823, hestart
ed
Ji
hadMovement.
Pr
epar
ati
onforJi
hadagai
nstSi
khs:
Int hetimeofSy edAhmedPunj abwasr ul edbyt heSi khrulerRanj i
tSinghwho
wasr egar dedasanaut ocrat
icandt yrannicalKi ng.TheMusl imsheav il
ysuf fered
underhi st yrannicalr ul
eand wer edeni ed l i
ber tyand f r
eedom t o perfor
m and
practi
cet heirreli
gion.TheN. W. F.P.hadal sof allent otheSi khdomi nati
onandwas
i
ncludedi ntheSi khr egime.Thehol yplacesoft heMusl imsi .
e.mosquesshr ines
wer eturnedi ntotempl esandst ables,byt heSi khr egi
me.Azanwasf or
biddenand
thereligi
ouspr acticesoft heMusl imswer einterrupt edfrequently.
Sy edAhmeddi dnotconf i
nehi mselftoDel hibutal sov i
sit
edt henei ghbour i
ng
places.Dur i
ngoneofhi sv i
sitst oRampur ,someAf ghanscompl ainedt ohim about
thewi de-scalepersecut i
onoft heMusl i
msbyt heSi khr egimeSy edAhmeddeci ded
tolaunchhi sJi hadmov ementagai nsttheSi khr egi meonhi sreturnf r
om Haj .Sy ed.
Ahmedl eftforMakkahi n1821al ongwi t
hMaul anaI smai lShaheed,Maul anaAbdul
Hay eandal argenumberoff ollower sandadmi rerstoper form Haj .SyedAhmed
performedhajandr emai nedabsentf ornearlyt woy ears.Theyr eturnedtoDel hiand
theprepar ati
onf orJihadagai nstt heSi khsbegan.
Obj
ect
ivesofJihadMovement:
Foll
owingweretheobject
ivesofJihadMovement:
1.Establ
ishmentofI
slamicRuleintheSub-
Conti
nentandendofSi
khRul
e.
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 29
2.Ref ormationofMusl im Soci
ety
.
3.Rest orati
onofJi had.
4.Adv iceofSimpl eWay sofLivi
ng
5.EndofI nnovati
onsi nI
slam
6.Struggleagai nsttheConspir
aciesofChr
ist
ianMi
ssi
onar
ies.
Decl
arat
ionofJi had:
Sy edAhmedbel ievedt hati fPunj abandN. W. F.Pwer eliberat edoft heSi kh
domi nat i
on,t heMusl imswoul dr egai nt heirol dposi tion.He,t heref or e,pi ckedup
Punj abt obegi nhi sJi hadmov ementagai nstt heSi khsandsel ectedN. W. F.P.t o
begi n hi s oper ation f ort he el imi nat ion oft he non- Islami cf orces.He di rect ed
Maul anaI smai landMaul anaAbdulHay et omar chwi t
hapar t
yofsi xt housand
foll
ower sf rom RaiBar aily.Hehi msel fsetoutv iaot herpar tsofPunj abandDel hito
must ersuppor tforhi smov ement .Sy edAhmedi nv itedt hepeopl et oj oinhi mi n
Jihadagai nstt heun- Islami cr egi met osav et heMusl i
msoft heSi khdomi nat ion.
Est abl i
shmentofWarHeadquar ter :
Sy ed Sahi br eached Nowsher ai n December ,1826 and est abl ished hi s
headquar ter.Hesentamessaget ot heSi khr ulerRanj itSi nght oembr aceI slam or
ber eadyt of acet heMuaj ahi deeni nt hebat tl
e-field.Ranj i
tSi nght ur neddownt he
offerscor nfullyandexpr essedahi ghdegr eeofdi sdai nf orI slam andt heMusl i
ms.
Akor aFight :
Sy edAhmedbeganhi sJi hadagai nstt heSi khsbychal lengi ngt hear myat
Akor aon21stDecember1826.TheSi khshadgat her edast rongf or ceatAkor a
underGener alBudhSi ngh.Thef ightatAkor awasani ghtassaul twhennear l
y900
Musl i
mspouncedont hesl eepi ngSi khs.I twasasuccessf ulmi ssi onandheav yl oss
wasi nfli
ct edont heSi khs.BudhSi nghbei ngext remel ydemor ali
zeddeci dedt o
withdr awf r
om Akor a.
Hazr oFi ght :
In1827t heMuj ahideenf oughtsecondbat tleatHazr owhi cht oowasagr eat
success.Thi ssuccessencour agedt heMuj ahideensandt heybecamepoi sedt of i
ght
forI slam.
Est abl i
shmentofI slami cKhi lafat :
Theast onishingsuccessoft heMuj ahideeni nt woencount er sgav ei mmense
popul ari
tyt ot heJi hadmov ement .Peopl egat her edi nl argenumberar oundSy ed
Sahi b.Manypat hanchi ef
sj oinedSy edSahi bandt ookanoat hofal legi anceatt he
handsofSy edAhmedonJanuar y11, 1827andaccept edhi m asAmi r-ul -
Momi neen.
YarMuhammadt heGov ernorofPeshawaral soj oinedSy edAhmedi nhi smov ement
alongwi thot herpr omi nentpat hanl eader sl ikePi rHakr nanKhan.Gr adual lyt he
numberoft heMusl i
mf orcesr oset o80, 000.Theest ablishmentofI slami csy stem of
Gov ernmentgr eatlyr educedt hei nfluenceoft het ribalChi efs.Heal soi ntroduced
soci alr efor msandaskedt hel ocalpeopl et oabandont heirol dcust omsandl i
fe
pat terns.Heur gedt hem t oadoptI slami cwayofl i
feandber efrainedf rom t aking
i
nt oxicant s.Thi sKhi lafatr emai nedf orf oury ear s.
Gor ill
aAct iviti
es:
From 1827t o1831, theMuj ahideenst artedgor i
ll
aact ivi
tiesagai nstSi khsand

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 30
i
nf li
ct edgr eatl ossesupont hem.
SikhConspi racyagai nstSy edSahi b:
TheJi hadmov ementwentt hr ought heear lyst agesofst r
ugglewi thamazi ng
success.Att hist i
meaconspi r acywashat chedagai nstt heJi hadmov ement .Sar dar
YarMuhammad was br ibed t o bet raySy ed Sahi b and j oint he Si khs agai nst
Muj ahideen.TheSi khsbr oughtpr essur eonYarMuhammadKhanwhot ri
edt o
poi sonSy edAhmedwhi chhesur viv ed.I n1829YarMuhammadwaski ll
edi nan
encount eragai nstt heMuj ahi deen.
Occupat i
onofPeshawar :
SyedAhmedsetoutf orKashr nirandPeshawar .TheSi khsundert heFr ench
Gener alVent ur asav edPeshawarandhandedi tov ert oSul tanMuhammadKhant he
brot herofYarMuhammadKhan.Sy edAhmedr eachedHazar aHi ll
sandat tackedt he
Sikhf orcesunderManSi nghandGener alAl lard.Thi sassaul twasr epulsed.Howev er
,
Sy edAhmedmadeanot herassaul tonPeshawarwhi chwassuccessf ul.Sul tan
Muhammad Khan,who wasf ight i
ng agai nstt he Muj ahideen wasar rested and
par donedbySy edAhmed.Sy edAhmedoccupi edPeshawari n1830.I nNov ember ,
1831,af ternear lytwomont hsofoccupat i
onofPeshawar ,Sy edAhmedwi thdr ew
from Peshawari nfav ourofSul tanMuhammadKhanwhopr omi sedt opayaf ixed
amountt ot heMuj ahideenast ribut e.
Bal akotFi ghtandMar ty rdom ofSy edAhmed:
Afterr elinqui shi ngPeshawar ,Sy edAhmedshi ft
edt oBal akotandbeganhi s
mov ementf rom Raj aur iin1831.Bal akoti sasmal ltowni nt heMansehr adi vision
andf al
lsi nt heHazar adi st rict.TheMuj ahideenwer eat tackedbyt heSi khar my
undert hecommandofGener alSherSi ngh.Af iercebat t l
ewasf oughtbet weent he
Sikhsandt heMusl i
ms.TheMuj ahi deenf oughtbr avelybutcoul dnotst andt hemuch
strongerandsuper i
orf orces.TheMusl imswer edef eatedi nt hebat tl
ei nwhi chSy ed
AhmedShaheed,ShahI smai lShaheedandmanyot herf ollower sofSy edSahi bl ai d
thei rli
vesanddi edasmar tyrswhi l
ef ight i
ngf ort hecauseofI slam.
Wi tht hedeat hofSy edAhmedt heJi hadmov ementcoul dnotbecar ri
edout
wi t
ht heol dent husiasm.TheJi hadmov ementdi dnotdi eaf terdef eatatBal akot .
Someofhi sdi sci plesst ruggl edt ocont i
nuet hemov ementandwer esuccessf ult oa
cer tainex tent .Butt hemov ementext remel yl ackedi nor gani zedl eader shipaf ter
Sy ed’ sdeat hand, ther ef or ecoul dnotbeconduct edf oral ongt ime.
CausesofFai l
ur e:
AlthoughJi hadMov ementwasasi ncer eef f
or tfort her estorationofI slami c
glor yint heSub- Cont i
nenty eti tmetwi thf ail
ur ef orthef ol l
owi ngr easons:
1.Lackofpr opert raini ngofMuj ahi deen
2.Lackoff undsandEqui pment
3.Wel l equi ppedandl ar geSi khAr my
4.Decei tofPat hanChi ef s
5.LocalCont r
ov er siesonI mpl ement ationofTaxaf tert heEst abl ishmentof
Khi l
af at
6.Si khConspi raci esandSecr etOpposi ti
onofTheBr it
ish
7.LackofLeader shi paf tert heMar tyrdom ofSy edAhmedandShahI smai l

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 31
Concl
usi
on:
NodoubtJi
hadMov
ementremai
nedunsuccessf
ulbuti
taf
fect
edtheMusli
m
Ment
ali
tyonal ar e.Muj
gescal ahi
deenfoughtf orthecauseofI slam ev
en
wit
houtpr opertr
aini
ngandsuf f
ici
entequipment .Theirsacri
fi
cesnotonl y
i
nspir
edt heMuslimstothinkaboutt herenaissanceofIslam butalsomade
t
hem awar eoftheprevai
li
ngpol i
ti
calsi
tuat
ionsi ntheSub-Conti
nent.I
nshort
wecansayTehr eekMujahideenpav edthewayf ortheMuslim str
ugglefor
fr
eedom.
Q4. Di scusstheeducati
onal,poli
ti
cal
,rel
igi
ous,socialandlit
eraryserv
ices
ofAligar
hMov ement(SirSyedAhmedKhan) .
Ans. Si rSyedAhmedKhanwasbor nin1817i nDel hi
.Af terearlyeducationhe
j
oinedEastI ndiaCompanyi n1835asasubcl erkint heCour tofl aw.In1846he
promot edtoChi efJudge.Dur ingthewarofi ndependence( 1857)hewasi nBaj nor
wherehesav edBr i
ti
shwomenandchi l
drenput ti
nghi msel fintother i
sk.Owingt o
thi
sser vi
ceSi rSy edwasaskedt owor kasaGov ernorbuther efusedbecausehe
wantedt oservet heMusl i
ms.
Backgr ound:
Aftert
hewarofi ndependencetheMusl imswer ethet argetofther ev
engef ul
acti
vit
iesoftheBr it
ishGov t
.Andt heHindusgotanoppor t
unitytomaket heBr i
tish
beli
evet hattheMusl i
mswer eat hreattot heBr iti
shr ule.Asar esul
tnat ional
recogniti
onoft heMusl imswasi nseverdanger .Atthatcr ucialti
meSi rSyedAhmed
Khanwast hef ir
stleadertocomef or
war dandt r
iedtor escuet henat i
onalprideof
theMusl i
ms,Hest artedAli
garhMov ement.
Obj
ect
ivesofAl
i
gar
hMov
ement
:
Al
igar
hMov ementwasestabl
i
shedt oful
fi
llt
hefoll
owingtargets:
1. Tobuil
dconfi
dencebetweent
hegov ernmentandtheMusl i
ms.
2. Topersuadet
heMuslimstoacquir
eModer nknowledgeandEngl i
shl
anguage.
3. ToholdbacktheMusl
imf r
om thepoli
ti
cs.Educat
ionalSer
vices:
Educat
ionalSer
vicesofAl
i
gar
hMov
ement
:
SirSyedAhmedKhanwant edt heMusl i
m nat i
ont obeeducat edtokeeppace
wit
ht hemoder nadv ancement .Hewasoft heopi ni
ont hathonouroft henationcould
beachi evedonlybyeducat i
on.Headv i
sedt heMusl imst ogett hemostmoder n
westerneducat i
on.Heest abl
ishededucat ionalinsti
tutionsfortheMusl i
my out
hand
gui
dedt hem boththeor eti
call
yandpr acti
cally
.
1. School i
nMur adabad
SirSyedAhmedKhanest abli
shedt heeducat ionali
nstituti
oninMur adabad
1859.ThatwasaPer sianschool .
2. School i
nGhazi Pur
SirSyedAhmedKhanest abli
shedaschool i
nGhazi Purin1862.
3. Sci enti
fi
cSociet y:
SirSyedestablishedauni quei nsti
tuti
onSci enti
ficSociet
yi nGhazipurin1863.
TheHeadquar t
ersoft hissocietywer eshi f
tedt oAligarhin1876.Thepur poseofits
est
ablishmentwast oacqui r
et hebooksi not herlanguages,andt r
anslatethem in

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 32
Urdu.Si rSy edst ressedupont heneedf oreducat ioni nEngl ishl anguagesot hatt he
Musl im gener ationcoul dl ear nt heWest er nar emoder nknowl edgeassoonas
possi ble.
4. Est abl ishmentofM. A.O.School Aligar h
Si rSy edAhmedKhansetupM. A.O.Schooli nAl igar hi n1875;l ateron( i
n
1877)i twasupgr adedt ocol lege.Thi sinst it
utionbecameMusl im Uni versityAl igar h
i
n1920.
5. MuhammadanEducat ional Conf erence:
Si rSy edest abl i
shedanot heror gani zationi n1886t opr ov i
def undst of ulfi
ll
the r equi rement s ofAl igarh mov ement .Thi s or gani zat i
on ser ved t he Musl i
m
communi t
yi nal lt hef ields( soci al,pol i
ticalandr eligious) .Themai nai m wast o
i
nspi ret heMusl imst owor ki nt hef ieldofeducat ion.I twast hismov ementt hatl aid
thef oundat ionsofAl l I
ndi aMusl im Leaguei nDhakai n1906i ni tsannual meet i
ng.
Syll
abi :
“Philosophywi llbei nourr ighthand, nat ural sciencei nourl efthandandt hecr ownof
Isl
ami ci deol ogywi llbeonourhead”wer et het hought sofSi rSy edAhmedKhan
whendeci dingt hesy l
labioft hei nstitutions.Heputev eryef forttomaket hesy ll
abus
agoodbl endofWest ern,East er nandI slami ceducat i
on.
Concl usi on:
Nodoubt ssAhmedKhanupf ttheeducat i
onalsoft heMusl imsTheser v ices
oft heEngl isht eacher sl i
keAr nol d,Mor risonandAr chi bol dhi red.Somev er sat il
e
personal i
tiesoft hesub- cont inentwer eappoi ntedast eacher s.TheTeachert ot each
Sansi kritwasaHi ndu.Manyot heri nst i
tut i
onswer eal sof oundf ollowingt heAl igar h
Mov ementi nv ariousci tiesoft hecount ry.ThusAl igar hMov ementwast hepi oneer
tobr ingar ev olut ioni nt hef i
eldofeducat ion.
Lit
er arySer vicesofSi rSy edAhmedKhan:
1. Pr olificWr i
ter :
Si rSy ed hi msel fwas a pr olifi
c wr it
er .Lucki l
yhe was s bya gr oup of
i
ntellect uals,essay ists,cr i
t i
cs,hiandpoet s.Housedi teraf ort henat ionalpr ogr ess.
TheMusl imsf ollowedt heAMov ement ,andt heyachi evedt hei robjectives.
2. Khut abat -e-Ahmadi a:
In1869Si rSy ad,Khanwr ot eabookKhut abat -e-Ahmadodef endt heHol y
Prophet( PBUH)i nr eplyt o‘ AMor e’sbook.
3. Tabbai n-ul -
Kal am:
Hewr ot eacomment aryonBi blecal ledTabbi an- ul-Kal am
4. Ri salaTehzi b-ul-l
khl aq:
In1970Si rSy edAhnedKhanpubl i
shedapamphl et,Ri salaTehzi b-ul-
lklhaqi n
whichhedescr ibedsoci alpr obl em oft heMusl imsandhet ri
edt oel iminat et he
prej
udi ceamongt heMusl imst owar dst heNon- Musl ims.
5. Asar -us- Sanadeed:
Fort hesoci al wel far eoft heMusl imshewr ot eAsar -us- Sanad
6. Tr ansl at i
onWor ks:
Fol l
owi ngbookswer etr ansl ated:
Ai n-akbar i,Tuzok- e- Jahangr i,&Tar i
kh- e-Sarkashi Baj nor

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 33
In addi t
ion t o al lt hi s Si r Sy ed al so wr ote Taf seer -ul-
Qur an,Loy al
MuhammadanofI ndi a&Asbab- e- BaghawatHi nd.
7. Wor ksoft heot herwr iter s:
Maul ana Shi bliNomaniwr ote Seerat -
un- Nabi ,Al -
Far ooq,Al -Ghazali,Al -
Mamoon.Deput yNazeer Ahmed wr ote Mar eat-ul-Uroos,Toba- t un-nasuh,l bne-ul-
Waqat .Maul anaAl t
afHussai riHal lwr oteMussadas- e-
Hal i
,Diwan- e-HaIi
,Moazana
Daber -
o-AneesandHay at-
e-Jav ai d.
SocialAndEconomi cSer v
icesofAl i
gar hMov ement :
SirSy edt ookmanyst epst or egainthel ostsoci alandeconomi cstatusoft he
Musl i
ms.Thesuppr essedandr ui nedcommuni tybecamedy nami c.
1. LostGl or y
SirSy edAhmedgui dedt heMusl i
msonev eryl eveltoregai nt heirl
ostglor y
.
2. Ri sal a-e-Asbabe- Baghawat -e-
Hi nd
Af tert hewarofi ndependence1857,hewr ot eRisala-e-Asbabe- Baghawat -e-
Hindinwhi chhedescr ibedtheact ualreasonsbehi ndt hiswar .
3. Loy al MuhammadansofI ndia
SirSy edwr otet hisbookt omaket heBr i
tishawar eoft heser v i
cesoft he
Musl i
ms.Thr ought hisbookhegotsensi blebehv iouroft heBr iti
shf ortheMusl i
ms
ofIndia.
4. Gov ernmentJobsf ort heMusl i
ms
Asar esul tofSi rSyed’ scampai gn,theMusl imsofI ndiagotr emarkablejobs
i
nGov t.sect oronal argescal e.
5. Or phanages
Heest ablishedor phanagesf orMusl im chi l
dr ensot hattheymaynotbecome
HinduorChr isti
an.I twasr eal l
yagr eatser vi
ceofhi m.I nt hiswayhet riedt o
constructabr idgebet weent heBr it
ishandt heMusl ims.Hesucceededi ngetting
att
itudef i
nal lychangedandt heMusl ims, onceagai n, j
oinedt hemai nst r
eam.
Pol
i
tical
Ser
vicesofAl
i
gar
hMov
ement
SirSy edadv i
sedt heMusl i
mst or emainawayf r
om pol iti
csandhehi mself
tooki mpor t
antst epst oeducat etheMusl i
msf orthei
rsoci o-economi crestorat
ionso
thatt heymi ghtacqui rethest atusequi v alenttothatofHi ndus.Hewasoft heview
thateducat ioni st heonl yweapont okeeppacewi t
hmodel advancement .
1. TwoNat ionTheor y
Hewasnodoubti nt hef avourofHi nduMusl im unit
yi nthebegi nni
ngbutaf ter
Urdu- HindiCont rov ersyhecamet oknowt henatur
eoft heHi ndunat ion.Thenfort he
fi
rstt i
mei nt heHi storyheusedt hewor d“ Nati
on”fortheMusl i
mi n1867.Sowecan
sayhewast hef ounderoft wo- nationt heor yi
nsub- conti
nent .Ont hebasi sofTwo
NationTheor y
,Si rSy edaskedf orspeci alsafeguardsf ort heMusl i
msi ndi f
ferent
fi
elds.
Speci alseatsf ort heMusl i
msi nt hel ocal council
s
2. Quot ai nser vi
ces
Start
edamov ementagai nstt heopencompet i
ti
veexami nati
onsf orsuperior
services
Reject edthegov er nmentoft hemaj orit
iesbecauset hatcoul dleadt othemonopol y

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 34
oftheHi ndus
3. Adv i
cet oav oidpoliti
cs
Afterthewarof1857,headv isedt heMusl i
mst oremai nawayf rom polit
ics
untiltheywoul dbecomest r
ongineducat ion.
4. Ur duHi ndi Controversy
AfterUr duHi ndiCont roversyinBiner asSi rSyedunder stoodt hement ali
tyoft he
Hindusandhepr essurizedtheBr i
ti
sht oav oidreplacingUr duwi thHindi .
5. Behav i
ourt owar dsIndianNat i
onal Congress
SirSyedf orbadet heMusl imst oj oint heIndianNat ionalCongr essf oundedby
A.O.Humei n1885, ashecoul dunder standt heobjectivesoft hi
spar ty.
5. Pol it
icalRef orms
Her estrai
nedt heMusl i
msf rom joi ningcongr essandst r
uggl eforspeci alseat
oft he Musl i
msi nl occounci l
.He al so st ar
ted a mov ementagai nstt he open
compet i
tiveexamst oav oidthemonopol yoft heHi ndus.
Concl usion
Theser vi
cesofSi rSyedwer ehi ghl yapplaudabl e,therefore,hei sr ecognized
asoneoft hef ounder sofPaki st
an.Maul v iAbdulHaqueappr eciatedther oleplayed
bySi rSy edandsai d,
“Thef i
rststoneoft hefoundati
onofPaki stanwasl aiddownbyt hisoldman. ”

TEHRI
K-I
-DEOBAND
The basi c and f or emostai m oft he Al i
gar h mov ementwas t he soci al,
economi candpol i
t i
calrenai ssanceoft heMusl i
ms.Si ncet heul emaandr eli
gious
l
eader soft heMusl imsal sot ookpar tint he1857WarofI ndependence, theyt oohad
tobearBr iti
shwr at haf tert hewar .TheBr iti
shi nanout rageousl ymannerhad
destroy ed Musl im r eli
gious i nstit
ut i
ons and cl osed down al lMadr assahs and
preachi ngpl acesoft heMusl i
msasapar toft hei rpol i
cyofmassel i
mi nat i
onagai nst
theMusl i
ms, Consequent lyt heef fortsoft hespr eadofI slam wer egreatlyaf fected.
TheBr iti
shdi dnotst opher e.Af terest abl i
shi ngt hei rsupr emehegemonyov er
thesub- cont inent,t heBr iti
shbeganpr eachi ngChr i
stiani t
yt oconv ertt heI ndi an
peopl eint oChr istian.Ther eligiouseducat i
oni mpar t
edbyt hel ocalinstituti
onswas
discour aged and new educat i
onalphi l
osophi eswer epr omot ed whi ch ai med at
conv ertingt hel ocal peoplei nt oChr istians.
Al thoughAl igar hmov ementdi dal otofwor kf ort hesoci al,pol i
ti
caland
economi cupl iftoft heMusl imsi t,howev er,lackedi nt her eli
gi ousspher eandcoul d
notwor kcommendabl yf ort he r eli
gioust raining oft he Musl i
ms.The wor king
strat
egyoft heAl igar hwasbasedont heco- oper at i
onwi t
ht heBr i
tishr ulerswhi ch
confront ed i twi tht he or thodoxUl ema who di d notconsi deri ta r eformat ory
mov ementf ort heMusl ims.Theor thodoxUl emabel ievedt hatt heMusl im&wel fare
andr enai ssancecoul donl ybepossi blebypur suingI slami cwayofl i
fewhi cht he
Aflgar hgl aringlyi gnor edt hel ackofst ressont her eligi
ousaspectoft heMusl i
msi n
theAl i
gar hhadbr oughtadv erseef f
ect sont hespr eadofI slam whi chappar ent l
y
suppr essedt her eligioust i
ngei nt heMusl im wayofl i
fe.
Inor dert ocombatt hi slethar gyi nt her eligiousspher e,t heulemadeci dedt o

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 35
l
aunchamov ementforther el
i
gioust
rai
ningoftheMusl i
msofI
ndi
a.Theybel
ievedif
theydidnotadoptmeasur est odef
endt herel
igiontheMusl
i
mswoul dult
imately
l
oset heiri
dent
it
yasanat ion.Forthi
spur posetheybegant
hei
rmovementwi t
ht he
establ
ishmentofinst
it
uti
onst oimpar
trel
igioust
raini
ng.
DAR-
UL-
ULOOM-
I-
DEOBAND
TheTehri
k-i
-Deobandwasst ar
tedwit
ht heest
abl
i
shmentofaMadr assahat
Deobandf orrel
igi
ouseducat i
on.TheMadr assahwasnamedasDar -
ul-
Uloom-i
-
Deoband and was st art
ed atDeoband,a smalltown ofSahar
anpur
.Itbegan
funct
ioningon14thApr i
l
,1866inasmallmosque.
Founder
sofDeoband
Itisbel i
ev edt hatar eput edsai ntandsuf i
,Haj iMuhammadAbi dfloatedt he
i
deaoft heest ablishmentoft hisMadr assahf orimpar tingr eligiouseducat i
ont othe
Musl ims.He suggest ed thatf unds shoul d be col l
ect ed and a Madr assah be
established.Haj iMuhammadAbi dt ookl otofpai nsi nt hecol lecti
onoff undsand
collectedasubst ant ialamount .Het heni nfor
medMaul anaMuhammadQasi m oft he
resultsofhi sef f
or tsandr equest edhi mt ocomeandt eachatDeoband.Amanagi ng
commi t t
ee i ncludi ng Mdul ana Muhammad Qasi m,Maul ana Fazal -
ur-Rehman,
Maul ana Zul fi
qarAl iand Mul la Muhammad Mahmood was setup.Maul ana
MuhammadYaqub, aleadingeducat idnist,wasappoi ntedast heHeadmast er.
ThoughHaj iMuhammadAbi di ssaidt obet heor iginalf ounderoft heDar -ul
Uloom,butt hequi ckdev elopmentandsuccessoft hei nst itutionwasmai nlyduet o
thesi ncer eef f
or t
sofMaul anaMuhQasi m Nanaut viwhoj oinedi tacoupl eofy ears
afteritsest ablishment .Maul anaMuhammadQasi m wasappoi nt editsf ir
stPr incipal
andal ongwi thhi scousi nMaul anaMuhammadYaqub,r ender edv aluableser vi
ces
fort hedev elopmentoft hei nst itution.Maul anaMuhammadQàsi m andMaul ana
MuhammadYaqubbr ought witht hem r i
chexper iencei nt heeducat ionalf ieldwhi ch
extremel y hel ped i nt he or gani zat ionalsect or of t he Dar -ul-
Ul oom Maul ana
MuhammadQasi ml efthisgov er nmentser v
icet oj oint heDar -ul-
Uloom atapal try
salaryofRupeesTenamont h.Maul anaMuhammadQasi m wasagr eatteacherand
rel
igiouspr eacher .Duet ohi sdedi cat edser vi
cesf ort hei nst itution, t
heMadr assahat
Deoband, withthet i
me, camet obeknownasQasi m- al-Ul oom- i
-Deoband.Apar tfr
om
Maul anaMuhammadQasi m andMaul anaMuhammadYaqubandot heremi nent
persons l i
ke Shei kh- ul-
Hind Maul ana Mahmud- ul-Hassan and Maul ana Shabbi r
Ahmed Usmanial so i mpar ted r el i
gi ouseducat ionatt heDar -ul-
Ul oom.Maul ana
Shabbi rAhmad Usmanidi d nott ake anyr emuner at ion f orhi s ser vi
ces whi l
e
Maut anaMabmud- ul -
Hasanwor kedonamont hlypayofRs.50onl y.
Maul anaMuhammadQasi m Nanaut viwor keddayandni ghtt ospr eadt he
Tehr i
k-i-Deobandi nev erycor neroft hecount ry.Heest abl i
shedanumberofot her
i
nst it
utionsofr el
igi ouseducat i
on.Thenumberofst udent si nDeobandgr ew wi t
h
amazi ngqui cknessmai nlyduet oMaul anaQasi msef for t
s.I i
i1931,900st udents
wer eont her oll
soft heDar -ul-lil
oom who camef rom UP Bengal ,NW. F.P and
Bukhar a.
Act
ivi
ti
esofDar
--
ul-
Uloom
Theact
ivi
ti
esoft
heDar
-ul
-Ul
oom wer
enotr
est
ri
ctedt
othesub-
cont
inentbut

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 36
i
tspr eadt hel ightofr el
igiouseducat i
ont ot heot herpar tsoft hewor l
daswel l.The
Dar-ull .
Jloom at t
ract edf airl
yal argenumberofst udent sf r
om ot herpar tsofwor l
d
duet oi tshi gheducat ionalst andar d.Ithasbeenr atedasoneoft hepr est i
giousseat
ofIsl ami cl earningsandnextt ot heAzharUni versityofcai ro,t he.mostr espect ed
theologi calacademyoft heMusl im wor ld.Admi nistr
ativelyDar -ul
-Uloom wasan
excel l
entsetup whi ch pr ov i
ded admi nist r
at i
ve gui dance t o ot hereducat ional
i
nstitut ions,i nt hespher esofsy llabi,conductofexami nati
onsandi mpar ti
ngof
educat ioni ndi fferentdi sciplines.
TheDar -ul-
Ul uom atDeobandf oll
owedMadr assah- i-
Rahi mi yaest abl i
shedby
ShahWal lUl l
ah’sf at her,int het eachingofHadi thandot herr eligi
ousdi sciplines.But
i
talsohadanumberoff eatur esofBr i
tisheducat i
onalsy stem whi chwer edi visionof
student si nr egul aracademi cgr oupsmai ntenance ofat tendance r egi ster sand
writtenex ami nat i
ons.Thesechar acteristicsi ntroducedadi sciplinedconducti nt he
wor king ofMadr assah whi ch pr oduced amazi ng r esultsbot hi n academi cand
admi ni st r
ativesect orsoft hei nstit
ut i
on.I twasal lduet ot hebr oadv i
sion, sai ntl
iness
andgr eati nfluenceofMaul anaMuhammadQasi m Nanaut vi,whoputhi ssouli nto
theDar -
ul-Uloom t omakei tani deal i
nst i
tutionoft heMusl im wor ld.
As al r
eady ment ioned t he Dar -
ul-U. l
oom st art
ed f unct ioning i n a smal l
mosqueasi thadnobui lding.Howev er,immedi atelyaf t
eri t
sest abl i
shment ,t hewor k
fort heconst ruct i
onofabui ldi
ngf ort heDar -ul-
Ul oom began.Ahugebui ldingwas
rai
sedgr adual l
ywi thdi fferentdepar tment swhi chi ncludedDar -
ul -
Hadi tandDar -ul-
Tafsi r’ast hemosti mpor tantandf amousdepar tment s.Dar -ul-
Ul oornhasi tsown
l
ibrar ywi thal argecol lectionofexcel lentandr ar ebooksondi fferentsubj ect s.
Teacher
s/St
udent
sofDar
-ul
-Ul
oom
Dar-
ul-Uloom- i-
Deoband has been a pl ace ofpr esti
gious learni ngs wher e
peopl ewi t
hext raordinaryqual i
ficat
ionsr ender edser vicesfort henobl et askoft he
i
mpar tofreli
giouseducat ion.Deobandpr oducedmenofhi ghi ntel
lectualst at uswho
workedcf orthespr eadofI slam inthesub- cont inent.Theser espect edper sonaliti
es
i
ncludeShahAbdurRahi m Maul anaAshr afAl iThanv i
, MaulanaHusai nAhmadMadni .
Maul ana Rashi d Ahmad Gangohi ,Shekkh- ul-Hind Maul ana Mahmud- ul-Hasan,
Maul anaAbdulHaq.Maul anaShabbi rAhmadUsmani ,MaulanaUbai dUl l
ahSi ndhi,
Mult iKifi
yatUl lah,Maul anaAhmadAl iLahor i,Maul anaMuf t
iMuhammadShaf i,
Shams- uUlemaMauTaj warNaki babadi,Madl anaEht esham- ul-HaqThaTnv iast he
mostf amousper sonswhower ebenef i
tedf rom theDeoband.Maul anaShabbi r
AhmadUsmaniwast het r
ustedcompani onofQuai d-i-
Azam dur i
ngt hef reedom
mov ement .
Dar-
ul-Uloom- i-
Deobandgott heser vicesofgr eatschol arswhoser vedt here
ast eachers.Maul anaMuhammadQasi m Nanaut viwasi t
sfir
stPr incipl
ewhor aised
thei nsti
tuti
ont ot hepi nnacleofgl ory,andf amewi thhi sdevotioni ntheacademi c
andadmi nist
rativeaspect softheDarApar tfroihim M MuhammadYaqub, Maul ana
Rashi dAhmadGangohi ,
,Maul anaAshr afAl lThanv i,Maul anaMahmud- ul -
Hassan,
AnwarShahKashmi ri
,Maul anaHusai nAhmadMadniandMaul anaShabbi rAhmad
(Jsmani ,servedt heDar -ul-
Uloom.Theywer ehi ghlypi Ousmenwhoi nspi redt hei
r
student swiththeirspi r
itualandacademi cqual iti
es.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 37
Pol
i
ticalTr
endsofDeoband
Deobandwasi nf
luencedbyt heAllIndiaNat i
onalCongr essi nitspol i
tical
trend.Howev er,ther
ewasonecl eargroupunderMaul anaAshr afAl lThanv iand
Maul anaShabbi rAhmadUsmaniwhodi fferedwi t
hCongr essi npol it
icalappr oach.
TheMadnigr oupformedt heirpoli
ti
calorganizati
onasJami at-ul-
Ulema- i
-Hindand
suppor t
edt hepoli
ti
calhi
losophyoft heCongr ess.TheThanv igroupsetupJami at-uI
-Ulema-i-
Isl
am andsuppor tedPakistanmov ementandext endedv aluableassist ance
tot heQuaid-i
-Azam.TheMadni groupwhichi ncl
udedMaul anaHusai nAhmadMadni
andMuf tiKif
iyatUll
ahwasi nfl
uencedbyMaul anaAbu-ul-Kalam Azad.Thi sgr oup
wor kedincollabor
ati
onwi thCongressandwasopposedt ot hepar t
iti
onofI ndia.
Educat
ionalAspectoft
heDeoband
TheDar -
uI-Uloom-i-
Deoband i sregar ded asapr esti
giousseatofI slamic
l
ear nings.Iti mpar tseducat i
oni ndi ff
erentdi scipli
neswhi chincl
udeeducat ionon
Qur an,Hadi th,Ar abic,Isl
ami cJur ispr
udence,Phi l
osophyandI cl
amicHi st or
y .The
Ulemaoft heDeohandar econsi deredast hehi ghlyr espectedper sonali
tiesi nthe
reli
giousspher esandt hei
rFat wascar r
ygr eataut hent i
cit
yandi mpor t
ancei nt he
whol eofsub- continent.
Maul anaMuhammadQasi mr emainedt heheadoft heDar -
ul-
Uloornt il
l1880.
Hedi edon15t hApr i
l1880atay oungageof49y ears.Maul anaRashi dAhr nad
Gangohibecamet heheadoft hei nsti
tuti
onaf tert hedeat hofMaul anaQasi m.
Maul anaRashi dAhmadwasagr eattheologian,aSuf iandaMuhadi s.Hewasi n
favourofMusl imspar t
ici
pati
oni nt heCongr esspol iti
cs.Maul anaRaAhmaddi edin
1905.Al terhisdeat hSheikh-ul
-Fli
ndMaul anaMahmud- ul-
Hasanwokov erthechar ge
ofDeobandwhocompl etedhisst udiesin1873.Hej oinedDar -
ul-
Uloom asat eacher
aftert hecompl etionofhi seducat i
on.Hehaswr it
tenanumberofbooksandhas
translatedtheHol yQur an.
DAR-
UL-
ULOOM-ANDALI
GARH
TheTehrik-
i-
Deoband,i mmedi at elyaf terit
si nceptiondi dnotseeey et oey e
witht heAl i
gar
hmov ementduet ot hewor ki
ngst rategyoft heAl igarh.TheAl igarh
mov ementwasbasedont hepol icyofr econcili
ationwi tht heBr i
ti
shwher east he
Tehr i
k-i-
Deobandst ressedont hereligiousaspect soft heMusl i
msandwasopposed
tothepol i
cyofreconci li
ati
onwi t
ht heBr iti
sh.Thecompl et el
ydi f
ferentappr oacht o
thepol iti
cshadwi denedt hegul fbet weent heaut horit
iesofDeobandandAl i
garh.
Maul anaMuhammadQasi m,al eadi ngandi mportantper sonali
tyoft heDeoband
remai nedengagedi nt hecont roversywi t
hSi rSyedAhmadKhan.Theyhadshar p
diff
er ences on the pol iti
calmat ters oft he count ry
.Maul ana Qasi m and hi s
compani onsact
ivelyf oughtagai nstt heBr iti
shandf orsomet imesetupt heirown
gover nmentintheirownar ea.Ont heot herhandSi rSyedAhmad, thoughv eryactive
during t he Warof1857,r emained l oyalt othe Br iti
sh.He bad adopt ed t he
reconci l
iat
orypostur eshnpl ybecausehef eltitessent ialf ort hepr otecti
onand
revi
v aloftheMuslimsaf tertheWar .
Maulana Rashi d Ahmad Gangohi . Maul ana Qasi m’s cQmpani on who
succeededhi m ast heheadoft heDar -ul-Uloom, wasputi nj ail
afterthewarwhi lehis
spiri
tualment orhad t of l
ee t o Makkah t o avoid Br i
tish wr ath.These ev ents

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 38
compel l
edt hesegent lement oadop( ar igidpost ureagai nstt heBr i
tish.WhenSi r
SyedAhmadadv isedt heMusl i
mst okeepawayf r
om t heCongr esspol i
tics, Maul ana
Rashi dAhmadGangohiopposedhi m.Theant i
-Brit
ishat ti
tudewasamar kedf eatur e
ofDeobandwher easAl igar hf ollowedt hepol i
cyofco- oper at i
onwi t
ht heBr itish.The
l
eader sand Ul ema ofDeoband emphasi sed on t her eli
gioussuper ior ityoft he
Musl ims and bel i
ev ed t hatt he Musl ims mustst rictlyadher et ot hei rr eligious
cust omssot hatt heycoul deasi lycombatt hei mpactofsecul arism.
Anot hergl aringcont rastbet weenDeobandandAl igarhwast hei rdi f
ferent
appr oacht owar dt heeducat i
onalsy stem.Al i
garhl ai dst ressont hewest ernand
Engl i
sheducat ion.MAO.Col legewast hecent r
eofEngl i
sht eachi ngandi tsmai n
object ivewast opr epar eabunchofst udent swel lequi ppedi nthewest er nst yl
eof
educat i
on.Ont heot hersi deDeobandwasaseatofI slami candr eli
giousl eani ngs.I t
l
aidst ressont her eligiousdi sci pli
nes.
Howev er,despi tet hedi fferences,t het wogr eati nst it
utions,Deobandand
Aligar h,didenj oysomemut ualityoft houghtandact iononcer tainissues.Anumber
ofi mpor tantl eader sofbot hmov ement swer edesi rousofMusl i
m wel far eandt hei r
socialandeconomi cr ev i
val .WhenMaul anaMahmud- ul-Hasanbecamet heheadof
Deoband,heehcour agedcont act sbet weenAl igarhandDeoband.I nhi st imet he
sent i
ment sofbr other hoodandami tybetweent het woi nsti
t uti
onsr eceivedaf i
ll
ip.
I
n1906Jami at-ul-Ansaiwasest abl i
shedatDeoband.Sahi bzadaAf t abAhmad
KhanofAl igarhCol legeat tendedt hemeet ingoft hisor gani zat i
on.I twasagr eedt hat
theDar -
al-Uloom Deobandwoul dmakespeci alar rangement sf ort eachi ngr eligious
subject st ot he gr aduat es ofAl igarh Col l
ege,whi l
e si mi larf acili
ties woul d be
extended byt heAl i
gar h Col leget ot each Engl ish and west ern subj ect st ot he
student swhohadcompl et edt hei rstudiesatDeoband.I nv i
ewoft hi
sagr eementa
cent rali nstitution,Jami atMi l
iawasest ablishedatDel hii nNov ember ,1920.Thi s
i
nst i
t utioni ncludedmanyf eat uresofbot hAl igar handDeoband.
Howev er,t hepol i
ticalt ension bet ween t het wo i nstitutionscoul d notbe
l
essenedt i
ll1947.Thi sl edt omanycont rov ersies,butt heest abl i
shmentofacent r al
i
nst i
t ution, combi ningt hef eat uresoft womov ement sandi mpar t
ingeducat iont ot he
Musl imsi nr eligiousandwest ernf i
eld,didhav eaheal thi eranduni fy
ingef fect .
Nadv
a-t
ul-
UlemaofLucknow
TheAl igarhandDeobandmov ement sst oodapar tandwor kedwi t
hglar i
ng
contrast
si nt heirobjectivesandst r
ategy .Aligarhwasnotar el
igiousmov ementand
emphasi zedont heacqui sit
ionofwest erneducat i
onbyt heMusl ims.I tlai
dgreater
str
essont hewest erneducat ionsot hatt heMusl imscoul dgeti ntogov er
nment
servi
ceinor dert ocompet ewiththeHindusi npol it
icalandeconomi cspher esoflife.
Duet oitsst ressonwest erneducationt heAl igar hcompl etelyignor edt hereli
gious
aspectand,t her efore,didnotmakeanyef for tto!st rengthent her el
igiousaspectof
theMusl im soci ety.Asar esultofthispolicyt hegr aduat esoft heAl i
gar hseri
ousl y
l
ackedi nreligiouseducat ionandcoul dnotcul ti
vat erel i
giousleani ngs.
Tehrik-i-Deobandr enderededucat ionalser vicest ot hecauseoft heMusl ims,
butitwasapur elyreli
giousmov ementandl ai dgr eaterst ressonr el i
giouseducat i
on.
TheDeobandsemi narywast otal
lyi
ncompat iblewi tht hemoder nt rendsofeducat ion.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 39
Itpr eparedgr eatUl ema,Suf i
sandspi r
it
uall eader swhocoul donl ytakeont he
responsi bi
li
tiesofspi ri
tualandr el
igi
ousgui danceoft heMusl i
msbybecomi ng
priestsandl eadersofpr ayer
s.Theywer efier
yor atorswhosepr imaryobjecti
vewas
thespr eadofI slam.Thest udent
sofDeobandwer ecompl etelyobli
vi
ousoft he
west ernandmoder nknowl edgeandwer eunabl et oguidethepeopl ei
nt hemodem
educat ion.
Inthesecircumstancest her
ewasenoughr oom foraninstit
uti
onwhi chcould
combi nethebr oadf eat
uresofbot hwest ernandr el
igi
oust r
endsofeducat i
onso
thatt heextremistviewofDeobandandAl i
garhcoul dbemi nimized.
Est
abl
i
shmentofNadv
a-Tul
-Ul
ema
I
n1892itwasdeci dedinameet ingheldatMadr asah-i
-Fai
z-i
-Aam Cawnpor e
thatacommi tt
eeshoul dbesetupf orthegui danceoft heMusl i
ms.TheNadv a
Ulemawasest abl i
shedin1894asar esul
tofef fortsofsomer eli
giousmi nded
governmentser
v ants,Sufi
sandUl emawhowi shedtobr i
ngt heulemat oget
herin
ordertoremovet hesectari
andiff
erences.Themai nobj ectiv
eoft hisinstit
uti
on,as
mentionedearl
ier,wast o guideandpr epar
et heMusl imswel lequi ppedint he
rel
igi
ousandmoder nknowledge.Si
rSy edAhmadKhan, i
nt hebeginning,didnotli
ke
theideaand wassomewhatscept i
caloft hei nsti
tuti
on’ssuccessbutl at
eron
welcomedthemov e.
Founder
sofNadv
a
Maul
v iAbdulGhaf oor,Deput
yCollect
ori
ssai dtobei tsear
liestfounder.
MaulanaShibliNaumani,somet i
meacloseassoci
ateofSirSyedAhmadKhan,was
cl
oselyassociatedwit
ht heNadv a.HeandMaulanaAbdulHaqpr eparedther ul
es
andregulat
ionsoftheNadv aandchalkedoutali
beralpr
ogrammewhichwast oput
anendt ot heext r
emistel ementsinordertocatertheneedsoft heprev ai
li
ng
envi
ronments.
Obj
ect
ivesofNadv
a
Themai nwor koft heor ganizat
ionwast heestablishmentofaDar -
ul-
Uloom at
Lucknow.TheNadv ast oodf orgeneralreformat i
onofMusl im soci etybyat t
racting
theMusl imst owar dr eli
gion.I thadbeenest abli
shedwi t
hav iew ofpr omot ing
reli
giousknowl edge,mor alupl if
tandsoci alr egenerati
onoft heMusl imsofI ndi a.
Apar tf r
om t heseobj ectivest heNadv awor kedt or emov esect ariaf
ldi ff
erences
amongt hedi fferentgroupsofUl ema.TheNadv akeptalooff r
om t hepol it
icalactivity
andt russeduponsepar atingthepol i
ti
calissuesf rom it
smai nobj ect i
ves.
The est ablishmentofNadv a-Tul
-Ulema was wi del
y hai l
ed i nt he sub I t
regularlyst arted functioning on 2nd December ,1898 atLucknow.The r egular
classesbeganwi t
hi t
sest abli
shment .Al ar
genumberofphi lanthropistscont ri
but ed
gener ouslyf ort heNadHowev er,theestablishmentofNadv ainvitedsomecr it
icli
m
from differentquar t
ers.SirAnt honyMacDonal ,whowast heGov er norofUPatt hat
ti
mel ashedoutatNadv aanddecl areditasthecent reofpol i
ticalact i
vit
ies
Nadv
a-Tul
-Ul
emaandMaul
anaShi
bli
MaulanaShi
bliwasbornin1857atAzamgarh.Her ecei
vedhiseducat
ionin
theoldIsl
amicMadr assahand wasdeepl
yinf
luenced byMaul anaMuhammad
Farooqwhowasbitt
erlyoppose.
dtoSi
rSyed’
smov ement.Maul ahaShi
bli
’
sfathef
,

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 40
great lyi nf l
uencedbySi rSy ed’sv isionandf oisuggest edhi mt hatheshoul dacqui r e
Engl isheducat i
on.He,howev er ,di dnotactupont hisadv i
ceandcont i
nuedwi tht he
attainmentofhi ghestI slami ceducat ion.
Hej oinedAl igar hCol l
egeasAssi stantPr of essorofAr abi c-i n1833af t
er
vainf ullyt ryingf orsev er aly ear st oseekagov ernmentj ob.Maul anaShi blii mpr essed
SirSy edAhmadKhanwi thhi sschol arshi panddev otionasat eacher .Maul anaShi bli
wasawel l-
readandkeenper sonwhot ookt ohi sjobwi thut mostsi ncer i
t ySirSy ed
AhmadKhan,obser vingt her icht alenti nt hey oungShi bli,gr eat lyencour agedhi m
witht he sy mpat het i
c appr oach.Maul ana Shi bliut i
lized t he oppor t unity wi th
enthusi asm andsoonbecameav al uabl eassett ot heAl i
gar hCol lege.
Howev er ,thecor di alr el ati
onshi pcoul dnotl astv eryl ongandsomeser ious
differences,mai nlyduet oMaul anaShi bli
’snat ure,dev elopedbet weenSi rSy ed
AhmadKhanandMaul anaShi bli.Shi bl iv i
asahi ghlysensi ti
v eandpr oudper sonby
natur e.Hewasnotv eryhappywi tht het r
eat menther ecei vedatAl igarhCol legeas
heexpect edahi ghl yel ev at edposi tionbei nganAssi stantPr ofessorofOr ient al
l
anguages.Hedi slikedt heeducat ionalpat ter nofAl i
gar handwasoft hev i
ew t hat
thei dealsy st em ofeducat i
onwoul dbeami ngl ingoft heol dandt henew, amodi fi
ed
form oft heol dsy st em andnott henew whi chwasbei ngpr act i
sedatAl i
garh.He
openl ynegat edt her eligiousv iewsofSi rSy edAhmadKhanandr esignedf r
om t he
Ali
gar hCol l
egei n1904.
Theest abl i
shmentofNadv a-Tul -Ulemawasaboonf rom heav cnsf ort he
ambi tiousShi bli.Hesaw i ni tt heoppor tunityhesoeager lydesi redt ocapt urei n
ordert oexper imenthi seducat i
onalphi l
osophi es.Maul anaShi blibel i
ev edt hatt he
Nadv awoul dpr ov idehi m achancet obecomet hel eaderandheadoft her eli
gi ous
Ulemaandul ti
mat elyt oacqui ret heaut hor i
tyandst at usmuchhi ghert hanSi rSy ed
AhmadKhan.He,t her ef or e,act i
v elyt ookpar ti nt hemeet ingsofNadv a-Tul -
Ul ema
andf inal l
yj oi nedi taf tert hedeat hofSi rSy edAhni adKhan.
Maul anaShi bli’
sassoci ati
onwi thNadv agr eat l
yenhancedt hepr est igeoft he
i
nst itut ion.Hewor kedv er yhar dt omakeNadv aausef ulinst itutionf ort hepeopl e
becausei ni tssuccesshesaw t her eal i
sat ionofhi sdr eams.Hewasmadet he
i
nchar geofMadr assahwhi chwasmai nt ainedbyNadv a.Hei nt roducedanumberof
changesi nt hecur riculum ont hebasi sofhi sex periencehehadr ecei vedatAl igar h.
Heal soi ntroducedt hest udyofEngl i
shl anguageasacompul sor ysubj ectatt he
Madr assah.Hegav ehi sspeci alat tent iont oachosengr oupofst udent sandt ook
greatpai nsi nt raini ngt hem ashi st rust wor t
hydi scipleswhocoul dcar r
yonhi swor k
andspr eadhi smessage.Hegav et hem t rainingi nwr i
tingsot hatt heycoul dbecome
writer sandaut hor st opr ov idei nt ellect uall eader shipaf t
erhi m.Few ofhi smost
celebr atedpupi lswer eSy edSul aimanNadv iandMaul anaAbu- al-KalamAzadwho
ablysucceededhi m i nt hepol iticalandl i
ter ar yci rcles.Maul anaShi bli’sef fort s
strengt henedNadv a’ sfinanci al posi tiont oal aigeext ent .Heest abl ishedanacademy
ofaut hor s( Dar -ul-Musani fin)atAzamgar hwhi chcar riesonhi smessaget ot hisday .
Hel abor i
ousl yt ri
edt ogat hersuppor tf orhi sdev elopi ngi nst i
tut i
onf r
om al lquar ter s
andmai nt ainedf riendl yr elat ionwi thVi qar -ul-Mul kandMohsi n-ul Mul k.
Howev er ,Maul ana Shi blii nv i
ted cr iticism f rom hi s col leagues atNadv a.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 41
Maul anaShi blisuffer edbecauseofsomeper sonall apsesofchar acterandhi msel f
prov i
dedanoppor tuni tyofcr i
t i
cism.Hewasahi ghlysensi tiveandt ouchi ngman
whi chmadei tdiff
icul tforot her st opul lal ongwi thhim.Mor eov er,hehadposedhi m
ast hechampi onoft her el
igiousgr oup,buthi sv iewsandper sonalchar acterl acked
rel
igioust ingewhi ch di d nOtenhancehir eput ati
on asa l eaderofa r eligious
mov ement .Hi scolleaguesatNadv asoongotf edupofhi sv iewsandespeci allyof
hisar rogantst yl
eandcombi nedt ogetr i
dofhi m.Maul anaAbdulKar im wr otean
arti
cl eonJi hadi nl 9Hecr i
ticisedt hev iewsofMaul anaShi bh.Maul anaShi bli,who
alway sboast edt obeagr eatadv ocateofi ntell
ectualfreedom t ookdi scipl i
nar y
actionagai nstMaul v iAbdulKar i
m andr emov edhi mf rom thet eachi ngst affThi sled
toast rongagi tat
ionagai nsthi m, andShi bl it
aki nghi m asindispensabl et ender edhi s
resignat ion.Ther esi gnat i
onwasaccept edandal lhi
sef forts,l ateron,t ost agea
come- backwer efoiledbyhi sopponent s.
Maul ana AbdulHay ee,Nawab Husai n Al iKhan and Dr .Sy ed AbdulA
succeededMaul anaShi bliasadmi nist
rat orsofNadv a.Ther esi gnat i
onofMaul ana
Shihliadv erselyaf fect edt hewor kingofNadv awhi chcoul dnev ergai nthatgl or y
whi chMaul anaShi bli hadbr oughtt oi t.
TheNadv aLTul _Ulemapr oducedmenwi thhighacademi candi ntellect ual
foresi ght:Al t
houghNadv acoul dnotaccompl ishi tsdesir
edai my eti tsser vicesf or
thepr omot ionofI slami ceducat i
onar eimmense.Anumberofst udent sofNadv aled
thepeopl ei nt hef reedom st r
uggl ewhi chi ncludeSy edSul ai manNadv i
,Maul ana
AbdulSal am Nadv iandMasoodAl am Nadv i.Maul anaShi bl iissuedar esear ch
j
our nalMa’ ar i
fundert heauspi cesofDar -
ul-
Musani f
in(AcademyofAut hors)whi ch
occupi esahi ghstatusi nt hel i
ter aryci r
cles.
ANJUMAN-
I-
HIMAYAT-
I-
ISLAM,
LAHORE
TheAl i
gar hproducedamazi ngresult
si nt heeducat ional upliftoftheMusl i
ms.
Ithadcr eatedawar enessamongstt heMusl i
mswhi chsetani ncent ivefort hepeopl e
ofot herareasaswel l.ThePr ov i
nceofPunj abwasunderSi khdomi nationi nt hose
day s.TheSi khregimehadcr uel l
ysuppr essedi tsMusl i
m subject sandt heeconomi c,
soci alandeducat i
onalcondi tionsoft heMusl imsofPunj abwasdepl or able.The
Musl i
mswer eunabl et oseekadmi ssionint heeducat i
onali nstituti
onsr unLyt he
Chr isti
anandHi ndumi ssionar i
es.
Thededi cat
ed Musl im l eadersoft hePunj ab wer emuch wor ried on t he
educat i
onaldecl ineoft hei
rpeopl eandsi ncerelywant edt oadoptmeasur esf orthe
educat i
onal advancementoft heM oft hePunj ab.ThesuccessofAl igarheducat ional
refor mshadsetani ncent i
vef orot herstof ollow i nthenobl et askofeducat ional
refor msoft heMusl imsoft hePunj ab.Somel eadingandsi ncer eMusl i
ml eader s
pickedupt hei ncentivei nor dert olessent hei nfluenceofHi nduandChr isti
an
mi ssionaries and deci ded t o setup Anj urnan- i
-Himay at-i
-I
slaniatLahor e.The
Anj umau- i-
Hi may at
-i
-lsiam wasest abli
shedon24t hSept ember ,1884i namosque
knownasMasj i
dBakanKhani nsideMochiGat e,Lahor e,wher enear ly250Musl ims
deci dedt osetupt heAnj umanf ort heeducat i
onalgui danceoft heMusl imsoft h
Punj ab.Khal i
fu Hameed- ud-Dinl aid down.t he f oundat i
on oft he Anj uman.He
becamei tsf i
rstPresident .Apar t-
from KhalifaHameed- ud-DinDr .MuhammadNazi r

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 42
andMunshi Abdui Rahim werepr ominentwor ker
soft heAnjuman.
TheAnj umanf acedf i
nancialproblemsi nthebeginning.Thewor kersofthe
Anwentf r
om doort odoort ocol lectfundsf ortheAnjuman.Aschemeknownas
Mathl i
harAtawasst artedtocollectfundsf ort
heAnj uman.Underthisschemeev er
y
housewife was asked t o spare a handf uloff louratt he t
ime-ofcooking and
accumul at
eiti napot .TheAnj umanwor kerseverydaycollect
edt hatfl
ourandsold
i
tint hemar ket .Themoneyt huscol l
ectedwasdeposi ted,in‘t
heAnj umanfunds.
Howev er,witht hepassageoft i
met hepeopl ebegant odonategener ousl
ytowards
theAnjumanf unds.
Obj
ect
ivesofAnj
uman
Fol
lowingwer etheaimsandobj ectsoft heAnjuman- i-
Himay at-
i-I
slam:
1. Est
ablishmentoft heeducationalinstituti
onswher emoder n‘ educationcoul
d
begiventotheMusl ims.
2. Toeffecti
vel
ycount erthepropagandaoft heChristianmissionar i
es.
3. TolookaftertheMusl i
m orphanchi l
dr enandtogi vethem propereducat i
on.
4. Toestabli
shtheMusl i
mssoci etyonsoundandst ablefoundations.
5. Tostri
v ef
orthesoci alandcultural
progr essoftheMusl i
ms.
6. ToorganizetheMusl im massespol it
icall
yforthesaf eguardofI sl
am.
Educat
ionalSer
vices
I
nor dert oaccompl i
shi tsgoalt heAnj uman- i-
Himay at -
i-I
slam ser vedwi th
devotion.TheAnj umanbegani tsstruggle&byest abli
shingapr imar yschoolf orthe
girl
s.
TheAnj umanf oll
owedt hepat ternofAl igarhi nitseducat i
onalpr ogr ammeby
setti
ngupanumberofeducat ionalinst i
tutions.Twoschool swer eopenedi n1884
whichgr adual lyroset of if
teenwi thi
nt eny ear s.Agi r
l’
sschoolwasopenedi n1925
whichwasupgr adedt ot hel evel ofahi ghschool wi t
hinoney ear .
TheAnj umanbegani t
seducat i
onalpr ogr ammesi mul taneousl yi nt hemal e
andf emal esect or.islami aCol lege,f orWomen,CooperRoadwasest abl i
shedi n
1938.Ther egul arcl assest orI slami aCol lege,CooperRoadwer est ar tedi nt he
CrescentHost elwith7Sgi rlst udents.MA.cl assesi nAr abicandGeogr aphywer e
start
edi n1942and1943r espect ivel
y.
I
nt hemal esect ort heAnj umanopenedi tsf i
rsti nstitutioni n1889i nt he
Sheranwal aGat e.Lahor e.Itwasapr imar yschoolwhi chwascal l
edasMadr asab-Tul
Musl i
mi n.Itwasupgr adedt ot hemi ddleandhi ghschoolst andar d.Thi sschooli s
knownasI slami aHi ghSchool Sher anwal aGat e.
I
n1892amal eCol l
egewasest ablishedi nt wor oomsoft heI sl ami aHi gh
School ,Sher anwal aGat e,Lahor ewher et empor aril
ycl assesf orI slami aCol lege
began.I n190550kanal sofl andwasacqui redatRai lwayRoad,Lahor e,wher e
Isl
ami aCol l
ege.Rai lwayRoad,Lahpr e,wasest ablished.TheCol legebui l
dingwas
compl eted i n 1913 and Ami rHabi b Ul l
ah Khan ofAf ghani stan laid down i t
s
foundat i
onst one.Islami aCol lege,Ci v i
lLines,Lahor eandI slami aCol lege,Lahor e
Cantt,wer eal soest ablishedt ocat erf ort hei ncr easingdemandsoft heMusl ims.
Himay at-i-
Islam Law Col legewasal soest ablishedwhi chi mpar tedl egaleducat i
on.
Apartf rom educat i
onali nst i
tutionst heAnj umanal sosetupor phanhouses,Dar -
ul-

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 43
AmanTi biaCollegeandCent ersforadul
teducati
on.
TheAnj uman hel ditsmeet ingseveryyearwhich werepresided overby
i
mpor tantpersonali
ti
esl i
keSirSy edAhmadKhan,Al l
amaI qbal
,NawabMohsi n-ul
Mulk,Maul anaAl t
afHusai nHal i
,SheikhAbdulQadirandJust i
ceShahDi n.The
Anjumanawokednat ionalspir
itamongt hepeopl
eandcreat
edawar enessaboutthe
i
nterestsofthepeople.
Pol
i
ticalSer
vicesoft
heAnj
uni
an-
i-
Himay
at-
i-
Isl
am
TheAnj umanr ender edcommendabl eser vicesi norganizi
ngt hepeopl eunder
thebannerofMusl i
m League.I twor kedi nadedi catedwaydur ingt hePaki stan
Mov ement .Theannualmeet ingsoft heAnj umanwer epol i
ti
calgat her i
ngswher e
resolutionsi nf avourofPaki stanwer epassed.
Thest udentsofI slami aCol l
ege,Rai l
wayRoad,Lahor etookact ivepar tint he
freedom st ruggleandpr ov edef f
icientwor kersoft heMusl i
m League.Theyt ookt he
messageoff reedom t oev erycor neroft hecount ry .Theyrenderedv al uableser vices
topopul arizet hefreedom mov ement .TheQuai d-
i-Azanihoi st
edt hePaki st
anf l
agi n
thehi storicgr oundofI slami aCol l
ege, Rail
wayRoad.Lahor e.Thest udent sofI slami a
Collegewer et hedev otedcompani onsandbodyguar dsoft heQuai d-i
-Azam.They
tookact i
vepar tin maki ng t hehi stor i
csessi on ofMusl im Leaguea compl ete
successi n1940.TheQuai d-i-Azam wasescor tedt oI qbalPark,themeet ingpl aceof
theLahor eSessi on, bythest udent sofI sl
ami aCol l
ege, Rail
wayRoad, Lahor e.
Thest udent sofI slami aCol l
ege,Rai lwayRoad,f oundedMusl im St udent s
Feder ation undert he leader ship ofHameed Ni zamiwhi ch extended maxi mum
assistancet ot heQuai d-i-
Azam i nt hePaki stanmov ement .TheAnj umanor gani zed
polit
icalmeet ings to pr omot et he Two- Nat ion Theor y
.Famous l eaders oft he
freedom r ugglel i
keSi rSy edAhmadKhan,Al l
amaI qbal
,NawabVi qar-ul-
Mul kand
Maul anal edt hepeopl ei nt hef reedom st rugglef rom Anj uman’ splatf
or m.
Si
ndhMadr
asah,
Kar
achi
Dur i
ngt heAl igarhmov ement ,Si rSy edAhmadKhanadv i
sedt heMusl imst o
setupeducat i
onali nstit
utionsi nt heirar easont hepat t
ernofAl i
gar hsot hatt he
Muslimsneedf oreducat i
oncoul dbesuf ficientl
yf ulf
il
ledTheBr i
tishGov ernment
hadputanendt dthesepar atest atusoft hepr ovi
nceofSi ndhandat tachedi twith
Bombaypr esi
dency .TheHi ndumaj or i
tyofBombaydi dnotl iket oseet heMusl i
ms
progressingi nthef i
eldofeducat ion.TheBr iti
shgov ernment .inor dert opl easet he
Hindumaj orit
y,di
dnotpayanyat tent iont owar dtheeducat ionalr equi rement soft he
MuslimsofSi ndh.Consequent l
yt her ewasnoment i
onabl eeducat i
onali nsti
tutionin
thewhol eofSi ndhwhi chcoul dcat erfort heneedsofeducat ionoft heMusl i
ms.
Sy edHasanAl iAf andi,adev otedMusl im cit
izenofKar achiwasdesi rousof
theMusl im educat i
onalpr ogress.Hewast hef ounderandpr esidentoft heCent ral
MohammadanAssoci ationofKar achi, whi chwasest ablishedbySy edAmeerAu.He
wasagr eatadmi rerofSi rSy edAhmadKhanandhi ghlyi nf av ouroft heAl igarh
mov ement .Hedeci dedt osetupaneducat ionalinstit
utioni nKar 4chiandf ormeda
commi tteet olookint othepossi bili
tyoft hepr oj
ect.
Sy edHasanAAf andicol lectedf undsf ortheest abli
shmentoft heMadr assah.
Helaiddownt hefoundat ionOft heMadr assahi nasmal lbuildingnearBol t
onMar ket

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 44
i
n1885.TheMadr assahwasknownasSi ndhMadr assah- t
ul-
Isl
am.Af tersomet i
me
l
andwasacqui redf ort heconst ructionoft hebui l
dingwhi chwasi naugur atedi n
1886byLor dDuf f
rin.
HasânAl idi edi n1896andhi ssonWal iMuhammadsucceededhi m ast he
admi nistratoroft he Madr assah.Wal iMuhammad was successf uli n acqui ri
ng
gov ernmentpat ronagef ortheMadr assah.Thegov ernmental locatedannualgr antt o
theMadr assahbutputcer taincondi ti
onsaswel lwhi chcreatedbadf eeli
ngamong
theadmi nistr
ationoft heMadr assah.
Theadmi ni
st rati
v eandt eachi ngpatternwasdr aft
edont hest y l
eofAl igar h.
Thef irstt wopr incipal soft heMadr assahwer eBr i
ti
sher swhosi ncer elywor kedf or
the upl i
ftoft he Madr assah.Engl i
sh and r eligiouseducat i
on wasgi ven int he
Madr assahandt hest udentswer er equiredtoof ferpr ayersregularl
y.
Wal iMuhammadwassucceededbyhi ssonHsasnAl iAbdurRehmani n1938,
afterhisdeat h,ast headmi nistrator.HasanAl iAbdurRehmanmanagedt opul lout
Madr assah f rom t he Gov ernment cont rol.The admi ni
strati
ve Boar d of t he
Madr assahdeci dedt omakei tSi ndhMusl i
m Col legei n1943.Accor dingt othewã4l
oft heQuai d-iAzam asi zablepor ti
onofhi spr oper tywassur renderedt otheSi ndh
Musl i
m Col l
ege.Quai d-i-Azam r eceivedhi searlyeducat ionatSi ndhMadr assah.The
SindhMadr acsaht ul -
Islam tookact ivepartint hef reedom mov ementandbecamea
cent r
eofTwo- Nationconcept .HasanAl iAf andit ookact iv
epar tint hef reedom
struggleasanor dinar ywor keroft heMusl im League.
I
slami
aCol
l
ege,
Peshawar
TheChr isti
anmi ssi onariesbegant heireducat i
onalact ivi
ti
esi ntheN. W. F.P.A
mi ssionwasopenedi n1868whi chbecameEdwar dCol lege,Peshawari n1888.I t
wasknownasMuni cipalHi ghSchool .ThisschoolwasmadeGov ernmentCol lege,
PeshawarandAl lamaI nay atUl l
ahKhanAl -Mashr iqi becamei tsfi
rstpr i
nci pal.
Ther ewer enopr operar r
angement sfort her eligiouseducat i
oni nt heN. W. F.P.
Anacut edear t
hwasf el tfort heeducat i
onalinst i
tutionsi nt heprov i
ncewher ebot h
reli
giousandmoder neducat i
oncoul dbegi vent ot heMusl ims.TheMusl iml eader s
oft heN. W. F.
Pt heneedofest ablishi
nganeducat ionali nst i
tut
ioni nNWFPwhi ch
coul dimpar treligiousaswel lasmoder nknowl edget ot heMusl ims.Sahi bzada
AbdulQay yum was one oft hose Musl im l eader s who t ook initi
at i
v ef ort he
educat ionalupl iftoft heMusl imsofN. W.F.
P.andendeav our edal otf ort hisnobl e
object i
ve.Wi t
hhi ssi ncer eef f
or tstheAnj uman- i
-Himay at-i
-I
st am wasest ablishedi n
theN. W. F.P.whi chopenedaschool i
n1902knownasI slami aCol l
ege, Peshawar .
Sahi bzadaAbdulQay yum wás’ agreatr efor merandl eaderoft heN. W. F.P.It
wasmai nlyduet ohi sef fort
st hatt heMusl imsoft heN. W. F.P.wer eabl et opr ogr ess
i
nt heeducat i
onalf ield.Sahi bzadaAbdulQay y
um wasbor non12t hDecember , 1863
atSwabi ,Di stj
ictMar dan.Her eceiv edhisear ls’educat ionatMi ssionHi ghSchool
andent eiedgov ernmentser vicei n1887.Her oset ot hest atusofpol i
ticalagentby
dintofhar dwor kandhonest yofpur pose.Her ender edv aluableser vicesf ort he
enf or
cementofconst i
t utional reforms.Hedi edon4t hDecember ,1937.
Dar
-ul
-Ul
oom-
i-
Isl
ami
a
Sahi
bzadaSi
rAbdulQay
yum wasast
aunchf
oll
owerofSi
rSy
edAhmadKhan

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 45
and a gr eatadv ocat e oft he Al igar h mov ement .He desi red t o establ i
sh an
educat ionali nst i
tutioni nt heN. W. F.P.ont hepat ternofAl i
gar hCol l
ege.Hesetupa
Commi t
t ee i n 1912 t o col lectf unds f ort he est abli
shmentofan educat ional
i
nst i
tution.Two hundr ed acr esofl and wasacqui red wher et he Dar -
ul -
Uloom- i
-
Islami awasest ablished.Geor geRossCapel ,af r
iendofSahi bzadaSi rAbdul Qay yum
hel pedhi mi nt heest abl i
shmentofDar -ul-Uloom.Haj iTar angzai ,agr eatl eaderof
SilkHandker chiefMov ementl aiddownt hef oundat ionst oneoft heDar -
ul -
Uloom- i
-
Islami a.
Int hebegi nni ngDar -ul-Uloom wasahi ghschool .Sahi bzadaAbdulQay yum
wor kedhar dt or aisei tt ot hest atusofacol l
ege.TheDar -ul-Uloom- i
-I
slami av ery
‘
soondev elopedi ntoacol l
egeandwasnamedasI sl
ami aCol l
ege, Peshawar .Islami a
Col lege. ’Peshawarbecamet hecent reofeducat i
onalandcul turalactiv
iti
esof. the
whol e,oft he
N. W. F.P.I tbecameanef f
ect ivesour ceofspr eadi ngt he’knowl edgeand
awar enessamongt heMusl imy out hwhof oughtf orPaki stani n‘thelaterst ages.I t
wasent irelyduet oSahi bzada’ ssi ncer eef fortst hatt hecol legegai nedi mmense
i
mpor tancei nt heN. W. F.P.asapr est igiousseatofl ear ning.Sahi bzadaAbdul
Qay yum wor keddayandni ghtt oer ectaspl endi dcampusf ort heCol l
ege.
Sahi bzada AbdulQay yum wasr esponsi blef orr unni ng t headmi nistrative
affai rsoft heCol lege.Her emai nedSecr etar yoft heCol l
egeAdmi nistr
ati
veBoar dt i
l
l
hisdeat h, andmade’ t
remendous’ cont ribut i
onsi nenhanci ngt hecol l
ege’sacademi c
prest ige.He,wasel ectedast hePr esidentofAl lIndiaMohammedanEducat ional
Conf erencei nr ecogni tionofhi seducat i
onalser v i
cesi n1925.‘ Hei sregardedasSi r
Sy edAhmadKhanoft heN. W. F.P.f ort heeducat i
onalser vi
cesher ender edt o,t he
N,W. F.P.’
Thest udandt eacher sofI slami aCol legePeshawart ookact i
vepar tint he
freedom mov ement .Itwer et hest udent sofI slami aCol lege,Peshawarwhomadea
majorcont ri
butioni nmaki ngt her ef erendum of1947acompl etesuccess.The
Quai d-i
-Azam hadgr eatl iki
ngf ort hei nstitut i
on.Asi zeabl epor tionofQuai d-i
-Azam’ s
proper tywasgi vent oI slamiaCol lege, Peshawari naccor dancewi thhisdesi r
e.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 46
Chapt
er#3
PAKI
STANMOVEMENT
Q1. Wr
it
ethenot
eont
hePar
ti
ti
onoft
heBengal
.
Ans. Lor dCurbecamet heVicer
oyofI ndiain1899.Hewasanabl eandeffi
cient
admi nistr
ator
.Heundertookanextensi
vetouroft heprovi
nceofBengalandfeltthat
thepr ovincewast oobigtobeadmi ni
stratedeffecti
vel
y.Theprovinci
alGovernors
hadal readycompl ai
nedabouttheadmi nistr
ati
vedi f
fi
cul
tiesf
acedbyt hem int he
l
ar gepr ovi
nce.Theyhadr ecommendedt hepar t
iti
onoft hepr
ovinceinview ofits
sizeandbi gpopulati
on.
ReasonsofPar
ti
ti
onoft
heBengal
Ther ewer eal otofr easonsbehi ndt hepar t
iti
onoft heBengali n1905.Some
ofthem ar easunder :
-
1. Lar gePopul ati
onofBengal :
Accor dingt ot hecensusof1901t hepopul ationconsi stedofsev encr ore
eightyl acsi ndi vi
duals.Accor dingt ot hear eaandpopul ati
onr atiositsdivi
sioni nto
twopar tswasunav oi
dable.
2. LargeAr eaofBengal :
Accor dingt ot hecensusof1901t hear eaofBengalpr ov i
ncewasonel ac
eightyni net housandsquar emi lesthat ’
swhypar tit
ionofBengal wasnecessar y .
3. Dest r
uct i
onofChi t
tagongSeaPor t:
Duet ot heav ailabi
li
tyofaseapor tinWestBengali nCal cut t
anot houghtwas
givent oi mpr oveanddev elopt heseapor ti
nEastBengalatChi ttagong.Thedi vision
ofBengal wasnecessar ytosav ei tfrom destruction.
4. Pr obl em ofLanguage:
Thear eaofAr isawher el anguage,Ar y
ay aAr yawasspokendi v
idedintot hree
prov i
ncesBengal ,Assam andU. P.Thepeopl eandgov ernmenthadt of aceal otof
problemsduet ot hi
s.Theconcer nedpr ovincialgov ernment shadt odoof ficial
formal i
tiesi npr ovincialaswel lasAr yaLanguage.Thepeopl ealsocoul dnotr emai n
separ ated.Ther eforeitwasnecessar ytoinclude, Arisai nanyonepr ovi
nce.
5. Dest r
uct i
onofI ndust r
yandSki l
l
:
Ev ent houghtj ut ewaspr oducedi nlargescal eEastBengalwasnotgi venany
i
mpor tancei nt hefieldindustry, becauseofwhi cht hel ocali ndustri
eshadcol lapsed
andpeopl ewer einbadcondi t
ions.
6. Economi cBackwar dness:
Thear eaoft heWestBengalwast otall
yi gnor edbyt hedi f
ferentgovernment ,
sot hesur roundedar easofCal cut tawer eeconomi callybackwar d.
Ev
ent
soft
hePar
ti
ti
onofBengal
:
Anumberofpar tit
ionproposalswereviewedanddiscussedwhi ch,however,
coul
dnotmat eri
ali
ze.LordCur zondecidedtodivi
det
heprovinceintotwopr ov
inces.
Hepr epar
edacompr ehensi
vepl anoft hepar
ti
ti
onofBengali n1905andsenti tto
Engl
andf orappr
oval.TheBr i
tishCrowngav eapprov
altothepar ti
ti
onplanandt he
prov
inceofBengalwasdi vi
dedi nt
ot wopar t
son16thOct ober
,1905namedas

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 47
West ernBengal andEast ernBengal.
1. Pr ovinceofEastBengal
Thear eaofEastBengalandAssam pr ov incewasonel acsixt housandf i
ve
hundr edandf ortysquar emi l
esandt otalpopul ationwast hreecr oretenl acs.The
Muslim popul ati
oni nt hi
swasonecr oreei ghtyl acs.Thepr ovi
ncei ncludedAssam,
Sil
hit
,Eastand Nor th Bengalmeani ng Chi ttagong Dhaka,Commi ssionair
es of
RajshahiandMal dahdi visi
on.Thecent reoft henew pr ovincewasDhakaandt he
seapor twasChi tt
agong.
2. Prov i
nceofWestBengal
Besidest hear eaofEastBengalandAssam ot herpar tsofBengalwer e
i
ncludedi nWestBengal .Thear eaofOr issawasal soincl
udedi nitthear eaofWest
Bengalwasonel ac,fortyonet housandf ivehundr edandei ghtysquar emi lesandits
populat i
onwasf i
v ecrore,f or
tylacs.Musl im popul ati
onwasonl yninetythousand.
Thecent r
eoft heprovincer emainedCal cutta.Thet radeseapor tremainedCal cutt
a.
MUSLI
M RE-
ACTI
ONTOTHEPARTI
TION
Thenew pr ov i
nceofEast er
nBengalbr oughthappi erpr ospect sofpol i
ti
cal
andeconomi cli
fefort heMusl i
ms.TheMusl i
msov ernightt urnedi ntomaj ori
tyby
thecr eationoft henew pr ovince.TheMusl i
mswer e18mi ll
i
onoutoft het otal
populationof31mi l
li
oni nthenew pr ovince.Thepar t
it
ionofBengal. provi
ded
chancesofgr eatprogresst otheMusl i
mswhof ormedt hemaj orit
ygr oupi nthenew
setup.I nt hecombi nedpr ovinceofBengalt heMusl imswer easuppr essedand
dominat edcl assofsoci ety
.TheHi ndushadmonopol izedt radeandGov ernment
servi
ceswhi chaggr avatedt heeconomiccondi tionoft heMusl i
ms.Thepar t
iti
onof
Bengalpr ov idedthem wi thachancet or ehabil
it
at etheirsoci alposi t
ion.Theyhoped
thattheirsoci alstatuswoul dgetat remendousboosti nt henew pr ovi
nce.The
Muslims,t herefor
e,expr essedt hei
rutmosthappi nessov ert hepar ti
tionofBengal .
Theyof fer edt hei
rgr ati
ficat
ioninal oyalwayt oGov ernmentf ort akingast epf or
thei
rsoci al,economi candpol i
ti
calupl
if
t.
HI
NDURE-
ACTI
ONTOWARDPARTI
TION
TheHi ndusr eact edtowar dt hepar t
iti
onofBengali nahost i
leandv i
olentm
TheHi
nduscoul dnev ersuppor tamov ewhi chwast obr ingpr osperityandhappi ness
tot
heMusl i
ms.Ther easonsf orHi nduopposi t
iont ot hepar tit
ionwer easf oll
ows:
1. TheHi ndusbel ievedthatt heywoul dcom undert hedomi nationoft heMusl im
maj ori
tyinthenewpr ov i
nceandt hei
rsuper i
orposi tion‘wouldbedowngr aded
tothei nf
eri
orst atus.
2. Ast hepr ovinci alHighCour tandot herj udicialbodi eswer et obeshi ft
edt o
Dacca, heHindul awy ersf earedt hattheirlegal practicewoul dbeaf fected.
3. Si nceDaccawast obecomet hecent reofj ournalisticandot heracademi cI
acti
v i
ti
es,theHi nduPr essandmedi abel i
ev edt hatf rom now onwar dt he
Musl i
m pointofv iewwoul dbepr ojectedi nt henewspaper sandmagazi nes.
Theyal sofear edt hattheirincomewoul dser iouslybel essened.
4. TheHi ndulandl ords,capitalistsandt rader sdidnotl ikethepar ti
ti
onasi twas
toputanendt ot heirexploitat i
onoft hepoorMusl ims.
5. Bef oret hepar tit
ionofBengalt heHi ndusenj oyeddomi nantpositionint he

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 48
poli
ticalsphereoft hepr ovinceov ert
heMusl ims.Thenewsetupwast oput
anendt otheirsuper iorpol i
ti
calposit
ionandt hei
rpolit
icaldomi nanceov er
theMusl i
mswi llend.
TheHi nduagi tat
ionsoont urnedintoav i
olentreacti
on.Thepeopl edisobeyed
gover
nmentor dersbyref usingt opayt axesandr ental
s.Communalcl asheser upt
ed
ata.numberofpl aceswhi chaggr avatedthelawandor dersit
uat i
onint hecount r
y.
Bombswer et hrownandat tackswer emadeont hel i
vesoft heBr it
ishpeopl e.
Swadeshimov ementwasor ganizedbywhi chthef orei
gngoodswer eboycot t
ed.The
tr
aincarr
yingt heGov ernoroft heEast ernBengalwasder ai
ledandanat temptwas
madeonVi ceroy ’
sli
fewhi chf ai
led.
Cancel
l
ati
onofPar
ti
ti
onofBengal
The vi
gorous Hindu agitat
ion r
ocked the Gover
nmentwhi ch could not
withst
and the ext
reme pressure ofthe mov ement
..The Hindusthreatened the
Gov er
nmenttoboy cottt
heforthcomingtourofIndi
aoftheKingGeor ge.Thet hr
eat
provedsuccessfulandtheBr i
ti
shGov er
nmentsuccumbedt ot heHindusagi t
ati
on.
Thepar t
it
ionofBengalwasul ti
mat el
yannull
edon12t hDecember,1911ataRoy al
meet i
ngknownasDel hiDarbarwheretheKingGeor geannouncedthedeci si
onof
annulmenttotheextremedismayoft heMusli
msofBengal.
Af
fect
sofCancel
l
ati
onofPar
ti
ti
onofBengal
1. StartofExt remism inPol it
ics
TheDi visionofBengalwascal l
edascut ti
ngapar tpi ecesofmot herlandanda
dangert ot heuni tyandt hest epst heyt ookt or eunitei twer eext remi sts.The
extr
emi sm st ar tedafterdiv i
sionofBengalr emainedt i
llt hedi v
isionofI ndiawhi ch
wasabi gpr oblem f orBriti
sh.
2. Unv eili
ngofCongr essTr ueFace
TheCongr esssuppor tedt heHi ndusofBengali nannul mentofdi vi
si onof
Bengal .Thismadei tqui
tecl eart hatCongr esswasnotanor gani
zat i
onf orallIndians
butonl yandonl yr epr
esent ati
v epar tyofHi ndus.
3. Pr omot ionofMusl im’sPol i
ti
calAwakeni ng
The Hi ndus opposi ti
on on t he deci sion ofDi vision ofBengalpr omot ed
st
poli
ticalawakeni ng in Musl im.On 1 Nov .1906,35 member ’
s del egations of
Musl i
msheadedbySi rAghaKhanmetVi ceroyLor dMi ntoatSi mlaandpl ayan
i
mpor t
antr olef ort heprotectionr i
ghtsandi nter
estsofMusl ims.Twomont hsaf ter
t
h
theSi ml adel egat ionAllIndi aMusl im Leaguewasf ormedon30 December1906.
Pakistanatl astcamei ntobei ngf rom t hi spl
atfor
m.
4. Est abl i
shmentofDhakaUni versity:
After t he annul ment of di vision of Bengal t he Br iti
sh gov er nment
compensat edt hehur tfeelingsofMusl i
msbyest abli
shingaMusl i
m Uni ver sit
yi n
Dhaka.I slami atwasi ncludedf orthef ir
stt i
mei nthesy l
labusi nthisuniv ersit
y.
Concl
usi
on:
The Hi
ndusagitati
on againstthe par
ti
ti
on rei
nforced t
he feel
ingsoft he
Musl
im aboutHindudesigns.Theyreali
zedthattheHinduswoul dneverall
ow the
Musl
imsapr osper
ousandhappyl i
fe.TheHi nduagitat
ionagainstthepar t
it
ion
f
urt
heredtheTwo-NationTheory.Thisagit
ati
onalsoconvincedtheMusl i
mleaders

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 49
oftheneedforaseparat
eMusl
im pol
i
ticalor
gani
zat
ionwhi
chcoul
dsaf
eguar
dt he
i
nterest
softheMusli
msofIndi
aandwhi chcoul
dcountert
heHi
nduandCongress
pr
opaganda.
Q2. Wr
it
eanot
eont
heSi
mlaDel
egat
ion.
Ans.Li beralPar
tyofEnglandhadwont hegeneralel
ecti
onsundertheleader shi
pof
LloydGeor gein1905.Itbeli
evedi ngivi
ngadequat esafeguar
dst otheIndianpeople
byi ntr
oducingconstit
utionalreforms.TheLi beralPartyannouncedt hati twould
sooni ntr
oduceconst i
tut
ionalref
or msi nIndi
a.TheMusl imleadersdecidedt oavai
l
this opportuni
tyin ordert o apprise the Vi
ceroy oft he Musli
ms demands.A
delegati
onofpr ominentMusliml eaders,fr
om allovert
hecountrywasf orri
iedunder
theleadershipofHisHighnessSirAghaKhan.
For
mat
ionoft
heDel
egat
ion:
TheViceroywasv acati
oni
ngatSi ml
a.TheMusl i
ml eadersaskedf orthe
assistanceofMr .Ar chbold,thePrincipalofAli
garhColl
ege,togetanappoi ntment
withthev i
cer
oy.Mr .Archboldgotint ouchwit
ht hePri
vateSecretar
yoft heVicer
oy
Col.Dunl opSmithandr equestedhi mt ogetanappointmentwi t
ht heViceroyand
i
nform Mr .Ar
chbold.TheMusl im delegati
oncompr i
sing35Musl iml eader
sknown
asSi mlaDeputation,call
edont heVi ceroyon1stOctober,
1906atSi mla.
DemandsofSi
mlaDel
egat
ion
Thedeput ati
onappr i
sedt heVi ceroyoft heMusl im demands.Theyexpr essed
the need f ort he pr otect i
on oft he Musl i
m i nterestsi frepr esent ativ
ef orm of
gov ernmentwast obei ntroducedi nIndi abyt hef ol
lowi ngway s.
1. DemandofSepar ateEl ectorate:
TheMusl imsshoul dbegi vent heaut hor ityt oel ecttheirrepr esentativesi nt he
electionsoft hecounci ls.Fort hisr easont heMusl im const ituenciesshoul dbe
reser vedmeani ngt heHi nduandMusl im const ituenci esshoul dbesepar ated, sot hat
Musl imv otercoul dv otef orMusl imr epr esent ativesandHi nduv otersf orHi ndu
represent ativ
es.
2. Demandf orMor eSeat st hanPopul at i
on:
Musl imsshoul dbegi v enmor eseat st hant heirpopul ationbecauseoft heir
historicalandpol i
ti
cal i
mpor tance.
3. Demandf orShar ei nGov ernmentSer vi
ce:
Musl imsshoul dbegi venempl oymentaccor dingt oaspeci alpr oporti
oni nall
thegov ernment&semi -
gov ernmentor gani zat i
ons.
4. Member shipofJudgesandExecut iveCounci l:
Musl imsshoul dbemadej udgesofHi ghcour tsandSupr emeCour ts, besides
theyshoul dbenomi natedf ort hemember shi pi nexecut ivecounci loft heVi ceroy .
5. Repr esent ationi ntheSenat eandSy ndi cat eofUni versi
ties:
Musl imsshoul dbegi venr epresent at i
oni nt hesy ndicateoft heuni ver si
ties
andsenat e.
6. Maki ngofMusl i
m Uni v ersiti
es:
MohammedanAngl oOr ientalCol legeAl igar hshoul dbegi vent hest atusofa
Univ ersit
y.
ResponseofVi
cer
oyLor
dMi
nto:

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 50
LordMintogav eapat i
enthear i
ngt othedemandsoft heMusl imspr esented
bythesiml adeput
ation.Mint oexpr essedhi scompleteagreementwi ththeprinci
ple
ofsepar at
e elect
orate.He pr omi sed to give sy
mpat heti
c considerat
ion tot he
demandsandassur edt hedeput ationt hathewoul ddoal lwhatwaspossi bl
et o
acceptthedemandsandVi cer oysaid:-
Iam awar eoft heinjusti
cesandaggr essioninfl
ict
edupont heMusl i
m
andIam al sot ryi
ngt ocompensat ethem.Iwi lldef
init
elytaket hese
demandst ot hecommi tteewhi chwillcomet oIndiat oimplement
consti
tuti
onalr eformsandwi l
lcompil
etherecommendat i
ons.
I
mpor
tanceofSi
mlaDel
egat
ion
Si
ml a del egat ion was successf ulbecause t he Vi ceroygav et he positiv
e
responset ot hememberoft hedel egat ion.Thei mpor tanceofSi ml aDel egati
oni sas
foll
ows: -
1. Basi sofPaki st anMov ement
Thef ormat i
onanddemandsofSi ml adel egationar el i
keami l
estoneint he
hist
or yofMusl i
msofsub- cont i
nent .Theposi t
iv eandencour agingansweroft he
ViceroyofI ndiacr eat edasenseofpol i
ticalawar enessandconf i
denceamongstt he
Musl i
ms.
2. Sour ceofEst abl ishmentofMusl im League
Successf ulnessofSi ml aDel egat ionmot i
v atedandencour agedt heMusl ims
toest abli
sht hesepar at eMusl im Pol iti
cal Par tyfort heMusl i
mi n1906.
3. Secur ityforI slami cIdeol ogy:
Thedemandf orsepar ateel ector atebyt hedel egat
ionwasanef forttof r
ee
theMusl imsf rom sl av eryofHi ndusf or medbyBr i
ti
shdomi nation.Becauseoft hi
s
demandt her epresent ationofMusl i
msi nt hecounci lsandot herelectedof f
iceswas
tobehandedt oMusl iml eader s.
3. Pr otect ionofMusl i
m Ri ghtsandI nt erest
s:-
Thedemandf ormor eseat st hant hepopul ationwasanef forttomaket he
goldener aofI slami cr uleandor gani zationalandpol iti
calabili
tiesoft heMusl i
ms,
promi nent .
4. Fr eedom f rom Economi cExpl oitation:-
Thedemandf orget ti
ngempl oymenti ngov ernmentdepar tment swasanend
toeconomi cexpl oi t
at ionofMusl i
ms.
5. Repr esent ationi nAdmi nistrationandJudi ciary:
Thedemandf orappoi nt ingMusl i
msi nHi ghCour tsandSupr emeCour tsas
j
udgesandmember shi pi nt headmi nistrativecounci lofVi ceroywasacauseof
creatingasenseofsecur ityamongt heMusl ims.
6. Educat i
onalDev elopmentofMusl i
ms: -
Thedemandf orr epr esent ationi nt heSenat eandSy ndicateofUni ver
siti
es
andt hest at usofUni v ersit
yt obegi vent oAligar hMohammadanAngl oOr iental
Collegewasunav oidabl efort heeducat ionaldev el opmentandawakeni ngofpol it
ical
admi nist
r ati
v econsci ousness.
Concl
usi
on:
I
twasagr
eatachi
evementoft
heSi
mlaDeput
ati
ont
ohav
econv
incedt
he

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 51
Viceroyaboutthegenuinenessoft heMusl i
m’ sdemands.TheMusl imswerenow
convincedthator
ganizedef f
ortswereessentialtopressfortheaccept
anceoft he
demands.Themosti mportantdemandofsepar at
eelectorat
ewasacceptedbyt he
governmentandincorporatedintheMinto-MorleyReformsof1909.Atthi
stimet he
Muslims had lef
tthe Congr ess and had no polit
icalplatf
orm t
o proj
ecttheir
demands.Theybadl yneededaf orum forthepr oj
ectionandsafeguardoftheir
i
ntereststocount
erthefalsepropagandaoftheCongr ess.
Q3. WhyMusl
im Leaguewasbr
oughti
ntoexi
stenceexpl
ainobj
ect
ivesof
t
heMusl
im League?
Ans. Af t
ert he warofi ndependence 1857,Si rSy ed Ahmad Khan adv ice t he
Muslimsnott ojoint hecongr essandal sot r
iedt okeept hem awayf rom t hepol it
ics.
Til
lhisdeat hi n1898hewor kedf ortheMusl i
m Pol iti
calI nterestitsel fbutaf tert he
deathoft heSi rSy edAhmadKhant heMusl i
mf eltt hatt hei rwi l
lbeasepar ate
poli
ti
cal par tyoft heMusl imswhi chwor kedf ort heMusl imi nterestonl y.
Establ
ishmentofMusl i
m League:
Tomeett hepol iticalneedsoft heMusl imsofI ndiaI twasdeci dedi nt he
annualmeet i
ngoft heMuhammdanEducat ionConf erencei nDhakai n1906,t hata
poli
ti
cal par tyoft heMusl imsshoul dbeest abli
shed.
1. Founder soft heMusl imsLeague:
NawabSal eer nUl lahKhan,Maul anaZaf arAl lKhan,Hakeem Aj malKhan,
NawabWaqarulMul k,Si rAghaKhanandMaul anaMuhammadAl iJauharwer et he
foundersoft heAl l I
ndi aMusl im League.
2. Fi rstPr esidentofMusl im League:
th
On30 December ,1906Musl im Leaguewasest abl i
shed.Si rAghaKhanwas
thefir
stPr esidentoft hePar t y
.Sy edAmeerAuwasmadet hePr esidentofLondon
Branch.
3. HeadOf f
ice:
TheHeadOf ficewasdeci dedi nAl igar h
4. Fi rstAnnualSessi onofMusl im League:
FirstAnnualSessi onofMusl i
m Leaguewasest abl i
shedi nKar achiin1907i n
whichi twasdeci dedt hatt hemember shi pwi llbegi vent ot heMusl imsoft hesub-
conti
nent .
Causesoft heEst abl i
shmentofMusl im League:
Al l
Indi aMusl im Leaguewasf oundkeepi ngi nmi ndt hef oll
owi ngf actors:
1. Est ablishmentofI ndi anNat ional Congr ess:
IndianNat ionalCongr esswashij ackedbyt heHi ndusandt heMusl imswer e
compel ledt of ormt heirownpar tytoguar dthei rright sandt of acet hechal lengesof
Indi
anNat ional congr ess.
2. Communal ism:
Af t
ert hewarofi ndependence( 1857)t heHi ndusgotanoppor tunit
yandt he
communal riotsst ar ted.TheHi ndupr ov edpr ej
udi cedagai nsttheMusl ims.
Theext r
emi stor gani zationsl ikeSanght an,Shudhi ,Ar ycSdr najandHi ndu
Mahasabaendanger edt hel ifeofMusl ims.TheMusl imswer escar edofal ltheir
acti
vit
iesandt heydeci dedt of orm Al lIndiaMusl i
m League.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 52
3. Parti
ti
onofBengal :
Thepar ti
ti
onofBengal( 1905)onadmi nistrati
vegr oundswasi nthef avourof
theMusli
ms, creatednewsi tuationinpolit
ics.Thepar ti
tionpr ovedablessingforthe
Musli
ms.Ther efore,Hi ndus st rongly opposed t he par ti
ti
on and asked f ori t
s
annul
ment.Thi sopposi tional sobecamet hecauseoft heest abli
shmentofpol i
tical
part
yofMuslims.
4. Ur duHi ndiCont rov ersy:
UrduHi ndiCont rov ersy( 1867)madei tcl earthatt heHi nduswerepr ej
udiced
andthecult
ureoft heMusl i
msi sindanger .DefenseofUr duandMusl im cult
urewas
theneedofti
me.SoAl lIndiaMusl im Leaguewasf oundedt omeetthechallenges.
5. Pol i
ti
cal Reforms:
Inthest artoft he20cent ury,TheLi beralPar tywont heelect
ionsinEngl and
andannouncedt hei mpl ement ationofcer tai
npol i
ti
calref orms.Thechancesoft he
ref
ormati
onofpol i
ticalinst i
tuti
onspr ov
idedanoppor tunityfortheMusl i
mst of orm
apoli
ti
calpartytopr otectt heirrepresentati
on.
6. Si mlaDeput at i
on:
AdeputationofMusl i
ml eader scalledonLor dMi nt
o,theVi croy.on1s1Oct ober,
1906atSiml a.SirAghaKhan, theHeadoft heDeputati
on,pr esentedamemor andum
andrequestedf orbasicpoliti
cal,economic, cul
tur
alandot herrightsfortheMusl i
ms.
Oneofthei mpor tantdemandswast oint
roduceasy stem ofsepar at
eelect
oratef or
theMusl i
ms.Ther esponseofVi ceroywasencour aging.Ont hewaybackt he
member sofDeput at
ionseriouslyfelttheneedofaMusl i
m pol i
ticalpart
y.SoallIndia
Musli
m Leagueemer gedont hescene.
7 TheBr i
ti
shat t
itude:
Anotheri
mportantthinginthisregardwast hefactthattheBrit
ishsnatched
powerfr
om theMusl i
msandj oi
nedhandswi t
ht heHindust opersecutethem.The
Musli
mswer eeconomi cal
l
ydepr i
v edandsomeoft hem turnedagainsttheBr i
ti
sh
andtheHindusbecauseoft hei
rmodeoft hi
nking.AccordingtotheActof1892, the
Bri
ti
shgainedmorepower sandt heygav etheHi ndusashar ei nthegov er
nment .
Thi
sfurt
herbecamet hecauseoffrustr
ationfortheMusl i
ms.
8 Depr
ivat
ionoft
heMusl
i
ms:
Af
terthewarofi ndependenceof1857,t heBriti
shandtheHindusjointl
yvict
imized
theMusl i
mspol it
icall
y,social
l
yandeconomi cal
l
y .Af
terthewarofindependencethestatus
oftheMusl imsasanat ionwaschangedandt heybecamemi nori
tyinthesamecount ry.
Doorsofnewj obsf ortheMusl i
mswer eclosed.TheHi ndusst
art
edmusi cbeforemosques
andst art
edamov ementagai nstsl
aughterofcow.Andal otofpoli
ti
calandeconomi cal
pressurewasr ai
sedaf terthewarofindependenceont heMusli
ms.
9. I
gnor
ingt
hePol
i
tical
Lif
e:
Accor
dingtotheActof1892,theBr i
ti
shgai
nedmor epowersandgav ethe
Hindusashareinthegover
nmentandneglectedt
heMusli
ms.TheMusl i
mswer ethe
secondbi gnati
onoft hesub-
conti
nentbutnopol i
ti
calri
ght
swer egi v
ent othe
Muslims.TheHi ndusandtheBrit
ishdidnotaccepttheseparat
ei denti
tyofthe
Muslimsasanat ionandnosharewasgiv entotheMusli
msinthegov ernment
.In

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 53
spi
teoft hatal argepol i
ticalpr essurewasr aisedont heMusl i
msbyt heHi ndusand
theBriti
sh.Duet othispr essur etheMusl i
msoft hesub- continentstart
edt hi
nking
abouttheirownl eague.
10. Negat i
veRoleofHi nduSect arianPar t
iesandMov ements:
TheSl oganoft heHi nduSect ari
anpar t
iesf or medint heeighteenthcentury
was:
Indiai sonl yf orHi ndusal lotherar efor
eigners.Therear eonly
twochoi cesf ort hem thattheyshoul deitheracceptHinduism or
leav eIndia.
Togi veeffectiv
eanswert ot heHi nduor gani zati
onsapol i
ti
calplatf
orm was
necessaryforMusl ims.
11. Pr oblem ofSlaught er i
ngCow:
TheHi ndusect ar i
anor ganizationAr yaSamajf ormedGaoRakshaSabahf or
theprotecti
onofcowsi n1883whosegoalwast ost opMusl imsf r
om sacr i
fi
cing
cows.Undert heseci rcumst ancesuni tyofMusl i
mswasunav oi
dablet ostopt he
i
ntrusi
onofHi ndusi nr eli
giousaf f
airsandf orthatf ormati
onofanor ganizedpar t
y
wasnecessar y.
Obj
ect
ivesofAl
lIndi
aMusl
i
m League:
1. Tocr eat
eanunder standi ngbetweent hegov ernmentandt heIndianMusli
ms,
andt opromot ethef eeli
ngsofl oyalt
yamongt hem.
2. Toco- ordinat
ewi thot hernat i
onsandpol it
icalparti
esf orgeneralwelf
areof
thepeopl e.
3. To pr ot
ectt he r i
ghts oft he Musl i
m nat ions,and toi nt
eractwi t
ht he
governmentandot heragenci esf orthi
spur pose.In1913t woamendment s
weremadei nthepr eli
mi naryobjecti
vesoftheMusl im League
4. Achievement soft hesel f-
governmentsuitabl etotheci r
cumst ancesofthe
sub-continent
.
5. Socialwel f
arethroughHi ndu-Musl i
m Unit
y.
Achi
evement
sofMusl
i
m League:
Aft
ert heest abli
shmentoft heMusl im Leagueitwor ked fortheMusl i
m
i
nterestsandr aisedt hepr essur eontheBriti
shGov er
nment :
1. Thef irstachi ev ementofMusl i
m Leaguewast heat tainmentofr i
ghtof
separat eel ectoratef ortheMuslimsin1909.
2. Musl i
m Leagueanswer st otheCongr essandt heBr it
ishGovernmenton
thei
rPr opagandasagai nsttheMuslims.
3. Int he l eader ship ofSi rAgha Khan t he Musli
msLeague si gned and
agreementwi thCongr essin1916atLukhnow.
4. I n1920Musl im Leaguewassuccessf ultobecomef irstMusl
im Aligarh
University.
5. I n a v ery shor t per iod time Musl im League became t he single
represent ativepar tyoft heMusli
msoft hesub-
cont i
nent.
6. I tal
sowor kedf ortheMusl i
mi nt
erestsonly.
7. In1930Al lamaI qbalgav etheconceptofseparat estatesfort
heMusl i
ms
st
i
nAl l
ahabad’ saddr esswhi leaddressi
ngt he21 annualsessi onoft he
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 54
Musl i
m League.
8. I n1940i ntheleadershi
pofQuai d-e-
Azam italsodemandedPaki st
an.
9. Fi nal
lywecansayAl lIndiaMusl im Leaguecr eated Pakistanon14th
August ,1947.
Concl usi
on:
Al
lIndi
aMusl i
m Leaguemetwi thearlysuccessthe;governmentaccept edthe
demandofsepar ateelectorat
ein1909.In1916Musl im Leaguesi gnedaPactwi th
Indi
anNat i
onalCongr essandgotsi gnif
icantconcessionsfort heMusl i
ms,Musl i
m
Leagueundert heleadershipofAghaKhan, Wiqar-ul
-MulkandQuai d-
e-Azam worked
veryhar d.Musl im League i nit
s annualSessi on atLahor e passed an histori
c
resoluti
oni n1940demandi ngaseparatehomel andforMusl i
ms.I twasi n1947that
Musl i
m Leaguesucceededi nget
ti
ngPaki st
anf orMuslimsaf t
erast ruggleofseven
years.
Q6. Whywast
heKhi
l
afatMov
ementst
art
ed?Expl
aini
tst
hreeobj
ect
ives.
Ans. Khi l
afatmov ementwasami l
estonei nthest ruggleforfreedom:
Background:
TheWor l
dWarIbr okeoutin1914.UK, USA, France, RussiaandItal
ywentinto
analli
anceagai nstGer many ,Austri
andTur key.Tur keywast hecent r
eofI sl
amic
worldinthoseday s,andt heKhal if
ahofTur keywasownedasKhal if
ahoft hewhole
Isl
amicwor l
d.Thecent reofMusl im wor l
dwasi nser i
ousdanger .Hij
j
az-e-Muqqadas
wasi nTurkishdomai n.Incaseofdef eatofTur keybot hsacr edciti
es,Makkahand
Madina,coul dgoi nt othepossessi onofChr i
sti
anal l
iedf orces.Keepingallthe
apprehensi
onsi nv iew,t heIndianMusl imsor gani zedabi gmov ementcalledthe
Khil
afatMov ement.
LeadersoftheMov ement :
MaulanaMuhammad Al lJauhar,Maul anaShaukatAl l,Maul anaZaf atAllKhan,
Hakim AjmalKhan,Dr .Ansar i
,Maul anaHasr atMohani ,SyedSal manNadv iand
MaulanaAbulKal am Azadwer ethenai nleaders.Gandhi , MotiLalNehruandMadan
Mohanhal vi
aalsoj oinedt hi
smov ementasar esultoft heLacknowPact .
Obj
ect
ivesoft
heMov
ement
:
Themov ementwasamul t i
-purposeone.I torganizedandassembl edt he
Musl imsoft hesub- conti
nentononepl atform.TheMusl i
ms, f
orthetimebeing,kept
allIndiaMusl im Leagueasi deandcameundert hebannerofKhi lafatCommit t
ee.
Followingwer etheobj ectivesoftheMov ement.
Tokeept hei nsti
tutionofKhi l
afati nst
it
uti
onandKhal if
aht ocarryoutt he
businessofgov ernmentusual .
Restorat
ionofTur key’sgraceasi tpossessedbeforeanddur ingWor l
dWar -1
andnochanget ooccuri nt heboundar iesofTur key.
Thesanct it
yofMakkahandMadi nashouldbemai nt ai
nedandnon- Musl i
m
forcesshoul dnotbeal l
owedt oenterint hesetwosacredcities.
Activit
iesofMov ement :
Khil
afatMov ementt ookfollowingst epstomaket heirdemandsknownt ot he
entirewor l
d:
Del
egat
ions:

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 55
Del egat i
onswer esentt oU. K.andot herEur opeancount riest oconv eyt he
feelingsoft heMusl i
mst ot hegov er nment s.
Medi cal Ai d:
Doct ors,nur sesar i
dmedi ci neswer edispat chedt oTur keyf ort het reat ment
ofwoundedTur ki shsol diers.
Financi al Aid:
Al ar ge amountofmoney ,gol d and si l
verwascol l
ected i nt he gener al
meet ingst ogi vef inanci al aidt oTur key .
Processi ons:
Lar gepr ocessi onswer ear r anged,pr otestmeet ingswer ehel dandst rikes
wer eobser vedinal lbi gandsmal lci tiesi nt hesot -continent.TheMusl i
mv olunt eer s
present edt hemsel v est ot hepol icef orar rests.Allleader swer esentbehi ndt hebar s
butt hemoment um ofmov ementcoul dnotbedi mi ni
shed.
Rol eofPr ess:
Ther oleofMusl imj our nal i
sm wast remendous.Zar nindarofZaf arAUKhan, al-
Hi lal
ofAzadandComr adeandHamdar dofJaunarpl ayedv it
alr olesi nt hemov ement .
Theyi ncul cat edasenseofsacr ificeamongt heMusl ims.
Rol eofGandhi :
Gandhi gotagol denchancet oexpl oi
ttheMusl im powerf orhi sownpur poses.
He suppor ted the Khi l
af atMov ementand par t
ici
pated i nt he meet i
ngs oft he
Musl i
ms.I ndianNat ional Congr essal soexpr essedsol i
dar i
tywi thKhi lafatMov ement .
Itwasagai nasperGandhi anpol icies,I ndianNat i
onalCongr essi tsel ftr
iedt obr i
ng
the Br itish gov ernment t oi t
s knees bef ore hi s own mov ement sl ike,Ci v i
l
Disobedi enceMov ement ,Non- Co- oper ationMov ementandSwedeshiMov ement .By
suppor tingt heKhi l
af atMov ementhesecur edcooper ati
onoft heemot ionalMusl i
ms
forhi sownpur pose.
Gandhi adv isedMusl imst oSur rendert het it
lesawar dedbyt hegov ernment .
Resi gnf rom t hegov ernmentj obs
Comeon t hest reet sagai nstt hegov ernmentbyget ti
ng t heeducat ional
act i
v i
ties
Pr esentt hemsel v esf orar rest s
Ref rai nfrom pay i
ngt het axes
Ref uset or ecei vef inanci al gr ant sf rom thegov ernment s
Mi gr atetoI r
an, Afghani stanandot herMusl i
m count ri
es
TheMusl imsl eader scoul dnotcompr ehendt heconspi racyofGandhiand
followedhi sgui delines.i taf fectedt heeconomy ,educat ionandsoci alcondi ti
onsof
theMusl imsv erybadl y.Mi ll
ionsofMusl imf ami l
iesmi gratedt oAf ghanist anaf t
er
sellingt hei rproper tiest ot heHi nduAf ghangov ernmentr efusedent r
yt ot hem,On
theirr et urnpov er ty,hel pl essness,shor tageoff oodandhumi li
ationt roubledt hem.
Nowt heyf ull
yr ealizedt her ealf aceofGandhi ,buti twasofl it
tleuseast heywer e
alreadyr ui ned.
TheEndofMov ement :
In1924Gf 3aziMust afaKamalPashabecameaf orce.Hesi gnedapactwi th
theAl liedf orcesatLaus.Thesov erei gnposi ti
onofTur keysur viv ed.TheHi j
az- e-

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 56
Muqqadaswashandedov ertheSharifHussainofMakkahandt hecontr
olofTur key
ont heMi ddleeast,Nort
hAf r
icaandEast ernEuropewasl ost.Howev er,allthe
object
ivesoftheKhil
afatMov ementwer eachieved.
Conclusion:
ThoughKhil
afatMov ementwasacompl etefai
lur
eyeti
taf f
ectedthestruggle
alot.TheMusl i
mscamet oknowt heactualment al
i
tyoftheHindusandt heBr i
ti
sh.
Theyal sounderst
oodt herealwayofagi tati
on.ThatiswhyKhi l
afatMov ementi s
cal
ledami l
est
oneintheStruggleforIndependence.
Q15.WhatwasthePaki
stanResol
uti
on?Writedownitsthr
eepoint
sand
whatwast
heHi
ndureact
ionaf
teri
thadpassedi
nthemeeti
ng?
Ans. Quai d-epr esidedov ert heHi st oricannualsessi on( 27tofAl lI ndiaMusl i
m
League, hel di nMi ntoPar k( nowcal ledl qbalPar k)i nLahor e( 22to24Mar ch,1940).
Ar esol ution,pr esent edbyMaul viFazal -ul-( Sher -e-Bengal )ar enownedBengal i
l
eaderwaspassed.TheMusl imssett hecl eargoal ont hathi storicday .
Backgr oundofPaki stanResol uti
on:
The Musl im l eader s wer e wor ried aboutnat ionalf uture,ev ersi nce the
Musl i
msl ostt hewarofI ndependence1857.Theonl ygoalbef oret hel eader swast o
providepeacef ul,saf eandgr acef ulenv i
ronmentt ot heMusl i
m nat ion.Thef uture
l
ookedbl eakandunsat isfact ory .Thepr esenceofHi ndumaj orityont hesoilof
Brit
ishI ndi awast her ootcauseoft hei rwor ri
es.Di fferentl eader spresent eddiff
erent
suggest ions.
C.R.Das,Lal aLaj patRal ,JohnWr ightandt hei ronmanofRussi a,Joseph
Stali
n, ant i
ci patedt hedi visi
onofI ndia.
Allamal qbali nhi spr esident i
aladdr essatt heannualsessi onofAl lIndia
Musl i
m Leaguei n1930,decl aredt hatt heest abl ishmentofasepar at estateint he
NorthWestoft hesub- continentf ort heMusl i
ms, thegoaloft heMusl im nat i
on,Asa
studentofCambr i
dge Uni ver si
ty ,Chaudhr yRehmatAl l,distri
but ed a pamphl et
amongt hepar ticipant sofRoundTabl eConf erencei n1932.Thet it
leoft hepamphl et
was‘ Now orNev er’,inwhi chhesuggest edt hedi vi
si onoft hesub- cont i
nentintoa
fewst ates.
TheSi ndhMusl i
m Leaguepassedar esol ut i
oni ni t sannualSessi onof1938
anddemandedpar t
iti
oni ntoHi nduI ndi aandMusl imI ndi a.
SyedHassanRi azwr ot ethatt heQuai dhadmadeuphi sst rongmi ndt ohav ea
separ atest atef ort heMusl imsi n1930andt i
ll1940hekeptonpr epar i
ngt hemi nds
oftheMusl ims.
President ial Addr essofQuai d- e-Azam
TheQuai d-e-Azam i nhi spr esident ialaddr esscl ear lyindicatedt hedi r
ecti
onof
Musl i
m st ruggl e.Hesai d,
Musl ims,byanydef initi
on oft he wor d,ar e a nat i
on and possess t heir
separ atecul ture, social andr eligioussy stem andsoundt raditions.
The sub- cont i
nenti s notone count ry and Hi ndu Musl i
m i ssue is an
i
nternat ionali ssue.I ti snotani ssueofcommunalnat ure.Thesol uti
onoft he
problem l iesi nt hecr eationofmor et hanonest at einSout hAsi a.
Ther ight soft heMusl imswi ll beun- saf eingundi v i
dedI ndi a.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 57
Par tit
ionofal andi ntot woormor et hant wost at esi snotanunpr ecedent ed
i
dea.The I ber ian Peni nsul a was di vi
ded i nto Spai n and Pur tagal ,Ireland was
separ at edf rom Uni tedKi ngdom andCzechosl ov akiacamei ntoexi stence,because
ofpar ti
tion.Ref er ri
ngt oal lsuchexampl es, heaskedf ort hepar tit
ionofBr i
tishI ndia.
Het ermedi tlogi calandj ust .
Basi cpoi ntoft heResol ut i
on:
Thecont iguousuni tsi ndi ffer
entar east ober edemar catedassucht hat
Musl i
m maj orityar easofNor thEastandNor thWestbeest abli
shedasi ndependent
Musl i
m st ates.
Noschemeot hert hanpar titi
onoft heSub- cont inentwi l
l beaccept ed.
Aftert hepar titi
ont her ight soft heMusl i
m mi nor itywi l
lbepr otect ed,and
sui t
abl ear rangement swi llbemadef orthispur pose.
Hi nduReact ion:
I
mmedi atelyaf t
ert hepassi ngoft her esol uti
on,t heHi nduj ournal i
stsand
l
eader sexpr essedt heirr esent ment .Theyr eject edt hedemandandt heyr idicul edit.
Itwasdecl aredi mpr acti
cabl e.GandhiandNehr u, i
npar ticul ar,cri
ti
cizedi tandt urned
i
tdowni nhar shwor ds.
TheMusl im Leaguecal led i ttheLahor eResol ution butt heHi ndu pr ess
i
r onicallyt er medi tast hePResol uti
on.TheMusl i
ml eader sadopt edt henewt erm.
Ther esol utionwas, lateron, cal l
edt hePaki stanResol utioni nal lquar ters.
React i
onofTheMusl i
m Theol ogi sts:
Al argenumberoft heol ogi stswer e,r el uctantt osuppor tt hedemandf or
par t
ition.Onl yaf ew oft hem UkeMaul anaShabi rAhmedUsmani ,Maul anaZaf ar
AhmedAnsar i,Maul anaAshr afAl iThanv iandsomeot her ssuppor t
edt heleader sof
theMusl im League.
React i
onoft heBr iti
sh:
TheBr i
tishpr essdi dnotpaymuchat tent i
on.
Concl usi on
Thi swast hef irstdeci sivest ep t owar dst heachi evementofasepar at e
homel and.Af tert hisf i
rm deci sion,onl yinsov oty our st heMusl i
msgotasepar at e
stateoft heirown.Thati swhywecansayt hisr esolut ionwast hehei ghtoft he
struggl e.
Q16.Wr
it
eanot
eonCr
ippsMi
ssi
on.
Ans. Thegov er
nmentofGr eatBri
tai
ntookani mpor t
antsteptosol v
et hepr obl
ems
i
nI ndiain1942.
Backgr ound
I
nt he2Wor l
dWar ,TheJapanesef or
ceswer eheadingtowar dsSout hAsi a.
Thewarseemedt obegoi ngi nJapanesef av our.Thepr el
iminarysuccessesof
Japaneseencour agedt heIndianNat i
onalCongr ess.Themov ement sagai nstthe
gov er
nmentbyCongr esswer etr
oublesomef ort heBrit
isher
s.Congr essiteswer e
conf i
dentt hatJapanesewoul dhandov erthepowert ot heIndiansaf t
erBr it
ain’s
defeat.TheMusl imshadal r
eadybeendemandi ngasepar atestateoftheirownand
hadpassedt heresol
utionof1940.Tocopewi t
ht hi
ssituati
ont hegov ernmentof
GreatBr i
tainsentSirStaff
ordCr i
ppstofindasui t
ablesol
ut i
onforthecircumst ances

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 58
i
nt hesubcont i
nent .
TheCr ippsMi ssi onar rivedbutcoul dnotgetanysuppor tf rom t heCongr ess.
Cr i
ppsbr oughtaf ewpr oposal sf ordi scussi onswi tht hemaj orpol i
ticalf orcesi nt he
sub- cont i
nent .
Cr i
ppsPr oposal :
Crippsannouncedhi spr oposalon29Mar ch1942f ol
lowi ngar ei tsmai n
point s:
StatusofDomai n
Thesub- cont inentwi l
lbegi vent hest at
usofadomi ni
onaf terthewar .
IndependenceofTheI ndi ansI nAl lDepar t
ment s
Allgov ernmentdepar tment swi l
lbehanded ov ert ot heI ndi an Mi nisters
i
ncl udi ngDef ense, For eignAf fairsandCommuni cat i
ons.
Cent ral Const itutional Assembl y
Acent ralconst i
tuentAssembl ywi llbef ormedt of ormul ateaconst ituti
on.
The Const i
tuentAssembl y wi llbe el ected by t he member s oft he Pr ov incial
Assembl ies.
Right sofMi nor ities
Special st epswi l
l bet akent opr ovidesaf eguar dst othemi nor ities.
Prov incial Autonomy
Aftert hef ormul ationoft heconst it
ut i
onbyt heConst it
uentAssembl y,i twi l
l
besentt ot hepr ov inces.Thepr ovinceswhodonotendor set heconst ituti
onwi llbe
empower edt ocr eat easepar at eandf reest atusf orthemsel ves.
React i
onofPol iti
cal Par ties:
Musl i
m League
TheQuai d- e-Azam andAl lI ndiaMusl i
m Leagueexpr essedt hankst oCr ipps
and t he Gov ernmentofGr eatBr i
tainf ort he pr omi se tot he Musl im maj ority
prov incesf reeand i ndependentst at us.Thehi ntwasa cl eari ndi cation oft he
creat ionofPaki stan.
AllIndi aMusl im Leagueexpr essedt hanksf ort hepr oposedst epsf ort he
protect i
on oft he r ights ofmi nor i
ties.Al lI ndia Musl im League di scussed t he
proposal si nt hemeet i
ngandaf terl ongdi scussi ons;i tdeci dednott oappr ov et he
Cr i
ppspr oposal sast hedemandf orPaki stanwasnotaccept edi ncl earcutt erms.
Congr ess
Gandhiandhi spol iti
calpar ty,I ndiannat i
onalCongr ess,absol utelyr ej ected
theCr ippspr oposal s.Theyr idiculedt hepr oposal s:Apostdat edchequeofabank
thati sgoi ngt obebankr upt .TheCongr esscr it
icizedt herightofv et o,gi vent ot he
prov inces.I topposedt hei deaofpar titi
on.I texpr essedi tsdi spleasur ef orpr ov i
ding
protect i
ont ot hemi nor i
ties.
Concl usion:
The Br iti
sh gov ernmentunderAmer ican pr essur e pr epar ed t he Cr ipps
proposal s.Thegov ernmentwasnotwi l
li
ngt o agr eet ot hedemandsofI ndian
nationalCongr ess.Ont heot herhandCongr esscoul dnotsuppor tt hepr oposal s
whent heJapanesewer el ooki ngt obei nst rongposi tion.Theef fortpr ov edf ut il
ebut
from Musl i
m poi ntofv i
ew, itwasast ept owar dspar ti
tion.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 59
Q17.Wr
it
eanot
eonSi
mlaconf
erence.
Ans. TheVi ceroy,Lor
dWav el
l,t
ohav eadi al
oguewi t
hthemajorpoli
ti
calpart
iesi
n
1945,calledSiml aconference.Thef ollowingpoli
ti
cianswerei
nvit
edt opart
ici
patei
n
theConf erenceatSi ml
a,asummerr esort,andcapitaloft
heFederalgover
nmentin
thesummerseason.
Congress: Pandi tNer hru,BeldevSinghandAzad
Muslim League: Quai d- e-Azam, LiaquatAl i
KhanandAbduRubNi sht
er
ChiefMinisters: Al lprov inces
Unioni
standot herpart
ies’ representati
v es
Backgr
ound:
TheI ndi anNat i
onalCongr esskeptonpr essur izingt heBr itishgov ernmentt o
quitI ndia.Thef ailureofCr i
ppsMi ssionencour agedt heCongr essl eader s.Gandhi
wasnotpr epar edt ot ol erateBr i
tishRajany mor e.Hi s“ Qui tI ndi aMov ement ’gained
moment um.Gandhiwant edi mmedi at et ransf erofpowert ot hemaj oritypar ty.He
tri
edt obl ackmai lt hegov ernment ,andgav et heboy cot tcal lt ot hewor kers.Ci vi
l
disobedi ence Mov ement ,Qui tIndi a Mov ement ,SwedeshiMov ementand ot her
met hodswer eused t of orcet heBr itisht o qui tI ndi a.Pr ocessi onsand pr otest
meet ingswer ear rangedi nal ltheci ti
es.Gandhiandhi spar tywasexpect i
ngt he
def eatoft heAl liedFor cesatt hehandsoft heJapanese,t her efore,t heHi ndus
cont inuousl ybui ltupt hepr essur eagai nstt hegov ernment .Inal lsuchact ivi
ti
est he
All I
ndi aMusl im Leaguewasi gnor ed.
Theexpect ationsofGandhiwer enotf ulfil
led.TheAl l
iedFor cesgai nedt he
ground.Thedesper ateGandhichangedhi st act icsandt urnedt owar dt heMusl i
m
League.GandhiJi nnahdi alogueswer ear ranged.Thef ormerwant edt oent r
apt he
l
at er.Gandhiwasnow r eadyt ogi v esomeconcessi onst ot heMusl i
msi nor dert o
star taj ointst ruggl eoft het wopar ties.TheQuai dv erywel lunder st oodhi smi nd.He
didnotagr eet oenhancet hest rengt hoft heGhandi anmov ement s.TheQuai ddi d
notbudgeani nchf r
om hi sdemandf orPaki stan.Thesi tuat iondemandedsomesor t
ofgov ernmenti nitiati
v e.Sot heVi cer oygav ehi spl ainint heSi ml aConf erence.
Wav el lPlan:
TheVi croyofI ndi aLor dWav ellchal kedoutapl ant oset tlet hepol it
icalissues
withpol i
ticalpar tiest oi ntroduceaf ramewor kor der,underwhi cht heel ecti
onst o
feder alandpr ovinci allegi slativeassembl iescoul dbeconduct edf orthef ormat ionof
futur egov er nment .Thepl anwasasunder :-
Thef utureconst it
ut i
onwi l
l bef ramedwi tht heconsentofal lmaj orpol i
tical parti
es.
AnExecut i
v eCounci lwi l
lbemadeandr epr esent ativ esofal lmaj orpol iti
cal
par tieswi llbei ncl udedi nt heCounci l.Thecounci lwi llconsi stofsi xHi ndus,f ive
Musl imsandoneBr it
ish.
TheVi croywi llpr esideov ert hemeet i
ngsoft heExecut iv eCounci l.TheCommander -
i
n- Chi efwi l
lbeax -offi
ci omemberoft heExecut iveCounci l.Al lt hemember soft he
Counci lwillbenomi nat edbyt heVi cer oy .
Pr ovinci alExecut iveCounci lswi llal sobeor ganized.Gov ernoroft hepr ov i
nce
will bet heChi efoft heCounci l,
ineachpr ov ince.
Failur eoft heconf erence:

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 60
Theconf erencehadt odeci det hepol i
ticalinfrastruct ure,t hef or mat ionof
assembl iesandgov ernment satcent r
alaswel laspr ov i
nciall evel .Themov ewas
encour agi ngf orCongr ess.Whatsoev erwast hesi tuation,theCongr esswasgoi ng
tof ormt hegov er nmentont hebasi sofi t
smaj or i
ty.Congr essj oi
nedt heconf er ence
proceedi ngswi t
hhi ghhopes.I thadal sodecl aredbef orehol dingaconf er encet hati t
woul dnotacceptpar tit
ioni nanycase.
Themeet ingst ar t
edt odi scusst hef i
rstpoi ntonagenda.Thepoi ntr elatedt o
thenomi nat ionoff i
v eMusl im mi nistersoft heVi croy’sexecut i
v eCounci l.TheQuai d-
e-Azam v ehement ly ar gued t hat al lt he f iv e woul d be nomi nat e don t he
recommendat ionsofAl lI ndiaMusl im League.Noot herpar t
yhadar ightt osend
evenasi nmember .TheVi croyandI ndianNat ionalCongr esswi shedt onomi nat e
Maul anaAzadas,Musl i
m mi nister .TheQuai ddi dnotagr eet ot hi spr oposal .Now
Vicroyaskedt heQuai dt oacceptMal i
kKhi zarHay atTiwana,t hel eaderofUni onist
party .TheQuai d-e-Azam r eject edt hisnameaswel landi nsistedt hatal lthef ive
mini striesshoul dbegi v ent oAl lIndiaMusl i
m League.Thev eryf i
rstpoi ntcr eat eda
fussandf urtherdi scussi onwasf ut i
le,ther efore,t heSi ml aConf erencef ailedi n
gettinganyobj ect ive.
Responsi bili
tyf orFai lure:
TheI ndi anNat ionalCongr esshel dt heQuai d-e-Azam r esponsi blef ort he
fail
ur e.
Lor dWav ellal socr iti
zedt hei nflexibleat t
itudeoft heQuai d-e-Azam.
Quai d- e-Azam r efut edt hebl ameanddi sclosedt het r
appr epar edbyLor dWav el land
Gandhit oent rapt heMus1i rI twast hei rj
oi ntvent ure.HadMusl i
ml eagueaccept ed
thepl an, i
twoul dnev erhav easepar at estat eint heshapeofPaki stan.
Concl usion
Siml aConf erencewasast ept omakeapossi bleunder standi ngbet weent he
Briti
shGov t.andt heI ndi anPol it
icalLeader sbutt hef ormul aoft henomi nationof
Musl i
m member sunwr appedt hement alit
yofl ordWav elandCongr ess.I twast he
foresi ghtoft heQuai d-e-Azam t hatr escuedt heMusl i
ms.Ont hewhol e,t heWav el
Planwasasy mbol ofweaknessoft heBr i
tishRul ers.

Q18.Whywer
e1945-46gener
alelect
ionsar
ranged?Whatwast
hegai
nof
t
heMusl
i
msintheseel
ecti
ons?
Ans. Gener al el
ectionswereheldinthesub- conti
nentin1945- 46.TheWor ldWarI I
wasov erandt heUSAemer gedasasuperpower .Itlookedforwar dtogetitsshare
from thecol oniesofUK, anditwasaskedt ohandov erthepowert othepeople.
PurposeofEl ections
Generalel ecti
onswer eimperati
veint hesenset hatthegov ernmentintended
toknowt her ealpolit
icalf
orceofeverypoli
ticalpart
y.
Thef ut ur
eoft hesub- conti
nentwast o bedeci dedi nthel ightoft hepeopl e’
s
mandat eintheel ecti
ons.
Thef ail
ureofSi mlaConfeandi tresponsibil
i
tywast hei mportantissuein
thoseday s.Theel ecti
onscouldclar
ifythesituat
ion,whichpolit
icalpartywashol di
ng
thejustst and.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 61
Toknowt hepeople’smind,thegover
nmentannouncedt heel
ecti
onschedule.
Theelect
ionsofFederalAssemblyandal lprovinci
alassembl
iesweretobeheldin
l
ate1945andearly1946,respect
ively
.All
poli
ticalpart
ieswel
comedthedeci
sion.
Mani
fest
osofDi
ff
erentPar
ti
es
Foll
owi ngwer et hepr ogr ammesofdi ff
erentpar ties:
Congr ess:
Congr essgav et hef ol l
owi ngpoi ntsasi tsmani festo:
Freedom ofI ndi a
UnitedI ndia( AkhandBhar at )
Repr esent ationoft heHi ndi andal lthemi nor iti
esofI ndia
Musl im League:
Liberat i
onofI ndi af rom Br itishRul e
Partiti
onofI ndi a( Achi ev ementofasepar ateHomel andf ortheMusl i
ms)
Musl im Leagueast her epr esent ativeofAl l t
heI ndi anMusl i
ms
TheMusl im Leaguehi ghl i
ght edpar ti
tioni nhi smani f
est o.TheQuai d-e-
Azam
termedt heel ectionsasr ef erendum ononei ssue, andt hei ssuewas‘ Pakistanorno
Pakist an’.Hemadei tcleart hatt hedef eatofMusl i
m Leaguewoul dmeanbur i
alof
theideaoft hecr eationofPaki stan.Andi ft heMusl imssuppor t
edAllIndiaMusl im
League, nopoweronear t hwoul dbeabl et ost opt hecr eat i
onofPaki st
an.
ElectionCampai gn:
Allpol iticalpar ti
escampai gneddur i
ngt heel ections.Thet womaj orpoliti
cal
parti
esst oodagai nsteachot her .
Congr ess:
Congr esswant edt ocheckt hei ntent ionsofMusl im Leagueatev er
ycost .The
l
eader strav eledf rom Nor tht oSout handEastt oWest .Peopl e’scontactcampai gn
wentonf ullswi ng.Congr esscompr omi sedwi thMaj l
is-e-Jami atandUni onistParty.
Abi gel ectional l
ianceoff ourpar ti
eswasf ormedagai nstMusl im League.
Musl im League:
TheMusl im Leaguedi dnotmakeanycompr omi sewi thanyot herpar t
yand
contest edal lt hei mpor tantseat ssi nglehandedl y.Theel ect i
onswer eamat teroflife
and deat hf orMusl im League.The Quai d-e- Azam t oured t hroughoutt he sub-
continentandpur suedt heMusl imst o•getr eali
zedt hei mpor tanceoft heelections.
TheQuai d-e- Azam openl ychal l
enged t hatt heMusl i
m Leaguewoul d provet he
demandf orPaki st anast heonl yopt ionlef tforMusl i
ms.
BANKERAHEGAPAKI STAN
LEYKERAI LIENGAYPAKI STAN
Wer et hesl ogansr ai sedbyt heMusl imsi nt hest reets,bazaars,processions
andel ect oral meet ings.
Resul
tsofEl
ect
ion
Foll
owingwer ether
esultsoft
heelect
ions:
Feder
alAssembl y:
TheelectionofFederalAssembl
ywer eheldinDecember,1945onthebasi
s
ofsepar
ateelector
ate.30seatswereal
l
ocatedt ot
heMuslims.TheMusli
msLeague
wonallt
heseat s.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 62
Provinci
alAssembl ies:
Thepr ovincialelecti
onswer ehel di nJanuar y,1946.TheMusl im League
defeateditsrival
son434seat soutof495Musl i
m seats.
Musl i
m Leaguecameoutv i
ctor
ious.Thecl aim oft heQuai d-pr
ovedt r
ueandt he
absolutemaj orit
yoft heMusl i
mssuppor t
eddemandf orPaki
stan.Nownopoweron
earthcouldst opPaki stanfrom comingi nt
obei ng.
Conclusion:
Ther esultspr ovedthattheMusl i
m Leaguewast hesoleMusli
m poli
ti
calpar
ty,
andf urt
herthatt hest andoft heQuaidinSi mlaConf erencewasabsolutel
yjust
.Now
noonecoul df i
xr esponsibil
ityonhimf orthef ail
ureofSi ml aconf
erence.These
el
ect i
onspav edaneasywayf ort
hecr eati
onofPaki stan
Q19.Wr
it
edownacompr
ehensi
venot
eonCabi
netMi
ssi
onPl
an1946.
Ans. The Wor l
d War-I
lwas ov er
.I nthe generalelect
ions warher o ofthe
conservati
veparty,Mr.Chur chi
l
lwasdef eat
edandMr .Attleesucceededhim as
Pri
me Mi ni
ster
.The v i
ctori
ous LabourPar ty had made a commi tment
,ini t
s
manifesto,t
oset t
let
hefut ur
eoft hesub-cont
inent
.Hesentahi ghpoweredMissi
on
toIndi
at obri
ngroundallthepoli
ticalpar
ti
estoanami cablef
or mulafort
hefr
eedom.
Member
soft
heCabi
netMi
ssi
ons
TheMi
ssi
onconsi
stsof .
1. Si rStaffor
dCripps
2. E. V.Elaxander
3. Si rPathickLawrence
Di
alogueWi
thPar
ti
es
Themember soft heMi ssionhadsepar at emeet ingswi ththemaj orl eader sof
thepol i
ti
calparties.Theyal sot ri
edt oknowt hepoi ntsofv i
ewoft heGov er norsand
ChiefMi ni
sters ofdi fferentpr ovinces.Gov ernorGener alwas al so t aken i nto
conf i
dence.Bot ht he maj orpol i
ticalpar t
ies wer ev erymuch cl earaboutt hei r
opinions.The Musl im League was emphasi zing thatpar t
iti
on and cr eation of
Pakist an was t he onl y sol uti
on ofal lpol iticalpr obl ems.The I ndi an Nat ional
Congr essv ehement l
yopposedi t
.I tcoul dnev eracceptaf ormul abasedont he
divi
sion oft he sub- cont i
nenti ntot wo ormor et han t wo i ndependentst ates.
Congr essout -ri
ghtlyrejectedt hedemandf orPaki st
anandt het woNat ionTheor yon
whicht heMusl i
ms’ standwasbasedupon.
Tensionar osedur ingt hedi scussi ons.ThePr i
meMi ni ster,bef oresendi ngt he
Mission,decl aredi nthePar l
iamentt hatnomi nor i
tywoul dbegi v env etopower ;and
thehi nder i
ngoft hepol i
ticalprocessbyanypar tywoul dnotbet ol erated.TheQuai d-
e-Azam v ehement lycriti
cizedt hest atementhutCongr essexpr essedi tspl easur e.
TheQuai dcat egor i
call
yst atedt hattheMusl im Leaguewasper for mingt hedut yof
protect i
ngt herightsoft heMusl ims.Hef urtherexpl ainedt hatMusl im Leaguewas
tryi
ngt oresolvethepr oblemsont hebasi sofTwoNat ionTheor y.Dur inghi smeet ing
wit!
-.themember soft heMi ssion, t
heQuai dmadei tcleart hatt hesub- cont inentwas
neitheracount rynori nhabitedb\onenat i
on.TheMusl i
mshav easepar atei dent ity
and, t
heyhav eev eryri
ghtt odet er minet heirfut urecour seasasepar atenat ion.
Cabi
netMi
ssi
onPr
oposal
s

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 63
Cabi netMi ssionpr esent edt hef ollowi ngpr oposal sbef or et hepol iti
cal par ties:
i
. Indi anUni on
Thesub- cont i
nentv il
1begi v ent hest at usofauni on.Theuni onwi llconsi stof
man\pr ov incesandpr i
ncel yst at es.Thesy stem wi llbef eder al.Thecent rewi lldeal
withDef ence,For eignAf fairsandCommuni cat ions.Al lot herdepar t
ment swi llbe
handedov ert ot hepr ov i
nces.Al l taxeswi llbel ev iedbyt hecent re.
i
i. Gr oupsofPr ov inces
Thepr ov inceswi l
lbegr oupedasunder :
Group‘ A’ Bombay ,Madr as,U. P.Ur i
sasandC. P, Bihar
Group‘ B’ Punj ab, SindhandNWFP
Group‘ C’ Bengal andAssam
Nat ur eoft hef eder at i
onwasuni quei nwhi cht hr eet i
er swer et oexi st ,cent re,
groupofpr ov incesandpr ov i
nce.Thr eedi ff
er entor gani zat ionsatal ltheset hr ee
l
ev elswoul dbef or med.Onepoi ntwasqui test ranget hatt hepower sofcent raland
prov inci alor gani zat ionswer especi fi
cal l
yment ionedi nt heCabi netMi ssionPl anbut
thepower sof‘ Gr oupofPr ovinces”wer enotdef ined.Thi smat terwasl ef tt ot he
prov inci al andgr oupor gani zationst osol v ethem.
Thepr ov inceswi l
lgetr epr esent ationi nt heFeder alAssembl yandFeder al
Cabi netaspert hei rr espect ivepopul ation.
i
ii. Const ituentAssembl y
Themember sofal lpr ov i
nci alassembl i
eswi lltheConst ituentAssembl y.The
Const ituentAssembl ywi l
lf ormul ateaconst i
tutionf orthewhol esub- continent .Af ter
thatt hr eepr ov i
nci algr oupswi llframet heirrespect iveconst it
ut ions.
i
v . I nt er i
m Gov ernment
TheI nt er im gov ernmentwi llimmedi atel yhei nst alled and i twi llr un t he
syst em ofgov ernmentt i
l
lt hef or mat ionoft heconst i
tut ion.Ther epresent at ivesof
maj orpol iticalpar ti
eswi l
lbei ncl udedi nt hei nter im gov ernment .NoBr it
isherwi llbe
themi ni st er .Thecabi netwi llbepower fulinadmi ni strativ emat ters.
v. Separ ationf r
om t heGr oup
Ifapr ov i
ncel ikes,i twi llbeaut hor izedt oqui tthegr oupt owhi chi ti sbei ng
attached.Suchapr ov incewoul dbef reet oj oinanyot hergr oupofchoi ce.
vi. Separ ationf r
om I ndi anUni on
Oneort wogr oupsofpr ov i
nceswi llbeaut hor izedt oqui tt heI ndi anUni on
aftert eny ear s.I tmeanst hatgr oup‘ B’or‘ C’orbot hwi llbeabl et omai nt aint hei r
sov erei gnt y .Thet wogr oupswer eofMusl im maj or i
typr ov inces.Possi bi l
ityoft he
creat ionofPaki st anwasj ustN)y ear saway ,andt hi swast hedemandofPaki st an.
vii
. Vet oPower
Theopt iont or ejectt heCabi netMi ssionPl anwasgi vent oev erypol itical par ty
butt hatpar t ywoul dnotbeabl et oj oi
nt hei nter i
m gov er nment .Ther i
ghtt oj oint he
i
nter im gov er nmentwasgi v enonl yt ot hepar tieswhosuppor tedt hepl an.Congr ess
waspl easedt osee, thiscondi t
ionast heMusl i
m League‘ wasnotal lowedt ov etot he
Plan.I ncasei tv et oes, i
twoul dbekeptawayf rom t hegov er nment .
REACTI
ONOFPOLI
TICALPARTI
ES
I
ndi
annat
ionalcongr
ess

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 64
Theimmedi atereacti
onofIndi
anNationalCongresswasext r
emely
posit
ive.The par
tyleaderswel comed i
t.The Hi
ndu jour
nal
istsexpressed t
heir
sati
sfacti
onandcongratulat
edoneanother.‘
Theplanwasadef eatoftheMuslim
League.
Al
lIndi
anMusl
i
m League
Thepar tyworker swer etot al
lydisappointedfr
om theCabinetMissionPlan.They
consideredthepl anav i
ctor yofheOpponent sofPakist
an.Theyfel
tthatthe‘i
deaof
Pakistanwast otallyignoredandt hedemandoft heMusli
m Leaguewasr ej
ected.
TheQuai d-esai d,“Iam sor rytoseet hatthedemandf orPaki
stanhasbeen
i
gnor edbyt heMi ssionPl an.West i
llbeli
eveandsaywi t
hf ul
lconfi
dencethatthe
soluti
onofpoliti
cal problemsl iesi
nt hecreati
onoftwo
Independentsover eignstat es.
”
Gandhi
Gandhii nhispressstatementtalkedaboutthesupremacyoft heParl
iament
andexpr essedhi sopi
nionthatPar l
i
amentwoul dbeempower edt obringchangesin
thesystem, int
roducedbyt hegov er
nmentont hebasisoftheCabi netMissi
onPlan.
Itmeans t hatHi ndu major
it
yi nt he Parl
iamentwoul d dict
atei tsterms.The
safeguardpr ovidedbytheCabi netMissiontotheMusl i
mscoul dbewi t
hdrawnby
theHi ndumaj ori
tyParli
ament .ThestatementofGandhif urt
heraggr avat
edt he
frust
rati
onoft heMusl i
m nati
on.
Fi
nal
Deci
sion
Thef i
rstreact ionoft het wopol i
ticalpar t
ieswast otal l
ydi ffer
ent .Itlookedcl earthat
Congresswasgoi ngt ogi vei tsconsentandt hedeci sionoft heMusl i
m League
wouldbecont raryt oit.Themat terwaswi delydiscussedi nthegener alcounci l
sof
botht hepar ties.Thecounci lofMusl im Leaguegav ef ul
lmandat et ot heQuai d-e-
Azam t odecl aret hepol i
cy .He, contraryt otheexpect ationofal lt hepol i
ticalcircles,
declaredtoacceptt hepl anandCongr esswasputt oanembar rassi ngsituation.The
Quaiddecl aredt heheaccept edt hepl anwi tht hei deat hatt hedemandf ort he
creati
onofPaki stanwoul dbei naposi t
iont oest abl i
sht heirowni ndependent
sovereignst atecompr i
singofAssam,
Bri
ti
sher swer eaboutt ol eavet hesub- cont i
nent ,andcoul dpl ayhav ocwi t
h
theMusl im nat ion.
TheQuai d-e-Azam exchangedv iewswi thhispar tyleader sandt hendi scussed
theforthcomi ngpr oblemsoft heMusl i
mswi ththeVi cer oy.Onhi sr epeatedr equest s,
theQuai d-e-Azam honour edhi sinv i
tationandj oinedt hegov ernment .Pundi tNehr u
hadalsoappeal edt otheMusl im Leaguebutt heQuai d-e-Azam gav ethewhol ecr edit
totheVi ceroy .
TheMusl i
m Leaguewi thdr ewi t
scal lfortheDi rectAct ion.Thef ivemember s
oftheMusl im Leaguewhot ookt heoat hofof fi
ceasMi nisterwer e:
Q20.Wr
it eon3rdJune1947Pl
eanot an.
Ans. Both Si
ml a Conference and CabinetMi ssi
on Pl
an fai
led to pr
oduce an
amicabl
esoluti
onoft heconst i
tut
ionalandpol i
ti
calpr
oblem I
ndia.ILordWav ell
coul
dnotunitetheparties,andtheBr i
ti
shgovernmenthadt or
eplacehim wi
thLord
Mountbatt
en.HalfoftheCabi netMissionPlancouldbeimplementedbuthardshi
ps

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 65
weret her e.Thegr oupingoft heprovinceswasabandoned.TheMusl im League
j
oinedt heI nteri
m gov ernmentbutdi dnotpar ti
cipatei ntheconsti
tuti
onmaki ng
process,t herefore,thedr eam ofmaki ngaconst it
ut i
oncoul dnotber eal
ized.The
wholesy stem wassuspended.Thej ointv entureofGandhiandWav ellmiserabl
y
fai
led.Nowt heBr i
ti
shgov ernmentdecidedt otestanot heropti
on.TheBrit
ishPrime
Ministerdecl aredon20t 11Febr uary1947t hatBriti
shr uleinSouthAsi
awoul dcome
to an end byJune1948.Thewhol epr ocessoft ransferofpowerwast o be
conduct edbyt henewVi ceroy,LordMount battenwhoi mmedi at
elyt
ookthecharge.
Meet
ingwi
thpol
i
ticalLeader
s
Soonaftert aki
ngov erthechar ge,thel astVi ceroyst ar
tedmeet i
ngwi tht he
l
eader soft hepoliticalpar ti
es.I nhismeet i
ngwi ththeVi ceroy,t
heQuai d-e-Azam t old
himi ncl earcutt ermst hatt heMusl im Leaguewoul dnev eracceptanyf or mul a
exceptt hepartit
ionofI ndia.The1945-46el ect i
onshadst rengt
henedt heposi tionof
theMusl i
m League.TheVi ceroygotf ull
yconv incedt hathecoul dinnowayst opt he
creat i
onofPaki stan.Hewasnowcl eart hatt hedr eam ofi ndependentI ndianUni on
woul dnev erbef ulfi
ll
ed.TheLor dbegant oper suet hel eadersofI ndi anNat i
onal
Congr essf orthepar titi
on.Af teraser iesofmeet ingshewassuccessf uli nhi s
mi ssion.I twasbecausehepr omi sed them t o creat ea weakand mot h- eat en
Paki stant hatwoul dnev erbeabl etosur vi
v eforal ongt i
me.Hest oodbyhi swor ds
andf ulfil
l
edhispr omisebuti twasbecauseoft hebl essingsofAl lahAl mi ghtyt hat
Paki stan emer ged on t he map and r emai ned an i ndependentsov erei
gn st at e.
Inshal l
aht hestat eofPaki stanwi llsur vi
v ef orev er.Thebadi nt
ent i
onsofI ndian
Nat i
onal Congresswer eboundt ofail
.Thej ointconspi racyofBr i
ti
shgov ernmentand
Congr esscouldnotst opt hecr eati
onofPaki stan.
LordMount battenpr eparedapl antol eav et hesubcont i
nent .Hemanagedt o
gett heconsentofbot ht hepar ti
esandsentt hepl ant oLondonf ort heappr ov alof
theBr i
tishCabinet .
I
mpor
tantPoi
ntsoft
hePl
an
TheJune3, 1947Pl anwasanel aborat eone.Itcov er
edt hewhol eoft hesub-
continent.Thegov ernmentt ookf i
naldeci siont odividei tintotwoi ndependent
states.Thepr incipl
eofpar tit
ionwasappr ov ed.Now t hedet ail
swer elaiddownt o
decidet hefut ureoft hepr ov i
ncesandsmal lst ates.
i
. Compet entLeader shi p:
C.P.,U. P.,Ur ri
sa,Bombay ,Madr as and Bi harwer e non-Musl i
m maj orit
y
provinces.Al lthesepr ov i
nceswer etobei ncludedi nBhar at.
i
i. Provinceoft hePr ov inces
Thedeci si
onwast akent odivi
dePunj abpr ovi
ncei nt
ot wopar t
s.TheMusl i
m
major i
ty area woul d go t o Paki st
an and non- Muslim maj or
it
y area t o Bharat,
respect i
vely.ACommi ssionwascr eatedt odr aw thelineofdemar cationbetween
Pakistani PunjabandBhar at iPunjab.
i
ii. Pr ovinceofBengal :
The pr inci
ple appr ov ed ForPun j ab was al so appr oved forBengal .The
provincewast obedi vi
dedi ntoEastBengalandWestBengal .EastBengalwaspr e-
domi nantlyaMusl i
m ar eawhi leHinduswer ei nmaj ori
tyinWestBengal .ABoundar y

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 66
Commi ssi on f ort he demar cation oft he boundar ywas cr eated byt he Br it
ish
government .
i
v . Pr ov inceofSi ndh
Themember soft heSi ndhPr ovi
nci alAssembl ygott her ighttojoinPaki stan
orBharatbyamaj orit
yv ote.
v. Bal ochist an
Bal ochist anhadnoty etbeengi vent hest at
usofaf ullfl
edgedpr ovince.Itwas
decidedt hatShahiJi r
gaandMuni cipalCommi t
teeQuet tawoul ddecidet hef ut
ureof
Balochi
st anbyt hemaj orityv otesoft heirmember s.
vi. Sy lhet
Sylhetwasoneoft hedi stri
ct sofAssam.Av eryl argemaj or
it
yoft hedistri
ct
wasMusl im.Thepeopl el ivingi nt heDi st r
ict,Syl
hethadt odeci detheirownf uture
thr
oughar eferendum.Theyhadt ooptei t
herf orPakistanorBhar at.
vii
. Nor thWest er nFront ierPr ov i
nce
Thepeopl eofNWFPhadt odeci det heirfat
ebyar eferendti
m.Theycoul d
eit
herjoinPaki st anorBhar at.
vii
i
. St at es
Ther ewer e635st atesi nthesub- cont i
nentwher eNawabsandRaj aswer e
rul
ingov ert heirar easandpeopl ewi t
hint ernalsover
eignt y.Theext ernalsovereignty
wasl yi
ngwi tht heBr i
ti
shgov ernment .Eachst atewasgi vent her i
ghttojoinPaki stan
orBharat, keepi ngi tsgeogr aphi cal positi
onandspeci al ci
rcumst ancesi nview.
I
MPLEMENTATI
ONOFTHEPLANJUNE1947
 Thenon- Musl im maj or i
typr ov i
nceswer ei ncludedi nBhar at
.I nt hedi strict
Sylhatt hepeopl et ookpar tinar eferendum.Av erylar gemaj orityfavour ed
PakistanandSy l
hetwasi ncludedi nPaki stan.Sy lhatbecameadi stri
ctofEast
 Themember soft heSi ndhAssembl yv otedf orPaki stanandSi ndhbecamea
provinceofPaki stan.
 TheShahiJi rgaandQuet t
aMuni cipal i
tyv otedf orPaki st
anandBal ochi stan
becameapar tofPaki stan.
 Ar eferendum washel di nNWFPt hepeopl ehadt ochooseei theroft het wo,
PakistanorBhar at.A domi nat
ingmaj orit
yv otedf orPaki stanandN\ VFP
j
oinedPaki st
an.
 ThePr ovincesoft hePunj abandBengalwer etobedi videdi ntotwopar ts.Si r
Radcl i
ffe,aBr it
ishl awy er.Wasappoi ntedt heChai rmanoft heBoundar y
Commi ssi on.Two member seach wer e nomi nated byt he Congr essand
Musl i
m Leaguet ohel pt heChai r
man.Thet wopr ov i
nceswer edividedi ntotwo
parts.Si rRadcl iff
ewasi ncont actwi thNehr uandLor dMount batten..He
conspi redanddi di njust i
ce
 WithPaki stan.ManyMusl im maj orit
yar easwer egi vent oBhar atandPaki stan
wasdepr ivedofi tsr i
ghtshar e.Ast heMusl i
m Leaguehadaccept edSi r
Radcl i
ffeasar bi
tratorsot heQuai d- e-Azam di dnotr ai
seanyobj ect i
ont ot he
decisionoft heBoundar yCommi ssion.
 Thepr incel ystatest hemsel vesdeci dedi nfav ourofei therPaki stanorBhar at.
Whi l
et aking thedeci sion,ev eryst atekepti t
sgeogr aphicalposi tion and
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 67
specialcircumst ancesi nv i
ew.Di sputeser uptedi nthestat esofHy derabad
Daccan,Junagar h,Manav adarandJammuandKashmi r
.Themaj orit
yoff irst
threestateswasnon- Musl im andt heu1er swer eMusl i
ms,byf aith.Allthr ee
Musl i
mr ulerst houghtei thert omai ntaint heirindependentst atesort oj oin
Pakistan.Bhar atinvadedal lt het hreest atesonebyoneandf or
ciblybr ought
them intoitsownf old.Theposi t
ionofst atecJammuandKashmi rwasj ust
the Opposi te.Her et he r ulerwasa non- Musl im and a large maj ori
tyof
Kashmi ri
swasMusl im.Paki st ansuppor tedt her i
ghtofself-determi nati
onof
theKashmi r
isGeogr aphi callyt hest ateseemst obeanat uralpar tofPaki stan
Allt he element sf avoured t he Paki stanist and butBhar atcommi t
ted
aggressionandsenti tsf or cest obr ingJammuandKashmi ri
sunderher
control,So f arbot ht hecount r
ieshav ef oughtt hreewar st or esolvet he
disputeofKashmi rbuti tpr ov edal li
nv ain.Thewar swer ef oughti n1948,
1965and1971.Paki st
anhasbeenper sistentlysupporti
ngt her i
ghtofsel fof
Kashmi ri
sandKashmi ri
st hemsel vesar ef i
ghti
ngf ortheirl i
beration.About
ninemi ll
ionKashmi rishav ebeenmar tyredbyBhar atiforcest ocr usht he
struggleoftheKashmi ris.
THELUCKNOW PACT1916
Backgr
ound:
Af
terjoi
ningtheMusl i
m Leaguein1919t heQuai
d-e-Azam start
edclear
ingthe
pathforHinduMusl im uni t
y.In1915,theannualmeeti
ngsofCongr essandMusl i
m
Leaguewer ehel dtoget heratBombaybecauseofhi sef fort
s.Thisl eadtoquick
cl
eari
ngoft hepathf orHi nduMuslim uni
ty,
atlasti
n1916oncemor ethemeetingof
bothparti
eswashel dt ogetheratLucknow whereawr i
ttenagr eementwassi gned
betweenthet wopar t
iesatBar adaiofQassaiBagh,whi chint hehistoryofsub-
conti
nentiscal
ledtheLucknowPact .
Condi
ti
onsoft
hePact
:
Thecondi t
ionsofLucknowpact1916ar easfollows:
-
1. Appr ovalofSepar at
eEl ectorate:
Congr esswi l
l acceptt hesepar at eel
ectorat
e
2. OneThi r
dMusl i
m Repr esentation:
Thenumberofel ectedMusl im member sint hecentr
alcouncilwi l
lbeone
thi
rd.
3. Nomi nati
onofMember s:
Thepr oporti
onofel ect edandnomi natedmember sofcounci l
s1/ 5willbe
nomi natedmember sand¼wi ll beel
ectedmember softhecouncil
s.
4. Propor ti
onofMusl i
m Pr esentationintheProvinces:
I
nMusl i
m maj ori
typr ov i
ncest hatisBengalandPunj abthenumberofMusl i
m
representativeswasr educedt o40%i nBengaland50%i nPunjabwher easin
Musl im minor it
yar east hati sBombay ,MadrasandU. Pwasi ncreasedthan
thei
rpopul ationr ati
o33%t oandi notherprovi
ncese.g.C.Pto15%.
5. AgreementonUnani mousLaw:
No suggest i
onsf orconst i
tutionmaki ng wil
lbeconsi der
ed whi chwillbe
rej
ect edby¾t hofanynat ionschosenmember s.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 68
6. Condi
ti
onsf orAppr ovalofDemandsf rom theGov ernment:
Forcondit
ionswer edeci dedf orappr ovaloffollowingdemandsf rom Bri
ti
sh
Gover
nment .
a. I ncreaseint heAut onomyofPr ov i
nces:
Prov i
ncesshoul dbegi venappr opri
ateinternalaut
onomy .Thecontrol
oft hecent reshoul dbedecr easedf rom t heprovinces,besidesthe
power sofpr ovinci
alcounci lsshoul dbei ncreasedandt heymusthav e
full
aut horit
yov erthebudget .
b. Fr eedom ofDet ermi nation:
The member s should hav et he rightofask quest i
ons and sub-
quest i
onsandt opr esentamov ementofadj our
nment .
c. Separ ati
onofJudi ciaryf r
om Admi ni
str
ation:
Thej udiciaryandadmi nist
rat
ionshoul dbesepar atedint hecountry,
andt hej udiciaryofev eryprovinceshoul dbeundert heHi ghCourtof
thatpr ovi
nce.
Resul
tofLucknowPact
:
Historicalr esul t
swer eachi evedf rom LucknowPact ;anov er vi
ewoft hesei s
asf
oll
ows:
1. Appr ovalf orSepar ateEl ectorat e:
TheBr it
ishhadaccept edt hel ongawai teddemandofsepar ateelect orateof
theMusl i
msofI ndi abygi v
ingi tal egalst atusi nt heActofI ndia1909.
Anyhowt heHi ndusal way swer eagai nstt his.Thi sdemandwasaccept edby
Brit
ish and Hi ndusi n 1916,whi ch r esulted i nt hehi storicaland pol it
ical
successofMusl i
ms.
2. Secur it
yofMusl im Ri ght sandI nt erests:
Accor dingt ot heLucknow pactt heaccept anceofCongr esst ogi vemor e
represent ation t o Musl ims t han t heirpopul ati
on i nt he Musl im mi nor i
ty
provincesandi nt hecent r
e,pr otectedt her ightsandi nterestsofMusl ims.
Thisr emov edal otoff ear sfrom t heMusl imsofI ndia.
3. Musl im League’ sSepar ateSt atus:
TheCongr esspr actical l
ypr ov edt heimpor tanceofMusl im Leaguei nt hesub-
continentbyaccept ingt heMusl im Leagueast her epresentativepar t
yof
Indi
anMusl imsi nLucknow agr eement .Thi smadei tobv ioust hatMusl im
Leaguewast her epr esent ati
vepar t
yofMusl i
ms.
4. I ncr
easei nt heFameoft heQuai d-e-Azam;
Thef ameandcapabi li
tyoft heQuai d-
e- Azam spr eadbecauseofHi ndiMusl im
Unity.Mr .Si rojaniNai dowhi lepay inghi st r
ibutet ot heQuai ddecl aredhi mt he
ambassadorofHi nduMusl im uni ty.
5. Hi ndMusl i
m Uni ty
, FirstandLastTi me:
Hindust ri
edt otaker ev engef r
om Musl imsi nt heKhi l
afatMov ementgener ally
and i n Nehr u Repor tespeci allyaccor di
ng t o a pl anned conspi racywhi le
neglect i
ngt hewr ittenagr eementofLucknow Pacti n1916.Thi ssentt he
Lucknow pactt ot hewast epaperbasket .Thi swayt hef irstandl astHi ndu
Musl im uni tycamet oanendwi thoutanyhi storicalachievement .

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 69
DEHLIMUSLI
M SUGGESTI
ON
Backgr
ound:
I
n1927, PanditMot iLalNehrusaidtotheQuaid-e-
Azam inameet ing:
I
fMusl imswi t
hdr
aw from separateelector
ate,thencongress
wil
lacceptthickot
herdemands.
TheQuai d-e-
Azam cal l
edameet i
ngofallparti
esathi sresidencetoaccept
hi
sproposal
.Int hatconfer
encet hat30Musl i
m par
ti
espar ti
cipat
edandoutoft hese
wi
ththeacceptanceof28,somedeci sionsweremadewhi charef amousbyDehli
Musl
i
m Suggest ions.Thesewer epubli
shedonMar ch20, 1927.
I
mpor
tantPoi
ntsoft
heSuggest
ions:
Foll
owi ngar et hei mpor tantpoint
soft hesuggest ion:-
1. Separ ationofSi ndhf rom Bombay :
Sindhshoul dbesepar atedf r
om Bombayandshoul dbemadeasepar ate
province.
2. Reformat ioni nNWFPandBal ochistan:
Like ot herpr ov i
nces i n NWFP and Bal ochistan,r eformat i
ons should be
i
mpl ement ed.
3. OneThi rdMusl i
m Repr esentati
oni ntheCent ral(Assembl y
):
IntheCent ral assembl yatleast1/ 3seatsshoul dber eser v
edf ort
heMusl ims.
4. ProvisionofHi nduMusl im Facil
it
ies:
InNWFP,Si ndh,Punj abandi nBal ochistan,Hi ndushoul dbegi vensome
faci
li
tiesar eMusl ims.
5. Propor ti
onalRepr esentat i
oninMusl im Majorit
yPr ovinces:
InPunj abandBengal ,Musl imsshoul dbegi venr epresentationaccordi
ngt o
thei
rpopul ation.
6. Approv alofWayofScr iptofLaw:
Apartofr eligiousf r
eedom t heguar anteeshoul dbegi v enthatnol aw would
havewei ghtagewhi chi snotsuppor tedby¾ member soft hecouncilabout
sectarianmat t er.

Hi
nduReact
iononDehl
iMusl
i
m Suggest
ions:
Hi
nduswer estuntont hesuggest ions.Theydi
dnotev enthi
nkthatMusli
m
worl
dwi thdraw f
rom separateelectorate.Thatwast her easonthatsomeHi ndu
part
iesstart
edtocr i
ti
ciz
et hem.Atl ast,onMar ch20,1947t heHindumembersof
cent
ralassemblypresentedthei
rpointswhi chwerenotacceptabl
efortheMusl
i
m.
Comment
s:
DelhiMusli
m suggestionswereaclear
-cutpr
oofoft
hewisdom oft
heQuaid-
e
-Azam.I nthesesuggestionstheinter
est
sofMusl i
mswer esecur
e.Thatwaswhy ;
Nehru presented hi
sr eportin August1928.I nrepl
ytothattheQuaid-
e-Az
am
presentedhisfour
teenpoi nt
s.
SI
MONCOMMI
SSI
ON
Backgr
ound:
Af
tert
eny
ear
soft
her
efor
mat
ionof1919,new r
efor
mat
ionswer
etobe

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 70
i
mpl emented.TheBriti
shgov er
nmentstar
tedworki
ngoni tbeforeti
me,forthese
th
ref
ormationtheVicer
oyannouncedon8 Nov ember,
1927.Onthatannouncement,a
commi t
teeofsi xmember swasmade.Al lthemembersoft hatcommitt
eewer e
Bri
ti
shers.Theheadoft hatcommit
teewasSimonJohn.Soi twasnamedasSi mon
Commi ssion.
Suggest
ionofSi
monCommi
ssi
on:
Atthet i
meofSi monCommi ssi
onMusl im Leaguehadalr
eadybeendi v
ided
i
ntot wopar t
si.e.Ji
nnahLeagueandShaf iLeagueduet oDehl
iMusli
m Suggesti
on.
Att hatoccasion,Jinnah League approved the commissi
on and Shaf
iLeague
supportedthat.Butallt
hepolit
icalpar
ti
esgav eheircommentstothecommi ssi
on.
Atlastthatcommi ssi
onpresent
edi t
srepor
tinMay1930.
Par
tOne:
Simon Commi ssi
on gaveit
s suggesti
ons aboutt
he soci
aland pol
i
tical
condi
ti
onsofthesubconti
nenti
nthefi
rstpar
t.
SecondPar
t:
Itgav ei tssuggest ionaboutt heconst i
tutionref ormat i
oninitssecondparts.
1. Feder alWayofGov ernment :
Shoul dbei mpl ementi nt hesubcont i
nent
2. Pr ov inci alAut onomy :
Int hepr ov i
ncest hedualsy st em woul dbef inishedandaut onomywoul dbe
given.
3. Separ at ionofSi ndhf r
om Bombay :
Sindhwoul dbesepar atedf rom Bombay
4. I mpl ement at i
onofRef ormat ioni nN. W.F.P:
InN. W. F. Psomeconst itutional ref ormationshoul dbei mplement ed.
5. Cont i
nuat ionofSepar at eEl ect or ate:
Thesy st em ofsepar ateel ect or atewoul dbecont inued.
6. Mor eMusl im Repr esent ationi nt heMi nor i
tyPr ovinces:
In t he Musl im mi nor i
ty pr ov inces, Musl i
ms woul d be gi v
en mor e
repr esent ationt hanthei rpopul at ion.
7. I nPunj abandBengalNoMusl im Reser vedSeat s:
Nor eser vedseat swoul dbet hei rinPunj abandBengal .
8. Rej ect i
oni f1/ 3Musl im Repr esent ati
on:
Thedemandof½ Musl i
mr epr esent ati
onsi nt hecent ralcouncilshoul
dbe
reject edbygi vinghi mr epresent ationaccor di
ngt ot hei
rpopulation.
9. Accept ingMi nor i
ti
esRepr esent at i
on:
Inalt hepr ov inci
almi nistr i
esal lt hemi nori
tieswoul dbegi v
enpr oport
ional
repr esent ation.
10. Stat usofCent ralAdmi nistr ation:
Thest at usofCent r
alAdmi ni strat ionshoul dbecont i
nuedandi tshouldnotbe
changed.
Comment
s:
Uptosomeext enttheSi
moncommi ssi
onwasaccept
abl
etoMuslims.Thati
s
whyCongr
ess,r
eject
edt hesuggest
ion.I
ncont r
astt
othatsomesuggesti
onswere

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 71
agai
nsttheMusli
mi nt
erest
.SoMuslim Leagueandotherpart
iesrej
ect
edit.Inshort
notonlyHindusbutal
soMusl imsnobodywassat isfi
ed.It
sf ai
l
urebroadenedt he
const
it
utional
cri
seswhichcausedt
heRoundTabl eConfer
ence.
NEHRUREPORT1928
Backgr
ound:
Afterthefai
lureofSi monCommi ssionin1927t heMi nisterforIndiaLord
BerkenheadchallengedtheI ndiansbysaying:
Iftheyhav eanypol i
ti
calcapabili
tyandcompet encethen
theyshoul dfor
m aunani mousconst it
ut i
onandpr esenti
t
tousandwewi l
limplementi t
.
Toanswert hechallengeofLor dBerkenheadt hefir
standsecondAl lParti
es
t
h t
h
Conferencewashel datDelhion12 Febr uary1928,and19 May1928, r
espectiv
ely.
Asev enmember ’
sconstitutionalcommi t
teewasf ormedi nt heconf erence.Ithas
onlytwo Musl i
m r epr
esent ati
vesnamel yMr .Al iImam andMr .Nehru.Hisson
JawaharLalNehr uwasal soamemberoft hecommi ttee.Afterst ayi
ngatAl l
ahabad
fro3mont hs,t
hecommi tteepr eparedar eport
.Thisr epor twascal ledtheNehr u
report
.
Suggest
ionsofNehr
uRepor
t:
Theant iMusl im suggest i
onsofNehr uRepor twereasf ollows:
1. EndingofSepar ateEl ector ate:
Ther i
ghtofsepar ateel ect oratef orMusl imsshoul dbeended.Thi sisacause
ofsectarianism.
2. Findi
ngofMor eSeat st hant hePopul ation:
Ther i
ghtofpr otectionofseat saccor dingt opopul ationpr oporti
onshoul dbe
ended.Pr otect i
onofseat smeansaccept ingsect arianism whi chi sasbadas
separateel ectorate.Wi tht hatj ustifi
cationt hesuggest ionwasmadet hatthe
demand f orr epresent ation accor ding t ot he propor tion ofpopul ati
on of
PunjabandBengalwasr ejected.TheMusl imsmaj orityint hesepr ovi
ncescan
easil
yprot ectitsinterests.
3. EndingofMor eMusl im Seat sthanPopul ation:
TheMusl imsshoul dbegi venr epr esent ationaccor dingt otheirpopul ati
on
proport
ioni nMusl im mi nor i
typr ov i
ncesandt hemet hodofgi v
ingmor eseats
thanpopul ationshoul dbest opped.
4. Refusaltogi veonet hir
dRepr esent ati
ont oMusl imsi nt heCent r
e:
TheMusl imsshoul dnotbegi venonet hi rdrepresent ati
oni nt heCent ral
Assembl y,r atheraccor dingt ot hepr opor tionoft heirpopul ation25seat s
shouldber eservedf ortthem.
5. Separati
onofSi ndhPr ov i
ncef r
om Bombay :
Thedi vi
sionofpr ov i
ncesshoul dbecar ri
edoutonceagai nonet wobasi s,
fi
rstl
ythel anguageshoul dbecommonsecondl ythepeopl eofthatar eamust
haveadesi retogetsepar ated.Ast hepr ov i
nceofSi ndcov ersbot hthese
termsther eforeitshoul dbesepar atedf rom Bombay .
6. Suggestionf orRef ormsi nN. W.F.PandAv oi dancef rom Bal ochistan:
Constit
utionalr eformsshoul dbei mplement edinN. W. F.PBal ochistanwas

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 72
notment i
onedint hissuggestion.Thejust
ifi
cat
ionwasgi venthati
twasnot
ment i
onedbymi stake.
7. DemandofSt rongCent ralGovernment:
Acent r
altypeofgov ernmentmustbei mplementedinIndiaunderwhichthe
centreshouldhav emor epowert hanthepr ov
incesbesidesnotdiscussed
authori
ti
esshouldbegi ventothecentresothatitcanbecomest r
ong.
8. DemandofOr der i
ngtheCol oni
alRule:
Inst
eadofgi vi
ngcompl etefr
eedom Indiashoul
dbemadeacol onyinwhich
DefenseandFor ei
gnAf fair
sshouldremainwiththeBri
ti
sh.
React
ionofMusl
i
m League:
TheantiMusl i
m suggest i
onofNehr uRepor tshatteredt heLucknowpactand
Delhisuggesti
ons.Di fferentMusl i
ml eader sexpressedt hei rviewsandf eeli
ngson
thereportswhichareasment i
oned.
1. Comment sofMaul anaShaukatAl iKhan:
MaulanaShaukatAl iKhansaid:
From mychi ldhoodIam f ondofkeepi nghuntingdogs
andIhav enev erbeent hem treatar abbi tli
ketheHi ndus
hav etr
eatedt heMusl i
msi nNehr uRepor t .
2. CommentofSi rAghaKhan:
SirAghaKhansai d:
Any sensi ble person cannott hink t hatMusl i
ms wi ll
acceptthesei nsult
ingconditions.
3. Vi ewofQuai d-e-Azam:
The Quaid-e-Azam on 22nd December1928,att he f ailure ofCal cutt
a
conventionandduet ot heHi ndusStubbor nnesscomment edont heNehr uRepor t
.
From nowt hepathsofHi ndusMusl i
msar eseparate.
InshortallMusl i
ml eadersexpr essedgr eatdisl
iket ot heNehr uReportbuti t
did nothav eanyef fecton Hi ndus.Asar esul
ti twasaccept ed in Al
lPar ti
es
Conferencebecauseofmaj or i
tyofHinduPar t
ies.
Comment
s:
TheSuggest ionsofNehr uRepor twasbasedonMusl i
m enmi t
yandwer e
againstt heconstitutionali
nterest
sandr i
ght sofMusl i
ms.Undert hesesuggesti
ons
theHi ndushadal toget herforgott
enaboutt hetermsofLucknowPact .Besi
destwo
thi
ngsbecausecl earbyt hesuggest i
onsofNehr uRepor t.Fi
rstt hatHindusare
severeenemi esofMusl i
msanddonotwantpr ogressofMusl ims.Secondlythe
Hindusar ebreaker sofpr omi seandchanceseeker sthereoftheyar enotat r
ust
t
h
wor t
hynat ion.Thisi swhyQuai d-
e-Azam answer edt heNehr uRepor ton25 Mar ch,
1929, withhisfourt eenpointsinwhi chhepr otectedt heri
ghtsofMusl i
ms.Whereas
th
nexty earon29 December1930,Dr .AllamaI qbalgav ethei deaofasepar ate
Isl
ami cSt atefort heMusl imsofI ndi
ai nhi sAllahabadAddr ess,whi chledtothe
creati
onofPaki stan.
Q.
9 Wr
itedownt
he14poi
ntsoft
heQuai
d-e-
Azam?
Ans. TheNehruReportshowedtheprej
udi
cedatt
itudeoft
heCongress.Theri
ght
ofsepar
ateel
ector
atewhichtheMusl
imsconsider
edessent
ialf
ort
hepr eser
vat
ion

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 73
oftheirident
it
yand pr ogress was r
eject
ed.This ser
ved the l
astblow tot he
cooperati
onest
abli
shedbetweent heHi
ndusandtheMusl i
msf ort
hefi
rstti
mei nthe
LucknowPact .
TheQuaid-
e-Azam r
efusedtoaccepttheNehruReport
.In1929,hepresent
ed
thefourt
eenpoint
sofQuaid-e-Azm.
FOURTEENPOI
NTSOFGREATQUAI
D:
Four
teenpoi
ntsofQuai
d-e-
Azam ar
easunder
:-
(
1) Feder
alTy
peofConst
it
uti
on:
Theform oft
hef
utur
econst
it
uti
onshoul
dbef
eder
alwi
tht
hepower
svest
ed
i
ntheprovi
nces.
(
2) Pr
ovi
nci
ali
ndependence:
Auni
for
m measur
edaut
onomyshal
lbegr
ant
edt
oal
lpr
ovi
nces.
(
3) Ef
fect
iveRepr
esent
ati
onofMi
nor
it
ies:
Alll
egisl
aturesinthecount
ryandotherel
ectedbodiesshal
lbeconst
it
utedon
thedefinit
epr i
nci
pleofadequateandeffecti
verepresent
ati
onofminor
it
iesinever
y
prov
incewi thoutreduci
ngthemajori
tyorevenequali
ty.
(
4) Musl
i
msr
epr
esent
ati
oni
nCent
ral
Legi
slat
ure:
Int
hecent
ralLegi
slat
ure,Musl
i
mrepr
esent
ati
onshal
lnotbel
esst
hanone
t
hir
d.
(
5) Separ
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
Representationofcommunalgr oupshallcont
inuetobemeansofsepar
ate
el
ectorat
easatpr esent,provi
dedi
tshallbeopentoanycommuni
ty,atanyt
imeto
abandonitsseparateelectorat
einf
avourofjoi
ntel
ect
orat
e.
(
6) Pr
otect
ionofPr
ovi
ncesi
nMaj
ori
ty:
Andterri
tor
ialr
edi
str
ibut
ionthatmi
ghtatanyt
imebenecessar
yshallnot
,in
anyway,af
fecttheMusli
m majori
tyi
nthePunj
ab,
Bengal
andNWFPr ovi
nce.
(
7) Rel
i
giousLi
ber
ty:
Fullr
eli
giousl
i
bert
y,i
.e.l
i
bert
yofbel
ief
,worshi
pandobser
vance,
propaganda,
associ
ati
onandeducati
on,shal
lbeguar
ant
eedall
communiti
es.
(
8) Bi
l
l/Resol
uti
onaboutCommuni
ti
es:
Nobil
lorresol
utionofanypar tt
hereofshal lpassedinanyl egislatur
eorany
otherel
ect
edbodyi ft
hreefour t
hofthemember sofanycommuni tyint hatpart
icul
ar
bodyopposesuchabi ll,r
esoluti
onapartt hereofont hegroundt hati twouldbe
i
njuri
oustotheinter
estsoft hatcommunit
yor ,intheal t
ernat
ive,suchot hermet hod
i
sdev i
sedasmaybef oundfeasibl
eandpracticabletodeal wi
thsuchcases.
(
9) Separ
ati
onofSi
ndhf
rom Bombay
:
Si
ndhshoul
dbesepar
atedf
rom t
heBombaypr
esi
dency
.
(
10) Ref
ormsi
nBal
ochi
stanandNWFP:
Reformsshouldbei nt
roducedi
ntheNWFPandBal
ochi
stanont
hesame
f
oot
ingasinot
herprovi
nces.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 74
(
11) Shar
eofMusl
i
msi
nser
vices:
Pr
ovi
ncesshoul
dbemadei nt
heconstitut
iongivi
ngMusl i
msanadequat
e
sharealongwit
hotherIndi
ans,i
nalltheservi
cesoft hestateandinl
ocalsel
f-
governi
ngbodi
eshavi
ngdueregar
dtotherequi
rementsofeff
ici
ency.
(
12) Rel
i
giousandcul
tur
alpr
otect
ionf
ort
heMusl
i
ms:
Theconsti
tut
ionshouldembodyadequat esaf eguar
dfortheprot
ecti
onof
Muslim cultur
e and forthe prot
ect i
on and promot i
on of Musl
im char
it
able
i
nstitut
ionsandfort
heirdueshar
eint hegrant
s-i
n-ai
dgi v
enbythestat
eandbyt he
self
-governi
ngbodi
es.
(13) Musl i
msRepresentat
ioni
nMinistri
es:
Nocabinet,ei
thercentr
alorprovi
ncial
,shouldbefor
medwi
thoutt
her
ebei
nga
propor
ti
onofatleastone-thi
rdMuslim mini
ster
s.
(14) Cent
ralconsti
tuti
onandagr eementofprovinces:
Nochar geshal lbemadei nt heconst it
ut i
onbyt hecent ralLegi slatureexcept
witht heconf erenceoft hest atesconst it
utingt heI ndianFeder ation.
I
MPORTANCEOFFOURTEENPOI NTS:
Thuswecansayt hatt heQuai d-
e-Azam notonl ypr otectedt hepol iti
calr i
ght s
oftheMusl ims, butal sopr ov i
dedt hest r
uct ureoft heconst ituti
onalr ef ormsi nIndia.
Hadt hi sbeenadmi tted,per hapst hehi storyoft hesub- cont i
nentwoul dhav ebeen
diff
er ent .TheCongr esscoul dnotassesst hef oresightednessoft heQuai d- e-Azam.
Thisl edt ot heRoundTabl eConf erencesi n1930atAl lahabad.TheActof1935set
theHi ndusandt heMusl imsi ndi fferentdirect ions.
Q.10 Wr iteanot eonAl lahabadAddr essofAl lamaI qbal 1930:
Ans. Themai nl eader shipofMusl imsi ncludi ngt heQuai d-e-Azam wasi nLondon
fort hef irstr oundt ableConf er encei n1930.I nt heabsenceofmai nleader shipf r
om
thesub- cont inent ,AllamaI qbalwasaskedt opr esideov ert heannualsessi onoft he
Musl im LeagueatAl lahabadi n1930.
HISTORI CALADDRESSOFALLAMAI QBAL:
I
nt hesessi onofMusl im LeagueatAl l
ahabadAl lamaI qbalpr oposedt hatthe
Musl imsshoul dhav et hei rownst at e.Itwast hedesi r
eoft heMusl imsofI ndi a.That
theyshoul dbeacknowl edgedasasepar atei dentit
y .Al l
ahabadaddr esscl early
reveal st hisfact .Ther ef or etheydemandedasepar atehomel and.
1. ConceptofSepar ateSt ates:
All
amaI qbal saidi nhi sAl lahabadAddr ess:
“Iwoul dl i
ket oseet hePunj ab,theNor th-WestFr ontierPr ovince,Si ndhand
Balochi st anamal gamat edi ntoasi nglest ate.Sel fgov ernmentwi thint heBr i
ti
sh
Empi r
e,orwi t
houtt heBr it
ishEmpi re,thef ormat ionofaconsol idatedNor th-West
I
ndi anMusl im st ateappear st omet obet hef i
naldest inyoft heMusl ims, atl eastof
Nor th-WestI ndi a.”
2. Sep.Recogni t
ionofMusl ims
lqbal madei tclear ,
“Indiaisnotacount ry, i
tisaSub- cont i
nentofhumanbei ngsbel onging

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 75
todi ffer entl anguagesandpr act icingdi fferentr eli
gi ons.Musl im nation
hasi tsownr eli
giousandcul tural ident i
ty.”
3. Condemnat i
onofWest er
nDemocr aticConcept s:
l
qbalwasst rongl yagai nstt hewest er n conceptofDemocr acy.Despi t
e
flourishing al lov ert he wor ld,t hissy st em cannotpr ov i
de sol uti
on oft he
pr oblem ofI slami cwor l
d.I qbalwasoft hev i
ew t hatal lsoci alandpol itical
pr oblemscanbesol vedwi t
ht hehel pofI sl ami csy stem.
Hesai d,
(West erndemocr acyi sdev oidofdept h,ithasmer elyanat tractiveoutl ook.)
4. I deaofSi ngl eNat ioni sImpr act ical:
I
nMar ch,1909whenl qbalwasaskedt oaddr essameet ingbyRajAmr itsar,
her efusedt hesi ngleNat iont heor yandsai d,
“Ir emai nedt hesuppor teroft hisi deabutnow Iam oft hev iew that
pr eser vat ionofsepar at enat i
onhoodi susef ulforHi ndusandMusl ims
birth.Tohav et heconceptofsi ngl enat i
oni nIndiai snodoubtpoet i
c
andbeaut i
f ul butimpr act i
cal regar dingpr esentci r
cumst ances.”
5. TwoNat ionTheor y:
I
qbal saidexpl ai ningt het wonat iont heor y .
“Despi tel ivi
ngt oget herf or1000y ears,Hi ndusandMusl ims
hav et heirown i ndi vi
duali deologi esso t heonl ysol uti
on of
pol iticalconf li
cti nI ndi ai st o hav e a separ at ei ndependent
par l
iamentf oreachnat ion. ”
6. Er adicat ionofRaci al &Regi onal ;Pr ej
udices:
Oncel qbal sai d,
“Conceptofnat i
onandhomel andi sconf usingt heMusl i
ms.
Thati swhyI slami chumaneobj ectsar ebecomi ngdi m.Itisal so
possi blet hatt heseconcept smaydest royt her ealconcept sof
Islam. ”
7. Islami ci snotsepar atef or m pol iti
cs:
I
qbalwasi nt hef av ourofbasi cI slami cconceptt hatpol i
ticsi sapar tof
rel
igionandr eli
gionspeci allyIsl
am pr ov idescompl etegui danceabouti t,
“Islam doesnotconsi dermat terandsoulsepar at ef rom eachot her .
Al l
ah,Uni v ersewor shi pandst at eal laret hebasi cel ement sofsi ngle
uni t.Mani snotsoal i
ent hatheshoul dl eav ewor l
dlyaf fair
sf ort he
sakeofr eligi on.”
REACTI ONOFTHEHI NDUSANDTHEBRI TISH:
TheHi ndusandt heBr i
ti
shcr iti
cizedal otonI qbal’saddr ess.TheHi ndus
declaredi tt hedr eam ofamadmanorapoet , nott hatofasensi bleman.Theysai d
thatthiswasani ll
egal sol ut i
onandcoul dnotbepr acti
cedi nt hesub- continent.
IMPORTANCEOFALLAHABADADDRESS:
Itwast hedesireoft heMuslimsthattheyshoul dbeacknowledgedasa
separateidenti
ty.Al
lamaI qbal
’sAll
ahabadaddresscl ear
lyr
eveal
st hi
sf act
.The
Musl i
mscoul dnottoler
atethatthei
rrel
igi
ous,pol
i
ticalandsoci
alri
ghtsshouldbe
deniedtothem.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 76
1937El
ect
ions
Thegov ernmentannouncedt o holdel ect ionst ot hepr ovinciallegislati
ve
assembl i
esi n1936- 37.Ther ewer e1771seat soft hepr ovincialassembl i
eswhi ch
wer etobef i
ll
edbyt heseel ect i
ons.Al t
houghbot hMusl im Leagueandt heCongr ess
hadr ejectedt heActof1935, stil
l theydeci dedt ocont estt heelect i
ons.
BothMusl im LeagueandCongr essi ssuedt heirmani festoes.TheMusl i
m
Leaguel aiddownt womai npr i
nci plesonwhi chi tsel ectedr epresent ati
veswoul d
wor k:
1. Thepr esentpr ovincialconst i
tuti
onandpr oposedcent r
alconst it
uti
onshoul d
ber eplacedbyasy stem ofsel f-
gov ernment .
2. I nt hemeant i
met her epr esent ativesofMusl i
m Leaguewoul dsi ncerelywor k
togett hemaxi mum benef itsoutoft hepr esentconst i
tution.
TheCongr esst oo,camef orwardwi thsomewhatsi mi larslogansofpubl ic
wel f
are,freedom andl i
bertyandf orther eleaseoft hepol it
icalpr i
soner s.
Ther esultsoft heej ecti
onswer eshocki ngf ort heMusl i
msofI ndiaand
Musl i
m Leagueaswel l,whi chcoul dnotgetment ionabl esuppor tfrom,t hev oters.
Congr essachi evedabi gvictor yandmanagedt ogetcl earmaj or i
tyinf iveprovinces.
It,howev ermanoeuv er
edt of orm coal i
tiongov ernment sinf ew ot herpr ovincest o
termi tsmi ni
str i
esi nei ghtpr ovinces,Congr essgotcl earmaj or i
tyinMadr as,Bi har,
Or i
ssa,Uni tedPr ovincesandCent ralProv i
nces.I nBombayt heCongr esswonsome
i
ndependentgr oupst oform acoal iti
onmi ni
st ry.TheMusl i
m Leaguemanagedt oget
fewseat sint heMusl i
m‘ minor i
typr ov i
ncesbutf ailedi nt heMusl i
m maj ori
tyareas.
For
mat
ionofCongr
essMi
nist
ri
es
Congress adopt ed r igid at t
itude af terwi nni ng el ect ions i n maj ority.The
Congr essleader sbehav edi nadi ctatorialmannerandi mposedt hei rownwi llon1st
Apr i
l1937t heGov ernorsofBombay .Madr as,Cent ral‘ Pr ov inbes,Uni tedPr ov i
nces,
OrissaandBi hari nv i
tedt hel eader soft heCongr esspar li
ament arygr oupsi nt hej
r
respect i
veprov incest of orm mi nist r
ies.I nr eplyt ot hesei nv it
at ionst heCongr ess
l
eader sputacondi ti
onont hegov ernmentt ogi veassur ancet hatt heGov ernors
woul dnotuset heirspeci alpower sofi nt erferencegr ant edbyt heconst ituti
onf orthe
protectionoft hemi noriti
esr ight s.Thi sot her wisemeantaski ngt hegov ernment
functionari
esnott oper formt hei rdut i
es.Thegov er nmentcl ear lyexpr essedt hei
r
i
nabi l
itytogiv esuchanassur ance.Howev er ,Lor dLi nl i
thgow,t heVi cer oy,issueda
statementon21stJune,1937i nwhi chhecl ar i
fiedt hatt heGov er nor swoul duse
theirspecialpower si nmat tersofut mostur gencyandt hatt hemi nister swoul dbe
all
owedt owor kf reely.Af t
ert hi sst atementt hecongr esswor kingcommi tteeon7t h
July,1937passedar esolutionper mitti
ngt heCongr esst o, acceptt heof fi
ce.
Congresst ookof ficei nei ghtpr ov i
nces.I nPunj ab‘ theUni oni stPar tyofSi r
SikanderHay atf ormedmi nist ry.Musl i
m mi nist r
ywasf or medi nSi ndhwhi chwas
dissolvedbecauseoft heCongr essconspi raci es.Acoal itionwasf or medi nBengal
withMaul v
iFazal -ul-
HaqofKr i
shakPr ajaPar tyast hel eaderoft hecoal i
tion.Musl i
m
Leaguecoul dnotf orm Mi ni stryi nanypr ov ince.Congr essf or medi tsmi nistryin
N.W. F.P.aswel lwhi chbr oughtt henumberofCongr essr ul edpr ov i
ncest osi x.In
‘
BombayandBengal t
heCongr ess‘ formedcoal it
ionswi t
hot hergr oups.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 77
‘
AsMusl i
m Leaguehadgotsi zeablesuccessi ntheMusl im minor itypr ovinces
i
twashopedt hattheCongr esswoul dincludeMusl i
m Leaguei nt hegov er nmenti n
theMusl im mi nor it
ypr ovinces.Butt heCongr esswasr eluctantinshar i
ngt hepower
withMusl i
m Leagueandl aiddowndegr adingcondi ti
onsf ort heMusl im Leaguet o
bei ncludedi nt heMi nistry.Discussi onswer ehel dbet weenCongr essandMusl i
m
Leaguel eader s.Maul anaAbu- al-
Kalam Azad, amemberofCongr esshi ghcommand
communi catedt oChaudhr iKhaliq-uz-Zaman,t heleaderoft heMusl im League,t he
foll
owi ngt ermsonwhi cht heCongr esswaspr eparedt olettheMusl im Leagueent er
thepr ov i
ncial gov ernment :
1. TheMusl im Leaguegr oupi nt heU. P.l
egislat
iveassembl yshal lbedi ssol ved.
2. Themember soft heMusl im Leaguei nt heU. P.assembl yshal ljoint he
Congr essandwoul dcomeundert hepartydiscipli
ne.
3. TheMusl i
m Leaguemember swhowi l
tjoint heCongr essshal lcar ryoutt he
instructionsi ssuedbyt heCongr essPar tyleadersper tainingtot hei rwor kin
theassembl ies.
4. TheMusl im Leaguepar liament aryboardshal lbedi ssolved.
Theabov e-condi t
ionspr oposedbyt heCongr essclearlyexhi bi
tedt her i
gidand
dict
ator ialattitudewhi cht heCongr esshadadopt edaf terwi nningt heel ections.N
withasl ightestf eelingofsel f
-respectwoul dhav eaccept edt hesedegr adi ngt erms.
TheMusl im Leaguet hereforer ejectedt hesetermsandapur eCongr essmi nist
ers
wasf or medi nt heUni tedPr ovinces.
CONGRESSATROCI
TIESONTHEMUSLI
MS
Congr esshadf or medi tsmi nistri
esi nei ghtpr ovinces.TheMusl imsl i
vingin
thesepr ov i
ncesundercongr essr ule,weresubj ectedtomosti nhumant reat mentand
madet obeart heoppr essiveandt yrannicalr uleoftheCongr essf ort woandahal f
years.Congr ess adopt ed ev ery means t o compl etel
y obl iteratet he Musl im
populat i
onoft hepr ovi
ncesunderi t
sr ul
e.
Congr esshadadopt edanunconst i
tutionalmet hodt or ulet hepr ov i
ncesand
i
tsadmi nistrat iondi dnotconf ormt ot hepar li
ament arysy stem asl aiddowni nthe
Actof1935.TheCongr essmi nistri
eswer enotaccount ablet ot hePar liament .They
receivedal linst ructi
onsf rom t heCongr esshi ghcommandandwer eanswer ablet oit
forallmat ters.TheCongr essHi ghcommandmadeandr emov edt hemi nisters.A
parli
ament arysubcommi t
teewassetupbyCongr esst odealwi tht hewor kof
l
egislaturesi nal lprovi
nces.Thi scommi t
teewast ogui deandadv iset hel egi sl
at ur
es
i
nt hei rfunct i
ons.I tconsi stedofMauAbu- al
-Kal
am Azad,Raj endr aPr asadand
SardarVal l
abhaiPat el
.Thepr ovinceswer edi stri
butedamongstt het hreemember s
ofthecommi ttee,Maul anaandwasgi v
ent hechar geofBengal ,Uni t
edPr ov inces,
the Punj ab and t he N. W. F.P.Raj endra Pr asad gotBi har.Or rissa and Assam.
VailabhaiPat elwasal lottedBombay ,Madr as,t heCent r
alProv incesandSi ndh.Thi s
sub-commi ttee was gi ven enor mous aut hor it
yt o dealwi th al lmat tersi nt he
Congr essr uledpr ovi
nces.TheCongr essr egimewasanabsol utistr uleandwasi n
factanol igar chydomi nat edbyMr .Gandhi .
Witht hei nstall
ationofCongr essmi ni
st ri
estheHi nduscameoutt oi mpose
Hindunat i
onal ism ont heMusl ims.Congr essbegani tsr ul
ebyi mposi ngi tswi l
lon

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 78
theMusl im mi nori
tiesint heprovincesunderi t
sr ule.TheMusl i
mswer ef orbiddent o
eatbeef .Sev erepuni shment swer eawar dedt ot hosewhosl aught eredt heMot her
Cow%Ev eryef f
ortwasmadet ohumbl eandhumi li
at eIst her eli
gionofMusl ims.A
systemat icpol i
cywasf ramedbyt heCongr esst oer aseMusl im cult
ur e.Hi ndiwas
enforcedast heof fi
ciallanguagei nal lthepr ovincesundert heCongr essr ule.Az an
wasf orbiddenandor ganizedattackswer emadeonMusl i
m wor shipper sbusyi nt he
mosques.Noi sypr ocessionswer eor ganizedt opassneart hemosquesatpr ayer
ti
mes.I faMusl im hadt oki l
lacowf orsacr i
fice,hundr edsofMusl i
msi ncludingt heir
chil
drenandwomenwer et obeki ll
edasar epr i
sal.Pi gswer epushedi ntot he
mosquesandAzanwasf requentlyinterr
upt ed.
Hindu- Muslimr i
otswer emaneuv eredi nv ariouspl acest omakeapr etextf or
severeact ionagainstt heMusl ims.TheMusl i
mswer eopenl yandf reelymaul edand
molested.Thegov ernmentagenci esof f
erednopr ot ectiont ot heMusl imswhot ella
preyt oHi ndudomi nationandhi gh-handedness.I ft heMusl imsl odgedcompl aints
withtheaut hori
ti
est hedeci si
onswer ealway sagai nstt heMusl ims.
1. BandeMat
ram
BandeMat r
am wasasongi nwhichdegradingv er seswereusedagai nst
Musl i
msandt heirrel
i
gionI sl
am.Thesongwaswr itt
enbyaBengal inovel
i
stBanki m
Chatterj
eeinhi snov elAnadamat handur gedal lthenon- Musl
imst owagewar
againsttheMusl i
msi nordert oexpelthem from Hi ndust anwhi chmeantf ort he
Hindusonly.I
nor dertost r
engthent heHi
ndunat i
onalism,t heCongr essmember si n
theAssembl i
es,undert heinstruct
ionsfr
om theCongr essHi ghCommand,i nsi
st ed
oncommenci ngtheday ’
sbegi nni
ngsbyther eci
tati
onoft hesongBandeMat ram.
BandeMat ram wasal soadopt edasanat i
onalanthem andwast obereci
tedbefor e
thestartofof
fici
albusinessev eryday.
2. War
dhaScheme
TheWar dhaSchemewast heout comeofGandhi ’
sphilosophy .Itpreached
Hindunat i
onalism andpr inciplesofnon- violence.Itaimedt odev elopahi ghr espect
amongt heyoungmi ndsaboutt heHi nduher oesandr el
igi
ousleader s..TheWar dha
andWi ddiaManderschemessoughtt oisolatethey ounggenerationoft heMusl i
ms
from t heirr
eligion,.cultureandci vili
zati
on.TheMusl i
ms,therefore,rightl
yf eared
thatt he educat i
on poli
ci es introduced undert hese schemes,wer e compl etel
y
segr egatedfrom t hei
rreligion,traditionandcul tureandwoul dsubv ertallwhatt hey
(Musl ims)lovedsomuch.Themai nobj ecti
v eoft heseschemeswast odestroyt he
Musl im culture and secur e perpet ualdomi nation ofHi ndu culture.I taimed at
i
nj ecti
ngt hepol i
ti
calideasofonepol iti
calpar t
y, t
heCongr ess,i
nt othemi ndsoft he
Musl im chil
dren.Itcompl et el
yignor edr eli
gionandf avouredHindiatt hecostofUr du;
3. Hoi
sti
ngofThr
ee-
Col
our
edf
lag
Congr
ess,aft
ert
akingov erthegov
ernmentint hepr
ovinces,i
mmediat
ely
orderedthehoi
sti
ngoft
hree-col
ouredfl
agwit
htheBrit
ishUni
onJackt opr
ovethat
therewereonl
ytwopowersinIiwhi
chweretheBr
it
ishandtheCongress.
4. Wi
ddj
aManderScheme
Anotheratt
emptwasmadet oeraset
heMusli
m cul
tur
ebyintr
oducinganew
educat
ionalsy
stem.Theeducat
ionpol
i
cywasknownasWiddiaManderSchemeand

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 79
meantt oconvertthenon- Hi
ndust oHi ndui
sm.I twasi ntroducedinallschools,
coll
egesandeducat ionali
nsti
tuti
ons.Underthisschemethest udent
swereaskedt o
payr espectandhomaget oGandhi’
spictureev er
ydayi nt hei
rassembli
esint he
schools.Thestudentswer easkedtobowbef or
eGandhi’
spi ctur
eandsinghymnsi n
hispraise.Dr
.ZakirHusain,aCongressMusl i
m, wastheauthorofthi
sscheme.
5. Hi
ndu-
Musl
i
m Ri
ots
Hindu-
Muslimr iot
swereusualdur i
ngt heCongr
essrule.Organizedat tempts
weremadeont hehonourpr oper
tyandl iv
esoft heMuslimsbyi ndulgingi nthe
communaland r eli
gious f
euds.The Hi ndus werefree t
o assaultt he innocent
Musli
msi nanyar ea.TheMusl im housesandpr oper
tyweresetonf i
reandt hei
r
womenandchi ldr
enabduct ed.Muslim massacreandplunderingoft heirlocali
ti
es
werethescenesoftheday .
6. Musl
i
m MassCont
actCampai
gn
Congressstar
tedaMusl im masscont actcampai
gn.Themai nobject
iveof
thi
s campaign was to damage the popul
arit
yofMusl i
m League amongstt he
Musli
ms.I twasNehru’
simaginati
ontodest r
oytheimageofMuslim Leagueasthe
onlyr
epresent
ati
vepartyoftheMusli
ms.Thecampai gnbeganbydir
ectlycont
acti
ng
theMusli
m masseswi t
hav i
ewt owinthem overtot
heCongress.
MUSLI
M LEAGUE’
SROLEDURI
NGCONGRESSRULE
Musl i
m Leaguer emai nedv eryactivedur i
ngt heatrociousruleoft heCongr ess.
I
tcont inueddr awingat tentionoft hemasses, throughi t
sr esolut
ions, t
oant i
-Muslim
poli
ciesoft heCongr essandappeal i
ngtot heCongr esstochangei t
sbi asedattit
ude
towardst heMusl i
ms.TheMusl i
m Leaguepr otestedagai nstanti-Muslim poli
ciesof
theCongr essandopenl ycondemnedi t
sv ariousst epsl i
ket herecitati
onofBande
Matram ast henat ionalant hem.War dhaScheme,Wi ddiaManderSchemeand
Congr ess’sat t
it
udeagai nstI slam.TheMusl im Leagueexpr essedi tsgr aveconcern
overt hecommunalr i
otsi nt heUni t
edPr ovinces,Bi har,theCent ralPr ovi
ncesand
Bombay .Quai d-i
-Azam cr it
ici sedt heCongr essr ul
eanddecl ar
edi tasHi nduRaj
whichwor kedandexi stedt oanni hil
ateev eryot hercommuni t
y.Hesai dt hatthe
Congr essr ulewasaf ascistandaut hori
tari
ansetupwhi chupr ootedal lnormsof
democr acy.
Endoft
heCongr
essRul
e
TheSecondWor ldWarbegani n1939.Br i
taindecl aredwaragai nstGermany
thegover
nmentappeal edt oal lpol
it
icalparti
esforhel pandassi stinthishourof
need.
Congressconv enedi tsmeet i
ngt oconsidergov ernment ’
sappealandputt he
fol
lowi
ngconditi
onsf orassistanceinwar :
1. TheBr iti
shGov ernmentshoul dexplaintheobj ecti
veoft hewar .
2. Thegov ernmentshoul dannouncet hattheelectedl egi
slat
urewoul ddraf
tthe
consti
tuti
onofI ndia.
3. Themember soft heVi ceroy
’sExecut i
veCounci lshoul dbet hoseonlywho
enj
oyt hesuppor tofthecent r
alass
Theaccept anceoft hesedemandswoul dhav emeantt hetransferofpowerto
theCongressast hesedemandscl earl
yshowedt hatt heCongr esswasaski ngfor

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 80
the rightofconst it
ution maki ng.The gov ernmentcoul d notaccede t ot hese
demandsasi twant edt opaci f
ybot hCongr essandt heMusl i
m League.Vi ceroy
declaredt hatdueconsi derati
onwoul dbegi v ent othepoi ntofv iew ofev erypar t
y
andt hatdomi nionstatuswoul dbegi v
entoIndi aafterthewar .
Congr essdi dnotbel i
evet hepromi
sesoft hegov ernment.Congr essl eader s
expressedt heirutterdisappoi nt
mentont hedeci sionoft hegov ernment .Congr ess
withav i
ew ofput ti
ngmor epr essureont hegov ernment ,r
efusedt oext endco-
operationt ogov ernmenti nt hewaract i
vi
tiesandannouncedt or esi
gnf r
om t he
ministry.TheCongr essHi ghCommandaskedi tsmi ni
sterstotenderr esi
gnat ionsi n
protestagai nstt hedeci sionoft hegover
nment .I nNov ember,1939t heCongr ess
ministriesresi gnedf r
om t hei
rof fi
ce.ThepoorMusl i
m populationt ookasi ghof
rel
iefast heyhav ebeenr eli
evedoft hemostt yrannicalandoppr essi
ver uleoft he
Congr ess.
DayofDel
i
ver
ance
Withther esi
gnationoft heCongr essmi ni
str
iest heMusl imsofI ndi
awer e
rel
iev edofthemostdr eadf uldominati
onoft heCongr essandHi ndumaj orit
y.The
twoandhal fyear softheCongr essr ul
ewasabi t
terandpai nfulexperienceforthe
Musl imsOfI ndiawhohadseent herealHi
ndument ali
ty.TheQuai d-i
-Azam appealed
tothepeopl et oobser v
et heDayofDel i
veranceon22ndDecember ,1939andbow
theirheadsbef oreAlmightyAl l
ahwhor eli
evedthem from theyokeofCongr ess.The
Quai d-i
-Azam appealedthatt hedayshouldbeobser vedwi thpeace.TheMusl imsof
I
ndi a,.inaccordancewi tht heappealoft heQuaid-i
-Azam celebratedt hedaywi th
happi ness.Publicmeet i
ngswer ehel dandt hanksgivi
ngpr ayerswer eof f
eredin
tokenofr el
i
eff rom thet y
ranny,oppressi
onandhi gh-handednessoft heCongr ess
regime.
CHAUDRIREI
IMATALANDPAKI
STANMOVEMENT
ThenameofChaudr iRehmatAwi llalway sgoi nhi storywithut mostest eem
andr everencef ort hededi catedser v i
ceswhi chher ender edt othecauseoft he
Musl i
msofI ndia.Hepl ay edacommendabl er olei nt heest abli
shmentofaMusl i
m
stat
ei nthesub- cont inent .Hei sknownast hear chitectoft heideaofPaki stanint he
hist
oryofMusl imI ndia.
Chaudr iRehmatAwasbor nin1893i nt hedi strictofHoshi ar pur.Hej oined
Isl
ami aCollege,Lahor ef rom wher ehet ookhi sBachel orDegr ee.Hejoi nedser vicein
anewspaperknownasKashmi r.Het henswi tchedov ert ot heteachingpr of
essi on
andj oinedAi tchisonCol lege,Lahor easal ect urer.Chaudr iRehmatMiwentt o
Englandf orhigherst udi esandobt ai
nedhi sMast er’
sdegr eefrom theCambr i
dge’
Universit
yandl aterondi dhi sBar -at-
Lawf rom t heUni ver si
tyofDubl i
n.
Chaudr iRehmatAl i
, agr eatandf ieryorat or,wasf ullofnat i
onalistsent i
ment s.
Hehadhi sfirm beliefint hesepar ateidentityoft heMusl i
msandconsi deredt hem a
dist
inctnation.Hewasv er ymuchi nf avourofasepar atehomel andf ort heMusl i
ms
ofIndi a and consi der ed i tt heul t
imat edest i
nyoft heMusl ims.I n 1915 whi l
e
addressingameet ingofBazm- i
-Shibl
i,hesai d,“ Thewest ernpartofI ndi
ai sa
Musl i
m maj orit
yar eawhi chwewi l
lmakeani ndependentMusl im St ate.Thiscan
onlybepossi blewhenwesepar ateour selvesf r
om t hecommonnat ionali
tyand

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 81
severourr elati
onsf rom t her estofI ndi a.”
Dur inghi sst udiesatCambr idge,Chaudr iRehmatAl iandhi st hreeot her
comr adesi ssuedapamphl eti n1933ent itledasNoworNev er.Inthisar ti
cl eChaudr i
RehmatAl iext remel ycr i
ticisedt hoseMusl i
m l eader swhower eadv ocat i
ngt he
federalsy stem i nI ndia.Hedecl aredi nNoworNev ert hatt heI ndianf eder ationwas
notsui tablet otheI ndianMusl ims.Hesai dt hatt heMusl i
mswer easepar atenat i
on
witht hei rowncul t
ur eandci vil
izationdi st i
nctf rom t heHi nducul tureandci vi
li
zat ion.
Hesai dt hatt oy oket oget hert wodi f
f erentanddi st i
nctnat ionsi nonepol i
tical
system woul dl eadt out t
erconf usionandbi tter ness.Hepl eadedt hatt heonl y
solutiont ot hisdi lemmawast odi videt hesub- cont inentt oest abl ishasepar at e
Musl im st at econsi stingofPunj ab,Bal ochi stan,N. W. F. P.Kashmi randSi ndh.He
suggest edt henameofPAKI STANf ort henewMusl im st ate.
Chaudr iRehmatAsetupPaki stanNat i
onalMov ementi nEngl andi n1933.He
l
aunchedav i
gor ousmov ementofPaki st anf rom t hepl atfor m oft hisor ganizat ion.
Pakist anNat i
onalMov ementwasext remel yopposedt ot hei deaofmaki ngI ndiaa
federat ionanddi dnotl iket heMusl imst ohav eanyconnect ionswi thI ndia.Thi s
mov ementgav eacl earexpl anationandcl ar i
ficat i
onoft heTwo- Nat iont heor yand
expressed i tsf irm bel iefi ni t
.The Paki st an Nat ionalMov ementext ended i ts
endeav ort o otherpar ties ofEur ope and Amer ica.Thi s or ganizat ion cul tivat ed
awar enessamongt heMusl imsaboutt hei rnat ionali mage.Chaudr iRehmatAl i
i
ssuedanf r
om t hepl atfor m ofPaki stanNat ionalMov ementent i
tledas“ Obj ect i
v es
ofPaki stanNat ionalMov ement .
”I nt hisar ticlet heai msandobj ectsoft hePaki st an
NationalMov ementwer edi scussedandt henameofSout hAsi awaspr oposedf or
theI ndi anSub- Cont i
nent .I n1937Chaudr iRehmatAl idemandedaMusl im St at e
compr isingofBengalandAssam andpr oposedt henameofBang- if ori t.Heal so
suggest edt henameofUsmani stanf ort heMusl i
m st at eofHy derabad.
Chaudr iRehmatAl iintensifiedhi sef for t
sdur ingt heRoundTabl eConf er ence
andur gedt heMusl i
m par ti
ci pantsoft heconf er encet or ej ectt hept oposalofI ndi an
federat ion.Chaudr iRehmatAl iwasagr eatbenef act oroft heMusl i
msofI ndia.Hi s
i
deasandt hought sar ousedhopeamongt heMusl imsofI ndia.Hi sschemeofa
separ ate Musl i
m st ate cr eated angui sh among t he Hi ndus and Br i
tish who
vehement l
ynegat edhi si deas.Chaudr iRehmatA notonl ycoi nedt henameof
Pakist an butal so l aunched an ef f
ect iv emov ementf ort heaccompl ishmentof
Pakist an.Hi si deasgai nedwi der angepopul arit
yamongt heMusl i
my out hofI ndi a.It
wasChaudr iRehmatAl iwhodecl aredt heLahor eResol utionasPaki st anResol ut i
on
whichwasf inall
yaccept edbyt heQuai d- i-
Azam andal l theMusl imsofI ndia.
Q9. WhatwasthePaki
stanResol
uti
on?Writedownitsthr
eepoint
sand
whatwast
heHi
ndureact
ionaf
teri
thadpassedi
nthemeeti
ng?
Ans. Quai d-epresidedov ert heHistor
icannualsession( 27tofAl lI ndi
aMuslim
League, hel
dinMi ntoPark( nowcal l
edlqbalPark)i
nLahor e(22to24Mar ch,
1940).
Ar esoluti
on,presentedbyMaul viFazal-
ul-(Sher
-e-Bengal)ar enownedBengal i
l
eaderwaspassed.TheMusl i
mssett hecleargoalonthathist
oricday .
BackgroundofPaki stanResol uti
on:
The Muslim l eader
s wer e worr
ied aboutnationalfuture,ev ersince t
he

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 82
Musl i
msl ostt hewarofI ndependence1857.Theonl ygoalbef or et hel eader swast o
providepeacef ul ,saf eandgr acef ulenv ironmentt ot heMusl im nat ion.Thef ut ur e
l
ookedbl eakandunsat isfact or y.Thepr esenceofHi ndumaj orityont hesoi lof
Brit
ishI ndi awast her ootcauseoft heirwor ries.Di fferentl eader spr esent eddi ff
er ent
suggest ions.
C.R.Das,Lal aLaj patRal ,JohnWr ightandt hei ronmanofRussi a,Joseph
Stali
n, ant i
ci pat edt hedi visionofI ndia.
Allamal qbali nhi spr esi dent i
aladdr essatt heannualsessi onofAl lI ndia
Musl i
m Leaguei n1930,decl aredt hatt heest abl ishmentofasepar atest ateint he
NorthWestoft hesub- cont inentf ort heMusl ims, thegoaloft heMusl i
m nat ion,Asa
studentofCambr idge Uni ver sity,Chaudhr yRehmatAl l,dist r
ibut ed a pamphl et
amongt hepar ticipant sofRoundTabl eConf er encei n1932.Thet i
tleoft hepamphl et
was‘ Now orNev er ’
,inwhi chhesuggest edt hedi v
isi onoft hesub- cont inenti nt oa
fewst ates.
TheSi ndhMusl im Leaguepassedar esol ut i
oni ni t sannualSessi onof1938
anddemandedpar ti
tioni nt oHi nduI ndi aandMusl imI ndi a.
SyedHassanRi azwr ot et hatt heQuai dhadmadeuphi sst r
ongmi ndt ohav ea
separ atest atef ort heMusl imsi n1930andt ill1940hekeptonpr epar i
ngt hemi nds
oftheMusl ims.
President ial Addr essofQuai d-e-Azam
TheQuai d-e- Azam i nhi spr esident i
aladdr esscl ear lyindi catedt hedi recti
onof
Musl i
m st ruggl e.Hesai d,
Musl ims,byanydef inition oft he wor d,ar e a nat i
on and possess t hei r
separ atecul tur e, soci al andr eligioussy st em andsoundt raditions.
The sub- cont inenti s notone count ry and Hi ndu Musl im i ssue i s an
i
nternat ionali ssue.I ti snotani ssueofcommunalnat ure.Thesol utionoft he
problem l iesi nt hecr eat ionofmor et hanonest at einSout hAsi a.
Ther ight soft heMusl i
mswi l
l beun- safei ngundi v i
dedI ndi a.
Par titionofal andi ntot woormor et hant wost atesi snotanunpr ecedent ed
i
dea.The I ber ian Peni nsul a was di vided i nto Spai n and Pur tagal ,I reland was
separ atedf rom Uni tedKi ngdom andCzechosl ov akiacamei nt oexi stence,because
ofpar ti
tion.Ref erringt oal lsuchexampl es, heaskedf ort hepar tit
ionofBr iti
shI ndi a.
Het ermedi tl ogi cal andj ust .
Basicpoi ntoft heResol ution:
Thecont iguousuni tsi ndi fferentar east ober edemar cat edassucht hat
Musl i
m maj or ityar easofNor thEastandNor thWestbeest abl i
shedasi ndependent
Musl i
m st ates.
Noschemeot hert hanpar t
itionoft heSub- cont i
nentwi llbeaccept ed.
Af t
ert hepar t
iti
ont her ightsoft heMusl i
m mi nor i
tywi l
lbepr otect ed,and
suit
abl ear rangement swi l
l bemadef orthi spur pose.
HinduReact ion:
Immedi at elyaf tert hepassi ngoft her esol ut ion,t heHi nduj ournal istsand
l
eader sexpr essedt heirr esent ment .Theyr eject edt hedemandandt heyr idiculedi t.
Itwasdecl ar edi mpr acticabl e.GandhiandNehr u, inpar ticular, cri
ti
ci zedi tandt urned

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 83
i
tdowni nhar shwor ds.
TheMusl im Leaguecal led i ttheLahor eResol ut
ion butt heHi ndu press
i
ronicallytermedi tast hePResol uti
on.TheMusl iml eadersadopt edt henewt erm.
Ther esoluti
onwas, lateron,cal l
edt hePakistanResol utioninallquart er
s.
React i
onofTheMusl i
m Theol ogi sts:
Alargenumberoft heol ogi st
swer e,rel uctantt osuppor tt hedemandf or
parti
tion.Onlyaf ew oft hem UkeMaul anaShabi rAhmedUsmani ,MaulanaZaf ar
AhmedAnsar i,MaulanaAshr afAl iThanviandsomeot herssupportedt heleadersof
theMusl im League.
React i
onoft heBr iti
sh:
TheBritishpressdi dnotpaymuchat t
ent i
on.
Conclusion
Thi
swast hef irstdeci sivest ep towar dst heachi ev
ementofasepar ate
homel and.Af terthisf i
rm deci sion,onl yinsov oty ourst heMusl i
msgotasepar ate
stateoft heirown.Thati swhywecansayt hisr esoluti
onwast hehei ghtoft he
struggle.
Q10.Wr
it
eanot
eonCr
ippsMi
ssi
on.
Ans. Thegov ernmentofGr eatBr i
tai
ntookani mpor t
antstept osol vethepr obl ems
i
nI ndi ain1942.
Backgr ound
Int he2Wor l
dWar ,TheJapanesef orceswer eheadi ngtowar dsSout hAsi a.
Thewarseemedt obegoi ngi nJapanesef av our .Thepr el
iminarysuccessesof
Japaneseencour agedt heI ndianNat i
onalCongr ess.Themov ement sagai nstt he
gov ernmentbyCongr esswer et r
oublesomef ort heBr it
ishers.Congr essit
eswer e
conf identt hatJapanesewoul dhandov ert hepowert ot heI ndiansaf terBr it
ain’ s
defeat .TheMusl i
mshadal readybeendemandi ngasepar atest ateoft heirownand
hadpassedt her esol ut
ionof1940.Tocopewi tht hissituat i
ont hegov er
nmentof
GreatBr it
ainsentSi rStaffor
dCr i
ppstofindasui tabl esol
ut i
onf ortheci rcumst ances
i
nt hesubcont i
nent .
TheCr ippsMi ssi
onar r
ivedbutcoul dnotgetanysuppor tfrom theCongr ess.
Crippsbr oughtaf ewpr oposal sfordiscussionswi tht hemaj orpolit
icalforcesi nt he
sub- cont i
nent .
CrippsPr oposal :
Cr i
ppsannouncedhi spr oposalon29Mar ch1942f oll
owingar ei t
smai n
point s:
StatusofDomai n
Thesub- cont i
nentwi llbegiventhest atusofadomi ni onaf t
erthewar .
IndependenceofTheI ndiansI nAllDepartment s
Al lgov er nmentdepar tmentswi llbehanded ov ert ot heI ndian Mi nister s
i
ncl udingDef ense, ForeignAf fai
rsandCommuni cat ions.
Cent ral Constitut i
onal Assembl y
Acent ralconst i
tuentAssembl ywi llbef ormedt of ormulateaconst i
tut i
on.
The Const i
tuentAssembl y willbe elected by t he member s oft he Pr ov i
nci al
Assembl i
es.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 84
RightsofMi nor ities
Special st epswi l
l bet akent opr ov i
desaf eguar dst othemi norities.
Prov i
ncial Autonomy
Aftert hef ormul ationoft heconst i
tutionbyt heConst it
uentAssembl y,i twill
besentt ot hepr ov i
nces.Thepr ovinceswhodonotendor set heconst ituti
onwi llbe
empower edtocr eateasepar at eandf reest atusf orthemsel ves.
React i
onofPol iti
cal Par ties:
Musl i
m League
TheQuai d- e-
Azam andAl lI ndiaMusl i
m Leagueexpr essedt hankst oCr ipps
and t he Gov ernmentofGr eatBr i
tainf ort he pr omi se tot he Musl im maj orit
y
prov i
ncesf reeand i ndependentst at us.Thehi ntwasa cl eari ndi cation oft he
creationofPaki stan.
AllIndi aMusl im Leagueexpr essedt hanksf ort hepr oposedst epsf ort he
protection oft he r ights ofmi nor i
ties.Al lI ndia Musl im League di scussed t he
proposal si nt hemeet i
ngandaf terl ongdi scussi ons;i tdeci dednott oappr ov et he
Cr i
ppspr oposal sast hedemandf orPaki stanwasnotaccept edi nclearcutt erms.
Congr ess
Gandhiandhi spol iti
calpar ty,Indiannat i
onalCongr ess,absol utelyr ej ected
theCr ippspr oposal s.Theyr idiculedt hepr oposal s:Apostdat edchequeofabank
thatisgoi ngt obebankr upt .TheCongr esscr it
icizedt herightofv et o,gi vent ot he
prov i
nces.I topposedt hei deaofpar ti
tion.I texpr essedi tsdi spleasur ef orpr ov i
ding
protectiont ot hemi nor i
ties.
Concl usion:
The Br it
ish gov ernmentunderAmer ican pr essur e pr epar ed t he Cr ipps
proposal s.Thegov ernmentwasnotwi ll
ingt o agr eet ot hedemandsofI ndian
nationalCongr ess.Ont heot herhandCongr esscoul dnotsuppor tt hepr oposal s
whent heJapanesewer el ooki ngtobei nst rongposi tion.Theef f
ortpr ov edf ut il
ebut
from Musl i
m poi ntofv i
ew, itwasast ept owar dspar ti
tion.
Q11.Wr
it
eanot
eonSi
mlaconf
erence.
Ans. TheVi ceroy,Lor
dWav el
l,t
ohav eadi al
oguewi t
hthemajorpoli
ti
calpart
iesi
n
1945,calledSiml aconference.Thef ollowingpoli
ti
cianswerei
nvit
edt opart
ici
patei
n
theConf erenceatSi ml
a,asummerr esort,andcapitaloft
heFederalgover
nmentin
thesummerseason.
Congress: Pandi tNer hru,BeldevSinghandAzad
Muslim League: Quai d- e-Azam, LiaquatAl i
KhanandAbduRubNi sht
er
ChiefMinisters: Al lprov inces
Unioni
standot herpart
ies’ representati
v es
Backgr
ound:
TheI ndi
anNationalCongresskeptonpr essuri
zingtheBrit
ishgovernmentt o
quitI
ndi
a.Thef ai
lureofCr i
ppsMi ssionencouragedt heCongressleaders.Gandhi
wasnotpr epar
edtot ol
erateBri
ti
shRajany mor e.Hi
s“ QuitI
ndiaMov ement’gained
momentum.Gandhiwant edimmedi atetr
ansferofpowert othemaj or
it
ypar t
y.He
tr
iedtoblackmailthegov er
nment ,andgavet heboy cottcal
ltot heworkers.Civi
l
di
sobedi
ence Mov ement,Qui tIndia Movement ,SwedeshiMov ementand ot her

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 85
met hodswer eused t of orcet heBr itisht o qui tI ndi a.Pr ocessi onsand pr otest
meet ingswer ear r angedi nal ltheci ti
es.Gandhiandhi spar tywasexpect i
ngt he
def eatoft heAl li
edFor cesatt hehandsoft heJapanese,t her efor e,t heHi ndus
cont inuousl ybui l
tupt hepr essur eagai nstt hegov er nment .Inal lsuchact ivi
tiest he
AllIndi aMusl i
m Leaguewasi gnor ed.
Theexpect at ionsofGandhiwer enotf ulfi
lled.TheAl liedFor cesgai nedt he
ground.Thedesper at eGandhichangedhi st act i
csandt ur nedt owar dt heMusl im
League.GandhiJi nnahdi al
ogueswer ear ranged.Thef or merwant edt oent r
apt he
l
ater .Gandhiwasnow r eadyt ogi vesomeconcessi onst ot heMusl imsi nor dert o
star taj ointst ruggl eoft het wopar ties.TheQuai dv erywel lunder st oodhi smi nd.He
didnotagr eet oenhancet hest rengt hoft heGhandi anmov ement s.TheQuai ddi d
notbudgeani nchf rom hi sdemandf orPaki stan.Thesi tuat iondemandedsomesor t
ofgov er nmenti nitiative.Sot heVi cer oygav ehi splai ni nt heSi ml aConf erence.
Wav el lPl an:
TheVi croyofI ndi aLor dWav ellchal kedoutapl ant oset tlet hepol iticalissues
withpol i
ticalpar tiest oi nt r
oduceaf ramewor kor der ,underwhi cht heel ect i
onst o
feder alandpr ov i
nci all egislat i
veassembl iescoul dbeconduct edf ort hef or mat ionof
futur egov er nment .Thepl anwasasunder :-
Thef utur econst i
tut ionwi llbef ramedwi tht heconsentofal l maj orpol iti
cal parties.
AnExecut iveCounci lwi l
lbemadeandr epr esent ativ esofal lmaj orpol it
ical
par tieswi llbei ncl udedi nt heCounci l
.Thecounci lwi l
lconsi stofsi xHi ndus,f ive
Musl imsandoneBr iti
sh.
TheVi cr oywi l
lpresi deov ert hemeet i
ngsoft heExecut iveCounci l.TheCommander -
i
n-Chi efwi llbeax -of f
iciomemberoft heExecut iv
eCounci l.Al lt hemember soft he
Counci lwi ll benomi nat edbyt heVi cer oy .
Pr ov incialExecut iveCounci lswi llal sobeor gani zed.Gov ernoroft hepr ov i
nce
will bet heChi efoft heCounci l,i
neachpr ov ince.
Failur eoft heconf erence:
Theconf erencehadt odeci det hepol i
ticali nf rast ruct ure,t hef or mat ionof
assembl iesandgov ernment satcent ralaswel laspr ov inci all ev el .Themov ewas
encour agi ngf orCongr ess.Whatsoev erwast hesi tuat ion,t heCongr esswasgoi ng
tof or mt hegov ernmentont hebasi sofi tsmaj or i
ty.Congr essj oinedt heconf er ence
proceedi ngswi t
hhi ghhopes.I thadal sodecl aredbef orehol di ngaconf erencet hati t
woul dnotacceptpar t
itioni nanycase.
Themeet i
ngst artedt odi scusst hef irstpoi ntonagenda.Thepoi ntr elatedt o
thenomi nat ionoff iveMusl im mi nister soft heVi croy ’sexecut iv eCounci l
.TheQuai d-
e-Azam v ehement ly ar gued t hat al lt he f i
v e woul d be nomi nate don t he
recommendat ionsofAl lIndi aMusl im League.Noot herpar t yhadar i
ghtt osend
evenasi nmember .TheVi croyandI ndi anNat ionalCongr esswi shedt onomi nat e
Maul anaAzadas,Musl im mi nister .TheQuai ddi dnotagr eet ot hi spr oposal .Now
Vicr oyaskedt heQuai dt oacceptMal ikKhi zarHay atTi wana,t hel eaderofUni onist
par ty.TheQuai d-e- Azam r ejectedt hisnameaswel landi nsi st edt hatal lthef ive
mi nist riesshoul dbegi vent oAl lI ndiaMusl im League.Thev er yf irstpoi ntcr eat eda
fussandf ur therdi scussi onwasf ut il
e,t her efore,t heSi ml aConf er encef ailedi n

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 86
getti
nganyobj ective.
Responsi bil
ityforFailure:
TheI ndianNat ionalCongr esshel dt heQuai d-e-Azam responsi bl
efort he
fai
lure.
LordWav el
lalsocr it
izedtheinfl
exibleat t
itudeoft heQuaid-e-Azam.
Quaid- e-
Azam r efutedt hebl ameanddi sclosedt het r
appr eparedbyLor dWavelland
Gandhit oent rapt heMus1i rItwast hei
rjoi ntventur e.HadMusl i
ml eagueaccepted
theplan, itwouldnev erhav easepar atestat eintheshapeofPaki stan.
Concl usion
SimlaConf erencewasast ept omakeapossi bl
eunder standingbetweent he
Briti
shGov t.andt heI ndianPol i
ti
calLeader sbutt hef ormulaoft henomi nati
onof
Musl i
m member sunwr appedt hement ali
tyofl ordWav elandCongr ess.I
twast he
foresightoft heQuai d-e-Azam thatrescuedt heMusl i
ms.Ont hewhol e,t
heWav el
Planwasasy mbol ofweaknessoft heBritishRul ers.
Q12.Whywer
e1945-46gener
alelect
ionsar
ranged?Whatwast
hegai
nof
t
heMusl
i
msintheseel
ecti
ons?
Ans. Gener al el
ectionswer eheldi nthesub- cont i
nentin1945- 46.TheWor l
dWarI I
wasov erandt heUSAemer gedasasuperpower .Itlookedf orwar dtogeti tsshare
from t hecol oniesofUK, andi twasaskedt ohandov erthepowert othepeopl e.
Pur poseofEl ections
Generalel ecti
onswer ei mper ati
veint hesenset hatthegov ernmenti ntended
toknowt her ealpolit
icalf
orceofev erypolit
ical part
y.
Thef ut ur
eoft hesub- continentwast o bedeci dedi nthel i
ghtoft hepeopl e’s
mandat eintheel ecti
ons.
Thef ail
ureofSi mlaConf eandi tresponsi bil
i
tywast hei mportantissuei n
thoseday s.Theel ecti
onscoul dclarifythesituation,whichpol it
icalpartywashol di
ng
thej ustst and.
Toknowt hepeopl e’smi nd,thegov ernmentannouncedt heelectionschedul e.
Theel ectionsofFeder alAssembl yandal lpr ovinci
alassembl ieswer etobehel din
l
at e1945andear ly1946,respectively.Allpoli
ticalparti
eswel comedt hedecisi on.
Mani
fest
osofDi
ff
erentPar
ti
es
Foll
owi ngwer et hepr ogrammesofdi f
ferentpar ti
es:
Congr ess:
Congressgav et hef ol l
owingpointsasi tsmani f
esto:
Freedom ofI ndia
UnitedI ndi
a( AkhandBhar at )
Repr esentat
ionoft heHi ndi andallt
hemi noriti
esofI ndi
a
Musl im League:
LiberationofIndiaf rom Br itishRule
Partiti
onofI ndia( Achievementofasepar at
eHomel andf ortheMusli
ms)
Musl im Leagueast her epr esentativ
eofAl ltheI ndi
anMusl ims
TheMusl im Leaguehi ghli
ghtedpar t
iti
oni nhi smani fest
o.TheQuaid-e-
Azam
termedt heelectionsasr ef erendum ononei ssue, andt heissuewas‘Paki
stanorno
Pakistan’.Hemadei tcleart hatthedefeatofMusl i
m Leaguewoul dmeanbur i
alof

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 87
theideaoft hecr eationofPaki stan.Andi ft heMusl imssuppor tedAllIndiaMusl im
League, nopoweronear thwoul dbeabl etost opthecr eationofPaki st
an.
Electi
onCampai gn:
Allpol it
icalpar t
iescampai gneddur i
ngt heel ecti
ons.Thet womaj orpoliti
cal
parti
esst oodagai nsteachot her .
Congr ess:
Congr esswant edt ocheckt hei nt
entionsofMusl im Leagueatev er
ycost .The
l
eader st raveledf rom Nor tht oSout handEastt oWest .Peopl e’
scont actcampai gn
wentonf ullswi ng.Congr esscompr omisedwi t
hMaj l
is-e-Jami atandUni onistPar ty
.
Abi gelect i
onal l
ianceoff ourpar ti
eswasf ormedagai nstMusl im League.
Musl i
m League:
TheMusl im Leaguedi dnotmakeanycompr omi sewi thanyot herpar t
yand
contest edal lthei mpor t
antseat ssi nglehandedl y.Theel ectionswer eamat teroflife
and deat hf orMusl im League.The Quai d-e-Azam t oured t hroughoutt he sub-
continentandpur suedt heMusl imst o•getr eal
izedt hei mpor tanceoft heelections.
TheQuai d-e-Azam openl ychal l
enged t hatt heMusl i
m Leaguewoul d provet he
demandf orPaki st anast heonl yopt ionleftforMusl i
ms.
BANKERAHEGAPAKI STAN
LEYKERAI LI
ENGAYPAKI STAN
Wer et hesl ogansr aisedbyt heMusl imsi nthest r
eet s,bazaars,processions
andel ect or
al meet ings.
Resul
tsofEl
ect
ion
Foll
owi ngwer etheresultsoftheelections:
FederalAssembl y:
Theel ectionofFeder alAssemblywer ehel dinDecember ,1945ont hebasis
ofsepar at
eel ectorate.30seat swereallocatedt otheMusl i
ms.TheMusl i
msLeague
wonal ltheseat s.
Provinci
alAssembl ies:
Thepr ovincialelecti
onswer ehel di nJanuar y,1946.TheMusl im League
defeateditsrivalson434seat soutof495Musl i
m seat s.
Musl i
m Leaguecameoutv i
ctori
ous.Thecl aim oft heQuai d-provedt r
ueandt he
absolutemaj orityoft heMusl i
mssuppor t
eddemandf orPakist
an.Nownopoweron
earthcouldst opPaki stanfrom comingi nt
obei ng.
Conclusion:
Ther esultspr ovedthattheMusl i
m Leaguewast hesoleMuslim poli
ti
calpar
ty,
andf urt
herthatt hest andoft heQuaidinSi mlaConf erencewasabsol utel
yjust
.Now
noonecoul df i
xr esponsibili
tyonhi mf ort hef ail
ureofSi ml aconference.These
el
ect i
onspav edaneasywayf orthecreati
onofPaki stan
Cr
ippsMi
ssi
on
Ami ssi
onwassentt ot hesub-cont
inentin1942byt heGovernmentofGreat
Bri
tainundertheleadershi
pofSi rStaff
ordCripps.TheIndi
anMusl i
ms,thr
ought he
PakistanResolut
ion,hadalr
eadydemandedt hecreati
onofPakist
an.TheJapanese
for
ceswer eheadingt owar
dsSout hAsia.Thewarseemedt obegoi ngi
nJapanese
fav
our .Thepr el
iminarysuccessesofJapaneseencour aged t
heI ndi
anNational

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 88
Congress.Themov ement sagai nstthegov er
nmentbyCongr esswer et r
ouble-some
fortheBr i
t i
sher s.Congr essit
eswer econf i
dentt hatJapanesewoul dhandov erthe
powert ot heI ndiansaf t
erBr it
ain’
sdef eat.TheCr i
ppsMi ssionar ri
vedbutcoul dnot
getanysuppor tfrom theCongr ess.Cr i
ppsbr oughtaf ewpr oposalsf ordiscussions
withthemaj orpol i
ti
calforcesint hesub- cont i
nent .
Cri
ppsPr opsals
1. Thesub- continentwi l
lbegi v
ent hest atusofadomi nionaf terthewar .
2. Al lgov ernmentdepar tment swi l
lbehanded ov ert ot heI ndian Mi nist
ers
i
ncludi ngDef ence, Forei
gnAf fairsandCommuni cati
ons.
3. ACent ralConst ituentAssembl ywi l
lbef ormedt of ormul ateaconst i
tuti
on.
TheConst it
uentAssembl ywi llbeel ectedbyt hemember soft hePr ov i
ncial
Assembl ies.
4. Speci alstepswi llbetakent opr ovidesaf eguar dstot hemi norit
ies.
5. Af tert hef ormulat i
onoft heconst ituti
onbyt heConst i
tuentAssembl y,itwi l
l
besentt ot hepr ovinces.Thepr ovinceswhodonotendor set heConst itut
ion
wil
l beempower edt ocreateasepar ateandf reest atusf orthemsel ves.
REACTI
ONOFPOLI
TICALPARTI
ES
 TheQuai d-e-
Azam andexpr essedt hankst oCr i
ppsandt heGov ernmentof
GreatBr i
tainf ort hepr omi set ot heMusl im maj ori
typr ovincesf reeand
i
ndependentst atus.Thehintwasacl earindi cati
onoft hecr eat i
onofPaki stan.
AllIndi aMusl im Leagueexpr essedt hanksf orthepr oposedst epsf ort he
protect i
onoft her i
ght sofmi nor i
ti
es.
 AllIndi aMusl im Leaguedi scussedt hepr oposal si nt hemeet ingandaf ter
l
ong di scussions,i tdecided nott o appr ov et heCr i
ppspr oposal sast he
demandf orPaki stanwasnotaccept edincl earcutt erms.
 Gandhiandhi spol iti
calpart y,IndianNat i
onalCongr ess,absol utel yrejected
theCr ippspr oposal s.Theyr idicul
edt hepr oposal s:Apostdat edchequeofa
bankt hati sgoi ngt obebankr upt.TheCongr esscr it
icizedt her ightofv eto,
givent ot hepr ovinces.Itopposedt hei deaofpar ti
tion.I texpr essedi ts
displeasur ef orpr ov i
dingprot ectiont ot hemi norit
ies.TheCr ippspr oposal s
wer e pr epared byt he Bri
tish gov ernmentunderAmer i
can pr essur e.The
gov ernmentwasnotwi ll
ing t o agr eet ot hedemandsofI ndi anNat i
onal
Congr ess.Ont heot herhandCongr esscoul dnotsuppor tthepr oposal swhen
theJapanesewer el ooki
ngt obei nst r
ongposi ti
on.Theef f
or tpr ovedf utile
butf r
om Musl i
m poi ntofv i
ew, i
twasast ept owar dpar ti
tion.
SI
MLACONFERENCE
SimlaConferencewasconv enedbyt heVicr
oy ,Lor
dWav el
l,t
ohav eadial
ogue
wit
ht hemaj orpol i
ti
calpartiesin1945.Thef ol
l
owi ngpoli
ti
cianswer einv
itedto
par
ticipat
eint heConf er
enceatSi ml a,asummerr esort
,andcapitaloftheFederal
governmentint hesummerseason.
Congress: PunditNehr u,BeldevSi
nghandAzad
Muslim League: Quai d-e-Azam, Li
aquatAliKhanandAbdurRub
Nishtar
Backgr
ound
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 89
TheI ndianNat i
onalCongr esskeptonpr essur izingt heBr it
ishgov ernmentt o
quitIndi a.Thef ailureofCr ippsMi ssionencour agedt heCongr essl eader s.Gandhi
wasnotpr eparedt otolerat eBrit
ishr ajany mor e.Hi s‘ QuitI ndiaMov ement ’gained
moment um.Gandhiwant edi mmedi atet r
ansf erofpowert ot hemaj ori
typar ty.He
tr
iedt obl ackmai lt hegov ernment ,andgav et heboy cottcal ltot hewor kers.Ci vi
l
Disobedi ence Mov ement ,Qui tIndia Mov ement ,SwedeshiMov ementand ot her
met hodswer eusedt of orcet heBr i
tisherst oqui tI ndia.Pr ocessionsandpr otest
meet ingswer ear rangedi nal ltheci tiesGandhiandhi spar tywasexpect i
ngt he
defeatoft heAl liedFor cesatt hehandsoft heJapanese,t herefore,t heHi ndus
continuousl ybui ltupt hepr essureagai nstthegov ernment .Inal lsuchact i
vit
iest he
AllI
ndi aMusl im Leaguewasi gnored.
Theexpect ationsofGandhiwer enotf ulfil
led.TheAl l
iedFor cesgai nedt he
ground.Thedesper ateGandhichangedhi st act icsandt urnedt owar dtheMusl i
m
League.GandhiJi nnahdi alogueswer ear ranged.Thef ormerwant edt oent r
apt he
l
ater.Gandhiwasnow r eadyt ogivesomeconcessi onst ot heMusl i
msi nor dert o
startaj ointst r
uggl eoft het wopar t
ies.TheQuai dv erywel lunder stoodhi smi nd.He
di
dnotagr eet oenhancet hestrengt hoft heGhandi anmov ement s.TheQuai ddi d
notbudgeani nchf r
om hi sdemandf orPaki stan.Thesi tuationdemandedsomesor t
ofgov ernmenti nitiati
ve.Sot heVicroygav ehispl ani ntheSi ml aConf er ence.
Wav
ellPl
an
TheVi cr
oyofI ndia,Lor dWav ellchalkedoutapl ant oset tl
et hepol i
ti
cal
i
ssueswi t
hthepol i
ticalpar ti
est ointroduceaf r
amewor kor der,underwhi cht he
elect
ionstofederalandpr ovinciallegi
slativ
eassembl iescoul dbeconduct edf orthe
formationoffut
uregov ernment .ThePl anwasasunder :
-
1. Thef utureconst i
tuti
onwi l
lbef r
amedwi tht heconsentofal lmaj or
polit
ical parties.
2. AnExecut i
veCounci lwi llbemadeandr epresentati
vesofal lmajorpol i
ti
cal
parti
eswillbei ncludedi nt heCounci l.TheCounci lwi l
lconsistofsi xHindus,
fi
v eMusli
msandoneBr iti
sh.
3. TheVi croywi llpresideov erthemeet ingsoftheExecut iveCouncil.
4. TheCommander -i
n-Chiefwi l
lbeanex- offi
ciomemberoft heExecutive
Counci l
.
5. Allthemember soft heCounci lwil
l benomi natedbyt heViceroy.
6. Prov i
ncialExecut i
veCounci l
swi llalsobeor ganized.Gov ernoroft he
provincewi l
l bet heChi efoftheCounci l,
ineachpr ovince.
Fai
l
ureoft
heConf
erence
Theconf erencehadt odecidet hepoliti
calinfrastructure,t
hef ormati
onof
assembliesandgov er
nment satcent ralaswel laspr ov i
nciallevel
.Themov ewas
encouragingforCongr ess.Whatsoev erwast hesituation,theCongr esswasgoi ng
toformt hegover nmentont hebasisofi t
smaj ori
ty.Congr essj oi
nedtheconference
proceedi
ngswi t
hhi ghhopes.I thadalsodeclaredbef or
ehol di
ngaconf erencethatit
wouldnotacceptpar ti
tioninanycase.
Themeet ingstartedtodiscusst hefi
rstpointonagenda.Thepoi ntrel
atedto
thenomi nat
ionoff i
veMusl i
m mi ni
stersoftheVicroy’sExecut i
v eCouncil
.TheQuai d-

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 90
e-Azam v ehement l
y ar gued t hat allthe f i
ve woul d be nomi nated on t he
recommendat ionsofAl lIndiaMusl im League.Noot herpar t
yhadar i
ghttosend
evenasi nglemember .TheVi cr
oyandI ndi
anNat i
onalCongr esswi shedt onomi nate
Maul anaAzadas,Musl im mi ni
ster
.TheQuai ddi dnotagr eet othisproposal.Now
Vicroyaskedt heQuaidt oacceptMal i
kKhizarHay atTiwana,t heleaderofUni onist
party.TheQuai d-
e-Azam r ejectedthisnameaswel landi nsist
edt hatallthef ive
ministri
esshouldbegi vent oAllIndiaMuslim League.Thev eryf
irstpointcreateda
fussandf urt
herdiscussionwasf uti
le,t
herefore,t
heSi ml aConf erencefailedi n
getti
nganyobj ect
ive.
Responsi
bil
i
tyf
orFai
l
ure
TheI ndi
anNat ionalCongr esshel dt heQuai d-e-Azam responsiblefort
he
fai
lure.Lor dWav el
lalsocr it
ici
zedt hei nfl
exi bl
eat ti
tudeoft heQuai d-a-
Azam.He
ref
ut edt heblameanddi sclosedt het r
appr eparedbyLor dWav ellandGandhito
entrapt heMusl i
ms.Itwast heirj
ointv enture.HadMusl imleagueaccept edthepl
an,
i
twoul dneverhadasepar atesateint heshapeofPaki stan.
Thenew elect
ionswer eheldin1945- 46andt heMusl i
m Leaguewonal lt
he
Musl im seatsoft heFeder alAssembl y.Theseel ecti
onsf ur
therstrengthenedt
he
Quai d’
sposi ti
on.TheMusl im massesgav et heirclearcutv erdi
ctinf avouroft
he
Musl im League,anditcameoutv i
ctoriousast heonlyMusl i
m poli
ti
cal part
y.
CABI
NETMI
SSI
ONPLAN1946
The Wor l
d War -I
lwas ov er
.I nthe generalelect
ions warher o ofthe
conservativ
epar ty,Mr .Chur chillwasdef eat
edandMr .Attleesucceededhim as
Pri
me Mi nist
er.The v i
ctorious LabourPar ty had made a commi tment
,ini t
s
manifesto,tosettl
et hefut ureoft hesub-cont
inent.Hesentahi ghpoweredMissi
on
toIndi
at obr i
ngroundal lthepol it
icalpar
ti
estoanami cablef
or mulafort
hefr
eedom.
TheMi ssionconsistsof .
Q25. Wr i
tedownt henamesofmemberofCabi netMi
ssionPlan1946.
1. Si rStaffor
dCr i
pps
2. E. V.Elaxander
3. Si rPathickLawr ence
Di
alogueWi
thPar
ti
es
Themember softheMi ssi
onhadsepar at emeet ingswi ththemaj orleadersof
thepol it
icalparti
es.Theyal sot ri
edt oknowt hepoi ntsofv iewoft heGov er norsand
ChiefMi nisters ofdi ff
erentpr ovinces.Gov ernorGener alwas al so taken i nto
confidence.Bot ht he maj orpol i
ti
calpar ti
es wer ev er ymuch cl earaboutt heir
opini
ons.The Musl i
m League was emphasi zing thatpar t
iti
on and cr eat i
on of
Pakistan was t he only solut i
on ofal lpolit
icalpr oblems.The I ndian Nat ional
Congr essv ehement l
yopposedi t
.Itcoul dnev eracceptaf ormul abasedont he
div
ision oft he sub-cont i
nenti ntot wo ormor et han two i ndependentst ates.
Congr essout -ri
ghtl
yrejectedt hedemandf orPaki st
anandt het woNat i
onTheor yon
whicht heMusl i
ms’ standwasbasedupon.
Tensionar osedur i
ngt hediscussions.ThePr i
meMi nister,beforesendi ngt he
Mission,decl aredinthePar l
i
amentt hatnomi nor i
tywoul dbegi venv et
opower ;and
thehinder ingoft hepolit
icalprocessbyanypar tywoul dnotbet olerated.TheQuai d-

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 91
e-
Azam v ehement l
ycrit
icizedt hest at
ementhutCongr essexpressedi t
spleasure.
TheQuai dcat egori
call
yst atedt hattheMuslim Leaguewasper f
ormingt hedutyof
protecti
ngt herightsoftheMusl ims.Hef urt
herexplainedthatMusl i
m Leaguewas
tr
yingt oresol
vet heproblemsont hebasisofTwoNat i
onTheor y
.Dur i
nghismeet i
ng
wit!
-.themember softheMi ssion, t
heQuaidmadei tclearthatt
hesub- conti
nentwas
neit
heracount r
ynori nhabitedb\onenat i
on.TheMusl i
mshav easepar ateidenti
ty
and, t
heyhav eev er
yri
ghtt odeter minethei
rfutur
ecour seasasepar at
enat i
on.
Cabi
netMi
ssi
onPr
oposal
s
Cabi netMi ssionpr esent edt hef oll
owi ngpr oposal sbeforet hepol i
ticalpar ti
es:
i
. Indi anUni on
Thesub- cont inentv il1begi venthest atusofauni on.Theuni onwi llconsistofman\
prov i
ncesandpr incel yst ates.Thesy stem wi l
lbef eder al
.Thecent rewi l
ldealwi th
Def ence, For eignAf fai rsandCommuni cat ions.Allot herdepar tment swillbehanded
overt ot hepr ov inces.Al l
t axeswi llbel eviedbyt hecent re.
i
i. Gr oupsofPr ov inces
Thepr ov inceswi llbegr oupedasunder :
Q6. Whatwer et hegr oupsofpr ovincesf ormedt hecabi netMi ssionpl ant.
Group‘ A’ Bombay ,Madr as,U.P.Ur isasandC. P, Bihar
Group‘ B’ Punj ab, Si ndhandNWFP
Group‘ C’ Bengal andAssam
Nat ureoft hef eder ati
onwasuni quei nwhi cht hreetierswer etoexi st,cent re,
groupofpr ov i
ncesandpr ov i
nce.Thr eedi ff
erentor ganizationsatal lt heset hree
l
ev elswoul dbef or med.Onepoi ntwasqui testranget hatthepower sofcent r
aland
prov i
nci alor gani zat ionswer especi f
icallyment i
onedi nt heCabi netMi ssionPl anbut
thepower sof‘ Gr oupofPr ovinces”wer enotdef i
ned.Thi smat terwasl eftt othe
prov i
nci al andgr oupor gani zati
onst osol vet hemsel ves.
Thepr ov i
nceswi l
lgetr epr esent ationint heFeder alAssembl yandFeder al
Cabi netaspert hei rrespect ivepopul at i
on.
i
ii. Const i
tuentAssembl y
Themember sofal lprovincialassembl i
eswi lltheConst ituentAssembl y.The
Const i
tuentAssembl ywi llformul ateaconst it
uti
onf ort hewhol esub- cont i
nent .After
thatt hreepr ov inci algr oupswi l
l f
ramet hei rrespect iveconst i
tuti
ons.

i
v. Inter i
m Gov ernment
TheI nterim gov ernmentwi llimmedi at
elyhei nst al
led and i
twi llrun the
syst
em ofgov er nmentt il
lthef ormationoft heconst i
tution.Ther epr
esentativ
esof
majorpoliticalpar ti
eswi llbeincludedi nthei nt
erim gov ernment.NoBr it
isherwillbe
theminister.Thecabi netwi ll
bepower fuli
nadmi ni
strati
v emat t
ers.
v. Separ ationf r
om t heGr oup
Ifapr ov incelikes,itwi l
lbeaut horizedt oquitt hegr oupt owhichi tisbeing
att
ached.Suchapr ovincewoul dbef reetoj oinanyot hergr oupofchoice.
vi. Separ ationf r
om I ndianUnion
Oneort wogr oupsofpr ovinceswi llbeaut horizedt oqui ttheIndianUni on
aft
erteny ears.I tmeanst hatgr oup‘ B’or‘ C’orbot hwi llbeabl etomai ntai
nt hei
r

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 92
sovereignt
y.Thet wogr oupswer eofMusl i
m maj or
it
ypr ovi
nces.Possibil
it
yoft he
creati
onofPaki st
anwasj ustN)y earsaway,andt hi
swast hedemandofPaki stan.
vi
i. Vet oPower
Theoptiontor ej
ecttheCabi netMi
ssi
onPl anwasgi ventoeverypolit
icalpar t
y
butthatpartywoul dnotbeabl etoj oi
ntheint
erim gover
nment .Therighttoj oi
nt he
i
nterim gover
nmentwasgi venonl ytotheparti
eswhosuppor t
edthepl an.Congr ess
waspl easedtosee, t
hiscondit
ionast heMuslim League‘
wasnotal l
owedt ovetot he
Plan.Incaseitvetoes,i
twouldbekeptawayf rom thegovernment.
REACTI
ONOFPOLI
TICALPARTI
ES
I
ndi
annat
ionalcongr
ess
Theimmedi atereacti
onofIndi
anNationalCongresswasext r
emely
posit
ive.The par
tyleaderswel comed i
t.The Hi
ndu jour
nal
istsexpressed t
heir
sati
sfacti
onandcongratulat
edoneanother.‘
Theplanwasadef eatoftheMuslim
League.
Al
lIndi
anMusl
i
m League
Thepar tyworker swer etot al
lydisappointedfr
om theCabinetMissionPlan.They
consideredthepl anav i
ctor yofheOpponent sofPakist
an.Theyfel
tthatthe‘i
deaof
Pakistanwast otallyignoredandt hedemandoft heMusli
m Leaguewasr ej
ected.
TheQuai d-esai d,“Iam sor rytoseet hatthedemandf orPaki
stanhasbeen
i
gnor edbyt heMi ssionPl an.West i
llbeli
eveandsaywi t
hf ul
lconfi
dencethatthe
soluti
onofpoliti
cal problemsl iesi
nt hecreati
onoftwo
Independentsover eignstat es.
”
Gandhi
Gandhii nhispressstatementtalkedaboutthesupremacyoft heParl
iament
andexpr essedhi sopi
nionthatPar l
i
amentwoul dbeempower edt obringchangesin
thesystem, int
roducedbyt hegov er
nmentont hebasisoftheCabi netMissi
onPlan.
Itmeans t hatHi ndu major
it
yi nt he Parl
iamentwoul d dict
atei tsterms.The
safeguardpr ovidedbytheCabi netMissiontotheMusl i
mscoul dbewi t
hdrawnby
theHi ndumaj ori
tyParli
ament .ThestatementofGandhif urt
heraggr avat
edt he
frust
rati
onoft heMusl i
m nati
on.
Fi
nal
Deci
sion
Thef i
rstreactionoft het wopol i
ticalparti
eswast otallydiffer
ent.Itlookedcl earthat
Congresswasgoi ngt ogi vei tsconsentandt hedeci sionoft heMusl i
m League
wouldbecont raryt oit.Themat t
erwaswi delydiscussedi nthegener alcounci l
sof
botht hepar t
ies.Thecounci lofMusl im Leaguegav ef ul
lmandat et ot heQuai d-e-
Azam t odeclaret hepol i
cy .He, contrarytotheexpect ationofal lthepol i
ticalcircles,
declaredtoacceptt hepl anandCongr esswasputt oanembar r
assi ngsituation.The
Quaiddecl aredt heheaccept edt hepl anwi ththei deat hatt hedemandf ort he
creati
onofPaki stanwoul dbei naposi ti
ont oest abl i
sht heirowni ndependent
sovereignstatecompr i
singofAssam,
Bri
ti
sherswer eaboutt ol eavet hesub-continent,andcoul dpl ayhav ocwi t
h
theMusl im nation.
TheQuai d-e-Azam exchangedv iewswithhispar tyleadersandt hendi scussed
theforthcomingpr oblemsoft heMusl i
mswi ththeVi ceroy.Onhi sr epeatedr equest s,

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 93
theQuaid-e-Azam honouredhi si nvi
tati
onandj oinedt hegov ernment .PunditNehr u
hadalsoappeal edtotheMusl im Leaguebutt heQuai d-e-Azam gav et hewhol ecredit
totheViceroy.
TheMusl i
m Leaguewi t
hdr ewi t
scallfortheDi rectAct ion.Thef ivemember s
oftheMusl i
m Leaguewhot ookt heoat hofoffi
ceasMi nisterwer e:
Q27. Wr it
et henameofr epresent at
ivesofMusl i
ml eay eforint er
im Gov t.1946.
i
. LiaquatAl
iKhan
i
i. AbdurRabNi shtar
i
ii
. I .
I.Chundri
gar
i
v. Raj aGhazanfarAli Khan
v. JogindarNathMandal
Thelastonebel ongedt ot hemi nor
it
y:TheMusl im Leagueact uallywantedt o
showt hatitwasl ooki
ngaf t
erthei nterest
sandr ight
sofal lthemi noriti
es.Thisstep
wast akent ocount erthedeci sionoft heCongr esst hathadnomi natedMaul ana
Azadasoneoft hesixmi ni
sters,topr ovethatCongr esswasal sorepr esenti
ngt he
Muslims.
3RDJUNE1947PLAN
Appoi
ntmentofMount
bat
ten
BothSi mlaConf erenceandCabi netMi ssionPl anfailedtopr oducean
ami cabl
esol utionoft heconst i
tuti
onalandpol i
ti
calpr oblem Indi a.ILor dWav el
l
couldnotuni tet hepar t
ies,andt heBr i
tishgov ernmenthadt oreplacehi m withLor d
Mount batten.Hal foftheCabi netMi ssionPl ancoul dbei mpl ement edbuthar dships
weret her e.Thegr oupingoft hepr ovinceswasabandoned.TheMusl im League
j
oinedt heI nterim gov ernmentbutdi dnotpar ti
cipatei nt heconst it
ut i
onmaki ng
process,t herefor e,thedr eam ofmaki ngaconst i
tuti
oncoul dnotber eal
ized.The
whol esy stem wassuspended.Thej ointv entureofGandhiandWav ellmiserably
fai
led.Nowt heBr i
ti
shgov ernmentdeci dedt otestanot heropt i
on.TheBr it
ishPr i
me
Ministerdecl aredon20t 11Febr uar y1947t hatBr i
ti
shr uleinSout hAsi awoul dcome
to an end byJune1948.Thewhol epr ocessoft ransferofpowerwast o be
conduct edbyt henewVi ceroy,Lor dMount battenwhoi mmedi at
elytookt hechar ge.
Meet
ingwi
thpol
i
ticalLeader
s
Soonaftert akingov ert hechar ge,thel astVi ceroyst ar
tedmeet i
ngwi tht he
l
eader soft hepoliticalparties.Inhismeet i
ngwi tht
heVi ceroy,t
heQuai d-e-Azam t old
himi ncl earcutt ermst hatt heMusl i
m Leaguewoul dnev eracceptanyf or mul a
exceptt heparti
tionofI ndi a.The1945-46el ectionshadst rengt
henedt heposi tionof
theMusl i
m League.TheVi ceroygotf ul
lyconv incedt hathecoul dinnowayst opt he
creat i
onofPaki stan.Hewasnowcl eart hatt hedr eam ofi ndependentI ndianUni on
woul dnev erbef ulfi
ll
ed.TheLor dbegant oper suet hel eadersofI ndianNat i
onal
Congr essf orthepar tit
ion.Af teraser iesofmeet ingshewassuccessf uli nhi s
mi ssion.I twasbecausehepr omised them t o creat ea weakand mot h- eat en
Paki stant hatwoul dnev erbeabl etosur vi
vef oral ongt i
me.Hest oodbyhi swor ds
andf ulfi
ll
edhispr omisebuti twasbecauseoft hebl essingsofAl l
ahAl mi ghtyt hat
Paki stan emer ged on t he map and r emai ned an i ndependentsov erei
gn st at e.
Inshal l
aht hestat eofPaki st
anwi l
lsur vi
vef orever.Thebadi nt
entionsofI ndian

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 94
Nati
onal Congr
esswereboundtofail
.Thejoi
ntconspiracyofBrit
ishgovernmentand
Congresscouldnotst
opthecreati
onofPakistan.
LordMountbat
tenpr
eparedapl ant
ol eavethesubcontinent.Hemanagedt o
gettheconsentofboththeparti
esandsentt heplant oLondonf ortheappr
ovalof
theBri
tishCabi
net.
I
mpor
tantPoi
ntsoft
hePl
an
TheJune3,1947Pl anwasanel aborat
eone.Itcover
edt hewhol
eoft hesub-
conti
nent.Thegov ernmenttookfinaldecisiontodividei
ti ntotwoindependent
stat
es.Thepr i
nci
pleofpar t
it
ionwasappr oved.Now thedetail
swerel
aiddownt o
deci
det hef
utureoftheprovi
ncesandsmal lstat
es.

i
. Compet entLeader ship:
C.P. ,U.P. ,Ur r
isa,Bombay ,Madr as and Bi harwer e non- Musl i
m maj ority
prov inces.Al lt
hesepr ov i
nceswer et obei ncludedi nBhar at.
i
i. Prov inceoft hePr ov i
nces
Thedeci si onwast akent odi v idePunj abpr ov i
ncei ntot wopar ts.TheMusl i
m
maj or ity ar ea woul d go t o Paki stan and non- Musl im maj or
ity area t o Bhar at,
respect ively.ACommi ssionwascr eatedt odr aw thel ineofdemar cationbet ween
Paki st ani PunjabandBhar ati Punj ab.
i
ii. Pr ov inceofBengal :
The pr i
nci ple appr ov ed ForPun j ab was al so appr oved forBengal .The
prov incewast obedi vi
dedi ntoEastBengalandWestBengal .EastBengalwaspr e-
domi nant lyaMusl im ar eawhi l
eHi nduswer ei nmaj orityinWestBengal .ABoundar y
Commi ssion f ort he demar cation oft he boundar ywas cr eated byt he Br it
ish
gov er nment .
i
v . Pr ov inceofSi ndh
Themember soft heSi ndhPr ovinci alAssembl ygott her ighttoj oinPaki stan
orBhar atbyamaj orit
yv ot e.
v. Bal ochist an
Bal ochist anhadnoty etbeengi vent hest atusofaf ullfl
edgedpr ovince.Itwas
decidedt hatShahiJi r
gaandMuni cipalCommi tteeQuet tawoul ddeci det hef ut
ureof
Balochi stanbyt hemaj or ityv otesoft heirmember s.
vi. Sy l
het
Sy l
hetwasoneoft hedi strictsofAssam.Av erylar gemaj or
ityoft hedistri
ct
wasMusl i
m.Thepeopl el ivingi nt heDi st r
ict,Sy l
hethadt odeci det heirownf utur e
throughar eferendum.Theyhadt ooptei therf orPaki stanorBhar at.
vii
. Nor thWest ernFr ont ierPr ov ince
Thepeopl eofNWFPhadt odeci det hei rfatebyar eferendtim.Theycoul d
eit
herj oinPaki st anorBhar at.
vii
i. St at es
Ther ewer e635st at esi nt hesub- cont inentwher eNawabsandRaj aswer e
ruli
ngov ert heirar easandpeopl ewi thi nt ernalsov ereignty .Theext ernalsov ereignt y
wasl y i
ngwi tht heBr i
ti
shgov ernment .Eachst at ewasgi vent her i
ghtt ojoinPaki stan
orBhar at,keepi ngi tsgeogr aphi cal posi tionandspeci alcircumst ancesi nv iew.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 95
I
MPLEMENTATI
ONOFTHEPLANJUNE1947
 Thenon- Musl im maj oritypr ovinceswer ei ncludedi nBhar at.I nt hedi st rict
Sy l
hatt hepeopl et ookpar ti nar eferendum.Av eryl argemaj or i
tyf av our ed
PakistanandSy lhetwasi ncludedi nPaki st an.Sy lhatbecameadi st ri
ctofEast
 Themember soft heSi ndhAssembl yv otedf orPaki stanandSi ndhbecamea
provinceofPaki stan.
 TheShahiJi rgaandQuet taMuni cipal ityv otedf orPaki stanandBal ochi stan
becameapar tofPaki st an.
 Ar eferendum washel di nNWFPt hepeopl ehadt ochooseei theroft het wo,
PakistanorBhar at.A domi nat ingmaj or i
tyv otedf orPaki st anandN\ VFP
j
oinedPaki stan.
 ThePr ovincesoft hePunj abandBengalwer et obedi videdi ntot wopar ts.Si r
Radcl i
ffe,aBr iti
shl awy er .Wasappoi ntedt heChai r
manoft heBoundar y
Commi ssi on.Two member seach wer e nomi nated byt he Congr essand
Musl i
m Leaguet ohel pt heChai rman.Thet wopr ov i
nceswer edi v i
dedi ntot wo
parts.Si rRadcl iff
ewasi ncont actwi thNehr uandLor dMount bat ten. .He
conspi redanddi dinjust i
ce
 Wi t
hPaki stan.ManyMusl im maj or i
tyar easwer egi vent oBhar atandPaki stan
wasdepr ivedofi tsr ightshar e.Ast heMusl i
m Leaguehadaccept edSi r
Radcl i
ffeasar bitr
atorsot heQuai d-e-Azam di dnotr aiseanyobj ect i
ont ot he
decisionoft heBoundar yCommi ssion.
 Thepr incel yst atest hemsel vesdeci dedi nf av ourofei therPaki st anorBhar at.
Whi l
et aking t hedeci si on,ev er yst atekepti tsgeogr aphi calposi tion and
specialci rcumst ancesi nv iew.Di sput eser upt edi nt hest at esofHy der abad
Daccan,Junagar h,Manav adarandJammuandKashmi r.Themaj orityoff irst
threest ateswasnon- Musl i
m andt heu1er swer eMusl i
ms,byf aith.Al lt hree
Musl i
mr ul erst houghtei thert omai ntaint hei rindependentst at esort oj oi n
Pakistan.Bhar atinv adedal lt het hreest at esonebyoneandf orcibl ybr ought
them int oi tsownf old.Theposi ti
onofst at ecJammuandKashmi rwasj ust
the Opposi t
e.Her et he r ulerwasa non- Musl im and a l arge maj ori
t yof
Kashmi ri
swasMusl im.Paki stansuppor tedt her ightofsel f-det ermi nat i
onof
theKashmi risGeogr aphi cal l
yt hest at eseemst obeanat uralpar tofPaki stan
Allt he el ement sf av our ed t he Paki st anist and butBhar atcommi tted
aggressi onandsenti tsf orcest obr ingJammuandKashmi ri
sunderher
control,So f arbot ht hecount rieshav ef oughtt hreewar st or esol vet he
disputeofKashmi rbuti tpr ov edal linv ain.Thewar swer ef oughti n1948,
1965and1971.Paki stanhasbeenper si stent lysuppor tingt her i
ghtofsel fof
Kashmi ri
sandKashmi rist hemsel vesar ef ight i
ngf ort heirl i
ber ation.About
ninemi ll
ionKashmi rishav ebeenmar t yredbyBhar atif or cest ocr usht he
struggleoft heKashmi ris.
Q.Wr
it
eanot
eonRi
ghtofSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e.
Ans:
Af
tert
hewarofi ndependence(call
edMUTINYbytheBr
it
ish)
,theMusli
msbecamea
sl
ave nat
ion and the Br
it
ish t
ried t
o make t
hem et
ernalslav
es byint
roduci
ng
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 96
CombinedElect
orateint henameofpolit
icalr
efor
ms.SirSy edAhmedKhant hen
demandedforthesepar ateel
ect
orat
e.AtlasttheMusli
mswer egivent
her i
ghtof
separ
ateel
ectorat
ei ntheActof1909( MintoMarleyRefor
ms)afterdi
scussi
ngit
wit
htheMuslim Del
egati
onatSimlain1906.
Separ
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
Separat
eEl ectorateisapolit
icalterm.Itmeansanel ector
alsystem inwhi chthe
ri
ghtsandi nt
erestsofdif
fer
entnat i
onsareprot
ectedbyf ixi
ngtheirseparateseatsin
thelegi
slatur
esaccor di
ngtot hepr opor
tionoftheirpopulati
on.Int hi
ssy stem the
voter
soft hatnationcanvot
ef orthecontest
antoftheirownnat i
onspar t
icularl
y.
Combi
nedEl
ect
orat
e:
CombinedElectoratei
sanotherpoli
ti
calterm.I
tmeansanelect
oralsystem i
nwhi ch
theri
ghtsandinterest
sofdiff
erentnati
onsarenotprot
ect
edbyf i
xingthei
rseparate
seat
si nthelegisl
atur
esbutthecandi datesofanynat
ioncanwi noneseatbyt he
majori
tyofv otes.Intheseelector
atesmi nori
ti
esaredependentsont hewi l
lof
majori
ti
es.
I
mpor
tanceofSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
efort
heMusl
i
msi
ntheSub-Cont
inent
:
Wit
houttherightofsepar
ateel ector
atetheHi nduMaj ori
tycoulddomi nat
et he
Musli
msintheBri
ti
shDemocr ati
cSy st
em.Theseparateidenti
tyoftheMuslimswas
i
ndangerbecauseofcombi nedel ect
oratesystem andt hepoli
ti
calri
ghtsoft he
Musli
ms were bei
ng i
gnored.Thati s why the Musl
ims oft he Sub-Conti
nent
demandedt
heSeparat
eElectorat
e.
Musl
i
m St
ruggl
efort
heSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
The Combined Elect
orate System was implemented i
nI ndi
a aft
erthe warof
i
ndependence.TheMusl i
msr aisedthei
rvoiceagai
nsti
tthr
oughoutthestr
ugglef
or
fr
eedom.Fol l
owingaret hev ariousaspectsbehi
ndt heMuslim Str
uggl
eforthe
Separ
ateElector
ate.
1.Si
rSy
edAhmedKhanandSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
SirSy edAhmedKhanwast hefirstMusl i
m Leaderwhoopposedt hecombi ned
electoratesy stem wheni twasi mplement ed.Heexplainedt heintensi
tybypoint i
ng
outthedi f
ferencesinMeer uton16Januar y1888.Hesai d,
"Thist hi
ngi sconfi
rmedt hatt hepopulationofHindusi sfourtimesmor e.Wecan
calculatethatt heHinducandi datewillgetfourvotesandMusl i
m candidatewillget
only one v ote.Ther ef
ore,iti s necessaryt hatsepar at
e electorat
e should be
i
mpl ement edandHi nduMusl i
m const i
tuenci
esshouldbemar kedsot hatHi ndu
voteswi llelectHinducandidatesandMusl imvoter
swillelectMusl i
m candidat
es."
2.Actof1892andCombi
nedEl
ect
orat
e:
Combi
nedelect
orat
ewasi mplementedinIndi
aundertheActof1892i ncent
raland
pr
ovi
nci
allevel
s.The candi
datesand the voterswere gi
ven dif
fer
enttermsof
pr
oper
ty,
incomeandeducati
on.Thesetermsaffect
edmajori
tyoftheMusli
ms.
3.Musl
i
m React
iononCombi
nedEl
ect
orat
es:
SirSy edcr i
ti
ci
zedthecombinedelector
atesystem andotherMusli
msstrongly
reactedagainstit
.SyedMahmud,sonofSi rSyedandMr .Beck,ThePri
nci
palAli
Gar hColl
egesentamemorandum t
ot heBri
ti
shGov er
nmentdemandi
ng:
"TheMusl imswouldalway
sbedepr i
vedofleader
shipduetocombinedel
ector
ate.
Ast heMusl i
msareaseparat
enati
on,theyshoul
dbegi v
entheri
ghttot
heseparat
e
electorat
e."
4.Si
mlaDel
egat
ionandSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
On1stOctober
,1906adelegat
ionof35Musl i
ml eader
sundert
heheadshi
pofSir
Agha Khan metthe Vi
ceroyLord Mi
nto and demanded t
he r
ightofsepar
ate

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 97
elect
oratefortheIndianMusl
imsinthefol
l
owingwords:
"Separat
e electorat
e shoul
d be i
mplemented i
nt he Sub-conti
nent.The Musl
i
m
consti
tuenciesshouldbemar kedforthi
s.So thatMusl i
m v oter
smayv ot
efor
Muslim candidatesandtheHinduvot
ersmayvotefort
heHi nducandidat
es.
"
5.Ef
for
tsofMusl
i
m Leaguef
orSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
Afteritsestabl
ishment,Musli
m Leaguest ar
tedef f
ortsforseparateelector
ate.A
delegati
onofLondonBr anchundertheheadshipofSyedAmeerAl imetJohnMar l
ey,
themi ni
sterforIndi
aandemphasi zedtheapprovalofseparat
eelector
ate.Lateron
anotherdelegati
onoftheMuslimsmett heViceroyLordMintoandr emi
ndedhi m hi
s
promisewi thSimlaDelegat
ion.AtlastJohnMar l
eyandLor dMint oapprovedthe
demand.
6.React
ionofHi
ndusont
heDemandf
orSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
Congressandpr ominentleadersofHindusopposedt heMusli
m demandforthe
separ
ateelectorate.Theydeclareditcommunalsystem ofel
ector
ateandbr
anded
theMusli
ml eagueacommunal part
yandit
sobject
ivesagai
nstt
heinter
est
sofI
ndia.
TheyalsoforcedtheBr i
ti
shtowi t
hdrawthi
sapprov
al.
7.Mi
ntoMar
leyRef
ormsandSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
In 1909 Minto Marl
eyRef or
mswer ei ntr
oduced i
nt he Sub-
Cont
inent
.Int hese
refor
mst hedemand f orseparateelector
atewasappr oved.TheMusl i
mswer e
all
ottedfi
v eseatsintheCent r
alLegisl
atureand18outof284seat sfrom the
provi
ncialLegisl
atur
et hough i
n Punjab and C.P separ
ate el
ect
orate was not
promulgated.
8.LucknowPactandSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
Hindusopposedtheapprovalofseparateel
ector
ateinMintoMar leyReforms.With
theeffor
tsofMr.Ji
nnahapactwassi gnedbetweenMuslim LeagueandCongr essin
Lucknow in1916.i
nt hi
sPactCongr essagreedtot heseparat
eel ect
orateforthe
Muslims.Thi
sistheonlyoccasi
onint hehi
stor
yoft hest
ruggleforthefreedom t
hat
Congressaccept
edtheMuslimsasasepar at
enation.
9.Lor
dChel
msf
ordRef
ormsandSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
In1919LordChel
msfor
dint
roducedref
ormsintheSub-cont
inent
.AsCongresshas
accept
edthi
sri
ghtoft
heMusli
ms, hedi
dnotdi
sapprov
esepar at
eelect
orat
e.
10.Del
hiPr
oposal
sandSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
MotiLalNehruof fer
edQuaid-e-
Azam toacceptallthedemandsoft heMuslimsifthe
Musli
mswer ereadytowithdrawfrom theri
ghtofsepar at
eelect
orate.Quai
d-e-
Azam
cal
led ameet ing oftheMusl im leadersinDel hiin1927.Theypr epar
ed some
suggesti
ons called Del
hiPr oposals as a substit
utef orthe ri
ghtofsepar ate
el
ectorat
e.Thesesuggest ionswer enotacceptedbyt heHindussoQuai d-e-
Azam
wit
hdrewt heseproposal
sandt heMusl i
msr emainedf i
rm att
heseparateel
ector
ate.
11.Nehr
uRepor
tandSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
InAugust1928undert heheadshipofMotiLalNehr
uasev enmembercommitt
ee
presenteditsreport
.Inthi
sreportsepar
ateel
ect
orat
ewasst r
ongl
yopposedi
nthe
foll
owingwor ds:
"Separate elect
orat
ei s a cause of communalv iol
ence t
her
efor
e combi
ned
elect
oratesshouldbeimplemented.
"
12.Al
lPar
ti
esMusl
i
m Conf
erenceandSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
Al
lpart
iesMusl
im Conf
erencewasheldinDelhi.I
nthisconf
erenceallt
heMusl
i
m
l
eader
sincl
udi
ngQuaid-
e-Azam st
rongl
ysuppor
tedseparat
eel
ectorat
e.
13.Four
teenPoi
ntsofQuai
d-e-
Azam andSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
Quai
d-e-
Azam pr
esent
edar
esol
uti
onasananswert
otheNehr
uRepor
tint
heannual

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 98
meetingofAllIndiaMusl i
m Leagueon25Mar ch,1929.Ther esolut
ionconsist
edof
fourt
eenpointswasaccept edunani
mously.Lateronthi
sr esol
utionbecamepopul ar
withthenameof" Four
teenPoi nt
sofQuaid-
e-Azam".InonepointQuai d-e-
Azam sai
d,
"Thepresentsy stem ofsepar at
eelect
orat
eshoul dremai nassuchbuteachsect
shouldbegivent hepermissiontoadoptcombinedelect
orateoni tswish."
14.Communal
Awar
dandSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
Indi
anLeadersfai
ledtofindasolut
ionforthecommunalpr obl
emsi nt
hreeRound
TableConfer
ences(1930-1932)
.AftertheseConfer
ences,TheBrit
ishGover
nment
i
ssuedanawar dknownas" CommunalAwar d"
.Int
hisawardTheBrit
ishGover
nment
announcedther i
ghtofseparat
eel ect
oratenotonlyforMusl i
msbutf orSikhs,
Chri
stansandAchut
i salso.
15.Gov
ernmentofI
ndi
aAct1935andSepar
ateEl
ect
orat
e:
Bri
ti
sh Gov er
nmentpr omul gat
ed Gover
nmentofI ndia Act1935 to end the
consti
tut
ionalcr
isesinI ndi
akeeping i
nv iew therepor
tsoft hreeRound Tabl
e
Confer
ences.Separat
eelectorat
esyst
em remainedapartofthi
slaw.
Concl
usi
on:
Thesepar at
eel ectoratewasnotmer elyademand butwasamat terofgreat
i
mportancefort heI ndi
anMusl i
ms.Underthisel
ecti
onsyst
em Musl
im Leaguewon
434outof492Musl im Seat
sintheProvi
ncesand30outof30Musl i
m seatsinthe
Cent
er.Thussepar ateelect
orat
esystem provedstr
engt
hfortheest
abl i
shmentof
Paki
stan.AtlastIndianMuslimssucceededinachi
evi
ngthei
rfr
eehomeland.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 99

CHAPTER# 4
EARLYPROBLEMSOFPAKI
STAN
Q1. Whatdoy ouknowaboutt hedisputeoft hestat eofJammu&Kashmi r?
Ans.Dur i
ng Br it
ish rulei nt he Sub- cont i
nent635 pr i
ncely states were
i
nt ernal l
yr uled ov erbyNawabs and Raj as.The st at
es di d notpossess
exter nalsov ereignty.For ei
gnaf f
air
sanddef ensewer eunderdi rectBr i
ti
sh
cont rol.Thet otalpopul ati
on ofsuch st ateswasonef ourt
h oft het otal
popul at i
onoft heSub- conti
nent ,whil
eonet hi
rdoft het otalareabelongedt o
thepr incelystates.Whenf reedom st r
uggl ewasgoi ngtosucceed,t hef ut
ure
ofpr incelyst at
esal socameunderdi scussion.
On20Febr uary1947,t heBriti
shgov ernmentpr omi sedtol if
titscont r
olfr
om
India and I ndian pr i
ncely states.The st ates,immedi atel
y declared their
affil
iat i
ons ei t
herwi th Pakistan orI ndia.The f ollowing states remained
reluct antanddi dnotj oineit
heroft het wocount ri
es.TheI ndianforcesf or
cibly
annexedt hem wi t
hI ndi
a.
1. TheSt ateofHy derabadDaccan:
Ther uleroft hest atewasaMusl im, called“ Nizam”whi l
ethemaj or i
tyof
thepeopl ebelongedt oHi ndur eligion.Ni zam wasv er ypopul aramonghi s
people.Thesoci alandeconomi ccondi t
ionsoft hest atewer esati
sfact ory.
Thebenev olentrul erwaspr oper lysaf eguar dinghi speopl e.Ni zam,bei ngt he
Musl i
m,nev er li
ked annexat ion wi thI ndi a butt he I ndian gov ernment
pressurizedhi m.Lor dMount batten,asFi rstGov ernorGener alofIndia,al so
pressurizedhi mt oannexhi sst atewi thI ndia,ont hebasi sofgeogr aphi cal
sit
uation.Ni zam di dnotagr eewi t
ht hem andr esistedal lt hepressur es.He
hadanot heroptioni nhi smi ndandt hatwast ohav eabsol utesov er
eignt yf or
his state.The I ndi an gov ernmentf orced hi m t o si gn t he documentof
annexat i
onbuther ef used.Ni zam appeal edt ot heUni t
edNat i
onsforhel pand
protestedagai nstt heconductofI ndia.Themat terwasunderconsi der at
ion
whent heI ndianf or cesi nvadedHy der abadDaccan.On17t hSept ember1948,
thear myofNi zam sur render edt ot heI ndi anf or ces.I ndiagotcont roloft he
stateforcibl
y .
2. TheSt ateofJunagar h:
JustlikeHy der abadDaccan, theNawabofJunagar hwasaMusl im and
theHi nduswer ei nmaj orityi nt hest ate.Thedi stanceoft hest atef r
om
Karachiwas480ki lomet er.Thepopul ati
onwasar ound7Lacandt otalar ea
compr ised 3337 squar eki lomet ers.Nawab announced t heannexat ion of
Junagar hwi thPaki st an.TheGov ernorGener alofI ndi a,Lor dMount bat ten,
favouredt heannexat ionwi thI ndia.Paki stangov ernmenti ssuedal etteraf ter
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 100
accept ingt hedecl arationofannexat ionbyt heNawab.Acopyoft hel ett
er
wassentt ot heGov ernorGener al,aswel l
.I ndi aconsi der edt heact i
onof
Paki stanasi nterf erencei nitsi nternalaf fairs.Thest atewassur r oundedby
Indianar myf rom al lsidesandbl ockadecont inuedf ori ndef initeper iod.The
foodandot hert hingswer echeckedatt hebor der s.Final l
yt hear myent eredi n
thet er ri
toryandgothol doft hest ate.TheNawabf oundi tadv isabl et o
mi ger at etoPaki st an.Heal sosentapr otestt ot heUni tedNat ionsbuti twasi n
vain.Noact ionwast aken.Paki stant oo,l odgedapr ot estwi tht heSecur it
y
Counci l.Themat teri sst il
l l
y i
ngt her e,indeci siv e.
3. St ateofManav adar :
Anot herst at e,Manav adar ,waspr edomi nant l
yanon-Musl im st ateand
ther ul erwasaMusl i
m.TheMusl i
mr ulerdecl aredhi sdeci sionofannexat ion
with Paki stan.The I ndi an ar my r epeat ed t he same act ion and i nvaded
Manav ader ,as was done i n Junagar h.I twas anot heract ion off or ci
ble
annexat i
on.Lor dMount bat ten,asGov er norGener al,or deredt heat tackon
Manav adarandJunagar h.
4. St ateofJummuandKashmi r:
Thest ateofJammuandKashmi rissi tuat edi nt heNor thofPaki stan
andwast hel argestst at ei nt heSub- cont inent .Thest at ei scont i
guoust o
Paki stan, Chi na,Ti betandAf ghani stan.Thet ot al popul at i
onoft hest atewas4
mi l
li
onasperCensusof1941.Thear eaoft hest atewas84471sq.km.I tis
predomi nant lyaMusl i
m st ate.TheBr iti
shgov ernmentsol dt hewhol ear eaof
thest at et oaDogr aRaj a,Gul abSi ngh.f orRs.75Laconl yi n1846.Musl i
ms
agitat edi n1930andt hest rugglef ori ndependencef rom Dogr acont rol started
Mov ement .TheRaj ausedi ronhandagai nstt hef reedom f ight erswi tht hehel p
ofBr itishgov ernment .Thef reedom st ruggl ewasgoi ngonwhent heSub-
cont inentwaspar titi
oned.TheKashmi risar emost lyMusl i
ms.Theyaspi red
forannexat i
onwi thPaki stan;“ Kashmi rBaneGaPaki st an”wast hemai n
sloganofKashmi ripeopl e.
Thest ateofJammu and Kashmi ri s,cul t
ural ly,geogr aphi cal l
yand
reli
giousl yv erycl oset oPaki stan.Mostoft her i
versf low f rom Kashmi rto
Paki stan and i rrigat et he l ands ofPaki stan.The Kashmi ri s hav e been
emot ional lyat tachedwi thPaki stan.Ther efor e,t heypr essedt heRaj at oj oin
Paki stan.TheHi ndur ul erdi dnotappr eciat et hei dea.Seei ngnohopeof
l
iber ation,t heMusl i
msst artedaf reedom mov ement .Raj adi dev er yt hingt o
crush t heact ivi
tiesoft heMusl i
m Kashmi ris.Mi l
lionsofKashmi riswer e
forcedt omi gratet oPaki stan.Thef orcesofRaj asl aught eredmor et han2Lac
Kashmi ris.Theoppr essi onmadet hemov ementt ogetgr eat ermoment um
witht hepassageoft ime.Raj af oundhehel pless,t her ef ore,heappeal edt o
Indiangov er nmentt ocomet ohi sr escue.TheI ndi angov ernment ,ont heot her
hand,keptonpr essur i
ngRaj at osi gnadocumentofannexat ion.Heut terl
y

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 101
refusedandt hegov ernmentpr epar edaf akedocumentanddecl aredt he
annexat ionofJammuandKashmi rwi t
hI ndi a.
Nowt hepeopl eofKashmi rt ookt heweaponsi nt heirhandsandst art
ed
fi
ght ingagai nstt heI ndianf or ces.Ther etiredar myof ficersofJammuand
Kashmi rcamef orwar dt ol eadt hest ruggl eandv olunt eersal soj oinedt he
l
iber ationmov ement .TheI ndi anar mycoul dnotchecki t.TheKashmi ri
sgot
l
iber atedal argear ea.Thi sar eai scal ledAzadKashmi rnow- a-day s.The
freedom mov ementseemedt obesuccessf ul.TheHi nduf orceswer epushed
back.Whent hesi tuationbecamegr i
m, theI ndiangov er nmentsoughtt hehel p
oft heSecur ityCounci loftheUni tedNat i
ons.
TheSecur ityCounci lpassedt wor esol ut i
ons.Bot ht hepar ti
eswer e
adv isedt oacceptceasef ir
e.I twasal sodeci dedt hatf utureoft hest ateof
JammuandKashmi rwoul dbedeci dedaccor dingt ot heaspi r
at i
onsoft he
peopl e.Toascer taint hewi l
loft hepeopl e, apl ebi scit
ewast obehel d.Ont he
promi seoft heI ndiangov ernmentt hef reedom f ightersco- operat edwi t
hthe
Secur i
tyCounci l.Thear medst ruggl est oppedandt heKashmi ri
swai tedf or
thenextmov efrom t heSecur ityCounci l.Unf ortunatelyt hei nt er
est sofmaj or
power sdi dnotal l
ow t hepl ebi sci te.Kashmi ri
swer edepr ivedoft hei rbasi c
ri
ght .Paki st
anwasapar tyi nt heSecur i
tyCounci lbuti twasdeni edj usti
ce.
Theunf airdealingledt otwowar sbet ween.TheSecur i
tyCounci lpassedmor e
resol utionsbutcoul dnotdoany t
hi ngpr act ical l
y.
TheKashmi ri
s,onceagai n,r esol vedt of i
ghtf orf r
eedom;t heyhav e
beenf ight i
ngf orthei rbirt
hr ightf rom t hel astt wodecades.Themat teri sstil
l
pendi ngont heagendaoft heUni tedNat i
ons.I ndia,i nspi teoft hewor ld
pressur e,isr eluctantt osi tont henegot i
at ingt abl
e.Thedi sputedemands
mor esacr i
fi
cesf rom Kashmi riMusl ims.

Q2. Whatwer etheear lyprobl

emsf acedbyt heCount r
yaf t
eri t
screati
on?
Discussindet ai
l.
Ans.Withthehel pofAl l
ahAl mighty,Isl
amicRepubl i
cofPaki stancamei nto
t
h
beingon14 August1947butI ndi
anNat ionalCongressdi dnotaccept
thecreationofPaki st
anfrom t hecoreofi t
shear t
.LordMount bat
ten
andSi rRadclif
fconspiredwi t
ht heHinduleaderst ocreateaweakmot h
eatenPaki st
ant hatwouldulti
mat elyconfederat
ewi thIndianUnion.The
people of Paki st
an,who f aced allt he problems and di ffi
cul
t
cir
cumst ances,showedt heirdeterminat
iont odefendthef reedom.
EARLYPROBLEMSOFPAKSI
TAN:
1. UnjustAwar
dbySirRadcl
if
f:
r
d
Accordi
ngtothe3 June1974PlantheProv
incesofthePunjaband
Bengalwer etobediv
idedint
oMusli
m andnon-
Musli
m majori
tyar
eas.The

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 102
Musl im maj orityar easwoul dbecomeapar tofPaki stan.Acommi ssi onwas
assi gnedt hedut yt odemar cat et heboundar i
esofMusl im maj orityandHi ndu
maj or i
tyar easoft hePunj abandBengal .Theconspi r
acywashat chedand
Paki stanwasdepr ivedofi tst r uecl aims.Thr eeTehsi lsofDi st ri
ctGuur daspur
namel yPaki st anKot ,Bat al aandGur daspurandt heTehsi lZeer aofDi st rict
Fer ozpurwer ei ncl udedi nI ndi a.Si rRadcl iffeepr ovidedal andr out etoI ndi at o
mov ei ntot hev alleyofJammuandKashmi r.TheTwoHeadWor ksFer ozepur
headwor ksandMadhopurheadwor ksconst ruct edont hel andofWest
Punj abwer eal sohandedov ert heI ndi a.
2. Admi nist r
at ivePr oblems:
The Hi ndus wor king i n of fices si tuat ed i nt he ar eas ofPaki stan
mi gr ated t oI ndi a and t he of fices became empt y.Fur ni ture,st at i
oner y,
typewr it
ersandot hernecessar yi temswer eal sonotav ail
abl ei nt heof fices.
Mostoft heof fi
cesst artedt hei rwor kundert heopenskywi thnoshel ter .The
Hi ndu of fi
cer s had dest roy ed t he r ecor ds bef or e goi ng t oI ndi a.The
Gov ernmentofPaki stanbegani tswor kundermi serabl econdi tions.How
coul di tbe done wi thoutexper i
enced and t rai
ned of ficials? The nat i
on
accept edt hechal lengeandper formedt hedut iesunderoddci rcumst ances.
Paki stanhadt otakeanewst ar tfor mt hescr at ch.
3. Ar r
ival ofRef ugees:
Mi l
lions ofMusl im f ami l
ies mi grated t o Paki stan.On t he way t o
Paki stan, av eryl argenumberofMusl imswer emassacr edandt hepr oper ti
es
wer el oot edwi t
ht hehel pofBr iti
shf or ces.Thenumberoft heMusl imswho
finallycr ossedt hebor derwasmor et han1, 25, 00, 000.Theoppr essedand
depr essedMusl imswer et empor ar il
ypr ovidedaccommodat ionsi ncamps.
To r ehabi l
itat et he r efugees i n Paki stan was a v ery bi gt ask f ort he
admi nistration.Thepr ov i
sionofshel ter,cl ot hingandf oodf ort hem wasa
gr eatr esponsi bil
ity .
4. Di v
isionofAsset s:
TheI ndi anNat i
onalCongr esst ookev er yst ept ocr usht hewi ther i
ng
economyoft henewst ate.Whent hequest ionofdi v i
sionofasset sbet ween
thet wosepar atedcount ri
eswasr aised,t heHi ndusonceagai ndi dnotdo
j
ust icewi thMusl i
ms.TheI ndi agov er nmentr emai nedr eluct antt opayt he
shar eofPaki stanoutoft hecashbal anceoff ourbi ll
ions.Theshar eof
Paki stanwas750mi l
lionr upees.Fi r
sti nst allmentof200mi l
li
onsi ssuedat
once butr emai ning amountwas del ayed i l
legal ly.I ndi ai nspi t
e ofwor ld
pr essur e became r eadyt o payt he amounti fPaki stan woul d sur render
Kashmi rVal leyt oI ndi a.Gandhii nter feredi nt hemat terandpar ti
alpay mentof
500mi l
li
onswasr eleased.Thebal anceof50mi l
lionhasnotbeenpai dby
Indiasof ar.A meet i
ngwashel di nNov ember1947i nt hiscont ext .The
repr esent ativesoft het wost atessi gnedat reat ybutI ndiat ooknoact i
on.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 103
5. Divisi
onofAr medf orces:
Itwasi mper at i
vet hatt he mi li
taryasset swer e also to be di vided
between t he t wo count ri
es af ter t he par t
it
ion of t he Sub- continent,
proportionately.Her e agai nt he nor msofj usti
ce wer ei gnored and I ndia
refusedt ogi vet hedueshar e.Act uallyIndiawant edtokeepPaki stanweak.
TheChi efoft heJoi ntFor cesoft heSubcont i
nent,Commander -
in-chieffiel
d
Mar shall“Auchi nluck”f av ouredt hepr incipl
eofnodi vi
sionofmi l
itaryasset s.
Hewant edt ocont inuet hem i njointcommand.Al lIndi
aMusl i
m Leaguedi d
notagr eeandpr essur isedf ort hedi visi
onofmi li
taryassets.Itwasdeci ded
thatallmi li
taryasset swoul dbedi videdbet weent hetwost atesatt heratioof
64%and36%.Si xteenor dinancef act ori
eswer eproducingweaponsi nthesub-
continentatt het imeofpar t
it
ion.Notasi nglefactorywassi tuatedi nthear ea
ofMusl im maj ori
ty.I ndianCabi netrefusedt oshi f
tanyoft he16f actori
est o
Pakistan.I twasdeci dedaf terlongdi scussionsanddel i
berati
onst hatIndia
woul dmakepay mentof60mi ll
ionrupeest oPakistan.
The formul af inali
zed fort he di
v i
sion ofmi l
it
ary assets was not
practi
call
yimpl ement edduet ost ubbornat ti
tudeofIndi
angov ernment.Field
Mar shalAuchinluckr esignedfrom hi soff
icebecauseoft henegativ
eandnon-
cooper at
ive atti
tude oft he Indian gov ernment.The resignati
on further
compl i
catedthei ssue.Thi sishowPaki st
anwasdepr i
vedofherlegalandj ust
sharei nmili
taryhar dwar e.Anywayal lthesol di
ersweregivent heoptiont o
j
oinei t
heroft het wof orTheMusl i
msexpr essedthei
rdesir
et ojoi
nPaki stan
Army .
6. Canal wat erProblems:
Thenat uralfl
owofr iversint hepr ovi
nceofPunj abwasaf fectedbyt he
partiti
onoft hepr ov i
nce.Nost atecanchanget hecour seoft her iv
erand
depr i
veanot herst ateofitswat er .Thecanal sandbar ragesmaybebui l
tbut
witht heconsentoft heconcer nedst ateorst ates.I ndiapl annedt obui ldup
damsandbar ragesandcheckedt hef l
owofwat ert oPaki staninApr i
l1948.
Thisst epaf f
ect edtheagr i
cult
ureandeconomyoft heWestPunj ab.Ther ivers
Rav i
,Sut l
ajandBi asentert heterritoryofPaki stanf rom I ndiansideandt hey
havebeent hemaj orsour cesofi rri
gationinthear ea.Si rRadcl i
ffe,inhi s
unjustAwar dhandedFer ozpurandMadhupurHead-wor kst oIndiainspiteof
thef actthatthepr ojectwaswor ki
ngi nMusl i
m maj ori
tyar ea.
Themat t
erwassor tedoutandt hetwocount rieswer ebroughtont he
negot i
ationtabl e.Wor l
dBankv isual i
zedt hewhol esi tuationandpr omi sedt o
helpPaki stani nthehour sofcrisis.Ahugeamountwasal locatedtosol vet he
i
ssue.I ndusBasi nTr eat
ywasconsequent l
ysignedi n1960,bet weent het wo
count ri
es.Paki stanconceded t hr eer ivers(Rav i
,Sut lujBias)t oI ndiaand
reciprocall
yI ndialeftitsclaim ont hewat ersofr iv
er sJhel um,Chenaband

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 104
Sindh.
7. Pr obl em ofSt ates:
Att het i
meofcr eationofPaki stant her ewer e635smal landbi gst ates.
Thesest ateshadgi v enanopenopt i
ont oj oi nPaki stanorI ndi aorr emai n
i
ndependent .Ther ewer ef ourst atesonwhi chI ndi at akecont rolbyf orceand
probl em wasar isebecauset hesest atewant edt oj oi nPaki stant hesest ate
ov erKashmi r,Hay der abad, Junagar ghandMonar ader .
8. Pr obl em ofTr ansf erofGov ernmentSer v ant s
Att het imeofpar titi
on,t hegov ernmentempl oyeeswer egi vent he
opt iont o choosebet weent het wo count ries.Buti npr act ice,t hisopt ion
became a f ormal i
tyas al lgov ernmentser v ant s deci ded t hei rf uture on
religionsconsi der ations.Ther esul twast hatPaki st anhadt of aceenor mous
difficul tiest oev olveadmi nist r
at ivemachi ner ybecauset oshi ftgov ernment
per sonnelf rom I ndiant erri
toriest oPaki stanbecameahugepr obl em.I nitially,
th
speci alt rainswer er unt obr i
ngt hem f orm Del hit oPaki stanbuton8 August ,
suchaspeci alt rainwasbl ownupbydy nami te.Thr eecompar tment swer e
ri
pped i nt o pi eceswhi let hreewer eder ailed.I nt hi sway ,t het r
ansf erof
empl oy eest hroughr ailsbecamedi f
ficult.
Ther efor e,t he gov ernmentst arted t ot ranspor tt he empl oy ees t o
Kar achibyai r.Tat aOr ientAi r
way shadmanagedonl y18f l
ight swhent he
Gov ernment of I ndia nat ional ized t he company st arted t his wor k on
Sept ember4 wi th 26 aer opl anes and named t his exer ci se “ Oper at ion
Paki st an” .At ransf erof fi
cei nI ndi aandar ecept ionof fi
cei nKar achiwer eset
upf ort heseempl oy ees.Theadmi nistrat i
v est ruct ur ewast huscompl et ed
wit hmuchdi f fi
cul ty.
9. Const i
tut ional Pr oblems
Att het imeofest ablishmentofPaki st ant her ewasnoconst itution.
Necessar yamendment swer emadei nt he1935const i
tutionofI ndiaandi t
wasi mpl ement edsot hatgov er nmentcoul dber un.Duet olackofconst i
tut ion
the pr obl ems ofpowerbecame mor e compl exes.Because oft hisi n
December1971,EastPaki stanwassepar atedandbecameBangl adesh.Rest
ofPaki st anst ar tedbr ingingt hef ireofpr ejudi ceandsect ariani sm andi sst i
l
l
bur ning.
10. Economi cpr oblems
Att het imeofdemar cat i
onofsub- cont inentt her ewer e400di f
fer ent
i
ndust riesorf act oriesbutun- acci dent al
lyonl y14f act oriesgi v ent oPaki st ana
l
otofagr icul turalpl ainar eaofPunj abandBengalwasal sogi v ent oI ndiaby
theunj ustRedCl if
fAwar d.Al otofi mpor tantmi ner alpr oduci ngar easwer e
alsogi vent oI ndi asot hat ’
swhyLor dMountBat tenandhi st eam i ncludi ng
Congr ess cr eat ed mul tieconomi c pr obl ems t o weaken t he Paki st an
economi cal ly.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 105
11. Geogr aphical Probl ems
WhenPaki stancamei nt obei ng,Paki stanwasconsi stedoft womaj or
partsEastPaki st an&WestPaki stan.EastPaki st anwasconsi stedofone
prov incewhi leWestPaki stancompr isesoff ourpr ov i
ncesi .e.Punj ab,Si ndh,
NWFP & Bal ochist an.Ther ewasnoanyRoadl i
nkbet weenEast& West
Paki stan.Ther ewas1750Km I ndianAr easbet weent het wopar tsoft he
count ry.Thati st her easont her ei sagr eatcul tural di ffer encebet weent het wo
partsoft hecount ry,whi chcr eat eal otofpr obl em f orPaki stani nfutur e.
12. Pr obl em ofKashmi r
Thest ateofJammuandKashmi rissi tuat edi nt heNor thofPaki st an
andwast hel argestst atei nt heSub- cont inent .Thet ot alpopul ationoft he
statewas4mi l
lionasperCensusof1941.TheBr iti
shgov ernmentsol dt he
whol ear eaoft hest atet oaDogr aRaj a,Gul abSi nghf orRs.75Laconl yi n
1846.Musl i
msagi t
at edi n1930andt hest ruggl ef ori ndependencef rom Dogr a
cont rolst artedMov ement .Thest ateofJammuandKashmi ris,cul turally
,
geogr aphi cal l
yandr eligiousl yv erycl oset oPaki st an.TheKashmi ri shav ing
beenemot ionallyat tachedwi thPaki st an.Ther ef or e,t heypr essedt heRaj at o
j
oinPaki st an.TheHi ndur ulerdi dnotappr eci atet hei dea.
Peopl eofKashmi rt ookt heweaponsi nt hei rhandsandst artedf ight ing
againstt heI ndianf or ces.Thef reedom mov ementseemedt obesuccessf ul
.
TheHi nduf orceswer epushedback.Whent hesi tuat ionbecamegr im,t he
Indiangov er nmentsoughtt hehel poft heSecur i
tyCounci loft heUni ted
Nations.TheSecur ityCounci lpassedt wor esol ut ions.Bot ht hepar ti
eswer e
advisedt oacceptceasef ire.I twasal sodeci dedt hatf utur eoft hest at eof
JammuandKashmi rwoul dbedeci dedaccor dingt ot heaspi r
ati
onsoft he
peopl e.Toascer taint hewi lloft hepeopl e,apl ebi scit ewast obehel d.The
armedst ruggl est oppedandt heKashmi r
i’
swai tedf ort henextmov ef rom t he
Secur i
tyCounci l.Unf ortunat elyt hei nt erestsofmaj orpower sdi dnotal l
owt he
plebisci te.Kashmi r
i’swer edepr i
vedoft heirbasi cr ight .
13. Enmi tyofI ndia
Firstofal lcongr essl eader swer eagai nstt hecr eationofPaki st an
befor et hepar t
itionofsub- cont inent .Butont heassur anceofLor dMount
Battencongr essagr eedont hepl ant hatPaki stancannotsur vivemor ethan10
years.Thati swhyaf tert hecr eationofPaki stancongr essl eaderl i
keShankar
Achar ia&Pandi thNehr ocommentont hecr eat ionofPaki stan.“Nei thert he
Congr essnort henat ionhasgi venupi t
scl aim ofauni tedI ndia” .Sot hey
creat ed100ofpr oblemsandt heyst artedenmi tyagai nstPaki stanasar esult
fir
stwarbet weenPaki st anandI ndi awasf oughti n1948.Ot hert womai nwar s
i
n1965and1971al sof oughtbet weent wocount ri
esl at eron.
14. Pr obl em ofPukht unist an
Af tert hecr eat ionofPaki stan,Af ghani stanGov ernmentcl aimst hat

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 106
PushtospeakingareasofPaki st
anwer ethepartofAf ghani st
anearli
er.Al ot
ofleadersofNWFPl i
keSar hadiGandhiKhanAbdulGhaf farKhanalsost arted
enmi t
yofPakistanandt heycreateaproblem ofPukhtunistanforPakistan.
15. Deat hofQuai d-
e-Azam:
Bythe grace ofGod and byt he unti
ri
ng ef f
orts ofQuai d-e-Azam
t
h
Pakistancreat
edon14 August1947.Gr eatQuai d-
e-Azam becameGov ernor
t
h
GeneralofPakistan.Unf or
tunatel
yQuai dhaddi edon11 Sept ember1948,
aft
eronl y13mont hs.Deat hofQuai d-e-Azam createdal otofproblem f or
Pakistan.

Q3. Writ
edowntheSer
vicesofQuai
d-e-
Azam f
ort
heConsol
i
dat
ionof
Paki
stan.
Ans.TheQuai d-e-Azam sur vivedf or13mont hsaf t
eri ndependencebuti n
thi
sshor tspel l,heshowedgr eatconf idenceuponhi speopl eandput
them ont het rackt opr ogr essandpr osper it
y .
Ser vi
cesofQuai d-e-Azam f ort heConsol i
dat i
onofPaki st an
TheSer vicesoft heQuai d-e-Azam f ort heConsol idat i
onofPaki stanar e
asunder :
1. Rehabi li
tat i
onofRef ugees:
Thegov er nmentofPaki stanundert het rustedl eader shipoftheQuai d-e
-Azam f i
xedt hepr i
or iti
es,andatt het opwast hepr oblem ofr ehabi l
it
at i
onof
ther ef ugees.Thei nf luxofr ef ugeeswascausi ngmul ti
dimensi onali ssues.
Thepl ightofr efugeeswast ortur i
ngt hel eader .Heshi ftedhi sHeadquar ters
from Kar achit oLahor et osuper viset heact ivi
ti
esbei ngcar ri
edoutbyt he
gov ernmentandv ol unt aryassoci at i
ons.Quai d-e-Azam Rel i
efFundf ort he
Ref ugeeswassetupandi nv itedt hephi lanthr opistst odonat easmuchas
theycoul d.Hi sappealdeepl yi nf l
uencedt hepeopl eandev ent hecommon
mandi dnotl agbehi nd.Thesoci alwor ker ssi ncer elypr ovidedav eryhuge
quant ityoff oodst uff,cl ot hing,medi ci nes,bl anket s,tent sandot hert hings.
Gr adual l
yt he r efugees wer e shi f ted t o di fferentci ties and t owns and
per manentaccommodat ionswer emanaged.Theev acueepr oper t
ieswer e
distri
but edamongt her efugees, accor dingt ot heirclaims.
TheQuai d-e-Azam i nspi redt hepeopl e,adv isedt hem t obecour ageous
tof acet heci rcumst anceswi thdet er mi nat i
onandbol dness.Headdr essed
manypubl icgat her ingsand pr epar ed t he mi ndsoft he Musl i
msf ort he
forthcomi ngev ent ual iti
es.Hi smessaget ot henat i
onwas: -
“Ther ear emanyexampl esoft hehi stor yofy oungnat ionbui l
dings.
Theyt hemsel v eswentupbysheerdet ermi nat i
onandf or ceofchar acter.You
hav etodev el
opt hespi ritof‘ Muj ahi ds’ .Youar eanat ionwhosehi storyisf ul
l
oft al
esofher oism andbr aver y.”
2. Adv icetot hegov ernmentof fici als:
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 107
OnOct ober11, 1947Quai d-e- Azam adv i
sedt heci vi
lser vant s.
“Thi sisachal lengef orus.I fwear etosur v i
v easanat ion, wewi l
lhav e
tof acet hesedi fficul tieswi thast er nhand,ourpeopl ear edi sor gani zedand
wor riedbecauseoft hepr oblemst heyar efaci ng.Wehav et oencour aget hem
toputt her esponsi bi l
ityont headmi nistrati
onandt hepeopl el ookt oy ouf or
guidance. ”
3. Adv icet oEl imi nat ePr ov incial ism &Raci al ism:
The Quai d-e- Azam was f ully awar e oft he danger ous menace of
prov inci alism andr aci al i
sm.Hewar nedt hepeopl eandadv isedt hem nott o
i
ndul gei npr ov i
ncial ism andr acialism.Suchpr ejudi ces, heknew, coul dl eadt o
disuni ty ,andhar m nat ionali ntegr at ion.Heemphasi zedt heneedt oadopt
nat i
onalout look i nst ead of pr ov i
nci al,l ingui st ic,r acialand t er ri
tor i
al
differences.Theenemi esofPaki st andi dev er yt hingt ost opt hecr eat ionof
Paki st an.Wheni temer gedont hemap,t heydi dt hei rbestt of l
ar eupt he
sent i
ment sofpr ov inci alism t opar aly zet headmi ni strat i
onandeconomy .On
15June1948hesai dt ot hepeopl eofPaki st an, “sol ongaswear euni ted, we
willemer gev ictoriousandst rong.I fwear enotuni tedweshal lbecomeweak
anddi sgr aced.Wear eal lPaki stani s.Noneofusi sPunj abi ,Si ndhi,Bal ochi,
Pat hanorBengal i
.Ev eryoneofusshoul dt hink,f eelandact ,asaPaki st ani
andweshoul df eel pr oudofbei ngPaki stani alone.
4. Consol idationofEconomy :
Att het imeofpar titi
on,t heeconomyofPaki stanwasdamagedbyt he
Hindus;dueshar ei nasset swasnotpai dt oPaki stan;mi ll
ionsofr efugees
wer epushedacr osst hebor dert ocr eat echaosandconf usi on.TheQuai d-e-
Azam bol dlyf acedt hechal lengesandheov er camet hesi t
uat ionwi tht hehel p
oft hepeopl e.St epswer eimmedi atel yt akent ocr eat eav i
abl eeconomy .For
thatmat t
erhei nv olv edt het radecommuni tyandadv isedt hem t opl ayt her e
role,r equi redf orpr ogr essoft henat ion.Theeconomywasi mpr ov edand
nat i
onmadei tv iableundert hegui danceofi tsl eader shi p.
5. Est ablishmentofSt ateBankofPaki stan:
TheQuai df eltt hedi r
eneedofacent ralbankofPaki stan.Reser veBank
ofI ndi acoul dnotdel i
v ert her equi r edser v i
cesf ort hepr ogressofeconomyof
Paki st anasi twasmonopol i
zedbyHi ndus.Thegr eatl eaderest ablishedt he
Stat eBankofPaki stanon1stJul y1948.Hedel i
v eredhi si naugur aladdr ess
andsai d,
“TheBanksy mbol izedt hesov ereignt yofourpeopl ei nt hef inanci al
spher e.TheWest erneconomi csy st em hascr eatedmanypr oblemsf ort he
humani ty.I twi l
lnothel pusi nset tingupawor kabl eeconomi cor der.We
shoul dev olveaneconomi csy stem basedonI slami cconceptofj ust i
ceand
equal ity .
”
Mr .Zahi dHussai nwast hef irstGov ernorofSt ateBankofPaki st anwho

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 108
was ent rust ed wi t
ht he r esponsi bil
it
yt o bui ld up t he economi cf iberof
Paki stan.
6. Ref or msi nAdmi nist rat ion:
The admi nistrat ive machi ner y,att he t ime ofpar ti
tion,was f aci ng
tremendousdi fficulties.TheHi ndusand Si khsmi grated t oI ndi aand t he
numberofexper iencedandeducat edMusl imswasnotenought or unt he
sy stem.The I ndi an gov er nment used t act ics t o del ay t he ar r
ivalof
ex per i
enced r efugeest o Paki st an.Ther esour ceswer ei nadequat e,of fice
equi pment swer enotav ailabl e, buildingswer einsuf ficientandt her ecor dwas
spoi ledbyt heHi nduempl oy eesbef or et heyl eftf orI ndia.TheQuai d-e-Azam
tookr emedi almeasur esandi nspi r
edt heWor ker st owor kv er yhar d.Ver y
soonwor kabl emachi ner ywasr est ored.Ev eryoneser vedi twi thanat ional
spi ri
t.
Chaudhr yMuhammadAl iwasabur eaucr at.Lat eron,hehel dtheof fice
oft hePr imeMi ni sterofPaki st an.Hepr esent edapl anbef oret heQuai dt o
organi zet heCi v i
lSer vice.For ei gnSer v i
ce,Account sSer viceandDef ense
Ser v i
cewer eest abl ished.
7. Headquar ter sofAr medFor ces:
TheHeadquar t
er sf orNav y, AirFor ceandAr mywer emade.TheQuai d-e
-Azam er ectedt hewhol esy st em wi thinoney earandr emov edal ldi ffi
cul ti
es.
Civ i
l Secr etar i
atst artedf unct ioni ngi nt hecapi t
al in1948.
8. Est abl i
shmentofEmbassi es:
Inmanycount r
iesoft hewor ldPaki stanembassi esandmi ssi onhouses
wer eest abl ishedt ost artr elat ionswi thot hercount ri
es.Quai d- e-Azam v ery
qui cklyint roducedPaki stanal lov ert hewor l
d.Speci ali nst r
uct ionswer egi ven
tot hedi plomat st owor kv eryhar dlikeami ssionar y.Headv isedt hem t o
achi evet he nat ionalobj ect ives r elated t o pol iti
cal ,di plomat i
c,mi l
itary,
commer cial andeconomi caf fairs.
9. Member shipofUni tedNat i
ons:
Paki st anemer gedont hemapoft hewor ldandgott hemember shipof
theUni tedNat i
onson30Sept ember1947.Paki standeci dedt opl ayi tsrol ein
the wor l
d,and t o cont i
nue f ollowi ng t he deci sions oft he UNO.I slami c
count r
ieswel comedPaki st anwi thgr eatf er vorwi tht hehopet hatPaki st an
woul dwor kf orthedev elopment ,pr osper ityandwel fareofI slami cwor l
d.
10. Speci alRel ationswi thMusl im St ates:
Toest abli
shgoodr el at ionswi thal lot hercount riesi st hebasi cpr inciple
oft hef oreignpol i
cyofPaki st an.Howev er ,t hespeci alrel ationswi thMusl im
count r
ieswer ethepr ef er ence.Paki stanwast hebi ggestI slami ccount ryatt he
ti
meofi tsest ablishmentt hatbecameasour ceofpowerf orMusl im count ries.
Paki stanopenl yf avour edt heMusl im count ri
es.
11. Est abl i
shmentofCapi tal andCabi net :

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 109
Quai d-e-Azam est abl ishedf i
rstcapi talofPaki st ani nKar achi .Heal so
formedhi scabi net ;LiaqatAl iKhanwasnomi natedasf irstPr i
meMi nist erof
Paki stan.
12. Rel ati
onswi thI ndi a:
Paki stancamei ntobei ngi nspi teoft henegat ivet act i
csofHi ndus.
Indiamademanymov est oweakenanddamagePaki stan.Thepr obl emsof
wat er,demar cat ionofboundar ies,r ef ugee’ sar ri
valandmanyot herpr obl ems
wer ecr eat ed.I ndi ahesi tat edt ogi vet hedueshar eofasset st oPaki stan.
Kashmi ri ssuecr oppedupi mmedi at el
yaf tert hei ndependence.I ndia
usedbr utef or ceandi nv adedt hev alleyofJammuandKashmi r.Junagar h,
Manav adar& Hy der abadDecean.Paki stanhadt ost ri
v ehar dt okeepi ts
ex i
stence.Quai d- e-Azam st artednegot iationswi thI ndi anl eader sandal so
adv ocat edt hecauseofKashmi risont hef orum oft heUni tedNat i
ons.The
i
gnobl er ole ofI ndi ai nt he st ates l i
ke Junagar h,Manav adar ,Hy der abad
DaccanandJummuandKashmi rwasexposedbyPaki stangov er nment .
13. Adv i
cet ost udent s:
TheQuai d-e- Azam wasf ul l
yawar eoft heef f
ect ivenessofy out hf orce.
Heal way st er med t hem ast hef ut ur ear chit
ect sofPaki st an.They oung
student ’s const ant lyf ut ure ar chitect s ofPaki stan.The y oung st udent s
const ant lyr emai nedatt hebackandal lcal loft hei rgr eatQuai d.Dur ing
freedom mov ementt heywenti ngr oupst ov i
l
lages,t ownsandci tiesand
conv ey ed t he message oft he Musl im League.Af tert he emer gence of
Paki stan,t heQuai d-e- Azam appeal edt ot hest udent st oconcent ratef ullyon
theirst udi es.Addr essi ngt heAl lPaki stanEducat ionalConf er enceon27t h
Nov ember1947,heaskedt heMusl imy outht obeser iousi nt hei rstudi est o
makei mmedi at epr ogr ess.
TheQuai d- e-Azam cont inuousl yencour agedt hest udent sbecausehe
wasconf i
dentoft heirposi tiver olet heywer egoi ngt opl ay.Thest udent swer e
responsi blef orst rong and secur ef utur e oft he nat ion.He adv i
sed t he
student st or efr ainf r
om pol i
ti
csanduseal lener gyi nget t i
ngt heeducat i
on.
TheMusl im st udent sf ollowedt headv iceandconcent r
at edonst udi esaf t
er
thesuccessoff reedom st ruggl e.
14. Par amet er sf ort heEconomi cDev elopmentofPaki stan:
st
Att heopeni ngcer emonyoft heSt at eBankon1 Jul y1947, theQuai d-i-
Azam sai d:
“The west er n economi c sy stem has cr eat ed i nf init
e pr obl ems f or
humani ty .A west ernt ypeofeconomi csy st em cannotbr i
ng about
progr essi nourcount ry.Ther ef orewehav et opr esentaneconomi c
sy stem t ot hewor ldwhosef oundat ionsar ebasedonI slami cequal ity
andsoci alj ust i
ce.Bydoi ngsoweasaMusl i
m st ateandnat i
onwi ll
succeed i n gi ving,t he wor ld an economi csy st em whi ch wi llbe a

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 110
message ofpeace f oral lhumani t y
.Remembert hatsur vivaland
prosper ityofhumani tyisbasedonpeace. ”
15. Reor gani zat ionofCi vil Ser vice:
Thei mpor t
ancewhi chci vilser v iceenj oy si nanadmi nistrativeset -
upi s
wel lknown.Quai d- i-
Azam di v ertedhi sat t ent i
ont owar dsi tsr eor gani zation
andi nv i
tedpr oposal sf rom v arioushi ghof f i
cial sint hisconnect ion.Ul timat ely
,
theset -
uppr oposedbyChaudhr iMuhammadAl iwasaccept ed.Thepostof
Secr etaryGener alwascr eatedt omai nt ainl i
aisonbet weent hesecr etar i
esof
variousdepar tment sandCh.MuhammadAl iwasappoi ntedagai nstt hispost .
The admi nist rat i
on oft he newl y est ablished gov ernmentwas i n
mi serabl est at e.Ch.MuhammadAl ir ecor dst hatsomet i
messi xof f
icer shad
tosi tinsi ngl er oom.“ Thechal lengewhi cht hisst artf rom scr atchpr esent edt o
theadmi ni strat i
onwasmetwi t
haspl endi ddi spl ayofener gy .I tar oused
i
mmenseent husi asm andst rongdet er mi nat iont oov er comeal ldi ffi
cul ti
es.It
evokedi ngenui t yandr esour cef ullnessi ni mpr ovisingsol uti
ont opr oblems. ”
16. Est abl ishmentPaki stanFund:
Att het imeoft hebi rthofPaki st an,ev erybodycoul dseet hatPaki stan
was t o st ar ti tsl ifef rom a scr atch.To sol vet he i mpendi ng economi c
probl ems,Quai d- i-Azam setupa“ Paki st anFund”onJune16,1947.The
massesandespeci allyMusl i
mt r
ader sdonat edgener ousbyt ot hisFundand
i
twasmai nlybecauseoft hePaki stanf undt hatI ndi adi dnotsucceedi nits
designt odest abi lizePaki stanbywi t
hhol di ngPaki stani shar eofasset s.
17. Adv icet oEl imi nat eBr iber yandCor rupt ion:
Quai d-i-Azam knew t hatt he st abi lityofPaki st an was notpossi ble
withouter adi cat ingsoci alev il
s.I nhi saddr esst ot heConst i
t uentAssembl yon
August1947, hedecl ar edt ol aunchacr usadeagai nstt heseev il
s.Hesai d:
“Oneoft hebi ggestcur sesf rom whi chI ndiai ssuf f
er ingi nbr iber yand
cor r
upt i
on,t hatr eal lyi sapoi son.Wemustputt hatdownwi thani r
onhand
andIhopet haty ouwi lltakeadequat emeasur esassoonasi tispossi bl efor
theassembl yt odoso. ”
Unf or t
unat el y,t hisev i
lcoul dnotbeel imi nat edandPaki stansoci etyis
stil
lsuf feringf rom t hismal aise.
18. Gui dancef rom t heHol yQur an:
Thef actoft hemat teri st hatf rom t hebegi nni ngofPaki stanmov ement
til
lthel astday sofhi sl ife,Quai d-i-Azam r emai nedat r
uebel iev er.In1941,
whi l
eexpl ainingt hef eat uresofPaki st an,hemadei tqui tecl eart hati nan
Isl
ami c st ate,sov erei gnt ybel onged t o Al lah and t he f oundat ions ofour
politi
calandsoci alsci encesandbeenel uci dat edi nt heHol yQur anandwe
wer eunderobl igat iont obaseoursy st em ofgov ernmentont heseQur anic
principles.
Quai d-i-Azam MuhammadAl iJinnahhadoncesai d:

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 111
“Iam nei t
heraMaul vinorMaul ananoram It osayt hatIam al ear ned
scholarofmor ali
tybutIhav esomeknowl edgeoff ait
h.AndIpr ofessat r ue
fai
th”.
19. Est abl ishmentofFeder alCourt
Att het imeofcr eat i
onofPaki stant her ewasnoanysy stem ofj usti
cei n
Pakistan.Quai d-i
-Azam deci dedt oest ablisht hedepar tmentoft heJust icei n
Pakistan so Feder alCour tand Pr ov i
nci alCour tswer eest ablished int he
country.Lat eronf ederal cour tcall
edSupr emeCour tofPaki stan.
20. Enf orcementofI nt erim Const i
tution
Paki stanwasanewst ateont hemapoft hewor ldsot her ewasnoany
constituti
oni nPaki stan.Accor dingtot hatr unt heaf fai
rsoft hest ate.Quai d-i
-
Azam enf or cedt heal lIndiaAct1935i nPaki stanwi thsomecompul sor y
amendment s.Thi sActr emai nedi npr acticeinPaki stant i
llenfor cementoft he
fi
rstconst itutionofPaki stan( 1956) .
Conclusion
Thef ounderofPaki stanQuai d- i
-Azam MuhammadAl iJi nnahwasnot
onlyagr eatpol it
ici
anbutal sot hebestor gani zer.Thewayhet ookst epsf or
thestabilityofPaki stani nsuchshor tt i
meaf teri tscreationi swasi ndeedonl y
hisachi ev ement .Thenat ionali nter
est sr emai nedsaf eonl ybecauseofhi s
superiorv irt
uesandcapabi l
iti
es.Inv eryshor tt i
met henewl yf ormedst ateof
Pakistan was on t he pat h ofpr ogr ess.Def ense ofPaki stan became
unconquer abl e.
Q.Descr
ibetheser
vicesofQuai
d-e-
Azam MuhammadAl
i
Ji
nnahfortheest
abli
shmentofPakist
an.
Ans:
MuhammadAl iJinnahwasbor ninat r
aderfamil
yofGuj ratKathiawar.Hegothi s
earlyeducat ionf rom SindhMadr asatul
isl
am,Karachi
.Aftercompl et
inghi shi
gher
educat i
onf rom Lincol n'
sInnLondon,hest art
edhispract
iceasal awy erinBombay .
Her emainedwi t
hDadaBhoyNor ojiasasecr et
aryandafterwardsj oi
nedCongr ess.
Int hebegi nninghewasast aunchbel i
everofHinduMusl im Unit
y .Congressbui l
t
JinnahHal li
nBombayasamemor ialtohiseff
ort
sforHinduMusl im Unity
.Sir
vajni
Ny do called hi m " The AmbassadorofHi ndu Musli
m Uni ty"in 1916.A br ief
descr i
pti
onofhi sser vi
cesfortheest abl
i
shmentofPakist
ani sasunder :

1.Joi
ningMusl
i
m League:
Quaid-
e-Azam j
oinedAllI
ndiaMusl
i
m Leaguein1913wi
tht
heeffor
tsofMaul
ana
MuhammadAl iJauhar.Thushebecamet hememberofCongr
essandMusli
m
Leagueatthesamet i
me.

2.Quai
d-e-
Azam andLucknowPact
:
Ashewasamemberofbot
h maj
orpol
i
ticalpar
ti
esand wasal
so ast
aunch

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 112
supporterofHinduMusl
im Uni
ty,hecont
inuedhi
sef f
orts.I
n1916hesucceededin
arr
angingahi stori
cagr
eementt hati
scalledLucnow Pact,bet
weenHindusand
Musli
msi nLucknow.ThisistheonlypactwhenHi ndusagreedtotherightof
separat
eelectorat
e.

3.Resi
gnat
ionf
rom Congr
ess:
Heworkedhar df
orHinduMusli
m Unitybutnarr
ow-mi
ndednessofHinduleader
sand
ri
gidat
ti
tudeofCongressdi
dnotallowhiseffor
tst
obesuccessful
.Atlasthegotf
ed
upandreali
zedthatHinduMusl
im Unit
ywasi mpossi
ble.Sohel
eftcongressi
n1920
anddecidedtoworkforMusl
im causeonly
.

4.Quai
d-e-
Azam andDel
hiPr
oposal
s:
MotiLalNehruof fer
edQuaid-e-
Azam toacceptallthedemandsoft heMuslimsifthe
Musli
mswer ereadytowithdrawfrom theri
ghtofsepar at
eelect
orate.Quai
d-e-
Azam
cal
led ameet ing oftheMusl im leadersinDel hiin1927.Theypr epar
ed some
suggesti
ons called Del
hiPr oposals as a substit
utef orthe ri
ghtofsepar ate
el
ectorat
e.Thesesuggest ionswer enotacceptedbyt heHindussoQuai d-e-
Azam
wit
hdrewt heseproposal
sandt heMusl i
msr emainedf i
rm att
heseparateel
ector
ate.

5.Quai
d-e-
Azam andNehr
uRepor
t:
I
nAugust1928undert heheadshi pofMot iLalNehruasevenmembercommi t
tee
presentedi
tsreport.Int
hisreportsepar
ateelect
oratewasst
rongl
yopposed.Quai
d-e
-Azam str
onglyreactedagai
nstthisreportandsaid,
"
HinduIndi
aandMusl i
mI ndiahavebecomesepar at
eent
it
iesnowonward"
6.Four
teenPoi
ntsofQuai
d-e-
Azam:
Quaid-e-
Azam presentedaresoluti
onasananswert ot heNehr
uRepor tintheannual
meet i
ngofAllIndiaMuslim Leagueon25Mar ch,1929.Theresoluti
onconsistedof
fourt
eenpoint
swasaccept edunanimously.Lateronthisr
esol
utionbecamepopul ar
withthenameof" Fourt
eenPoi nt
sofQuaid-e-Azam".Thesefourteenpointswerea
goldenproofofMr .Jinnah'
spol i
ti
calappr
oachandbecameagui delineforfurt
her
poli
ti
calstr
ugglefortheMuslims.
7.Quai
d-e-
Azam andRoundTabl
eConf
erences:
Quaid-
e-Azam pr
esent
edMusli
m Leagueinthefir
stt woroundtableconf
erencesin
London.Itwasbecauseofhisstr
uggleandpoli
ticalapproachthatnoanti
-Musli
m
resol
uti
oncouldbepassedi
ntheseconfer
ences.

8.Boy
cot
tofPol
i
tics:
In1931Quaid-
e-Azam gotfedupoftheatt
it
udeofGandhi
,otherCongr
essl
eaders
andcoldbehav
iouroftheMusli
mleader
s.Hedeci
dedtosaygoodbyetopol
it
icsand
tobeinLondonforresi
dence.

9.Quai
d-e-
Azam asaPr
esi
dentofMusl
i
m League:
1n1934Quai
d-e-
Azam camebackt
oIndi
abecauseoft
heef
for
tsofAl
l
amaI
qbal

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 113
andot herMusl
im Leader
s.Hewasmadel if
etimePr esi
dentofAl
lIndiaMusl
im
League.Hereor
ganizedMusl
i
m Leagueandmadeitanacti
vemovement.

10.Rol
eofQuai
d-e-
Azam dur
ingCongr
essMi
nist
eri
es(
1937)
:
Congr essminist
ri
esaf
ter1937el ect
ionspr
ovedthatunderHinduGov er
nment
,the
ri
ghtsoft heMuslimswerenotsecure.Quai
d-e-
Azam notonl
ycr i
ti
cizedt
hei
rwrong
poli
ciesbutalsomadeMuslim Leagueali
vetoacceptt
hefut
urechall
enges.

11.TheDayofDel
i
ver
ance:
The MovementofMusl i
m League agai
nstCongr ess minist
ri
es succeeded and
Congr
essmi ni
stri
eshadtoresi
gn.Quaid-
e-Azam advisedMuslimst ocelebr
atethe
dayofdeliv
eranceont hi
soccasiontoshow t heBr it
ishthatMuslimsknew t he
i
mportanceofthei
rri
ght
s.

12.Quai
d-e-
Azam andLahor
eResol
uti
on:
Theresoluti
onpassedi ntheannualmeetingofAllI
ndiaMusli
m LeagueinLahore
wasar esultoft heeff
ort
sofQuai d-
e-Azam.Thisresol
uti
onwascal l
ed"Pakist
an
Resol
ution"bytheHindus.Hispresi
denti
aladdr
essont heoccasi
onprovedthathe
hadrecognizedthepaceoftheI
ndianpolt
ics.

13.Quai
d-e-
Azam andCr
ippsMi
ssi
on:
Cri
ppsmi ssi
onof1942i soneofthoseeff
ortsoftheBrit
ishgovernmentt
hattheydi
d
tosavetheirrul
einIndia.Ift
hismissi
onwer esuccessfult
heBr i
ti
shRulewouldbe
l
ongeronI ndia.Quai
d-e-Azam notonl
yrefusedtocooper at
ewi ththemissi
onbut
al
sorefusedtoacceptanyf or
mulaothert
hent hedi
visi
onofIndia.

14.Gandhi
JinnahTal
ks(
1944)
:
GandhiJi
nnhTalksi
n1944wasapl anofCongresstogettheMusli
msi nv
olvedin
Civ
ilDi
sobedi
enceMovementbeganbyGandhibutQuai
d-e-
Azam gotthepointand
ref
usedtocompromi
seonthedemandforPaki
stan.

15.Quai
d-e-
Azam andSi
mlaConf
erence:
Thef ail
ureofSi mlaConferencecall
edbyLordWav elwasal sobecauseoft he
for
esightednessofQuaid-
e-Azam.Her ef
usedtoacceptanyoft hepl
ansotherthan
div
isionofIndia.Ther
esul
twer etheel
ecti
onsof1945-46thatpavedt
hewayf orthe
establi
shmentofPakist
an.

16.Quai
d-e-
Azam andEl
ect
ions1945-
46:
Ont heev eofElect
ions1945-46Quaid-
e-Azam t
ouredthewholeIndiaandgavea
sl
ogan," MUSLIM HAYTOMUSLI M LEAGUEMAENAAJAA" .Itwast hemiracul
ous
personali
tyofQuaid-e-
Azam thatl
edt heMuslim Leaguetothesuccessofv ast
proport
ion and made i t cl
ear t
hat AllIndi
a Muslim League was the only
Representat
ivepol
it
ical
part
y .

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 114
17.Quaid-e-
Azam andCabi netMissionPl an:
Thelastef forttosav eBr i
ti
shRul einIndi awast heCabnitMi ssionPl an.Quaid-e-
Azam accept edt hisplanandgotapl uspoi ntov erCongress.Quai d-
e-Azam madei t
cl
eartot heMi ssionthattheMusl im Maj or
it
yar easshouldbegr oupedt ogetherto
makeasov ereignandi ndependentPakistan.Hesai d,
"I
ndi ahadnev erbeenasy mbolofHi nduMusl i
m ci
vil
izati
on.Itisnotpossi ble
fort he Br i
ti
sh Governmentt o create homogenei t
ybet ween Hi ndus and
Musl imscul t
uresandcivil
izati
onast wosy stemsaredi st
incti
velyopposedt o
eachot her."

18.Quaid-e-Azam andtheI
nteri
m Gov er
nment :
InSeptember1946Nehr uwasinvit
edt oform agovernment.Thi
swast otall
yunjust
.
Nehruinvi
t edQuaid-e-
Azam al
so.Quaid-e-
Azam int
elli
gent
lydeci
dedtobet hepartof
thegovernmentandt hust
ri
edt odefeattheconspiraci
esoftheHindus.Thei nt
eri
m
governmentcoul dnotgol ongwayandcol lapsed.TheBr i
ti
shgovernmenthadt o
acceptthedemandofMusl i
m League.

19.Quai
d-e-
Azam and3JunePl
an:
Owingt oQuai
d-e-
Azam' si
ntel
li
gencetheBri
ti
shgov er
nmenthadt odecide3june
Plan.Quai
d-e-
Azam touredIndi
ai nspit
eofhisweakheal th.Healsor ef
usedto
acceptcommonGov ernorGener
alandsavedPaki
stanfrom t
heenemies.

20.Quai
d-e-
Azam andTheCr
eat
ionofPaki
stan:
0n14August1947wast hedaywhent hedreamsoft heIndianMusl
imscametrue.
I
ntell
igenceofQuai
d-e-Azam succeededandtheconspi r
aciesofHi
ndusandBri
ti
sh
defeated.Cr
eat
ionofPaki st
anwasahi stor
icinci
dentthatcameint
oexist
enceonly
becauseofQuaid-
e-Azam'sintel
l
igence.

I
nshortQuaid-
e-Azam MuhammadAliJinnahwasthemanbehindthesuccessful
demandforPakistan.Theest
abl
i
shmentofPaki
stanwasnotpossi
blewi
thoutthe
magi
calper
sonalit
yofMuhammadAliJi
nnah.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 115
CHAPTER#5
CONSTITUTI
ONSOFI
SLAMIC
REPUBLI
COFPAKI
STAN
Q1. Di scusi mpor tantpr ovisionsofObj ectiveResol ution( 1949) .
th
Ans. Paki stancamei nt obei ngon14 August1947.Att het i
meofcr eationof
Paki stan Ther e was no any const itution i n Paki stan.So Quai d-e-
Azam
enf or cedAl lI ndiaAct1935wi thcer tainamendment si nt hecount ryfort he
smoot hf unct ioningoft hest at
e.
Object
iv eResol ut i
on( 1949)
Thef irstpr imeMi nisterofPaki stan,Li aquatAl iKhanpr esent edt heObj ective
Resol ut i
oni nt heFi r
stConst i
tuentAssembl y,whi chwaspassedonMar ch
th
12 1949.
Sal
ientFeat ur esoft heObj ectiveResol ution
Thesal i
entf eat ur esofObj ecti
vesResol utionar easf ollows:
1. Sov er eignt yofAl lah
Sov er eignt ybel ongst oAl lahAl might yal one,butHehasdel egat edi ttot he
stat eofPaki st an,andt hroughi tspeopl etobeexer cisedassacr edt rust
wi thint hel imi tsimposedbyHi m.
2. I slami cDemocr acy
Stat ewi llexer cisei tspowerandaut hor i
tythrought heel ectedr epr esentati
v es
oft hepeopl eandI slami cdemocr acywi l
lbeexer cisedi nt hecent ury.
3. I slami cPr i
nci ples
TheI sl ami cpr i
nci plesofdemocr acy ,freedom,equal i
ty,t oleranceandsoci al
j
ust i
ceshal lfullybef ollowed.
4. I slami cway sofl i
v ing
The Musl ims shal lbe enabl ed t ol ivei ndividual l
y and col l
ectivelyi n
accor dancewi t
ht het eachi ngofQur anandSunah.
5. Pr ot ect iont oMi nor i
ti
es
Adequat epr ov i
sionsshal lbemadef ort hemi noriti
est opr ofess,pr opagat e
andpr act icet hei rr eli
gionsanddev elopt hei rculturesandt raditi
ons.
6. Feder al from ofGov ernment
Paki stanshal lbeaf eder ation,inwhi chpr ovinceswi llenj oyaut onomywi thin
theconst itutional limi ts.
7. Fundament alRi ght s
Fundament alr i
ght soff reedom,equal i
ty,andpr oper ty,expr essi onoft hought ,
bel i
ef ,wor shi pandassoci ati
onshal lbeguar ant eedt oal ltheci ti
zensof
Paki stan.
8. Fr eeJudi ciary
Judi ci ar y shal lbe i ndependentand wi llwor k wi thoutany pol iti
caland
economi cpr essur e.
9. Nat ional language

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 116
Urduwi l
lbet henational l
anguageofthecount ry.
10. ProtectionofBoundar i
esofPakist
an
Protectionofwat er,landandAi rboundar i
eswi llbepr otected.Itwil
lbet he
responsi bi
lit
yoftheGov ernmentthetakesuitablestepsf orthispurpose.
11. Sour ceofl aw
Itwasment i
onedi nt heObjecti
veResoluti
ont hatsourceofl awi nPakistanis
HolyQur anandSunnah.NoLawcanbef ormedi nPakistanwhi chisagainst
HolyQur anandSunnah.
12. Dev elopmentofBackwar dAreas
Itwasment i
onedi ntheObj ect
iveResoluti
onin1949t hatremot eorbackwar d
areashoul dbedev elopedequallytootherdevelopedar easoft hecountry
.

13. Answer abl eGov er nment

Itwasment ionedi nt heObj ectiveResol utioni nt hatPaki st
anwoul dbef ree&
independentst ate.Gov er nmentoft hePaki stanwoul dbeboundt omaket he
decisi
onsaccor dingt ot hepubl i
copi ni onandanswer abletot hepeopl e.
14. Democr aticSy st em ofGov er nment
In1949,i twasdecl aredt hatdemocr aticsy st em ofGov er nmentwoul dbe
establi
shedi nPaki st anaccor di
ngt ot heI slami cconcept s.
15. Nat ional Dev elopment
Itwasal sodecl aredi n1949t hatt hepeopl eofPaki stanwoul dbecompl etel
y
independent .Gov ernmentshoul dpr ov ideequaloppor tuni
tiest othepeopl e,
foreconomi candsoci aldev elopmentoft hepeopl e.Gov ernmentwi lltakeal l
possiblest epsi nt hisr egar d.
I
mportance
i
) TheObj ect iveResol utioni soneoft hegr eatestst epsaf t
erindependence.The
objecti
veofest ablishmentofPaki stanhasbeenachi evedbyt heMusl i
msof
SouthAsi at hr ought hi sr esol ution.
(i
i
) TheObj ect i
veResol ut i
on hasat tai ned t hest atusofMagnaCar tai nt he
constit
ut ionalhi stor yofPaki stan.I twasi ncludedaspr eambl einallthet hree
constit
ut ions,and i tsI slami c pr inci ples wer ei ncorpor ated in al lt he
constit
ut ionsofPaki stan.
(i
i
i) Theappr ov alofObj ectiv eResol utionl edt her epr esent ati
v esofMusl i
mst o
adoptt hegol denpr i
nci plesofdemocr acyi nsteadoft heocr acy .Theybui ltup
anIslami cst ateabov eal lthegeogr aphi cal ,racial andnat i
onal limit
ations.
(i
v) I n1985,Pr esidentGener alZi a-ul-Haqmadei tper manentpar tofconst it
ut i
on
byanamendmenti nConst itut i
on.
(v
) Obj ectiveResol utionr eject ed t hedi ffer entconcept sofsecul ari
sm i nt he
countrywhi chwer epr esentatt hatt i
meandcl arifiedt hatPaki stanwi l
lbean
Isl
ami cSt ate.
(v
i) I nObject iv eResol utioni twasdecl ar edt hatmi noritiesshoul dbepr otected.
Concl
usion
ObjectiveResol ut i
onwast hef irstst ept owar dsI slami zati
oni nPaki stan.No-
doubtObj ective Resol ut i
on has a gr eati mpor tance i nt he const it
utional

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 117
hi
stor
yofPaki st
anbecauseal
lthequesti
onsr el
atedt
otheright
soft he
minor
iti
es,basicri
ght
s ofthe peopl
e and natur
e ofconst
it
uti
on were
descr
ibedi
nit.

Q2. Wr
it
edownt
heI
slami
cPr
ovi
sionsofconst
it
uti
onof1956.
Ans. Aftert heappr ov alofObj ecti
v eResol utionin1949, t
he“ Const i
tuentAssembl y
formedmanycommi tteesi ncl udingBasi cPr i
nciplesCommi tt
eeheadedby
thePr imeMi nister.TheCommi tt
ee,undert hechai r
manshi pofLi aquatAl i
Khan pr esent ed t he i nterim r eporton Sept ember28,1950,whi ch was
cri
ticizedduet oi tsi ncompl eteness,andwasaskedt ober evised.Second
repor tofbasi cpr incipl ecommi tt
eepr esentedt oKhawaj aNazi m-ud- Dinin
1952butt hisr epor twasal sor ejected.Lat eronCh.MuhammadAl ist ar
ted
theconst i
tut i
onal processi nPaki stan, whenhebecamePr imeMi nster.
Consti
tut
ionof1956
After t aking t he char ge,Ch.Muhammad Al ist arted the wor king on
const it
ution- maki ng.Thedr af tofaf eder alparli
ament aryConst it
utionwas
passedbyt heConst ituentAssembl yi n1956whi chwasenf orcedonMar ch
23,1956i nt hecount ry.Thi sconst it
ut i
oncont ainedof234ar t
icles.
TheIsl
ami cpr ovisionsoft heConst itution( 1956)
Isl
ami cprov isionsofconst i
tut i
onof1956ar easunder :
1. Count ry’sname
Int heconst i
tut i
onof1956,t henameofcount rywasdecl aredanI slamic
Republ icofPaki stan.
2. Sov ereigntyofAl l
ah
Intheconst i
tut i
onof1956, Obj ect i
veResol uti
onwasi ncludedi nt hepr eambl e
oft heConst itution,andSov erei gntyov erthewhol ewor ldbel ongst oAl l
ah
Almi ghty.
3. I sl
ami cway sofl iving
Iti
sment ionedi st heconst itutionof1956, thatIslamicway sofl i
v i
ngswi l
lbe
int
roducedi nt hecount ry.Ful loppor tuni ti
eswillbegi vent oMusl i
mt ospend
theirliveaccor dingt oI slam.
4. Musl i
m Pr esident
Accor dingt ot heConst ituti
onof1956,t hepresidentoft hecount r
ywi llbea
Musl i
m.
5. Pr otect i
onofI slami cVal ues
Syst em ofI slami cv al
ueswi l
lbei mpl ement edint hecount ry.In-Islamicv alues
willbebannedi nPaki st an
6. I sl
ami claws
Nol aw wi llbeenf orced,whi chi sr epugnantt ot heteachi ngsofQur anand
Sunnahandt heexi sti
ngl awswi llbebr oughti ntoconf ormitywi thI sl
am.
7. Sy st em ofZakatandAquaf
Syst em ofZakatandAquafwi llbei ntroducedi nPaki stan.
8. Or gani zationofI slami cResear ch
Accor dingt otheConst i
tutionof1956, itwasdecl aredor ganizat i
onofI slamic

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 118
Resear chwi l
lbeest abl i
shed,whi chwi lldor esear chf orthel egislati
onand
enfor cementofI sl ami cpr i
nciples.
9. Protect iont oMi nor iti
es
Right sofMi nor iti
eswi llbepr otect edi nt hecount ry .Theycanspendt heirlives
accor di ngt ot hei rownr eligionadcul ture.
10. Eli
mi nat i
onofRi ba( Usur y)
Ribawi llelimi nat edf rom t hecount r
yassoonaspossi ble.
11. Relationwi thMusl im Count ries
Pakist anwi llest abl ishgoodr elationswi thotherI slami ccountr i
esf ortheUni t
ofMusl im Wor ld.
12. UnityofMusl i
m Wor ld
Pakist anwi llest ablishgoodr elationswi thot herI slami ccount riesf ort he
UnityofMusl im Wor ld.
13. Wel far eSt ate
Pakist an wi llbeawel farest ateand t hegov ernmentwi l
lt ryi t
sbestt o
eli
mi nat et hepov erty&i l
li
teracyf rom t hecount ry.Andbasi cf acilit
iesl i
ke
food, shel ter&cl ot hshal lbepr ov idedt ot hepeopl e.
14. EndofRaci al &Pr ov incial Discrimi nat i
ons
Thegov er
nmentwi l
lt ryt oel imi nateRaci al
,Pr ovinci al,Communalandot her
discrimi nat ionsf rom t hecount ry.
15. EndofI ll
it
er acy
TheGov ernmentwi llt akecer tai nst epst oel i
mi natet hei l
li
teracyf rom t he
count ry & educat i
on wi llbe decl ared f ree & compul soryi n Paki stan.
Gov er nmentwi ll alsot akesui tabl est epsf ortheadul teducat i
oni nthecount ry.
16. Compul sor yTeachi ngsofHol yQur an
Intheconst itutionof1956,i twasdecl aredt hatt hegov er
nmentshoul dt ake
stepsf orthecompul sor yeducat ionofHol yQur ani nPaki st
an.
17. Separ at eEl ect orat e
Itwasdecl aredi nt heconst itutionof1956t hatsepar ateelectoratewoul dbe
providedt ot hemi nor i
ties.

18. Fr eeJudi ciary

Judi ci
ary shallbe i ndependentand wi l
lwor k wi t
houtany poli
ti
caland
economi cpressure.
19. Nat ionall
anguage
Ur du&Bengal iwi
llbet henati
onallanguagesofthecount r
y.
Cancel
lationofConst it
uti
onof1956
Const it
utionof1956wasconst i
tutedafterthehardst r
uggleofthe9y ears
from 1947t o1956butChi efofAr myStaffGeneralAy ubKhandismissedt he
t
h
const it
uti
on of1956 on 7 Oct ober1958.Const it
uti
on of1956 was
i
mpl ement edinPaki stanonlyfor2y ears&7mont hs.GeneralAyubKhan
dismi ssedt hegov er
nmentandl ateront hePresi
dentofPakistanSi kandar
t
h
Mi rza.Hei mposedFir stMarti
alLawi nCountryon7 Oct ober1958.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 119
Q3. Wr
it
edownt
heI
slami
cpr
ovi
sionsofconst
it
uti
onof1962.
Ans. Gener alAyub Khan abr ogated the Const i
tuti
on of1956 and pr ocl ai
med
Mar ti
alLaw onOctober7,1958i nt hecount r
yduet othepolit
icaldi saster
.
Lat eronhebecamePr esidentofPaki stan.
Const
it
ut ionof1962
Pr esident Ayub Khan const it
uted a Commi ssion for consti
tuting t he
const itut
ioni
nFebruar y1960.Thi scommi ssionwasheadedbyJust i
ceShahb
-ud- Din.TheCommi ssionprepar edadr aftandpr esent
edtoMr .Pr esidenton
t
h
6 May1961 i nwhi chal lpower swer egivent o Presi
dent.Aftercer t
ain
amendment sfrom the Pr esidentAy ub Khan,t he new Const i
tuti
on was
enf orcedonJune8,1962i nt hecount r
y.Thisconst i
tut
ioncont ained250
clausesandFeder alPr esi
dentialinnature.

I
slami
cPr ov isionsofConst i
tut i
onof1962
I
slami
cPr ov isionsoft heconst it
uti
onof1962ar easunder :-
1. Sov erei gntyofAl l
ah
Object iv eResol uti
onwasal soi ncludedi nt hepr eambleoft heConst it
ution,
accor di ng t o whi ch sov ereignty bel ongs t o Al l
ah and He del egates the
author itytot heMusl i
ms, whoexer cisei tasasacr edtrust.
2. For mat ionofI slami cSoci ety
Itis ment ioned i nt he const i
tuti
on of1962 t hatIslami c Societywi l
lbe
establ i
shedi nt hecount ry
.
3. Count ry’sname
Thenameoft hecount rywaspr oposedas“ RepublicofPaki stan”
,whi chwas
l
ateronamendedas“ IslamicRepubl icofPaki st
an” .
4. I sl
ami cway sofl i
vings
Suchanenv ir
onmentwi l
lbepr ov ided t ot hepeopl et hatt heyl i
vef reely
accor di ngtoI slam.
3. Sour ceofl aw
Nol aw wi llbeenf orced,whi chi sagai nsttot heI sl
ami cteachings.Al lthe
existingl awswi l
lbebr oughti ntoconf ormi tywit
hI sl
ami cteachings.
6. I sl
ami cPr i
nci ples
Paki stanwi llbeawel farestate.Pr inciplesofDemocr acy,Freedom,Equal it
y,
Toler anceandSoci al j
ust i
cewi llbei mpl ement edint hecount ry.
7. Musl i
m Pr esi dent
Itwasdecl aredi nt heconst ituti
onof1962t hatt hepr esi
dentofPaki stan
woul dbeaMusl im.
8. Uni tyofMusl i
m Wor ld
Itwasment ionedi nt heconst i
tuti
ont hatGov ernmentwoul dbegi venspeci al
i
ntent iont owar dstheuni t
yofI slamicWor ld.
9. Pr otect iont oMi noriti
es
Right sofMi nor iti
eswi llbefullyprotect edi nthecount ry.
10. Teachi ngsofHol yQur an
TheQur anicandI slami cteachingswi llbemadecompul soryfortheMusl ims.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 120
11. I sl
ami cOr gani zat i
ons
TheGov er nmentwi l
lest ablisht heor ganizationsf orpr opermai ntenanceof
Zakat ,AuqafandMasj ids.
12. I sl
ami cI deol ogyCounci l
The I slami cI deol ogyCounci lwi l
lbe est ablished t or ecommend t o bot h
centraland pr ov incialgov ernment st ot ake measur es t o encour age the
Musl imst ol ivei naccor dancewi t
ht hepr i
nciplesofI slam.
13. I sl
ami cResear chI nstit
ut e
The gov er nmentwi llest abl i
sh the I slami c Resear ch Inst it
utet o givei ts
opinionr egar di ngt heI slami cpr i
nciples.
14. El i
mi nat i
onofRi ba( Usur y)
Ribawi llel i
mi nat ef rom t hecount r
yassoonaspossi ble.
15. Fr eeJudi ciar y
Judici ary shal lbe i ndependentand wi l
lwor k wi thoutany pol i
ti
caland
economi cpr essur e.
16. EndofRaci al &Pr ov i
nci alDiscriminat i
ons
Thegov ernmentwi l
lt ryt oel i
mi natet heRaci al,Pr ovinci
al ,Communaland
otherdi scr imi nat i
onsf rom t hecount ry.
17. EndofI ll
iter acy
TheGov er nmentwi lltakecer tainst epst oel i
minat et hei ll
it
eracyf rom the
count ry & educat i
on wi llbe decl ar ed f r
ee & compul soryi n Paki stan.
Gov er nmentwi llalsot akesui t
ablest epsf ort headul teducat ionint hecount r
y.
18. Sy stem ofZakatandAquaf
System ofZakatandAquafwi llbeintroducedi nPaki stan.
19. Wel far eSt at e
Pakist an wi llbeawel farest ateand t hegov ernmentwi lltryi tsbestt o
eli
mi nat et hepov er t
y&i l
l
iteracyf rom t hecount ry.Basi cf acil
it
ieslikef ood,
shelter&cl ot hshal lbepr ov i
dedt ot hepeopl e.
20. Nat ional language
Urdu&Bengal i wi l
l bet henat i
onal l
anguageoft hecount ry.
Cancel
lati
onofConst itutionof1962
PresidentAy ubKhanr gnedon25th Mar
esi ch1969i nther egardofPubl ic
Mov ementagai nsthi sgov ernment .Commanderi nChi efGener alYay ahKhan
i
mposedMar t
ialLawi nt hecount ryandt ookov ert hegov er nment .Thatwas
nd
the2 Mar tialLawwhi chwasi mposedi nt hecount ry.Allt heprov i
ncialand
feder al gov er nment swer edi smissedandannouncedel ecti
onsi nt hecount ry
.

Q4. Wr
it
edownt
heI
slami
cPr
ovi
sionsofConst
it
uti
onof1973.
Ans. GeneralYay
ahKhant ookov ert
hecountyon25th Mar
r ch1969andGener al
El
ecti
onswer eheldinthecountryi
n1970.Af t
ertheGeneralEl
ecti
onsthe
si
tuat
ionbecamev iol
ent.EastPaki
stansepar
atedfr
om thefederat
ionand
t
h
becameBangladeshon16 December1971.
Const
it
uti
onof1973
Af
tert
hesepar
ati
onofEastPaki
stani
n1971,t
heMi
l
itar
yRegi
met
ransf
err
ed

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 121
thepowertoZulfiqarAliBhut
toonDecember20,1971,whoi mposedi nter
im
Consti
tut
ionint hecount r
yonApr il12,1972.Thenadr af
tofper manent
Consti
tut
ionwaspr esentedbeforetheAssembl yanditwasapprov
edi nApril
1973.Theconstituti
onwasenf or
cedonAugust14,1973.Thi sconstit
uti
on
wasconsistedof280clauses,whichwasFeder alPar
li
amentaryi
nnature.
I
slami
cPr
ovi
sionsofConst
it
uti
onof1973
AlltheI slami cpr ov i
sionsoft hepr eviousconst itut i
onswer eincludedi nt he
Const it
ut ionof1973.Somemor eI slami cpr ovi
si onswer ealsoadded,whi ch
areasunder :
1. Sov er eignt yofAl l
ah
TheObj ect iveResol utionwasi ncl udedi nthepr eambl eoft heConst itutionof
1973.Accor dingt owhi chsov er eignt y-ov ert hewhol ewor l
dbel ongst oAl lah.
Thepeopl eofPaki st
anwi llexer ciset hesov erei gntywi thinthel i
mi tsasa
sacredt rustofAl l
ah.
2. Count ry’sName
Thecount ry ’
snamewi ll beI slami cRepubl icofPaki st
an.
3. Of fi
cial Rel igionoft heSt ate
Theof f
icial religionoft hecount r ywi l
lbeI slam.
4. Musl im Pr esi dentandPr imeMi nist er:
ThePr esi dentandPr i
meMi nist erofPaki stanwi l
lbeMusl ims,whobel ievei n
onenessofAl lahandt hef inalityoft hePr ophetHoodofMuhammad( SAW) .
5. Def i
ni ti
onofaMusl im
Fort hef i
rstt ime,t hedef i
nitionofaMusl im wasi ncludedi ntheConst ituti
on
of1973.Aper sonwhodoesbel i
ev ei nonenessofAl lah,theabsol ut
ef inalit
y
ofPr ophetHoodofMuhammad( PBUH) ,thedayofJudgmentanddi vine
BooksofAl lah, isaMusl im’ .
6. Pr otect i
onofI slami cLaws
Allt
heexi stingl awswi l
l bebr oughti ntoconf ormi tywi thIslamicpr i
nciplesand
nolawwi llbeenf orced, whi chi sr epugnantt othet eachingsofI slam.
7. Compul sor yI slami cTeachi ngs&Qur an
The t eachi ng ofQur an and I slami cst udi eswi llhe made compul sor yi n
school sandcol leges.
8. Teachi ngofAr abicandpr i
nt i
ngofQur an
Thet eachi ngofAr abicwi l
lbecompul sor yfrom 6t o8cl assesi nschool sand
pri
ntingofQur anwi llbemadeer rorf r
ee.
9. I sl
ami cVal ues
Isl
ami cv aluesf orexampl e,democr acy ,equi ty
,liber t
yandequal itywillbet he
mainobj ect ivesoft heConst itut i
on.
10. Isl
ami cSoci ety
TheMusl imswi l
lbeal lowedt ol eadi ndividual l
yorcol lecti
velyinaccor dance
pri
nci plesofI slam t ofor m anI slami csoci ety .
11. ZakatandUsher
Accor dingt ot heConst it
ut i
onof1973,t hegov ernmentwi l
lest ablisht he
system ofZakatandUsherbyest abl i
shingt heZakat&UsherCounci l
s.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 122
12. Elimi nat ionofRi ba( Usur yorI nter est)
Thegov ernmentwi l
leli
mi nateRi baandmaket heeconomyoft hecount r
yfree
from Ri ba.
13. Islami cI deol ogyCounci l
The I slami cI deology Counci lwi l
lbe est abli
shed,whi ch wi llguide the
l
egi slat uret omaket hel awsi naccor dancewi t
hI sl
ami cteachingsandbr ing
theexi st i
ng.
14. Uni t
yofI slami cWor ld:
Gov er nmentwi llgivefullintensiont owardst heuni t
yofMusl im wor l
d.
15. Prot ect iont oMi nor i
ti
es
Gov er nmentwi l
lpr ovidef ullr ightt ot heMi noriti
est heyspendt heirli
ves
accor dingt ot heirownr el
igionandcul ture.
16. EndofRaci al &Pr ovincialDiscr i
mi nati
ons
Thegov er nmentwi l
ltryt oel imi nateRaci al,Provincial
,Communalandot her
discr i
mi nat i
onsf rom thecount r
y.
17. EndofI lli
ter acy
TheGov ernmentwi l
ltakecer t
ai nst epst oel i
minat etheill
it
eracyf rom the
count ry. Educat ion wi llbe decl ared f ree & compul soryi n Pakist
an.
Gov er nmentwi llalsotakesui t ablest epsf ortheadul teducati
oni nthecountry
.
18. Wel far eSt ate
Paki st anwi llbeawel farest ate.Gov er
nmentt r
iedi tsbesttoel iminatethe
pov er ty&i ll
iteracyi nthecount r
y .Andbasi cfacil
it
iesl i
kefood,shelter&cloth
shal lbepr ov i
dedt othepeopl e.
19. Nat i
onal language
Ur duwi llbet henat i
onal l
anguageoft hecount ry.

20. FreeJudi ci
ary
Judiciar
y shal lbe i ndependentand wi l
lwor k withoutany pol i
ticaland
economi cpr essure.
21. Protecti
onofI deol ogyofPaki st
an
Itisment i
onedi nt heconst i
tuti
onof1973t hatPresident,Pri
meMi ni
ster,
Federal Mi nister,Speaker ,Deput y Speaker ,Chai rman Senat e,Deput y
ChairmanSenat e,Pr ovi
ncialGovernors,ChiefMi nister,Provi
nci
alSpeaker s,
Provinci
al Deput ySpeaker s&Pr ovi
ncialMinisterwil
l t
akeOat htobel oy al
with
theideologyofPaki stanandt heIsl
ami cIdeology.
22. Objectiv
eResol uti
onast hePermanentPar toft heConst it
uti
on
In1985,Gener alZi a-ul
-Haq madeanamendmenti nt heconst i
tutionand
Objectiv
eResol uti
ondecl aredthepermanentpar toftheconst i
tut
ion.
I
mpor
tanceofConst
it
uti
onof1973
Const
itut
ionof1973hasagr eatimportanceintheconst
itut
ionalhi
storyof
Paki
stanbecauseal otofIsl
amicCl ausesareaddedintheconst it
uti
onas
compared tot he prev
ious constit
uti
ons.This consti
tuti
on cannot be
di
smissed(Cancel
ledorabrogated),anypersonswhowi l
ldissol
veitwillbe

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 123
hangedt
il
ldeat
h.
Suspensi
onofConst
it
uti
onof1973
Consti
tut
ionof1973wassuspendedbyGener alZia-
ul-
Haqin1977andhe
r
d
i
mposedt he3 Mar t
ialLaw i
nthecount r
y.GeneralZia-
ul-
Haqre-
acti
vat
ed
thi
sconst i
tut
ionin1985. Lateront hi
sconst i
tut
ionagainsuspendedby
Pervai
zMushar afi
nhi
sr egi
metwicepart
ial
lyi
n1999and2007.

Q5. Di
scust
hePr
ocessofI
slami
zat
ioni
nPaki
stani
ndet
ail
.
Ans. Paki
stani
stheSi
ngl
eSt
atewhi
chwasobt
ainedont
hebaseofI
slam i
nthe
worl
d.
St
epsTowar
dsI
slami
zat
ionbef
oret
heMar
ti
alLawGov
ernment1977
Thepr
ocesst owar dst heenf orcementofI sl
am i nPaki stani sasunder :-
1. Obj ectiveResol uti
on( 1949)
TheObj ect iveResol utionwaspassedon12th Mar ch,1949,i tlaiddownt he
basisf orf utureconst i
tution.Al otofI slami ccl ausesl ikesupr emacyofAl lah,
NationalLanguageUr du,Pr otectiontoMi nor it
ies,FreeJudi ci
aryandI slamic
Lawset cwer ei ncludedi nit.
2. Const i
tutionof1956
In 1956 Ch.Muhammad Al iPr imeMi nisterenf orced firstconst it
uti
on in
Pakistant hatconst ituti
onwasal soI slami cbecauseal otofI slami cClauses
werei ncludedi nitlikeSupr emacyofAl lah,EndofUsur y&i n-
IslamicVal ues,
Protectiont oMi nor i
ties, FreeJudi ci
aryandI slami cLawset c.
3. Const i
tutionof1962
In1962Pr esidentGener alAy ubKhanenf orced2nd const itut
ioni nPakistan
thatconst ituti
onwasal soI slami cbecauseal otofI sl
ami cCl auseswer e
i
ncludedi ni tl ikeSupr emacyofAl lah,EndofUsur y& i n-Isl
ami cVal ues,
Protectiont oMi nor i
ties&Judi ciary,I
slami cLawset c.
4. Const i
tutionof1973
TheI slami cr eflecti
oni nt heConst itutionof1973i spr omi nentandmany
Isl
ami cpr ov isionsar eaddedi ni t
.Thecompl et
esov erei
gnt yofAl lahoverthe
wor l
d,I sl
am asof fi
ci alr eli
gionanddef initionofaMusl i
m ar et hespecifi
c
exampl es.Theef fortsf orI slami zati
onal socont i
nuedi nt hecount r
yinf ort
h
comi ngper iods:
StepsTowar
dsI
slami
zat
ionbyt
heMar
ti
all
awGov
ernmentFr
om 1977
toti
ll
Zeneral Zi
a-ul
-Haqtookov erthecountryin1977.Hetooksomest epstowards
I
slami zati
oninPakistanwhi chareasfoll
ows:
1. EnforcementofHadood
TheHadoodOr dinancewasi ssuedonFebr uary10,1979,underwhi chthe
off
ences agai nstpr operty,the rape,the Zi
na and Qazfwer e consider
ed
gri
evouscr imesandt hei
rpuni shmentswereimposed.
2. System ofZakatandUsher
OnJune20,1980,t hesy stem ofZakatandUsherwasi mposedunderwhi ch
the Gov ernmentwas empower ed to deduct2.5 per
centf r
om t he bank
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 124
deposi tsi nsav ingaccount son1stRamadan.TheZakatcol l
ecti
onwi l
lbe
distribut edbyt heZakatCounci lsamongt hedeser v ed.Thecol lecti
onof
Usherst ar tedi n1983underwhi cht enper centatt hespeci f
icamountof
agricul tur al yieldi sl i
abl et ober eali
zed.
3. El i
mi nat i
onofI nt er est
Fort heel imi nat ionofi nt er est ,on1Januar y1981,t hepr of i
tandl ossshar i
ng
account swer eopened.Al lt hesav i
ngaccount swer econv ert
edi ntoPLS
account swi thef f ectf rom 1Jul y,1984.Mor eov er,allthef i
nanci alinst i
tutions
undert hecont rol ofgov ernmentst artedgi vi
ngl oansonshar ingbasi s.
4. Shar iatCour ts
Shar iatBenchesi nal lHi ghCour tswer eest abl i
shedon10Febr uar y1979
throughanor di nance,i nwhi chUl amawer ei ncl udedasJudges.I nMay1980
throughanor di nanceShar iatBencheswer econv ertedi ntoShar iatCour ts,
whi chhearappeal sf r om t hesubor di nat ecour tsandi nter pretIsl am.The
Shar iatBenchofSupr emeCour thear st heappeal sagai nstt hedeci si
onsof
theFeder alShar iatCour t
,andcandecl arev oidanyl aw andst ep,whi chi s
repugnantt oI slam.
5. Compul sor yEducat i
onofI slami at
Isl
ami cSt udi eswasmadecompul soryf oral lcl assesf orbr ingingeducat ional
syst em i nconf ormi tywi thI slam.
6. Eht r am- e- RamadanOr di nance
AnEht ram- e-RamadanOr dinancewasi ssuedwhi chpr ov i
dedt hecompl ete
sanct i
tyf orRamadanandanycont rav ent i
ont ot hisOr dinancewasl i
ablet o
threemont hsi mpr isonmentoraf i
neofRs.500orbot h.
7. Obser vat ionofSal at( Namaz)
Arrangement sf orobser vingsal atofZuhari nt hegov ernmentandsei nsemi -
gov er nmentof fi
ces, school sandcol l
egeswer emade.Sal atcommi tteeswer e
const i
tut edt omot ivatepeopl ef orsal at .
8. Compul sor yAr abi cTeachi ng
Arabi ct eachi ngwasmadecompul soryf rom cl ass6t ht o8t h.
9. Est abl i
shmentofI nternat i
onal I
slami cUni ver sity
AnI slami cUni ver sityatI slamabadst ar tedf unct ioningf rom 2Januar y1981,
whi chmakesr esear chi nev er yfieldofI slami cl aw.
10. Pat ronageofMadar us
DeniMadar uswer epat r oni zedandannualf i
nanci alassi st ancewasgi vent o
them,andt heSanad( Degr ee)ofDar s-e-Nazamiwasmadeequi valentt o
degr eeofM. A.
11. Ref or msi nEl ect roni cMedi a
In 1979,Gov er nmental so i ntroduced r efor ms i nt he El ectronic medi a
foll
owi ngst epswer ebei ngt akeni nt hisr egar d:
i
) Baneoni n- Islami cpr ogr ammes
i
i) Intr oduct ionofI zanonT. V.
i
ii) Teachi ngofHol lyQur anandI slami ct eachi ngsst ar tedonT. V.
i
v ) Li v ecov er ageofHaj j andMahaf il-e-Shabi na

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 125
v) Doput aPol icywasi ntroducedonT. Vf orFemal eanchor sandact ress.
12. LawsofQi sasandDi yat
In1979accor di ngt ot hePr esident ialOr dinanceLawsofQi sasandDi yatwer e
enf orcedi nt hecount ryaccor dingt oIslami cconcept s.
13. Rev ol utioni nJudi ci ary
Accor di ngt oor dinanceof1979somer ev olutionsal soi ntroducedi nJudi ciary,
dress code oft he Judges was changed and Shal war& Sher waniwas
i
nt roducedi npl aceofdr essoft hej udi ciaryoft heBr itishper i
od.Wor dsl i
ke
MyLor dandy ourLor dshi pwer er eplacedbySi randMadam.
14. Reor gani zat ionofI slami cIdeol ogyCounci l
Isl
ami cI deol ogyCounci lwasr eor gani zedi nt her egimeofGener alZi a-ul
-Haq.
Mor epower swer egi v ent oJudgesandMember soft heI sl
ami cI deology
Counci lalsoi ncr easedupt o20.
15. Masj idMaqt i
bSchemes
In 1984,gov er nmenti nt r
oduced Masj id Maqt i
b Schemes i nt he count ry.
Accor di ngt ot hisscheme4182Masj idMaqt ibwer eopenedi nt hecount rythe
mai nobj ect iveoft hi sschemewast opr ov idet hebasi ceducat ionalf acil
iti
es
i
nt he ar eas wher et her e was no pr imar yi nst i
tutions.Accor di ng t ot hi
s
schemet heeducat ionpr ov i
dedt ot hest udent supt ocl asst hree.
16. Obj ect iveResol utionast hePer manentPar toft heConst i
tut i
on
In1985,Gener alZi a-ul -
Haq madeanamendmenti nt heconst ituti
onand
Obj ect iveResol utiondecl aredt heper manentpar toft heconst it
ut ion.
17. RespectofUl mas( Rel igiousSchol ars)
Fort hef or mat ionofI slami cSoci etyinPaki stant hegov er nmenti ssuedan
ordi nancei nt hecount ryi nwhi cht hegov er nmentdecl ar edt heUl maswi llbe
givenduer espect .
18. RespectofCompani onofHol yPr ophet( PBUH)
Accor di ngt ot heor dinanceof1979,i twasdecl aredt hatt hef ourcal i
phof
Isl
am andot hercompani onsofHol yPr ophet( PBUH)wi llber espect ed.The
per sonwhowi llnotgi veduer espectt ot hecompani onsofHol yPr ophet
(PBUH)hewi l
l bepuni shedf ort hr eey ear si mpr i
sonandf i
ne.
19. Faci li
tiesofHaj j
Accor di ngt ot hePr esident ialor dinanceof1979,i twasdecl ar edt hatt he
gov er nmentshoul dpr ov i
desui tabl eandcompul sor yf acili
t i
est ot heHaj aj-
ul-
Ikram.Depar tmentofKhadam- ul-Hajajest abl ishedf ort hesol ut ionoft he
probl emsofHaj jisandpr ov idest hem sui tabl ef aci l
it
ies.
20. Reor gani zat ionofSoci ety
Accor di ng t ot he or dinance of1979,i llegaland i n-Islami cl i
t erature was
decl ar edcompl etel ybanf rom t hecount ry.Pr ov incialism,r aci alism andot her
discr imi nat iononbasi sofcol ourcast er eligionandcr eedet c.wer etotall
y
banned.Tr anspor tationandPr oduct i
onofi ll
egalgoodsl i
keWi ne,Vi skyand
other swer ebanned.I n1984 Qadi ani ’
sorAhmedi eswer edecl ared Non-
Musl imi nPaki stan.
21. Shar i
atBi ll

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 126
In1991Shar i
atActwaspassed.Accor di
ngt othatitwasdeclaredthatShariat
ordi
nancewoul dbeenf orcedi nthecount r
ystepbyst ep.
Concl
usion
Pakistanisani deol
ogicalst at
e,iti
sonlyasi nglestatewhichwascr eatedi n
thenameofI slam.Butt herear ealotofproblemsint hewayofI sl
amizati
oni n
Pakistan.Weknowt hatt heMusl i
mscanmakepr ogressonlybyi mpl
ement i
ng
Isl
ami cRules& Regul ations.Sot her
ewi l
lbeaneedofpl anningf ort he
enforcementofI sl
ami cRul esandRegul ati
onsinthecount r
y.Thisistheonl y
wayt omakeouri magebet teri
nt heworldinthi
smoder nage.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 127
Ch#6

LANDOFPAKI
STAN
Q1. Descr
ibet
hei
mpor
tanceofLocat
ionofPaki
stan.
Ans. Paki stani sanew st ate.I tcamei ntobei ngone14August1947.I ti sa
traditionalsoci etywi thal owl it
eracyr at et ryi
ngt oacqui remoder nt echnol ogy.Iti sa
dev elopi ngcount r
ywi thahi ghr at eofpopul at i
ongr owt h.Ithasi nt her ecentpast
beenheav ilybur denedwi t
hf oreigndebt .Ithasanunf av our ablebal anceoft rade,
althought hemanuf act uringsect ori sgr owi ng.Thepast9/ 11ev entshav ecoinci ded
wi thmar co- stabili
tyandaneconomi cbr eakt hrough.
Paki stani stheLandofPur e, isst rategi callypl acedal lt hecr ossr oadsofAsi a.
Theof f
icialnameoft hest ateisI slami cRepubl i
cofPaki stan.Capi talofPaki stani s
Islamabadbutt hef irstcapi talofPaki st anwasKar achif rom 1947t o1959.Then
Pr esidentofPaki stanAy ubKhanshi ftedt hecapi talf rom Kar achit oI slamabadi n
1959.
LOCATI ONOFPAKI STAN
Paki stani sl ocat edbet ween23½ degr eeNor thto37degr eeNor t
hand61
degr eeEastt o77degr eeEastasf arast hel atitudinalandl ongi tudinalext entsar e
concer ned.
Geo- St rategi cPosi ti
on:
Paki stani ssur roundedbyv ariouscount ri
es:
East ………………………………………. .
Indi a
West&Nor thWest……………………. .Afghani stan
Sout hWestI ran…………………………I ran
Nor th…………………………………. .….Chi na
Sout h………………………………. .……Ar abi anSea
AREAOFPAKI STAN
Paki stancamei ntobei ngonAugust14,1947.I tsof fi
ci alnamei sIslami c
Republ i
cofPaki stan.I thasanar eaof7, 96,096squar eki l
omet er s.AreaofPaki stan
i
sf ourt imesasl argerasUKandonef our thoft hesi zeofI ndia.58%ar eaofPaki stan
i
sconsi stsofMount ainsandpl ateaus, whi le42%ar eaofPaki st anconsi stsofpl ains
anddeser t
s.
POPULATI ON
Accor dingt ocensesof1998t ot alpopul ationofPaki st anwas14Cr ore23
Lacs&Ei ghtyThousandandt hecur rentpopul at i
oni smor ethan15Cr ore.98%oft he
totalpopul ati
oni sMusl im while2%Chr istians, Hindus, Par i
sisandAhmadi salsol i
v e
i
nt hi
scount ryanddensi t
yofpopul ationi nPaki stani s164per sonspersq.km.
IMPORTANCEOFLOCATI ONOFPAKI STAN
1. Paki stanandChi na:
Chi nai ssituat edi nt henor thofPaki stan.Lengt hofcommonbor derbet ween
Paki stan and Chi na i s600km.Si l
kr out econnect st heset wo count r
ies.These
count rieshav ewar mr elations,andt hei rf r
iendshi pi sst rongert hanHi mal ayas.Chi na

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 128
hashel pedPaki st ani nt hedev elopmentofmanypr oject si ncludi ngt hedef ence
pr oject s.
2. Paki stanandI ndi a:
IneastofPaki stani sI ndi a,whi chi sdemogr aphical lysecondt oChi nai nt he
wor l
d.Lengt hofcommonbor derbet weenPaki st anandI ndi ai sabout1600km,
ceasef irel i
nebet weenPaki st anandI ndi aofKashmi risnoti ncl udingi ni t.I ndi ahas
emer ged as an agr i
cul tur al,i ndust rialand mi l
itarypoweri nt he r egi on.Si nce
i
ndependence, I
ndi aandPaki stanhav enev erf eltthemsel v esateasewi theachot her
.
Mor eov er,fourwar shav ebeenf oughtbet weent heset wocount riesunt ilnow.Asa
resul t,nopr ogr esscoul dbemadei nt her egi on.Bot hcount rieshav ebeenspendi ng
themaj orpar toft hei rbudgetont hei rdef ence.Thesecount r i
eshav egonet oof ar
awayi nt her aceofnucl earweaponsandmi ssi letechnol ogy .Thedi sput eofKashmi r
bet weent heset wocount riesi sst illpendi ngi nt heUNO.Now onceagai nt heyar e
tryingt or esol veitpeacef ully.Theear liert hepeacef ulsol ut i
oni sf oundt hebet terit
i
sf ort hem.
3. Paki stanandI ran:
Irani si nt heWestofPaki st an.Thecommonbor derbet weenPaki stanand
Irani s900KM l ong.Paki stanandI ranhav ev erycl osebr ot her lyr elati
ons.Thet wo
count riesuni tedt oget herbyt hebondsofI slam f orf our teencent ur iesandt heyhav e
alway sbeencooper at i
ngwi theachot heri nt hef i
eldsofdi plomacy ,economy , cul ture
andeducat ion.
4. I mpor tancef orAf ghani stanandCent ral AsianSt ates:
Af ghani stanl i
esi nWestofPaki stancommonbor derbet weenPaki stanand
Af ghani stani scal ledDur andl i
newhi chi s2552Km l ongwhi chwasmar kedi n1893.
Af ghani stanandCent ralAsi ancount riesar et oof arawayf r om coast alar easand
theyar el andl ockedcount ries.Thesecount ri
eshav et ogot hrought hel andof
Paki st ant or eacht hesea.Theyar ef amousf ort heiroi landgasf i
elds.Theyar e
i
ncl udedamongt heagr i
cul t urallyhi ghpr oduct i
vecount r
ies.Thust heyar ei mpor tant
i
nr egar dt oourf ut ureneeds.
Thet ot alpopul at ionofAf ghani stan,Kaz akhst an,Uzbeki stan,Tur kmeni stan,
Taj i
kist anandKy rgy zstani sev enl esst hanPaki stant hr ought heyar esi xt i
mes
l
ar geri nar ea.I fwej oi nt hesecount ri
eswi thamot orway ,itwi lldef initelyopent he
dooroff ortunef ort hem aswel l asf orPaki st an.
5. I mpor tanceofCoast al AreaofPaki stan:
Thei ndust rialpr ogr essofmostoft heWest er ncount riesdependsont heoi l
oft heGul fcount ries.Geogr aphi cal ly,Paki st ani slocat edi nt heSout hAsi a.Per sian
Gul fi sl ocat ed i nt he sout h- westofPaki stan.Per sian Gul fhas a geogr aphi c
i
mpor tanceandcount ri
esl ikeI r
an,Kuwai t,Ir aq,SaudiAr abi a,Qat ar,Bahr ain,Oman,
Uni tedAr abEmi rateset car el ocat edal ongi t .TheseMusl im count ri
espossesst he
weal t
hofoi l,whi chhasenhancedt hei rimpor tance.Paki st anhascor dialr el at i
ons
wi ththesecount ries.
6. Rel igiousCul tural andTr adeI mpor tanceofPaki stan:
Int henor t
hwestofPaki st an, ther eisanar rowst r
ipoft heWakhanVal l
ey( 9–
14km wi de)t hatsepar atesPaki stanf rom Cent ralAsi anI slami ccount ries.These

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 129
Cent ralAsi ancount riesar el andl ockedbutr ichi nnat uralresour ce.Paki stanhas
reli
gious, cul turalandeconomi cr el
at i
onswi ththesecount r
ies.
7. Tr adeRoutbet weenEastandWest :
Ont hesout her nsi deofPaki stanl iest heAr abi anSea, whi chi st hepar toft he
IndianOcean.Paki stanl inkst heeastwi tht hewest .Mostoft het radebet weeneast
andwesti st hroughI ndi anOcean.SoPaki st anl iesonani mpor t
antt r
ader outeoft he
wor ld.Paki st ant hr oughAr abi anSeai sl i
nkedwi tht heMusl i
m count r
iesofPer sian
Gulf.Al loft hem ar er i
chi noi l.ThePer sianGul fhasal way sbeent hecent eroft he
bigpower ’
spol i
tics.Kar achi ,Bi n-
Qasi m andGawaderar ei mpor tantseapor tsof
Paki stan.
8. Rel at i
onswi thI slami cCount ri
es:
Paki stanhasgoodr elationst hroughI ndianOceanwi ththeI slamiccount ries.
Int hisr espectSout h- EastAsi anMusl im count r
ies( Indonesi a,Mal ay sia,Bur uni-
Darusl am)and Sout h Asi an Musl im count r
ies ( Bangl adesh and Mal dives)ar e
i
mpor tant .SoPaki st anhasani mpor tantst rat egicposi tioni ntheI sl
ami cwor l
d.
9. I mpor tanceofPaki stanf rom Def encePoi ntofVi ew:
Paki stani ssi tuat edi nt her egionofgr eatpol itical,economi candmi li
tar y
i
mpor tance.Among i t
snei ghbour ing count ri
es,Peopl e’sRepubl icofChi na and
Russi aar er ecogni zedassuperpower soft hewor ld’spol i
tics.I ndi ai sanot her
atomi cpower ,whi chi sal soanei ghbour i
ngcount ryofPaki stan.
10. Cent eroft heMusl im Wor ld:
Paki stan i ssi tuat ed i nt hecent eroft heMusl im Wor ld.To t hewestof
Paki stanst ar t
ing f rom Af ghani st
anand I ran,st retchesal ong chai nofMusl im
count ries.
11. Posi tioni nt heThi rdWor ld:
Paki stani sagr eatsuppor teroft heuni toft het hirdwor ldcount ri
es.The
organi zationofnon- alignedcount r
iespr ov idesgr eati mpor tancef ori tsusef ulrolein
thet hirdwor ld.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 130
12. Economi cCooper at ionOr ganization( E.C.O)
In1964Regi onalCooper ati
onDev elopmentwassi gnedamongPaki stan,I
ran
andTur key .Whilei n1984i twasr enamedasE. C.O.Lat eroni tsnumberofmember s
wasal soi ncreasedf rom 3t o10.NowPaki stan,I
r an,Turkey ,Taj
iki
stan,Uzbekistan,
Turkmeni stan,Azer baij
an,Kazakhst an and Ky rgyzst
an ar e member of t hi
s
organizati
on.Themai nobj ectoft heECOi st opr omot et r
adeamongPaki st
an,Iran
andTur keyandot hermembercount ries.
13. For t
ressofI sl
am:
Paki st
ani sani deol ogicalcount rywhi chwasobt ainedont hebasi sofI sl
amic
i
deology ,wher er oots ofI sl
am ar ev er yst rong.ManyI slamic count r
ies fol
low
Pakistan.ManyI slamicleadercal lPakistant he“ For t
ressofI slam”.
14. Paki st
ani sanat omi cpower :
Paki st
anbecameanat omi cpoweri n1998 whenPaki stanmadeat omic
bl
ast satChaghi .Paki stani sal sot hef irstI sl
ami cPoweri nther egi
onwher ethe
Pakistanissi t
uat edwi t
hI ndia,ChinaandRussi aalsoot herat omicpower s.

Q.
2 Defi
neNaturalResour
cesanddescri
betheimpor
tanceofNat
ural
Resour
cesfortheNati
onalDev
elopmentoft
heCountry
.
Ans. Thoser esour ceswhi chAl lahhascr eatedf orev er ytypeofl if
ear ecal l
ed
nat uralresour ces.Thesenat uralresour cesar eWat ers,For ests,Mi ner al
s, Soil
andMount ainset c.
Impor t
antNat ural Resour ces:
Impor t
antNat ural Resour cesar easunder :
i. Soi l ii
. Mount ains i
i
i. For ests
iv. Mi ner al
s v. Wat er( Rivers&Oceans)
(i
) Soi l
:
Fer ti
lePl ainsanddeser t sar eal soi mportantpar tofnat ur alresour ces.How
manyf ert
ileplainacount ryhas, theagr icul t
uraldepar tmentwi l
lbemor edev eloped.
Wecul ti
vatedi fferentki ndofcr opst of ulf
il
lthef oodr equirement soft hehuman
beings.Allahhasgi ft
edmanyf er t
ileplainst oPakistan.
(i
i) Mount ains:
Mount ainsar et hegi ftoft henat ure.Theypr otectPaki stanf rom t hecool
windsf rom t heSout hAsi anst atesandt heI ndianOceans.Thesemount ainpr ov i
de
wat ertoourr i
v ers.Thesemount ainsar er i
chi nmi neralsespeci all
yt heWest ern
Mount ainRanges.
(i
ii
) For ests:
For estsar et heimpor tantpar toft henat uralresour ces.Thesear ev eryhelpf ul
tomoder atet hecl imateaswel last heirwoodi sal sousedf orener gypur poses,
fur
ni t
uremaki ngandot herpur poses.For est sarealsot hegi ftoft henat ure.For ests
arealsov eryessent i
alfort hesur vivaloft hehumanandwi ldli
fet oo.
(i
v) Mi nerals:
Mi neralsar ealsot hei mpor tantpar tofthenat uralr esources.Mi ner al
saf fect
theeconomyoft hecount rydirect l
y .Howmucht hemi ner al
,acount yhas,i tmeans
i
tseconomywi llalsobest r
onger .Humanbei ngsal l
ocat et hemi ner al
sanduset hem

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 131
forthewelfareofthehumanbei ngs.
(v) Wat ers:
Theunder groundwat er
,river
sandoceansar enaturalresour cesbecause
wateriscreatedbyt henature(
God)f ort
heHumanbei ngsaswel last heotherl
ivi
ng
thi
ngs.Weusewat erf
ordrinki
ngpurposesandst or
ethewateroft her i
ver
sanduse
i
tf ordiff
erentpurposesl i
keirri
gati
on,forhydroel
ect
ri
cit
yet c.Thiswat erisalso
essenti
alforwat ercreatur
es.Pakist
anisal uckycountr
ybecauset hereisseveral
ri
verswhichAl l
ahasgi f
tedus.
I
MPORTANCEOFNATURALRESOURCES
Paki st ani sav astcount ryandAl l
ahhasgi ftedal lki ndsofr esour ces.The
progressofacount r
yoranat iont otallydependsupont heut il
izat i
onoft heav ail
able
resources.
(1) Sour ceofNat ional Dev elopment :
Nat ur alResour cesar ev er yimpor tantbecauset heyar ethesour ceofNat ional
Dev el
opmentandpr osperityifacount ryhasmuchr esour ces,i tseconomywi l
lbe
strongerandduet ost r
onggov ernmentpai dal otat tent i
ont oi ncreaset hel i
teracy
rateandi mpr ov et heheal t
h,recr eational,communi cationandt ranspor tati
onsy stem.
(2) Posi t
iveef fectofNat i
onal Income:
Duet ot heNat uralresour ces,Nat ionalI
ncomeal soi ncreases.I tmeanst hat
Nat i
onalI ncomedependsont henat uralresourcesdi rectl
y .Ifacount ryhasf ewer
resourcesi tsnat ional economywi llnotbemuchst ronger .
(3) Rewar df rom God:
Nat ur alr esour cesar et her ewar df r
om Godbecauseweonl yal locatet he
Nat ur
alr esour cesanduset hem f ort hewel fareoft hehumanl if
ebutcan’ tbe
created.
(4) I ncr easei nI ndiv i
dualIncome:
Duet ot henat ural(Rev iset hiscapt i
on)resour ces,i ndividuali ncomeoft he
peoplealsoi ncr easesbecause, mor eser vicesorjoboppor tunitiesar epr esentint he
country.Sal ar ypackagesar eal sobet tersowecansayduet ot hei ncreasei nnatur al
resourcesi ndi vidual incomeoft hepeopl ealsoincreases.

(
5) Compl etionofNecessi ti
esofl i
fe:
Duet oNat uralresourcesnecessi ti
esofl i
fear eal sof ulf
illed.Weut i
l
izet hese
resourcesf ort hewel fareoft hehumanl if
e.Mi ner aloil,Gas,Copper ,Goldet care
usedt ofulfil
lthenecessi t
iesofl i
fe.Fertileplainsandwat erar eusedf orirrigat
ion
purposesandweobt aineddiffer
entkindsofcr opst of ulfi
llourf oodnecessi ties.
(6) Bal anceofPay ment:
Duet ot heincreasei nNat i
onalIncomet hroughnat uralresour ces,thebal ance
ofpay mental sooccur r ed,
becausenat uralresour cesi ncreaset hef or
eignexchange
i
nt hecount ry.
CONCLUSI ON:
Thepopul ati
onofPaki stanisi ncreasingr apidly.Itisv er yi mportantt hatthe
peopleshoul dwor khar dsincerel
yf oritsdev elopment .Inr ecenty ear
s,someoft he
nations,witht heirhar dwor khav egott hest atusofdev elopedcount ri
es.Sowe

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 132
shoul
dhavetoexpl
oitt
henat
uralandhumanr
esour
cest
othemaxi
mum t
odev
elop
ourcount
ry.

Q.
3 Descr
ibet
hei
mpor
tanceoff
orest
s?
Ans. Thecl imat eofPaki stani sr elati
vel ydr y.Iti snotsui tablef ort hef orest s.
Pakist ani saf orestdef ici
tcount rywi th4.2mi l
lionhect ors, whi chcov ers4. 8per cent
ofthet otalar eaofPaki stan.For estspr ov i
de1/ 3oft het otalener gyr equi rement sof
Pakist an.Forbal anced economy ,acount rymusthav ef orestson about20- 25
percentofar ea.
TYPESOFFORESTS:
Paki stanhasv arioust y pesoff orest sduet ov ar i
ati
oni ncl imat i
ccondi ti
ons.
(1) For estsofNor thern&Nor thWest ernAr eas:
Nor thWest ernar easconsi stofev ergreenf or estsofDeodar ,Firs,Bl uePi ne,
SpruceandChal ghoza.Thesef orest shav ebr oadl eav es&t allt r
ees.Thesef orests
aref oundupt ot hehei ghtof1, 000met ersandmor e.Thesef orestsi ncludesoak,
chest nutandwal nutar eal soi mpor tant.Mur ree, Abbot abad, Mansahr a, Chi t
ral,Swat
andDi rar epar tsoft hem.
(2) For estsofFootHi l
l Areas:
Int hef oot -
hillar eas,t hef orestsconsi stofPhul ai,Kao,Jand,Acaci a,Wi l
d
Oliv
e,Bl ackBer ryet c.Thedi st r
ictsofPeshawar ,Mar dan,Kohat ,Attock,Rawal pindi,
Jhelum andGuj ratar ei mpor tanti nthisr espect .
(3) Dr yHi l
l Forest s:
Thedr yhi ll
-forest sar ei nt hedi v i
sionsofQuet t
aandKal atofBal ochistan.
Othert hant hor nyf orest s,Mazoo, Chal ghoza, Popl arJuni persar eimpor tantt rees.
(4) Pl ainAr easFor ests:
Int hepl ains,someoft hef orestsar ef oundi nt her iverv al
ley s.Shi sham,
Popl ar, Tamar ind, Prosopi sandBaboolar et hei mpor t anttrees.Theyar ef oundi nt he
reserv esofChhangaManaga,Chi chawat ni,Khanewal ,Tobat akeSi ngh,Bur ewal a,
Thal, Shor kot, Bahwal pur ,Taunsa, Sukkur ,Kot riandGuddu.Ot heri mpor tantt reesar e
Mul ber ry,Sumbal ,Dhr ekandEucal yptus.
5) For estoft heCoast al Plains
Thesef orest sar ef oundal ongt hecoast alar eaofPaki stanf rom Kar achit o
Coast alofMakr an.Thesef orest sal sof oundi nt hedel taofRi v
erI ndusandRi ver
Hub.Thesef orestsar eal soknownmangr ov et ypeoff orest s.Thesear ef oundi n
Pakist anont hear eaof3, 000hect ors.
I
MPORTANCEOFFORESTS
For est
sareveryimpor t
antnaturalresource.Forestspl ayadomi nantrol
ei n
thedevelopmentofacount r
y.Letusseehow muchf orestsar eimpor t
antint he
economyofanycount ry.
(1) ASour ceofWat er
:
Thecl i
mateofPaki st
ani sgeneral
lyaridandsemi -
arid.Wat erisavail
ablefor
their
ri
gat i
onofagricult
ure.Thenor ther
nmount ainousar easofPaki stanreceive
morerainandsnow.Thesear easaret hemai nsourceofwat erforriv
ers.Theforests
ontheslopesofhill
sst opsoi ler
osion.Theyal soslow thespeedoft hef l
ow and

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 133
i
rr
igat
et hepl ainsr egul arly.
(
2) ASour ceofEner gy:
InPaki st anener gyr esour cesar el imi t
ed.Thef orestwoodi susedasf ueland
meet st hedef iciencyofcoal .
(
3) ASour ceofWood&Ti mber :
Forest spr ov idet i
mber ,f ir
ewood,gum andot herusef ular ti
cleswhi char e
veryimpor tantf orthet radeofacount ry .
(
4) ASour ceofPl easantCl i
mat e:
Forest smaket hecl i
mat eofanar eav erypl easant .Theyl essent hei ntensi t
y
ofheat .
(
5) ASour ceofRai nFal l
:
Forest scause,t oagr eatext ent,rai nfallinar egi on.Thepr esenceoff orests
measur est heamountofwat erv apour st hatcauser ainfall
.
(
6) Pr otect ionf r om soi lerosi on:
Ther oot soft het reeskeept hesoi lintact .Itst opst hesoi ler osi onandt he
l
ay eroff ertilesoi ldoesnotwashawayandsoi l f
er ti
li
tyremai nsunaf fected.
(
7) Adv ant agesofFor est s:
Duet ol ackoff orest st her i
ver scar ryhugeamountofsandandsi ltthatf i
l
l our
damsandar t i
ficiallakesanddest royhy dr oelect r
icpowerpr ojects.
(
8) Pr otect ionf r om Wat erLoggi ngandsal inity:
Forest sar ev er yusef uli nwat erl oggedandsal i
nityaf fect edar eas.Tr ees
absor bwat erf rom t hesoi landl owerwat erlev elofunder groundr eser v
es.
(
9) At t
ainmentofHer bs:
Forest s, herbsar eusedf orthepr epar ationofmedi cines.
(
10) Pr omot iont oTour ism:
Forest s pr omot et our ism.Ther e ar e many pl aces i nt he nor t
her n and
northwest er nmount ainousar eaofPaki st an,whi char ecov er edwi thf orests
andknownf orr ecr eat i
ons.
(
11) I mpor tancef orwi l
dl ife:
Forest sar ev er yimpor tantf orwi ldl i
fe( ani malsandbi rds).
(
12) Sour ceofEmpl oy ment :
Forest spr ov i
deempl oymentt oal argenumberofpopul ati
onsi nPaki stan.
(
13) SourofFr uitsandf odder :
Forest spr ov i
dedi fferentki ndsoff rui t
sandf oddert oani mal s.
(
14) I mpor tancei nNat i
onal Economy :
Forest shav eani mpor tantr olei nt heeconomyofPaki stan.About5mi ll
ion
peopl ehav ebeendi rect lyori ndi
rect lyengagedi nt hissector .

FACTORSFORPROMOTI
ONOFPLANTATI
ONI
NPAKI
STAN
Thegover
nmenthast akendif
ferentstepsf
orthepr omoti
onofdevelopment
i
nPaki st
an.Someofthem ar
easunder :
-
1. For estDepar
tment
Gover
nmenthad est abli
shed forest
s depart
menti n Paki
stan,whi ch i
s
responsi
blefort
heplant
ati
oni nPaki
stan,acrosstheroads,r
ail
wayl
ines,r
iversand

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 134
otherar t
if
icialf orest sli
kechangamanga,Cheehawat ni ,TobaTekSi nghet c.Thi s
depar t
menti sal sor esponsi blet ocr eat et heawar enessamongt hepeopl efort he
plant ati
oninPaki st an.
2. For estCol legePeshawar :
Fort he t raining oft he wor ker s oft he f orestdepar t
mentgov ernment
establ i
shedaf or estcol l
egei nPeshawar .Thi scol l
eget rainedal otofwor kersoft he
forest sdepar tmentwhi char ewor kingi nt hedi ff
er entpar toft hecount ryfort he
dev elopmentoft hef orest .Ital sopr ov idest her esear chf aci l
it
iesont hepl ants.
3. For estResear chLabor at oryBahawal pur:
The gov er nmentofPaki stan est ablished a f orestr esear ch labor atoryat
Bahawal pur,whi chpr ovidet her esear choppor t
unitiest ot hepeopl eoft hedi f
ferent
deceasesofpl ant sandpr ov ideconsul t
ationt othepeopl eont hebaseoft heir
resear chfort hepr otecti
onofpl antsf rom t hest rongwi ndsandheav yrainfall
s.
4. Conf erences:
Forestdepar tmental sohel ddi fferentconf erencesi nt hedi ff er
entpar toft he
count r
yt o cr eat e awar eness among t he peopl e and mot ivatet he peopl ef or
plant ati
on.I nt heseconf er encesal otofexper t
soft hef orestdepar tmentoft he
Paki stanandt heot hercount riespr ov ideconsul tati
onandsuggest i
ont ot hepeopl e.
5. Pl antationCampai gn:
Thegov er nmental somot i
vat et hepeopl efort hepl ant ationi nPaki stan,inthis
regar dthegov ernmentst ar tcampai gnf ort hepl antationt wi cei nay ear .Gov ernment
alsopr ov i
det hepl antstot hepeopl eonav erycheepr atesdur ingt hiscampai gn.
6. Pl antationi nThal &ot herDeser tAr eas:
Gov ernmental sopr ov idesoppor tuniti
est othepeopl efort hepl ant ationint he
Thalandot herdeser tareasoft hecount rytomi ni
mi zet hedeser tlikechar acteri
stics
ofthesear eas.

Q4. Wr
it
eanot
eont
hei
mpor
tantmi
ner
alsofPaki
stan.
Ans. InPakist
ant her
eiswi descal
eav ai
labi
li
tyofminer
alresources,butthese
resour
cesremainedunexpl
oit
edforyear
s.Itisduetol
ackoftechnicalski
ll
,fi
nance
andtechnol
ogy.
Ty
pesofMi
ner
als:
Ther
earethreety pesofMi neral
s:
 Met all
icMiner als
Themi neralsinwhi chel ectr
ici
tycanpasst hrougheasi l
yar e
cal
ledmet alli
cmi nerals.Thesear egoodconduct orofheat&el ect
ri
cit
y.
Forexampl eironor e,chromate,copper,gold,
sil
veretc.
 Non- Metall
icMi ner al
s
Themi neralsinwhichel ect
ri
citycannotpasst hrougheasilyare
cal
lednon- met all
icmi neral
s.Thesear enotgoodconduct orofheat&
el
ectr
icit
y. Forexampl emi neralsalt
,gypsum,mar bl
e,chi naclay,fi
re
cl
ay,l
imest oneet c.
 PowerResour ceMi neral
s
Powerr esourcemi neral
sar ethosemi neral
swhi char eusedt o

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 135
gener
ateelect
ri
cit
yorpower
.Thesemi
ner
alsi
ncl
udecoal
,mi
ner
aloil
andnatur
algas.
I
MPORTANTMI
NERALSOFPAKI
STAN
I
mpor
tantmi
ner
alsofPaki
stanasunder
:-
(
1) COAL:
Theannual coal producti
onofPaki stanis3. 2mi l
li
ontones.
UsesofCoal :
Thecoalpr oducedi nPaki st
ani susedi nbr i
ckkilns,f
orpr oducingthermal
el
ectri
cityhousehol dpur poses.
AreasofCoal :
 Thebi ggestcoalr eser
vewasdi scov eredatLakhr a(Sindh).Thef oll
owing
areasar eimpor tantforcoalpr oductioni nPaki st
an.I
nSal trange,themai n
coalmi nesar eatDandot ,PadhandMakar wal.TheNWFPhasonl yHungo
coalmi ne.
 InNorth-eastofBal ochi
stanKhost ,Sharing,Har maiareimportantcoalmi nes.
Othersar eSorrangeandDai gar
i,Shiri
n-abar easandMachBol ancoal mines.
 TheSindhcoal minesar eatThar,Jhimpi r,
Sar angandLakhr a.
(
2) MI
NERALOI
L:
Mineraloili
sani mport
antsour ceofener gyinPaki stan.
AreasofMi neralOil
:
Themai noi lproduci
ngar easar emost lylocatedi nthePat warPlateau.The
Khaur,Dhulian,Jay amair,Balkassar,Kar sal
,Tut ,Sarang and Mi al,Dakhni,Adhi,
Qazian( Di
stnictAt t
ockand Rawal pindi)
,Dodkhak( Der aGhaziKhan)Khaskhal i
,
Aghari(Badin)andTandoAl lahYar( Hydrabad).Theseoi lf i
eldsplayanimpor tant
rol
einmeet ingtheoi l
needsoft hecount ry.
Refi
neries:
Fouroi lrefi
neriesarewor ki
ng in Pakistan,theAt tockRef i
ner
y,Paki stan
Refi
nery,NationalRefi
neryandPaki stan-ArabRefinery
.
(
3) NATURALGAS:
Nat uralgasi sthecheapestgoodmeansofget ti
ngt heenergy.Thenat ural
gaswasdi scoveredi n1952atSui( distr
ictSibbiinBalochi
stan).Thisgasf i
eldis
consideredt hebiggestreservenotonlyofPakistanbutofthewor l
d.
Uses:
Thisgasi sbeingusedf ordomest i
cuse,powergener at
ionandi ndustr
ial
purposes.
Areas:
InPaki st
an, anumberofgas- fi
eldsarealsolocat
edi nPatwarPlateauandSal t
range.Pr oducti
onhasbeenst artedi
nDodkhak,Pi r
koh,Dhul i
anandMi al(
Punjab),
Uch,Zin( Balochistan)Khai
rpur,Mazarani,
Mar r
i,KandhotandSar ang(Si
ndh).
(
4) I
RONORE:
InPaki
stan,t
hepr
oduct
ionofir
onor
ewasst
art
edi
n1957.Tot
alr
eser
vesof
i
ronoreinPaki
stani
s500mil
li
ontons.
Areas:

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 136
Theironoredeposit
swer ediscov eredinmanyar easoft hecount
ry.Among
them Kalabagh(Distr
ictMianwali)hast hebiggestdepositsofi r
onore,butt he
quali
tyisnotgood.TheDammel -Nissar(Chi t
ral
)deposit
shavegoodi r
onorecontent
.
Otherimportantir
onor eproducingar easar eLangrial(Di
str
ictHari
pur)
,Chil
ghazi
(Dist
ri
ctChagai)
,Mazar i
Jang,Mar r
iBelaet c.
(
5) COPPER:
Paki
stanhasrichdeposit
sofcopper.
Uses:
Copperi
susedi ntheproduct
ionofelectr
icgoodsespecial
lywir
enet
wor
ks.
Areas:
Thedeposit
sofcopperhav ebeendi scoveredinBalochi
stanandNWFP.I
n
Balochi
stancopperreser
v esar
einDistr
ictGhagai,Sandakandotherar
eas.
(
6) CHROMI
TE:
Pakist
anhasrichdeposi
tsofChr
omite.
Uses:
Chromium obt
ainedfrom chr
omit
eisusedi nmaki
nghighspeedmachines,
stai
nlesssteel
,aer
oplanesandtool
sofphotogr
aphy.
Areas:
Chromitewasdi scov
eredinMuslim BaghDist
ri
ctZhobe,Chagai
,Khr
aran
(Bal
ochistan),
Mala-
KandandMehmendagenci esofNWFP.
(
7) ROCKSALT:
Paki
stanhasav astr eser veoff oodsal t(rocksalt)int heSal tr
ange.The
annualproduct
ionis1275t housandt ones.Thetotal esti
matedreser vesar
e4mi ll
ion
tones.
Areas:
 Khewr a(Dist
rictJhel um)hast hi
ckdeposi tsofrocksalt
.
 Ot herimpor t
antar easofpr oducti
onar eWar chha(Distr
ictKhushab).
 Kal abagh( Di
strictMi anwali)
 BahadarKhai landKhar k.
 Sal tisal soav ailablei nMar ipur(Karachi)andneart heLasbelaand
Makr ancoast.
 Thesal tisal
soobt ainedfrom lakes.
Uses:
I
tisusedforf oodandi nchemi calindustr
ies.
(
8) LI
MESTONE:
Li
mestoneisausef ulr
awmat er
ialofcementi
ndust
ry.Theannualproducti
on
ofli
mest onei
s9.9thousandtones.
Areas:
Li
mestoneisf oundmost l
yinthenor t
her
nandwest ernmountainar easof
Pakist
an.Thet hi
ckdeposi t
sarelocatedinDaudkhel
,Wah,Rohri,Hyderabadand
Karachi.
(
9) GYPSUM:
Theannual
product
ionofGy
psum i
s358.
5thousandt
ones.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 137
Areas:
Gy psum i
smostl
yavai
labl
eintheSal
trangeandwesternmountai
nousareas
ofPakist
an.Theimpor
tantmi
nesareinKhewra,
Dandot,
Daudkhail
,Rohr
iandKohat.
Uses:
Gy psum i
susedi ncementindust
ry,Plast
erofParis,Sul
phuri
cAcidand
Ammoni um Sul
phat
e.
(
10) MARBLE:
Marbl
eisav ail
ableindi ff
erentcol or
sandv ari
eti
esinPakistan.Theannual
marbleproduct
ionis586.6t housandt ones.
Ar
eas:
Marbl
ef ound inPaki stani nMul laGhor i(KhyberAgency),Mar dan,Swat,
Noshara,Hazara,Ghagai(Balochi
stanandGi l
git
).Bl
ackandwhi t
emar blei
savail
abl
e
i
nlargequantit
yinKala-Chittahil
ls(Distr
ictAtt
ock).Otherimpor
tantar easofmarbl
e
ar
eDi st
ri
ctMuzzaf f
arabadandMi rpurofAzadKashmi r
.
(
11) CHI
NACLAY:
Chinacl
ayisav
ail
abl
einMangora(Di
str
ictSwat)andNagarPar
kar(
Sindh)
.
Uses:
Chinaclayi
susedinchemicali
ndustr
ies,cer
amics,pot
sofchinaclayand
decor
ati
onstil
es.

(
12) FI
RECLAY:
Fir
eclaydeposit
sareavail
abl
ei nSaltr
angeandKal
a-Chi
tt
ahil
l
s.Fi
recl
ayi
s
usedformakingbri
cksforusei
nsteelmelt
ingfur
naces.
Uses:
Fir
eclayisusedformaki
ngbrickswhichar
eusedinf
ir
ekil
ns.
(
13) SULPHER:
Sulpheri
sfoundi
nPr
ovi
nceofBal
ochi
stanf
rom Di
str
ictChaggi
(Koh-
e-Sul
tan)
andDi
str
ictKhi
chi
.

Q5. Descri
betheimport
anceofagricul
tur
einPaki
stanandwr
it
edown
thecausesofthei
ndust
ri
albackwardnessi
nPakist
an.
Ans. Agr i
cul
tur
epl aysanimportantroleintheeconomyofPaki st
an.Agri
cul
ture
contr
ibutes23percenttoGNPoft hecount r
y.Ov ert
helastonedecade,agri
cul
ture
grew atan annualav erage r
ate of4.5 percent.Paki
stan i
samong t hose f
ew
devel
opingcountr
ies,wherethegr
owthr at
einagr i
cul
tur
alproduct
ionishi
gh.
CROPI
NGSEASONSOFPAKI
STAN
Pakistanisanagricultur
alcount
ry.I
thasfourseasonst hataresui t
abl
efor
agri
cul
ture.Therearetwocr oppi
ngseasonsinPaki stan.50per centoft hetotal
cul
ti
vatedarealiesi
nPunjabwhi l
eonethir
dofthetotalcult
ivatedareainSindh:
(i
) Rabi Season:
Rabiseasonst art
sf rom themont hofOctoberandendsi nt hemont hof
March.Thisseasoni sal
soknownaswi nt
erseason.Wheat ,Bar
ley,Oilseedsand
Tobaccoetc.aretheRabiCrops.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 138
(
ii
) Khar
ifSeason:
Khar
ifseasonst ar
tsfr
om themonthofApr
ilandendsinthemonthof
September.Thisseasoni sal
soknownassummerseason.Ri
ce,Mai
ze,Cot
ton,
Sugarcane,
Jawar ,
Bajr
aareKhari
fCrops.
FOODCROPS&CASHCROPS:
I
nPaki stan,bothf oodandcashcr opsareveryi mpor t
ant.
FoodCr ops:
Foodcr opsar et hosecr opswhi char eculti
vat edtof ul
fi
llthefoodnecessit
ies
ofthepeopl e.Foodcr opsl ikewheat ,rice,maize,baj r
a,jawaret c.areimport
antfor
thefoodrequi r
ement soft heincreasingpopul ati
onint hecount ry.
CashCr ops:
Cashcr opsar et hosecr opswhi char enotusedasf ooditemsandweexpor t
toothercount r
iestoear nthef oreignexchange.Thesear ecot t
on, ri
ce,t
obaccoetc.
VEGETABLES&FRUI T:
Pakistanisalsoani mpor t
antproducerofdi fferenttypesofcer eal
sandf r
uits.
Pakist
ani sfamousi npr oducinggoodqual ityoffruit.Allthepr ovi
ncesofPakistan
areimportantforfruitpr oduction.I mpor t
antfrui
tsar emango, or ange,gr
apes,apple,
date,apri
cot,peacheset c.NWFPal sopr oducesdr yf r
uit.Pakistanexport
sal arge
quanti
tyoff r
uitstoot hercount ri
es.

I
MPORTANCEOFAGRI
CULTURE
Tomeett her equi rement soft hegr owingpopul ationofPaki stanal otof
attentionhasbeenpai dt odev elopt heagr i
culturesect or .Thepr oductionoff ood
grainhasi ncreasedt osav et hef or
eignexchangef ori t
si mpor ts.Cul t
ivatedar eas
hav ei ncreased.About25% oft he t otalar ea is undercul ti
vation in Paki stan.
Agr i
cul t
urei sthemosti mpor tantsect oroft heeconomyofPaki stan.Thedet ailof
theut il
it
yanddev elopmentoft hissect orisgi v enbelow:
1. Av ai
labili
tyofFoodGr ain
Pakistani sanagr i
cul t
ur ecount r
y .Thei mportantcr opsar ewheat , r
ice, mai ze,
barleyandoat set c.Theyf ulfilltheneedsofgr owi ngpopul ati
onoft hecount ry.
Pakist anissel f-
suf fi
cientint hepr oduct ionoff oodgr ain.
2. Av ai
labili
tyofCashCr ops
Thecashcr opsar ecot ton, sugar cane, ri
ceandt obaccoet c.Theyar ev aluable
forourcount r
y.Maj orpor tionoff oreignexchangei sear nedf rom theirexpor t.They
areal soani mpor tantsour ceofi ndust ri
alr awmat erial.Thei ndustryoft exti
le,sugar
andci gar et
tedependsupont hesecr ops.
3. Av ai
labili
tyofFr uit
s
Ourcount ryi sf amousf orf ruits.Maj orpor ti
onoff rui
tispr oducedi nt he
prov i
ncesofPunj ab,Ser hadandBal ochist an.Mango,or angegr apes,appl e,p1um
andpeachset c.ar ethei mpor tantf r
uits.Dr yf r
uit
sar emost l
ypr oducedi nSer had.
Pakist anear nsal otoff oreignexchangef rom t heexpor toff ruit
s.
4. Sour ceofEmpl oy ment
Agr i
cultureisbot hapr of essionandanobl i
gation.About55%ofpopul at i
oni s
attachedwi t
hagr icul
tur edi rect l
yori ndirect ly.37% oft henat i
onalpr oduct ioni s

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 139
provi
dedbyagr icultur e.
5. Sour ceofI ncr easei nNat ional Income
Inagr iculturesect ort hegov ernmentpr ov idesl oanst ofar mer soneasyt erms
sothatt hemaxi mum numberofpeopl emaygetempl oyment ,andt hemi grati
on
fr
om v il
lagest oci tiesmayr emai nl ow.I ti ncreases,t henat ionali ncome,andt he
countr
ybecomespr osper ous.
6. Sour ceofEconomi cDev elopment
The i ndust r
ialand commer cialdev elopmentofPaki stan depends upon
agri
culture.I nt heseday sagr icul turei sbei ngmechani zedaccor dingt ot hemoder n
needs.
7. Pr omot i
onofi nternat i
onal Tr ade
Agr icul t
ur ePr omot esi nt er nationalTr adewhi chear nf oreignexcl udef ort he
countr
y .
8. Av ailabili
tyofLi veStockandDai ryPr oduct s
Livest ockordai r
yf ormi ngi si ncludedi nagr i
cul t
ure.Weobt ai
nmeat ,Mi lk,
Ghee,Cheese, But t
erandot herDai ryPr oduct sf rom l i
vest ock.
9. Pr omot i
onofAgr i
cultural indust ri
es
Agr icul t
ur eal sopr omot esi ndust ri
esr el
at edt oagr iculture,liveSugarMi lls,
Ricefact or i
es,l at teri ndust ri
es,Dai ryPr oductPr oduci ngi ndust ries,whi cher ects
i
ndustrial revolut ioni nt hecount ry .
10. Av ailabili
tyofRawMat erial
Weal soobt ainr aw mat er ialf ori ndust ri
esf rom agr iculture.Cot t onisar aw
materi
alf orText ileindust ry,Leat heri sar awMat er i
alf orLat erindust ries,Riceand
Wheati sal sor awMat er i
alforRi cef act oriesandf l
ourMi ll
s.
11. Cont rolonEconomi cCr ises
Ifwei ncreaset hepr oduct ionofagr i
cul t
ur alcr ops,wei ncreaset heNat ional
i
ncome.I nt hiswaywecancont rol theeconomi ccr ises.
12. Bet terLi vingst andar ds
Ifwei ncr easet hepr oduct ionagr iculturalcr ops,soi ncomeoff ar mersal so
i
ncreases,t hatwhyl ivi
ngst andar doft hef armer sandt hepeopl eat tachedwi th
agri
culturewi llalsobecomebat ter .

PROBLEMSOFAGRI
CULURESYSTEM I
NPAKI
STAN
Theyar eal otofproblemswhi charef acingbyouragr icul
tur
alsect
or.Some
ofthem areasunder :-
i
. Wat erlogging&Salinity
Pakistan has an ext ensiv
e and compr ehensi v
e canalsy stem.The canal
system ofPaki st
anandr iversarethesour ceofwat erloggingandsal i
nit
y.Dueto
andest i
mat iononel acacrear eai
sfacingthisproblem ev eryy ear.
i
i
. LackofMechani sm
InPaki st
ani nthi
smoder naget hef armer sofPaki stanar eusingoldand
outdat edmet hodsoft hecult
ivati
on.Duet ot hepooreconomyandi ll
i
ter
acy,
thef armer sareunablet ousel at
estagr i
culturalmachi nesintheagri
cul
tur
e
sector .

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 140
i
ii
. Fl oods&St rongwi nds
Heav yr ains,st rongwi ndsandf l
oodsdamaget hecr opsonav eryl argear ea
ev eryy ear .Duet ot hisr easonal otofcropsdest royev eryy ear .
i
v. Soi lEr osi on
Duet oheav yr ainfallsandf l
oodst hetranspor tat i
onoft hesoi li
sst arted.Due
tothisreasonal otofcul tivatedar eai sunabl et ocul tivatef ort hedi fferentt y
peof
crops.
v. Li mi tedCul tiv ableLand
Paki st ani sanagr i
cul tur ecount r
ybutonl y25%ar eai sundercul tivation.Due
toincreasei npopul ationt hisar eaisr educingdaybyday .
vi
. LessuseofFer ti
li
zer s, BetterSeed, Pesticides&I nsect icides
InPaki st anmost l
yt hef armer shav esmal lpeaceofl andf oragr iculture.Ther e
economyi sv er yl imi ted.Theyar eunabl et ousef ert i
l
izerbet terseeds,pest icides&
i
nsect i
cidest oov er comet ot hedi seasesoft hecr opsandi ncr easet heev eryy iel
d
perhect or.
vi
i. LackofAgr i
cul tureResear ch
InPaki st anagr i
culturaldepar tmenti sest abl i
shedf oragr i
culturalr esear chon
diff
erentcr ops f ort he di scov er y ofhi gh y ielding v ar i
ety ofdi fferentcr ops.
Unfortunat elyt het rendofagr icultur ei sverylimi ted.
vi
ii
. I l
literacy
Educat i
onoft hef ar merpl ay sav i
talrolei nt heagr i
cul t
ur alpr ocessbuti n
Pakistanmost lyt hepeopl ewhi char eat tachedt ot heagr iculturesect orar enot
educatedpr oper l
ysot heycannotpl ainandt ryt oincr easet heav eragey i
eldper
hector.
i
x. Non- Av ailabi lityofAgr i
cul t
ur al Loans
Duet ot hepooreconomyoft hecount ryt heav ailabi l
ityofagr iculturalloansi s
verylimited.Duet ot hisr easonf ar mer scannotpur chasel atestmachi nes&t ools
whichar eusedi nagr icultureandt heycannoti ncreaset hepr oduct ionoft hei rcrops
byusingpest icidesandf er ti
lizer .
x. Feudal ism
Anot herpr obl em oft heagr icul turedepar tmenti nt hePaki stani sf eudalism.
Onlythef ewf ami l
iesi nPaki stanhav eownedl ar gecul t i
v atedar ea.

SUGGESTI
ONSORGOVERNMENTSTEPSFORTHEIMPROVEMENT
AGRI
CULTURALSECTORI
NPAKISTAN
(
1) UseofFert i
l
izers:
Theuseoff ert
il
izeralsocont ributestot hegrowthofperacr eyiel
d,and
overal
lincreasestheagr i
cult
uralproduct i
on.
(2) ControloverDiseasesofCr ops:
Thecl i
mateofPaki stanishel pfulforthegr owthofpest
sandi nsect
st hat
att
ackt hecropsandr educet heyield.Thegov ernmenthastoimportt
heinsecti
cides
andpest i
cidestosav ethecropsf r
om t hem andt oincr
easet
heproducti
on.
(3) UseofI mprovedSeed:
Seeds play an i mportantr ol
ei n boosti
ng agri
cul
tur
alproducti
on.Some

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 141
i
mpr ov edseedsar ei mpor tedf rom ot hercount ries.Sot heimpr ov edseedsi ncrease
theperacr ey ieldoft hecr ops.
(4) Mechani zat ion:
Mechani zation has pl ay ed an i mpor tantr olei ni ncr easi ng agr i
cultur al
product ion.Thi sr educespr eandposthar vestl ossesandhel psi nachi evingsel f-
suffi
ciencyi nagr i
cul tur al product i
on.
(5) Agr i
cul tur eRef or ms:
Agr icul turer efor ms hav e al so pl ay ed an i mpor tantr olei ni ncreasing
agri
cul tur alpr oduct ioni nPaki st an.Theagr i
cul turer ef ormsof1959,1972and1977
areimpor tanti nt hissect or .Thescat ter edlandsoft hef ar mer gwer econsol i
dat edt o
enablet hem t omanaget hem wel l.Thi si ncreasedt hepercapi taagr icult
uralincome
ofthef ar mer sandf aci li
tat edt hef ar m hol dings.I ti mpr ov est her elati
onshipbot h
betweent hel andownerandt het enant .
(6) Cont rol ov erWat er -
loggi ngandSal inity:
Thecanali rrigat ionhascr eat edt het winpr oblemsofwat erloggingand
sali
nity.Thegov er nmenthast akent hest epst ot ackl et hem i nt hepr ovinceof
PunjabandSi ndh.I ti ncr easedt hear eaofcul tivatedl and.Tubewel l
sanddr ains
played t he keyr ol ei nr eclamat ion.About60 r ecl amat ion schemes has been
compl et ed.The18mi l
lionacr esofl andhav ebeenr ecl aimed.I ti ncreasednotonl y
thecul tiv abl el andbuti ncr easedt heagr i
cul turalpr oduct i
on.Butt her ecl
amat i
on
schemesst illhav eal ongwayt ogo.
(7) I mpr ov ementofRoads:
Meansoft ranspor tationespeci all
yr oadshav eani mpor tantr oleincar ryi
ng
thepr oduct ionf rom f ieldt ot hemar ket ,ther awmat er i
alt ot hei ndust ri
esandt hei r
product st ot hemar ket s.Thegov er nmentofPaki stanhasdoneal ott oimprov et he
networ kofr oadsespeci allyinl inki ngt hef arf l
ungar easoft hecount ry.
(8) TheEducat ionofFar mer :
Theeducat i
onofaf ar meri sessent ial.Theeducat i
oni nal lrespect sisthekey
tosuccessi nl ife.Mostoft hef ar mer sar euneducat edandf acel otofpr oblemsdue
tot heiri gnor ance.The gov er nmenthas t aken pr acticalst eps t oi mprov et he
educat ionalst andar doft her ur alar easandt aughtt hem t hei mpr ovedmet hodsof
cult
ivat i
ont oi ncr easet hepr oduct ioni nagr icultur e.
(9) Pl anni ng:
The pr essur e ofpopul ation on agr iculturei s gr eat.The popul ation i s
i
ncreasi ngdaybydaybutr esour cesespeci allyf oodpr oduct ioni snotgoi ngup
accordi ngt ot hedemand.Wehav et odecr easet hegr owt hr ateofpopul ati
on,and
i
ncreaset hepr oduct ion.Thegov er nmentshoul dencour aget hecot tageandsmal l
scalei ndust riesi nt her uralar eassot hatt hef armer smayr emai nengagedi nt hei r
sparet ime.

Q6. Wr
it
ethenot
eonCanalSy
stem ofPaki
stan.
Ans.InPaki stanmost l
ycanalsareusedt ofetchther iv
erwatertot he
agri
cul
turalfi
elds.Paki
stanhasaveryext
ensi
vedev el
opedcanalnetworkin
theworld.Iti
sabout150y earsol
d.Thi
scanalsystem consi
stsofsmalland

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 142
l
argedams,bar r
agesandl inkcanal
s.About43smal landl argecanalsare
usedfori
rri
gati
on.Pakist
andependsupont hewat erofr
iversIndus,Jhel
um
andChenab.Theseri
vershav emaxi
mum quantit
yofwaterduringsummerbut
mini
mum inwinterseason,about84percentofthetot
alwaterf l
owsinthese
ri
ver
s.
TYPESOFCANALS
Diff
er entt ypesofcanal sarepr esentinPaki standependi ngupont he
supplyofwat erf rom river
s.
1. Per enni al(Per manent )Canals
Those canal si n whi ch wat erf l
owst hroughoutt he y earar e call
ed
PerennialorPer manentCanal .Thesecanal ssuppl yt hewat ert othear eas
wheret heunder groundwat eri ssalt
yl i
keDi stri
ctofJhang,TobaTekSi ngh
andFai salabadet c.
2. Non- Perenni al(Non-Per manent )Canals
Thosecanal si nwhi chwat ercannotf l
owst hroughoutt heyearar e
call
edNon- Perenni alorNon- PermanentCanal s.I nt hesecanal sthewat er
fl
owsf oral mostsi xmont hs.Thesecanal ssuppl ythewat ertot hemost ly
Dist
rictsofPunj abandSi ndh.
3. Fl oodCanal
Thosecanal sinwhi ch, t
hewat erfl
owsonl yinther ai
nyseason.
4. Li nkCanal
Linkcanalar ethosecanal swhi chuset oconnectt hewat erofr i
vers.
Thesecanal sar edugi nPaki stanaccordingtot heIndusWat erTr eatyi
n1960.
Thesecanal sput tedt hewat erofthreemai nr i
versofPaki stan( IndusJhelum
&Chenab)i ntot het wor iv
ers( Ravi&Sut luj
).

I
MPORTANTCANALSOFPAKI
STAN
(1) TheCanal sofRi verRavi:
I
mpor t
antcanal sofRiverRaviar
e:
i
) Baloki
-SulmankilinkCanal
s1
i
i) Bal oki
-SulmankilinkCanal
s2
i
ii) UpperBar iDoabCanal
i
v ) LowerBar iDoabCanal
TheUpperBar iDoabi sanol dcanalwhichwasconst
ruct
edi
n1861,
these canal
s provides the wat erto Lahor
e,Dipal
pur
,Qasoor,Shai
wal
,
Pakpatt
anVihariandKhani wal.
(2) TheCanal sofRi verChenab:
I
mpor t
antcanal sofRiverChenabare:
i
) TheUpperChenabCanal
i
i) LowerChenabCanal
i
ii) Ri ngpurCanal
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 143
Thesecanal si rri
gat et hear eaofRachnadoab.TheHav elisy stem of
canalsi fal sol ocat edi nt hi sdoabt hatcomesf rom Tr i
mmuHeadWor ks,
thesecanal si rri
gat est hear eaofSi alkot,Nar owal ,Guj r
anwal a,Shai khupur a,
FaisalabadMuzaf argar gh, Jhang, TobaTekSi nghandMul tan.
(3) TheCanal sofRi verJhel um:
Impor tantcanal sofRi verJehl um ar e:
i) TheUpperJhel um Canal
ii
) LowerJehl um canal
Thesecanal sar ei mpor tantcanal sofChajDoab.TheUpperJhel um,
UpperChenabandLowerBar iDoabar eapar toft heTr ipleCanalPr oj
ect .
RasoolQadar abad, Qadar abadBal okiandBal okiSul emankil inkcanal sl i
nkt he
west ernriver swi t
heast er nr i
v ers.Thesecanal si rrigatet hear easofMandi
Bahawal din, Jhel um, Guj rat,Sar godhaandKhoshab.
(4) TheCanal sofRi verSut l
aj:
Inthisar eaSut lejVal l
eyPr ojecthasbeenst ar ted.Fourheadwor kshav e
beenbui lt,thr eeonr i
verSut l
ajatFer ozpur ,Sul emankiandI slam.Wher eas
fourth on t he Punj nad.These canal si rri
gat et he ar eas ofNi liBarand
Bahawal pur .Impor tantcanal sofRi v erSut l
uj areasunder :
i) Canal Depal pur i
i) Canal EastSadi qia
ii
i) Canal Bahawal i
v ) Canal Melsi
v) Canal Pakpat t
an vi) Canal Abbasi
vii
) Canal Qai mpur viii
) Canal Punjnad
ix) Canal For awdeh
(5) TheCanal sofRi verI ndus:
Impor tantBar ragesandcanal sofRi verI ndusar easunder :
i. JinnahBar rage:
Jinnah Bar ragewasconst r
ucted i n 1947 nearKal abagh.The
canalsf rom t hisbar ragei rrigat et hedeser tar easofThal .
ii
. ChashmaBar r
age:
Abar ragehasbeenconst ructedatChashma,f rom wher eal ink
canal irri
gat edt hedi st rictsofD. G.KhanandD. I.Khan.
ii
i. TaunsaBar rage:
TheTaunsaBar ragewasconst ruct edi n1958.I tirri
gat est hear ea
ofD. G.Khan, Raj anpur&Muzaf argarh.
iv. GudduBar rage:
TheGudduBar ragewasconst ruct edi n1962,whi chi s150mi les
northofSukkar .Thr eecanal sf rom thisbar rage, i
rr
igat ecul t
ivatedar eas
ofthisr egi ont hati ncr easest heagr i
cultur alpr oduct i
on.
vi. SukkarBar rage:
SukkarBar ragewasconst r
ucted i n 1932 atr iverI ndus.I ti s
lar
gestBar r
ageofPaki st an.Sev enCanal sar edugf rom t hisBar r
age

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 144
whi chi rri
gatest hear easSi ndh.
vii
. Kot t
riBar rage:
Anot herBar rageofPaki st ani sKot tr
yBar rage.Fourcanal sar e
dugf rom Kot triBar rage.I ti r
rigatest hear eaofHy derabad,Sanghar ,
NawabShah, Badi n, MirPurKhas&That ta.
(6) Canal sofRi v erSawat :
The canal sf rom Swatr iveri r
rigates t he Peshawar ,Mar dan and
Char sadaar ea.TheupperSwatcanalst artsf r
om Mal akandandl owerSwat
canal startsatAbazai .
(7) War sakPr ojectORCanal ofRi verKabul :
In1961apr oj ectwasst ar t
edi nt henor th20km westofPeshwarat
War sak.I tisi mpor tantf ort hel ocalr equi rement sofv aleofPeshawar .Two
Canal sar edugf rom her e.Thi spr oj ectal sopr oducesel ectri
city.
(8) Canal ofRi verKur rum:
TheKur rum- Gar hipr ojectonKur r
um r iverwasst ar t
ednearBannu.The
canal sfrom t hispr ojecti rri
gat et headj oiningar easofBannu.I talsopr oduces
elect ri
city.
(9) Canal ofRi v erBol lan:
AtNar rioneCannali sdugf rom Ri verBol l
ani nBal ochistan,whi ch
i
r ri
gat est hear eaofQuet ta.
(10) Canal ofRi verGomal :
Acanali sdugf rom Ri verGomalandRi v erZhobatKj horeKuchnear
D. I
.Khan.I ti
rrigatest hear eaofD. I.
Khan.
(11) Canal sofTandaDam:
InNWFPatTandaBandaacanal isdugt oi r
rigatetheareaofdi str
ictKohat .
(12) Canal sofRi v erHub:
InBal ochi stanacanali sdugf rom Ri verHub35Km awayf r
om Kar achi
.
Itprov i
dest hewat ert ot hei ndust ri
al areaofKar achiandHub.
(13) Rawal Dam:
RawalDam i sconst ructednearRawl pindionRi verKor ang.Itpr ovides
wat ert oRawal pi
ndi andI slamabadDi st ri
cts.
( 14)Const r
uct i
onofLi nkCanal s:
Sev enl inkcanal shav ebeenconst r
uct ed,whi chareasf ollow:
(i) Rasul –Qadi r abadLi nkCanal
(ii
) Qadi r
abd–Bal lokiLinkCanal
(ii
i) Bal loke–Sul aimanki LinkCanal
(iv) Chashma–Hel um Li nkCanal
(v) Tr immu–Si dhnai LinkCanal
(vi) Si dhnai Mai lsi –Bahawal Li nkCanal
(vii
)Taunsa–Panj nadLi nkCanal
Thet otallengt hoft hesel inkcanal sis590km.Thesecanal sshi ftthe

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 145
wateroft hreewest ernr i
v ers(Indus,Jhel um andChenab)t oeasternr ivers
(RaviandSut l
aj) ,t
omeett heshor tageofwat er
.
(15) ExtensionandConst ructionofBar r
ages:
Theextensi onoft hebar r
ageshasbeenmadeandnew pr oject sar e
star
tedi nwhi chGhaziBhar othapr ojecthasbeencompl etedandKal abagh
dam isplanned.Pr esentgov ernmenthasst art
edanumberofnewpr oj
ect st o
i
ncreaser eserv oirwhichi ncludeGomalzam Dam,Gr eaterThalCanal ,Rai ny
Canal,Mer ani
Dam, Subakzi Dam, SatparaDam andext entionofMangl aDam.
TheGov ernmentofPaki stanhast akenst epsfort hedevelopmentof
agri
cultur
e,especi al
lytoi ncreaset hepr oduct i
on.Int hi
sr egar
d,thegr ound
waterandsur facewat erar ebeingusedf oragricul
ture.So,ithasincr eased
notonl yfoodcr opsbutal socashcr opswhi char enecessarytoear nfor eign
exchange.

Q6. Defi
neindust
ry,wri
tedownthediff
erenttypesofindust
ri
esand
al
soexplai
nthecausesoft
heindust
ri
albackwardnessi
nPakist
an.
Ans. Theindustr
yofcountryisessentialfortheeconomi cdev el
opment.Int hi
s
modernagePakist
ancan’ttotal
lydependonagr i
cult
ure.Agri
cul
tur
epr ovi
des
foodgrai
nandr aw mater
ial
.Industr
ypr ovidesmor ejobsinasmal larea.I
t
ful
fi
ll
sourneedsbypr oducingv ari
ousi ndustr
ialgoodsandi ndustr
ialraw
materi
al,
andsuppl
ynewpr oductsformar keti
ng.
DEFI
NITI
ONOFI
NDUSTRY
Industr
yi s such a place wher
et he ent
repreneur(Capitalist
)and labour
throught hemachi nesandt ool
sconverttheshapeofcapi tal
,r aw mater
ialand
naturalresourcesinawayt hatthei
ruti
li
tymayincreasetof ulf
il
lt heneedsoft he
peoplet oalargeextent;andmayf et
chmaximum pr i
ceinthemar ketandmaxi mum
profi
tfortheent r
epreneur.
Ty
pesofI
ndust
ri
es
Therear ef ourt y
pesofI ndust riesofPaki stanwhi char easunder :
-
1. Handi cr aftsorcot t
ageindust r
y
Itmeanst hati ndustryorpr oduct i
vewor kwhi chi sdoneatt hehomeoft he
workers.Manualwor kerspurchaset heraw mat erialbyt hemsel v
es,uset heirown
tool
sandut i
lizet heef for
tsoft heirf ami l
yt oproducet hingswhi chareapar tofour
cult
ureandt radi ti
on.Theysel ltheirpr oductsint hemar kettof ul
fi
llt
heneedsoft hei r
famil
y.Tool sar ev er ycommonandsi mplewher east hewor kisverytechnical.Itis
usuall
ydoneathome.Thecosti slowandi thelpst hepoort oenhancet heirincome.
Industri
esi ncl udedinHandi craf t
sindust ry
In handi crafti ndustrywoodwor k,ironwor k,hand madecar petsand r ugs,
goodsmadeofl eav esandcanef ordai l
yuse, stonewor k,claypots,embr oi
der yand
toysetc.areincl uded.
2. Smal l
-scal eIndust ry
Smal l
-scal eindust ryhasal way sbeenpr aisedi ndi ff
erentway si nv ari
ous
countr
ies.InPaki stant hisindustryi st hatonewhi chaf terempl oyi
ng2t o9wor ker s,
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 146
producesdi ffer entgoodsf ort hemar ketonsmal lscale.Ev eryi ndustryisi ncluded,
whetheritpr oducesgoodsathome, orbyset tingupf ewmachi nesonar ent edpl ace
andempl oyingf ewwor ker stopr oducev ari
ousgoods.
Indust ri
esi ncl udedi nSmal lScal eI ndustries:
Maj orityoft hewor kersar eat t
achedwi thsmal lscal ei ndustry.Inoursmal l
i
ndust rypoul tryf arms,dai ryf arms,honeymaki ngi ndust r
y ,car petindustry,pot tery
,
sports,goods, fansandel ectricmot orsandi r
ongoodsofdai lyusear ei ncluded.
3. Heav yI ndust ry
Usual lyheav yi ndust r
yi st hati ndust rywhi chnotonl ypr oducesgoodsonl arge
scalebutal sopr oducesmachi nesandr awmat erialforot heri ndustries,forexampl e
PakistanSt eelMi llandShi pyar di nKar achi.InPaki stanthel argescal eindust r
iesar e
thosewhi chpr oducemaj orpar tsofi ndust r
ialproduct sfort heconsumer s.
Industri
esincl udedi nHeav yI ndust ry :
Theper cent ageofi ndust r
ialpr ogressi s13. 1% in2003- 04.Inl argescal e
i
ndust ry11t ypesofi ndust ri
eshav epr ogr essedr api dlyi
ncl uding
(1) Thepet roleum andpet roleum pr oduct sindustry ,
(2) Aut omobi leindust ry,
(3) Cementandchemi cal fer ti
lizersproduci ngindust ry,
(4) Vehi clemanuf act uringI ndust r
ies,
(5) El ect rical Appl iancesManuf acturi
ngI ndust r
ies,
(6) Sugari ndust ry ,
(7) Foodpr oduct s, i
.e.,ghee, cooki ngoi l,etc,tobaccoandci gar et
te,
(8) Text il
eandt ext i
ler elatedi ndust ri
es,
(9) Leat herandl eathergoodsi ndust r
y ,
(10)Paperandpaperpr oduct sindust r
y, Cosmet i
csandchemi cal mat eri
als,
(11)Rubberandpl asticgoodsi ndust ry,
(12) Ti resandt ubes

4. DefenceI ndust ry
Ordinanceandal liedpr oduct spr oducingi ndust ryiscall
eddef enceindust
ry.
Texil
a Engi neering Wor ks manuf act ure mi ssiles wher eas Khot a Laborat
ori
es
promoteournucl earpr ogram.Someot heri ndust ri
eshav ebeensetupbyFauj i
Foundationi nwhi chr etiredar myper sonnelwor kt oproducesuni for
msofar myand
vari
ousot hergoods.
Factor
sofI ndust ri
alDev el opment
Thef actorsofi ndust rialdevelopmentar easf oll
ow:
1. Sur veyoft hel ocal andf orei
gnmar ketsf orthesal eoflocalproducts.
2. Adequat eexpl oit at i
onofl abourandcapi tale.g.therear emor eworkersand
l
esscapi tal i
nPaki stan.
3. Thecapaci t
yofi ndust ri
alunits.
4. Theanal ysisoft hef actorsef fectsthei ndust r
ialdevelopmenti nthecountr
y
e.
g.t hestudyoft heempl oymentoppor tunities.
5. Av ailabil
it
yoft y peofl abour,skill
edorunski ll
edi nrespecti
vefiel
ds.
6. Anal y si
soft hepr oduct i
v i
tyofnat i
onal i
ncome.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 147
7. Quantum oft
hebal
anceofpayment
sini
nter
nat
ional
trade.
8. Natur
eofexport
softhecount
ry.

Hur
dlesi
nthewayofi
ndust
ri
aldev
elopmenti
nPaki
stan
Pakist
an is basi
cal
ly an agr
icul
tur
alcountry.I
tis mostl
y depend upon
agr
icul
turecrops.Govt
.isnottaki
ngmuchi nt
eresti
nthedev
elopmentofIndust
ri
es
i
nPakistan.

1. For eignLoans
Temaj orpor ti
onofnat ionali ncomei sconsumedf ormaki ngt hepay ment sof
foreignl oans.
2. Def iciti nBudget
Paki st an i s basical l
ya dev elopi ng count ry.I tf aces def icitin Budgetof
pay ment si nPaki st an.
3. Def iciti nbal anceofpay ment s.
Ther ei sanegat ivebal anceofpay ment sinPaki stan,duet oincreasei n
i
mpor tsandl essexpor t.
4. Shor tageofcapi t
al .
Paki st anhasl oweconomyandhugepopul ati
ongov t.cannoti ssuel oanson
easycondi t
ionst ot hepeopl e.
5. Pr ef aceofagr icultures
Paki st anhasl essdependenceont hei ndust rialdev elopmentandmor eon
agr i
cul tur e.
6. Rapi dgr owt hofpopul ation
Rat eofi ncreaseofpopul ationi sv eryhi ghi nPaki stan.Butr esourcesof
Paki st anar el i
mi t
ed.
7. HugeMi l
itaryExpense
Paki st anhast oconsumeal otofmoneyondef enseandmai ntenanceof
act i
v ear myonbor der sthatr equi r
eshugemi li
tar yexpendi ture.
8. Pol i
tical instabi l
it
y
AlthoughPaki stani sademocr aticcount r
ybutf r
om t hel ast60y earmost ly
undercont r
ol ofdi ctatorshi pt hati swayt hereispol i
tical i
nst abili
tyinPakistan.
Duet ot hechangeofGov ernment swi thinshor tper i
odoft imet hereindustrial
policiesal sochanget hati sagr eatpr oblem fori ndust ry.
9. LackofTechnol ogy
Ther ei sal ackofl atestTechnol ogyi nPaki stan.Byusi ngTechnol ogyi n
i
ndust ri
eswecani ncr easet hepr oductionoft hegoodsandpr oducest andard
goodt hati swayPaki stani sf aci ngal otofpr obl emsi ni ndusi alsector.
10. Mi ssManagementandcor rupt ion
Anot herhur dlei nt he way ofi ndust ri
alpr ogr ess i n Paki stan is Mi ss
Managementandcor rupt i
on.
11. Blackmar ketingandTaxav er sion
Indust rial sectorf acinganot hergr eatproblem t hati sBl ackMar keti
ngandTax
aver sionI ndust r
ialistsar enotpay ingthei rful
lTaxest ot heGov t.SoGov t
.is

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 148
notf acil
itati
ngt ot heindust rialist
s.
12. Slacknessi ni nter
nat ional Mar kets
Pakist angoodsar enotbet teri nSt andar dont oint ernati
onallevel.Sot he
demandofPaki stangoodsi sdecr easesdaybyday .
13. Probl em ofpowerRecour se
InPaki stanal otofar eashav ingnof aci l
it
yofel ectr
icity,otherareasarefacing
problem ofl oadsheddi ngandpowerf acil
it
y.Andel ectrici
tyisveryexpensive
i
nPaki stan.SoPaki stani sBackwar di nIndust r
ialSect or.
14. Il
li
teracy
Most lypeopl eofPaki stanar euneducat ed and St andar d ofeducat i
oni n
Pakist ani sv eryl ow.Sowear enotpr oducingper sonal l
yandTechni call
y
betterwor kers,Manger , Machi neoper atorsandbet tersski ll
edpeople.
15. LackofSpeedymeansofTr anspor t
ations
MeansofTr anspor t
ationpl ayav it
alroleinpr ogressofi ndustr
y.Unfortunat
ely
MeansofTr anspor tationsi nPaki stanar enotupt ot heMar k.Soi ndustr
ies
arebackwar dinPaki st an.

STEPSTOPROMOTEI
NDUSTRI
ALPROGRESSI
NPAKI
STAN
Ifwewantt o pr omot ei ndust ri
alpr ogressi n Paki stan,wehav etot ake
foll
owi ngst epsi nt hisregar d.
1. I mpr ov ementofmeansoft ranspor tation&Communi cation:
Ifwe wantt o pr omot et he i ndust ri
alpr ogr ess in Paki stan,we hav et o
const r
uct edbet terr oadway s,r ai
lway sandmot orwayi nt hecount ry.Wehav et o
suppl ybet terai randwat ert ranspor tationf acili
tiesandcommuni cat i
onf acil
iti
est o
theindust r
iali
st.
2. Accesst ot heI nternat ional mar kets:
Ifwewantt oi ncreaset her at i
oofi ndust rialdev elopmenti nt hecount ry,we
hav etosuppl yt hebet t
erf aci l
iti
est ot hepeopl et oaccesst hei nternat i
onalmar ket s,
andhel di ndust rial exhibiti
onsi nside&out sidet hecount ryfort hePaki stanigoods.
3. Av ail
abi l
i
tyofbanki ngFaci l
ities:
Indust ryisasect ori nwhi chal argecapi talandbet terbanki ngf acil
i
tiesar e
required.Wi thoutpr ov i
det heeasyl oanf aci l
iti
est ot hepeopl ewecannoti ncrease
ther ati
oofi ndust rialprogr essi nPaki stan.
4. Av ail
abi l
i
tyofcheapener gyr esour ces:
InPaki st
anel ect ri
cit yandot herener gyr esour cesar ev eryexpensi ve.Duet o
powerf ailure&l oadshadi ngi ndust rysuf fer sal ot,soi fwewantt oi ncr
easet he
i
ndust rialpr ogressr at i
oi nt hecount ry.Wehav et opr ovidecheapel ectri
cit
yt ot he
i
ndust ries.
5. Pol i
ti
cal St ability
:
Unf ortunat elyt her ei snopol iticalst abili
tyi nPaki stan.Thatwhyt hel ocal
i
nv estor saswel last hef or eigni nv estorar enoti nv estedt heirmoneyi nPaki stan.So
i
fwewantt oi ncr easet hei ndust r i
alpr ogr essi nPaki stanwehav et oadoptt he
permanenti ndust rialpol i
ci est hatcanbehappenonl yifthePaki stanwi l
lbepol itical
stable.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 149
6. Av ailabilit
yofski ll
edl abour :
Educat ed,t rai
ned,exper i
encedandhar d-wor kerpeopl ear er equiredf orthe
i
ndust ri
alpr ogressi ncount ry.Becausei nPaki stant herei slackofski l
ledandt rain
l
abour .
7. Cent ersofI ndust rial Resear ch:
Fort hepr omot ionoft hei ndust ri
eswehav et oestabl i
sheddi f
ferenti ndustri
al
research cent eri nt he count r
y.I n 1953 t he gov ernmentest ablished i ndustri
al
researchcent eri nPaki stanbutt hiscounci lisnotwor ki
ngef fi
ciently.Sot herei sa
needofest ablishmentofpr operandef fect i
vei ndustrialresear chcent erint he
country.
8. Est abl i
shmentofI ndust ri
al Zone:
Thegov ernmental readydecl aredi ndust r
ialzoneandi ndust r
ialstatesi nthe
diff
erentpar tsoft hecount rywher eallt hef acili
tiesofel ectri
city,wat er,naturalgas
andbet termeansoft ranspor tat i
ons, butt her ei st heneedofest abl i
shmentofmor e
i
ndust ri
al zonesandi ndust ri
al statesi nthecount ry.
9. Exempt ioninTaxes:
Exempt ionint axesf orapar ticularper iodf ort henewi ndust r
iesi sveryhel pful
.
Inthiswaywecanmaxi mi zet hei ndust rialpr ogressr ati
oi nt hecount r
y.Weshoul d
l
owert het axr atioont her awmat erial
sandi ndust rialmachi ner y
.
10. I ndust r
ial DevelopmentCor por ation
Thegov ernmentest ablisheddi ffer entor gani zati
onl ikePaki st
ani ndustri
al
corporation,Paki stanDev elopmentCor por at i
onandsmal lindust r
iescor por at
ioni n
the count ryf ort he pr omot ion ofi ndust ries. Ther ei s a need ofmake t hese
corporationsef fi
cientandef fect i
ve.

Q8. Whataret heprobl

emsoft heeducati
ondepart
mentinPakist
an
andgiveproposalt
oov ercomet hesepr
oblems?(OR)AlsoDescri
be
Gover
nmentSt eps f
ort he bet
termentofeducati
on depar
tmentin
Paki
stan?
Ans. Educat ionisthebasi
cnecessi t
yofman.Itisal i
fel
ongpr ocess.Iti
snota
generalprocessofreadi
ngandt eachi
ngbuti
tisaconstantprocessthroughwhicha
mani sintroducedtoenvi
ronmentandcultur
etodev el
opanassoci ati
onwi t
hthem.
Knowledge i sthe weal
tht hatis notdecr
eased byits use ratheritkeeps on
i
ncreasing.
I
mpor
tanceofEducat
ioni
nPaki
stan
Educati
oni sveryimportantforthei
ndustrial
,soci
al,economic,agri
cul
tural
andmi neraldevel
opmentoft hecountry
.Educati
oni sanobligat
ionoftheMusl i
ms.
Pakist
ani sthecount
r yinwhichonlythe54%oft hepeoplear eeducat
ed.Thisrati
o
i
sv eryl ow ascompar edt othedev elopcountri
esaswel last heneighbouri
ng
countr
iessowehav et ot heincreasetheli
ter
acyr ateinPakistan.Thenwecan
i
ncreaset henati
onal
economyandpr ovi
dethebetterli
vi
ngstandardtothepeople.
Ty
pesofEducat
ioni
nPaki
stan
Ther
ear
etwotypesofeducat
ioni
nPaki
stan:
i
. Formaleducati
on. ii
. I
nfor
mal
educat
ion.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 150
Formaleducation:
Educati
onwhi chisacquir
edbygoi ngr egul
arl
ytosomei nsti
tute,school
,
col
lege,universi
ty,is cal
l
ed for
maleducat i
on.Ev er
y soci
ety est
ablishes such
educati
onalinsti
tuti
onswheret
heeducat
ionisgiventoachi
evespecif
icobjecti
ves.
PROBLEMSOFEDUCATI
ONI
NPAKI
STAN
Ther
ear
eal
otofpr
obl
emsofeducat
ioni
nPaki
stanbutsomeoft
hem ar
easunder
:
(
1) LowLi teracyRat e:
Thepr obl em i st hatamaj orpar tofpopul ationofPaki stani snotf or mal ly
educat ed.Thel i
ter acyr at ei sv eryl owi n1951l i
ter acyr atewasonl y16%buti n1998
onlyt he45%peopl eofPaki stanwer el iterate.Accor dingt ot heeconomysur veyof
Pakistan2003t hel i
teracyr atewas54%.
(2) LowSt andar dofEducat i
on:
Thesecondpr obl em i sl ow st andar dofeducat i
on.Ther ear emanyr easons
forit,forexampl e:
 Theappoi ntmentoft eacher swi thav er ageabi li
ties.
 Appoi ntment soft eacher sont hebasi sofpol iti
cal quota.
 Shor tageoft rainingi nst i
tutest odev elopt hebet terteachingski ll
s.
 Useofunf ai rmeanst opassanexami nation.
(3) LackofQual i
tyText books:
Thirdpr obl em ist henon- av ai l
abi li
tyofqual itybooksandnecessar yrefer ence
mat erial.Thecur riculum i schangedt omakenecessar ychangesi nt hecour sest o
meett hechal lengesofchangi ngt imesbutt hebooksar eei t
herunav ail
ableorso
muchexpensi ve.
(4) Li mi tedExt raCur ricularAct iv i
ties:
Anot herpr obl em i st hel i
mi tedf aci l
iti
esofheal thyext racurri
cul arandsoci al
acti
v i
ties.Thi sunav ailabi li
tygi v esbi r
tht ost udentpol i
ti
csandot herdest ruct iv
e
acti
v i
ties.
(5) LackofGui dancei nt heSel ect i
onofSubj ect s:
Ther ei sal ackofst udentcounsel ingf aci li
ty.Ther ei snogui dancef ort he
student st omakesel ect ionofsui t
abl esubj ectst oacqui r epr ofessionalski ll
st o
meett heirf ut
ur eneed.
(6) PoorEconomyoft hePeopl e:
Paki stani sadev elopingcount rywher et heeconomi calresour cesar ev ery
l
imited.Duet ot hel ackofr esour ces,educat iondepar t
mentf acesal otofpr obl ems
andpeopl ear eunabl et oaf fordt hehugeexpensesoft heeducat ionoft hei
rchi ldren.
(7) LackofEducat i
onal I
nst i
tut ions:
Lack ofeducat i
onali nst itutions especi al l
yi nt he r uralar eas i s anot her
problem t hatr esul tsi nl ow l i
ter acyr ate.I n Paki stan ther eist he shor tage of
i
nstitutionsofpr of essional andt echni cal educat i
on.
(8) Un- Empl oy ment :
Af t
erget tingeducat ion,al otofpeopl ef ailtoachi ev ejob.Thi slackofj ob
oppor tunitiesint hecount rymot iv atest hepeopl et osendt hei rchil
drent osomej obs
i
nt heirschool goi ngage.
(9) I nsuf fi
cientEducat ional faci li
ties:

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 151
I
nt hemaj orpar tsoft hecount ryt her ear einsuf fi
cienteducat i
onf acilit
iesl i
ke
l
ibr aries,labor at oriesandot herf aciliti
es.
(10) Def ectiveExami nat ionSy stem:
Exami nat i
onsy stem i sdef ect ivet her eisal otofpr oblemsi nt hissy stem l i
ke
cheat i
ng, useofunf airmeans, select ionofst udi esandcor ruption.
(11) Ai ml essEducat ion:
Theobj ect sofeducat i
onar enotf ixedt omeetnat ionalneedsr at hert he
‘
int ernationalobl igat i
on’ iskepti nv iew.Mostoft heschemesar eimpor tedf rom USA
whi chdoesnotsui tPaki stanandherpeopl e.Al readyexi stingsy stem wasdev isedt o
prov idewor kersf orf or eignr ulers.Thenecessar ychangest omeett heneedst he
freenat i
onhav enotbeenmade.
(12) Repugnantt ot hei deol ogyoft heCount ry :
Oursy stem ofeducat ion,speci allyt hemoder nr efor ms,i sdev isedt ospr ead
thesecul aristi deasi nt henameofmoder nism.I tshar df actt hatexi stenceof
Musl i
m ummahl i
esi nt hef orceofconv ect i
onandr eadi nesst osacr if
icel ivef ori t.
(13) I nsuf fi
cientEducat ionofSci enceandModer nKnowl edge:
Theeducat i
oni sPaki stanhasf ail
edt ogr ow cr eat i
vespi r
itint hef ieldof
sci ence ev en.The Sy st ems ofObj ect i
ve Ty pe Quest ions dev elop cr ammi ng
tendenci esanddi scour agesdeepunder standi ngandi nnov ati
on.
(14) WeakEducat ional Base:
Theeducat ionst andar datpr i
mar yl eveli snotkeptconst antinPaki stan.So
theeducat ional baseofst udent sr emai nsweak.
(15) Char acterBui l
dingI gnor ed:
Paki stanis ar et alent ed peopl e wi th good heal th and enor mous wor king
capaci t
y.Whatwe l ack i s char act er,honest yand f ir
m wi l
l.Unf or tunat elyour
educat i
oni stsdonoti mpar tanyi mpor tancet ochar act erbui lding.Thi si shi ghly
i
nj urioust oov erf ut ure.
(16) Pol itical Trendsi nt heEducat ional I
nst i
tutions:
Politicsi nt heeducat i
onali nstitutionshasdoneagr eathar mt ot heeducat i
on
sy stem of Paki stan.The col lege and uni versit
ies hav e become cent erst o
demonst rationsandpr otest s.Thest udent sar edi videdi nopposi te’scamps.The
pol it
icalpar ties, int hisway ,aredi rect lydamagi ngt hef utureoft henextgener at i
on.
SUGGESTI
ONS:
I
fwewantt opromot eoureducat ionsect orsowehav etokeepinmi ndt he
fol
lowi ngsuggest ions:
1) St andar dEducati
onalSy l
labus:
Thei nstit
uti
onsoft extbookboar dshouldbei mprovedandmadef uncti
onal
formaki ngast andardeducat i
onalsyll
abusforal lclasses.
2) I mprov ementinExami nationSystem:
Theexami nati
onmet hodshoul dbef or mulatedonceagai nandt hement al
l
ev elofst udentsbyi mproved.Thest udentsshoul dbedi scour
agedmor al
lyfor
m use
ofdi shonestmeansandmemor izat
ion.Besidest heexami nati
onmethodshoul dbe
mol dedonsci entif
icandmoder nbasesandt hent heintel
li
genceofstudentsshould
bet ested.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 152
3) Impr ov ementofPr imar yEducat ion:
Thepr imar yeducat i
onshoul dbemadecompul sor yandofst andar dsot hat
studentsbecomei nter estedi ngai ningeducat ion.
4) I ncreasei nEducat i
onalBudget :
Ani ncr easei nt henat ionalbudgetf oreducat iondepar tmentshoul dbemade
andt hesal ariesandal lowancesoft eacher sshoul dbei ncr easedsot hattheycan
devoteal lt hei rat t
ent iononbui l
dingofst udents,besi desar rangement sshoul dbe
made t o gi ve schol ar ships t oi ntelligentand har dwor king st udent s.Resour ces
shouldbei ncr easedandnew educat ioni nsti
tutionshoul dbef ormedsomor eand
mor estudent scangeteducat i
on.
5) Bet terEducat ionPol icy :
The educat ionalpol i
cy shoul d be i mpr oved f orendi ng t he educat ional
backwar dnessandsol utionofpr obl ems.Educat ionshoul dbemadecompul soryup
tomat riculat i
onl evelandl at eraccor di ngt ot het r
endsoft hest udent st heyshoul d
begi v
eneducat i
oni nconcer nedf i
elds.
6) Rel i
gi onandMor alTr ai ning:
Anor gani zedar rangementf orr el igiousandmor alt rainingshoul dbemadei n
al
leducat i
onali nst i
tut i
ons.St udent sshoul dbemadeawar eoft heirr ealaim ofl i
fe
studentsshoul dbeof tenl ectur edonr eligiousandmor alsubj ect s.
7) Pol i
ticalSt ability:
The pol it
icali nstabi li
tyshoul d be ended and t he gov ernmentmachi nery
shouldbeputt owor kf oreducat ionali mpr ovement .Theadmi nistr
at i
vemachi nery
shouldkeepav i
gi l
antey eonper formanceofeducat ionali nst i
tut i
onsandt heannual
promot i
onoft eacher sshoul dbeat tachedt otheirper formance.
8) I ncreasei nLi t
er acyr at e:
Gov ernmentshoul dt akest epst oincreaset hel iteracyr atei nthecount r
y
andgov ernmentshoul dpr ov idef acilitiesi nt hi
sr egar d.Gov ernmentshoul dal so
mot i
vatet hepr ivatesect ort oo.
9) Av ailabi l
itySt andar dizedBooks:
Gov er nmentshoul dpr ov i
det hest andar dbookst ot hest udent s.Gov ernment
shouldal sot akesui tabl est epsf ort heer rorf reeprintingoft hebooks.Gov ernment
shouldencour aget hepeopl ewhowr itest andar dbooks.
10) St udentCounsel i
ng:
Gov ernmentshoul dar rangef orst udentcounsel i
ngi nt hei nstitut
ions.
Theyshoul dbeacl osecoor dinationt eacher s,par entsandst udent s.Gov ernment
should open new educat ionali nst it
ut ionsespeci allyinr uralar eas.Gov ernment
shouldmaket hepol iciest oenhancet heeducat ioni nthecount ryont heper manent
basis.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 153
Chapt
er7
PAKI
STANANDI
NTERNATI
ONALRELATI
ONS
Q1. Whatis meantby Forei
gn Poli
cy? Expl
aint
he basi
c pr
inci
ples &
obj
ect
ivesoft
heFor
eignPoli
cyofPaki
stan.
Ans. Paki
stanemergedont hemapoft hewor l
don14t hAugust1947andi t
i
nheri
tedtheforeignpol
icyfr
om Br i
ti
shIndi
a.Aft
erindependence,Paki
stan
madesomechangesi n Br
it
ish pol
icyaccor
ding t
ot heideologyand the
obj
ecti
vesofPakistanMovement.
Def
ini
ti
onofFor
eignPol
i
cy
Thefor
eignpol
icyistoest
abl
ishanddevel
oprelat
ionswithothercount
ri
est
owat
ch
thenat
ional
int
erest
sbytaki
ngappropr
iat
estepsatint
ernati
onallev
el.
PRI
NCI
PLESOFFOREI
GNPOLI
CY
Ev erycount ryest abl ishedi tsf oreignpol i
cyaccor dingt o owni deol ogical,
hist
ori
cal ,pol iti
calandgeogr aphi calci rcumst ances.For eignPol icyofPaki stanwas
establ
i
shed byQuai d- e-
Azam i tsel f.For eignpol i
cyofPaki stani sbased ont he
foll
owi
ngbasi cpr inci ples:
1. Peacef ul Co-exi stence
Paki stanbel iev esi npeacef ulco- existenceandr espect st hel iberty ,fr
eedom
and sov ereignt yofot hercount ri
es,and expect st he same f r
om ot her s.
Paki stani sal way sdi si nter est edi nt hei nter
nalaf fairsofot her s,andopposes
i
mper i
al i
sm andaggr essi onofev erytype.
2. Non- Alignment
Paki stanhasadopt edt hepol i
cyofnon- ali
gnmentbymaki ngchangesi ni ts
foreignpol i
cy .Paki st anhasnotshownal i
gnmentwi thanybl oc,andhas
est ablishedgoodr elat i
onshi pwi thal lthecount ries.Ther efor e,nowPaki stan
i
st ryi
ngt oest abli
shgoodr el ationshi pwi t
hRussi a,Uni tedSt at e, China, United
Kingdom Fr anceandot hercount r
iesandexpect st hesamef rom ot hersof
signi fi
canti mpor t
ance.Atpr esentPaki stanisal soar egul armemberofNon-
ali
gnedMov ement( NAM) .
3. Uni teNat i
onsChar ter
Paki stanwant st odev elopi tsr elati
onswi thal lcount r
iesont hebasi sof
bilateral i
sm.Paki stanal so want st o solvei t
sconf l
ictswi thnei ghbour i
ng
count r
iesont hebasi sofbi lat
er ali
sm.Ther efore,Paki stanhasi nv it
edI ndia
manyt imest osol vet heKashmi rdi sputebynegot i
at i
on.
4. Uni tedNat i
onsChar ter
Paki stan i samemberofUni ted Nat ionsand f ollowsi t schar terst ri
ctly.
Ther efor e,Paki stanhassuppor tedev eryact i
onoft heUni tedNat i
onsand
prov idedmi litaryassi stancet oi mpl ementi t
sdeci sions.
5. Suppor tt oRi ghtofSel f-Det ermi nat i
on
Paki stansuppor tsther ightofsel f-
determi nati
onofal lthesuppr essednat ions.
Paki stanbel iev est hatev erynat ionmusthav ether ightofsel f-det erminat i
on.
Ther efor e,Paki stanhassuppor tedt hedemandofabol i
shi ngt hecol oniali
sm
andev erymov ementf ort heexer ciseoft her ightofsel f-det ermi nationi n

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 154
Eur ope,Af rica and Asi a.Paki stan has pl ay ed v eryi mpor tantr olei nt he
str uggl eofi ndependenceofKashmi r, Palest ine, Bosni a, Nami biaandVi et nam.
Ithasal soopposedt heoccupat ionofAf ghani stanbyRussi a,andhel pedt he
Af ghani st ogett hel i
ber at i
onf rom f oreignr ule.
6. Uni tyofI slami cWor l
d
Paki st ani st hesuppor teroft heuni tyofI slami cwor ld,andi sf oll
owi ngt he
pol icyt oest ablishgoodr elationswi thMusl i
m count ries.Paki st anhasal way s
triedt osol vet heconf l
ictsofI slami cwor ldandpl ayedv er yi mpor t
antr olei n
Iran–I raqwar ,Pal est ine’ sandAf ghani stan’ sl i
ber ation.Paki st ani sanact ive
memberoft he Or gani zat i
on ofI slami c Conf erence ( OI C) .Paki stan has
pr ov ided a pl at f
or m f orMusl im count ries ofCent ralAsi at o sol vet heir
economi c pr obl ems by est abl i
shi ng Economi c Cooper at i
on Or gani zat i
on
(ECO) .
7. De- weaponi sat i
on
Paki st ani st hemai nsuppor terofde- weaponi sat ionandsuppor tedal l
i
nt er nat ionalef for tst ode- weaponi set hewor ld.Ther ef or e,Paki stani snoti n
the r ace ofweaponi sat ion.Paki stan uses at omi c ener gy f orpeacef ul
pur poses.Paki st ant riest oav oidt hedangerofnucl earwar .Int hewor ld
Paki st anhasr epeat edl ysuggest edf ort hede- weaponi sat ionofSout hAsi a,
butI ndi ahasnotr espondedi taccor dingl y.
8. El imi nat ionofRaci al Discr iminat ion
Paki st anwant st oel imi nat et her acialdi scr i
mi nat i
ont hr oughoutt hewor ld.
Paki st anhaspr otest edov err aci aldi scr i
mi nat ioni nSout hAf r ica, Nami biaand
Rodeshi a.Ther ei snor aci aldi scr iminat ioni nPaki stanandal l themi nor it
iesi n
Paki st anhav eequal right s.
9. Est abl i
shmentofPeace
Paki st anwant sest abl i
shmentofpeacet hroughoutt hewor ld.Paki stanhas
also pr otest ed agai nstaggr essi ve power s desi res,and suppor t
ed t he
oppr essednat ionsf orget ti
ngt hepeace.Paki stanhasr epeat edl yinv i
tedI ndia
tonegot iatepeacei nSout hAsi abuti thasr eject edev er ymov e.
10. GoodRel ationswi thNei ghbour s
Paki st anwant sgoodr el ationshi pwi t
hal lnei ghbour si ncl udi ngI ndia.Paki stan
also want st o sol v eal lt hei ssueswi th nei ghbour ing count r
iesi ncl uding
Kashmi ri ssuewi thI ndi apeacef ully.Ther ef ore,Paki st anhasi nvitedI ndi af or
talksatanyt ime, atev er ylev el andatev erypl ace.
11. Inter nat ional andRegi onal Cooper ation
Paki st ani sanact i
v ememberofi nt ernat ionalandr egi onalor gani zationi .
e.
Uni ted Nat i
ons,Non- Aligned Mov ement( NAM) ,Or gani zat ion ofI slami c
Conf er ence( OI C) ,Economi cCooper ationOr gani zat ion( ECO)and SAARC.
Paki st anal way scooper ateswi t
hal lt heseor gani zat ionsf ort hesecur ityof
wor ldpeace.

OBJECTI
VESANDDETERMI
NANTSOFFOREI
GNPOLI
CYOFPAKI
STAN

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 155
Accor
dingt
oLor
dPar
mesan:

“Int heI nter nat ionalRel ations,Ther ei snoanyper manentf riendand

enemybutt hepr ef erencei sgi venonl yt ot henat i
onali nt erestanyst ate
formi tsf or eignpol icyont hebaseofNat ionalSecur ity&I nt erest .”
Themai nobj ect ivesoft hef or eignpol icyofPaki stanar easunder :
-
1. Nat ional Secur ity
Themai nobj ect iv eoff or ei gnpol icyofPaki stani si tsnat i
onalsecur ityor
i
ndependence.Paki stanwasanewbor nst ate, andt her ewasaneedt omake
arrangement sf ori tssecur ity .SoPaki stanf ormul at edi tsf or eignpol icyont he
basi sofnat i
onalsecur ity .I tgav eduei mpor tancet ot henat i
onalsecur i
ty,
whi le est abl ishi ng ext er nalr elationshi ps wi t
h ot hercount ries.Paki stan
respect st he nat ionali nt egr i
ty and t he pol i
ticali ndependence ofot her
count r
ies, andexpectf rom ot her st hesame.
2. Economi cDev elopment
Paki stani sadev el opingcount ryandi nspi resf orit seconomi cdev el opment .It
needst oest abl ishandmai nt aincor dial relat i
onswi tht hosest at eswi t
hwhom
i
tcanmaxi mi zei tst rader elat ionsorf rom whom i tcanobt ainmaxi mum
economi cbenef its.Paki st anhasmadechangesi nitsf orei gnpol icykeepi ng
i
nv iew t henew economi ct rends.I thasadopt edpar ticular lyf reet rade,f ree
economi cpol i
cy , andpol icyofpr ivatizat ion.
3. Prot ect i
onofI deol ogyofPaki stan
Paki stani sani deol ogi calst at eandi t
sf oreignpol i
cyi sbasedupont he
i
deol ogyofPaki st anorI slam.Thef oreignpol icyi smeantt opr otectt he
i
deol ogy .Thest abi li
tyofPaki st ani sal sodependentuponi deol ogy .
4. Bet terRel at i
onswi thI slami cCount ries
Paki stancanpr ot ecti t si deol ogybydev elopi nggoodr el ati
onshi pwi thMusl i
m
count r
ies.Al ltheconst i
tut ionsofPaki stanemphasi zedonest abl i
shi nggood
relationswi thMusl im count ries.
5. Non- Alignment
Paki stanhasadopt edt hepol i
cyofnon- alignmentbymaki ngchangesi ni t
s
foreignpol icy.Paki stanhasnotshownal i
gnmentwi t hanybl oc,andhas
establ ishedgoodr elat i
onshi pwi thal lt hecount ri
es.Ther efor e,nowPaki stan
i
st ry i
ngt oest abl i
shgoodr el at i
onshi pwi thRussi a, Uni tedSt at e, Chi na, United
Kingdom,Fr anceandot hercount riesandexpect st hesamef rom ot her sof
signi fi
canti mpor tance.Atpr esentPaki stani sal soar egul armemberofNon-
ali
gnedMov ement( NAM) .
6. Suppor tt oRi ghtofSel f
-Det er mi nat i
on
Paki stansuppor tst her ightofsel f-det er mi nat i
onofal l thesuppr essednat ions.
Paki stanbel iev est hatev er ynat ionmusthav ether i
ghtofsel f-det er minat i
on.
Ther efor e,Paki st anhassuppor tedt hedemandofabol ishi ngt hecol oniali
sm
andev er ymov ementf ort heexer ci seoft her i
ghtofsel f-det er mi nat i
oni n
Eur ope,Af ri
ca and Asi a.Paki stan has pl ay ed v eryi mpor tantr ol ei nt he
struggl eofi ndependenceofKashmi r, Pal est i
ne, Bosni a, Nami bi aandVi etnam.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 156
I
thasal soopposedt heoccupat ionofAf ghani stanbyRussi a,andhelpedt he
Afghanistogett heliberat i
onf rom f orei
gnr ule.
7. Eli
minationofRaci alDiscr imination
Pakist
anwant st oel i
mi nat et her acialdiscrimi nati
ont hr
oughoutt hewor ld.
Pakist
anhaspr otestedov erracialdi scri
mi nationi nSouthAfricaNami bi
aand
Rodeshia.Ther ei snor aci aldiscriminationi nPaki stanandall t
heminor i
ti
esin
Pakist
anhav eequal r i
ght s.
8. Establ
ishmentofPeace
Pakistanwant sest abli
shmentofpeacet hroughoutthewor l
d.Pakistan
hasal sopr otest edagai nstaggr essivepower sdesi r
es,andsuppor t
edt he
oppressednat ionsf orget ti
ngt hepeace.Paki stanhasr epeatedlyi
nvit
edI ndia
tonegotiat
epeacei nSout hAsi abuti thasr eject edeverymov e.

DETERMI
NANTSOFTHEFOREI
GNPOLI
CYOFPAKI
STAN
Thef ol
lowingarethedeterminantsofthef or
eignpol icyofPakistan:-
1. Admi ni
strat
iveTroi
ka
Admi ni
strat
iveTroi
kacompr isest
hePr esi
dentofPaki stan,thePrimeMi ni
ster
andChi efofAr mySt aff
.Itplaysv er
yimpor tantr ol
ei nf ormulati
ngf orei
gn
pol
icy.ItcanapproveordisapprovetheforeignpolicyofPaki stanorcanmake
anychangei nit.Howev er
,itisv erydif
ficul
tt odev iatef r
om t hepr evi
ous
for
eigncommi t
mentsmadebyTr oika.

2. Mi ni
stryofFor eignAf fair
s
Themi nistrycanpl ayv eryi mpor tantroleinf ormulatingthef orei
gnpol icy.It
compr i
sest hespeci al
istsandexper t
soff oreignpolicyandt hebur eaucratsof
highl ev el.Theypr epar ef oreignpol i
cy,keepi ngi nv i
ew thebasi cobj ectives
andpr i
nci plesoft hepol i
cy .Theyf ormulatet hepolicy,plansandpr ogr ammes
regardingt heprioritiesoff or eignpolicy,
andf ul
lycooper atewithTr oikaforits
prepar ation.I naccor dancewi thnew const i
tuti
onalamendment ,t heTr oika
hasbeenr eplacedbyt heNat ionalSecuri
tyCounci l
.
3. Intel
li
genceAgenci es
Pakistan’ sintell
igenceagenci esalsoplayv eryeffecti
ver olei
nt hefor mulation
off oreignpol i
cybypr ovi
di ngf ul
linformat i
onaboutt heobjectiv
esofot her
count ri
es f or
eign pol icies.Keepi ng inv iew t hese information’
s,Paki stan
formul atesi tsforeignpol i
cy .
4. Pol i
ti
cal Par ti
esandPr essur eGr oups
The pol iti
calpar ti
es and pr essure groups hav e deep i mpact s on t he

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 157
formulat i
onoff or
eignpol i
cy.Thepol i
ticalpar ti
esi ncludet hepr ior
iti
esof
foreignpol icyintheirmanifest
oes,andaf tertheirsuccessi nt
heel ecti
on,they
forcet hegov ernmentt ochanget heprior i
ti
esoff oreignpol icyaccor di
ngt o
thechangi ngscenar iointhelightoftheirv i
ewpoi nts.Li kewisethepr essure
groupscanal soinfl
uencethef orei
gnpolicy.
5. Parliament
TheMi nistryofFor eignAffair
susuall
ypr eparesthef oreignpol i
cyaccor ding
tot hedi r
ect i
onsofexecut iveandput sitbef orethePar l
iamentf orappr oval
.
Afterdi scussionanddebat ethepar l
i
amentgi v
esappr ov alt
oi torsuggest s
somechangei nit.

Q2. Di
scusst
heRel
ati
onsbet
weenPaki
stan&Chi
na.
Ans. Paki st anandChi naar enei ghbour i
ngcount ri
es.Theyhav ecommonboundar y
ofabout600km l ong.Thei rbi lateralr elati
onsdependupont hegl or i
ous
traditionsandcl osef riendshi p.Paki st anr ecogni zedChi naoni tsbi rthin
Oct ober1949anddev elopedgoodr elat i
onshi pwi t
hi t.
1. St ar tofPakChi naFr i
endshi p
ThePr imeMi ni
st eroft hebot hcount riesmeti nBandungConf erencei n1955,
and af tert hatt he ser ies ofv i
sit
s cont inued up t illnow.The heads of
gov er nment sandst atesofbot hcount rieshav emademanyv isit
s.
2. Set tlementofBoundar i
es
In1961,t heef for tst or esolv et heboundar yissuewer est artedandi twas
compl etedi n1963.Whi chst rengt henedt hegoodr el
ationshi p,andt radepact
wassi gnedbyt hem.Paki stanAi rLi nest artedi t
sf l
ightst oBei jingi near l
y
sixties.
3. Suppor tatI ndo-PakWar s
The Pr esidentofPaki st an v i
sit
ed Chi na i n Febr uary 1964,and Chi na
suppor tedt hecl aim ofPaki stant osol v eKashmi rissuepeacef ully.IntheI ndo
-Pakwarof1965Chi nasuppor tedPaki stanandpr ov i
dedar ms.
4. Economi c&Techni cal Aid
Chinagav eeconomi candt echni calaidt oPakistani sest abl ishingi ndust r
ies,
whi chi ncl udedTexi laI ndust r
ialCompl exandi tsaf f
il
iatedpl ans,set tingup
theheav ytoolsf act or yatLandhi andSpor tsCompl exatI slamabad.
5. Const ruct ionofSi lkRout e
TheSi lk-routeofKar akar am wascompl etedi n1969t hatconnect edPaki stan
wi t
h Chi na byr oad.I thel ped i nf requentexchange ofdel egations and
establ ishmentofcl oser elati
onshi p.Theai rcont actwasal soest ablished
betweenbot hthecount ri
es.
6. Def ensePact s
Manydef ensepact swer econcl udedbet weenPaki stanandChi nai n1985,
accor dingt owhi chChi napr ovidedeconomi candt echni calassi stancei n
buildingt heKamr aCompl exandOr dinanceFact or yatWah.Li kewi seChi na
prov ided t heassi stanceofRs.273 mi ll
ion forset ti
ng up Heav yEl ectri
c
Compl exi nNWFP.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 158
7. Suppor ttoChi na
Pakistanal sosi ded,Chi naandsuppor tedi tf
oritsper manentmember shipof
SecurityCounci lofUni ted Nat i
ons.Paki st
an played an i mpor tantr olei n
establ
ishi ng the cl ose r elati
ons ofUni ted States wit h Chi na.Paki stan
suppor tedChi naont heissueoft hepr esenceoff oreigntroopsi nKampochi a,
andChi nasuppor tedPaki stanont hei ssueoft heRussi ani nterventioni n
Afghani stan.
8. Bil
ateral Relat
ionbet weenTwoCount ries
Thebi lateralr elat
ionsbet weenPaki st anandChi nawer eest abli
shedand
ChinesePr imeMi nister,Def enseMinist erandChai rmanPeopl esCongr ess
vi
sitedPaki stani n1987, February1999andApr il1999r espect i
vely.Agai nt he
ChinesePr imeMi nisterv i
sitedPakistani n2001andPr esidentofPaki stan
vi
sited Chi na in 2001 and 2002.Themut ualst r
ong relat i
onshi p ofbot h
countrieshashel pedt hem t ocomecl oser .

Q3. Expl
aint
her
elat
ionsbet
weenPaki
stanandI
ndi
a.
Ans. Indi aisanei ghbour i
ngcount ryofPaki st an.Its84%popul ationi sconsi stedof
Hi ndusand10% ofMusl imsand6% ar eot hermi noriti
es.I tst otalar eai s
twel vel act went yni net housandsev enhundr edandt hirt
ysev ensq.mi le.
Commonbor derbet weenPaki st anandI ndiai s1600km andceasef irelineon
Kashmi risnoti ncl
udedi ni t.
Ther elationbet weenPaki stanandI ndi acoul dnotbedev elopedonbet t
er
linesf rom t hei ncept ionofPaki st an.
1. Kashmi rDi sput e
Kashmi ri sadi sput ebet weenbot ht hecount riesandt hreewar si .e.1948,
1965 and 1971 hav e been f oughton t he di sput e ofKashmi r.Fr om t he
emer genceofPaki stanI ndiacr eat edmanypr obl emsf orPaki stan.
2. I ndusWat erTr eatyandI ndi a
Paki st anandI ndi
asi gnedI ndus- Water -Treat yi n1960t o sol vet hewat er
di sput ebet weent hem.Thepr oj ectwascompl etedwi tht hehel pofWor l
d
Bankandot hercount ri
esbutI ndi ar efusedt ogi v eitsdueshar e.
3. Separ ationofEastPaki stanandI ndi a
Indi ahel pedt hesepar atistelement si nEastPaki stani n1971andcr eated
Bangl adesh.Af teritSi mlaAgr eementwassi gnedbet weenPaki stanandI ndia,
bywhi chbot hthecount riesagr eeddi f
f erencest hroughnegot i
ations.
SAARCANDI NDI A
Bysi gni ngt heSi ml aAgr eement ,t her elationshi pbet weenPaki stanandI ndia
i
mpr ovedt osomeext entandt radeandt ravel ofpassenger sstartedonl i
mi tedscal e.
Moreov er,bot ht hecount riesbegant oi ncreasecooper ationwi t
hint hej ur i
sdictionof
SouthAsi aAssoci at i
onf orRegi onalCooper at ion( SAARC)f rom t hey ear1980, whi ch
gaveposi ti
ver esult.Pakist anhasi nv itedI ndi af ort alkst or esolveal lt hei ssuesbut
I
ndiaremai nedr eluctantt ogi veposi tiver esponse.
The Prime Mi nisters ofPaki st an and I ndi a meton t he occasi on ofSAARC
Confer
encei n1988andsi gnedapact .Bot ht hecount ri
esagr eednott oat tackt he

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 159
nucl earcent er sofeachot her .
FREEDOM MOVEMENTI NKASHMI R
In1989,t heKashmi ri
’sf r
eedom f i
ghtersst artedst ruggl eagai nstI ndiaint he
decadeof1990.Mut ualt radeandt r
av elofpassenger si ncr easedbuti tr emai ned
l
imi ted because I ndi a was r eluctantt o solvet he Kashmi rdi sput e peacef ully.
Paki stan i sdet er
mi ned t o sol vet heKashmi ri ssuei n accor dancewi tht heUN
resol utionst hr ought her i
ghtofsel f-deter minati
onofKashmi ri’s.Nowt herei shope
fort hei mpr ov ementofr el
at i
onsbet weenbot hthecount r
ies.
AGRACONFRENCEANDI NDI A
TheAgr aConf er
encef rom Jul y14– 17,2001bet weent hePr esidentof
Paki stan,Gener alPer vaizMushar afandI ndiaPr i
meMi nist erAt alBehar iVaj paiwas
thef irsti mpor tantmeet ingofi t
st ypebet weent het wol eader s,andt hewor l
df elta
sighofr eli
ef.ThePr esi
dentofPaki stanpr esentedhi sv iew- poi ntbol dlyandni cely,
andi twasappr eciatedbyt hewhol ewor l
dbutt hemeet ingendedf rui
tlessaf terthree
day s.
MEETI NGSOFOFFI CERSOFBOTHCOUNTRI ES
Dur i
ngt heSAARCConf erenceofJanuar y2004( Islamabad)t hePr esidentof
Paki stanandt hePr imeMi nisterofI ndiahel dmeet ingsandagr eeduponmanypact s,
andr esol vedupont hecont i
nuat ionofdi alogue.Ont heoccasi onofsessi onofUN,
Gener al Assembl y
, heldinSept ember2004, t
hePr esidentofPaki stanandNewPr i
me
Mi nisterofI ndi amet ,andr esol vedupont hecont inuat i
onofnegot iation,whi ch
resul tedi nt heser iesofmeet ingsoff oreignmi nister sandsecr etariesofbot ht he
count ri
es.

Q4. Di
scusst
her
elat
ionsofPaki
stanwi
thI
slami
cWor
ld.
Ans. Bef or
ethecr eati
onofPakistant heMuslimsst r
uggl
ehardtoest
ablishbet
ter
rel
ationswithI
slami cCountr
iesbutal sothecreati
onofPakist
andevelopedgood
rel
ations.Ev
enor ganizat
ionofIslamicCount ri
esalsoestabl
i
shedin1969wi tht
he
eff
orts ofPakistan and SaudiAr abia which shows thatPaki
stan wanted to
establi
shedbet
terrelati
onswiththeIslamiccountri
es.

PAKI
STAN&I
RAN

I
nWestofPakistani
sIr
an.Irani
sanIsl
ami
ccountr
y.Paki
stanshar
es900Km
bor
derwit
hIr
an.Paki
stanhascloserel
ati
onwi
thI
rant
il
lhi
screat
ion.

1. Backgr ound
Wehav ecloserel
igi
ous,cul
turalandt r
ader el
ati
onswit
hIransincelong.I
ran
was t he fi
rstcountrythatr ecognized Pakist
an on it
s emer gence,and
ambassador sweeexchanged.
2. Mutual Visi
tofLeaders
ThePr imeMi nist
erofPakistanv i
sit
edI ranin1949andi nresponset othi
s
vi
sittheShahofI r
analsovisit
edPaki stanin1950,andtraderelat
ionswere
est
ablished.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 160
3. R. C.D
Paki stanandI ranal ongwi thTur keyest ablishedRegi onalCooper ati
onf or
Dev elopment( RCD)i n1964f ort hedev elopmentandcl osecooper ati
onwi th
oneanot heri nt hef ieldsofeconomi c,i ndust ry,trade,cul tureandt ouri
sm,
whi chwasl at eron, annul ledi n1979.
4. Indo- PakWar sandI ran
Iran suppor ted Paki st an,dur i
ng t he I ndo- Pak warof1965.I tpr ovi
ded
economi c and mi li
tary assi st ance t o Paki stan.Li kewi se Iran suppor ted
Paki standur ingt hewarof1971.Paki stanpai dduer egar dtoIranf orthishelp.
5. Irani anRev ol utionandPaki stan
Paki stanext endedr ecogni tiont onew r egion,whi chwasest abli
shedaf ter
Irani anr ev olut i
oni n1979.t heI slami cRepubl i
cofI ranal soi mpr ovedr el
ati
ons
wi thPaki st ani nev eryf ield.Del egat i
onsofbot hcount rieswer eexchangedt o
i
mpr ov ethet rade.
6. E.C. O
In1985,anew or gani zationf ort hecl osecooper ationamongPaki stan,Iran
and Tur key was est ablished by r eplaci ng RCD,named as Economi c
Cooper ationOr gani zation( ECO) .I tiswor kingt oachi evet heobj ect i
vesof
RCDandi st akingst epst oboostupt hecooper ati
oni nt hef i
eldsofeconomi c,
i
ndust ry,t rade,educat ion and cul turalpr omot i
on among t he member
count ries.Pr esent l
yal lt he Musl im count ries ofCent ralAsi a hav e also
becomet hemember sofi t.
7. Indust ri
al andTechni cal Cooper ation
TheChamber sofCommer ceofPaki stanandI ranexchangedv isi
tsofbot h
count riesandof fer edmut ualcooper at i
onf oreconomi cdev elopment .The
Pr esi dentofPaki stanGen.Per v i
azMushar afpai dav i
sitt oIranis2000and
of feredhi scooper at i
onf ort hepr ogr ammeofset t
ingupofgaspi pelinefrom
Irant oI ndia.

PAKI
STANANDAFGHANI
STAN
DurandLi nedi videst hebor dersofPaki st anandAf ghani st
an,whi chisabout
2252km long.Bot hcount r
iesar econnect edt hr oughHi l
ly-
passes.Dar r
a-e-Khy beris
ver
yfamousamongt hem.
1. I mprov ementi nRelations
Intheear l
ydecadeof1970, ther el
ationsbet weenbot ht hecountri
esbegant o
i
mpr ov e.ThePr imeMi ni
sterofPaki stanandPr esidentofAf ghanist anv isi
ted
each ot her ’s country,and si gned a pactofr egionalsECOr i
tyand non-
i
nterv ention.
2. WarofUSSRandAf ghanistan
Butt heirr elat
ionsbegant ost rainbyt heMi li
taryrevolutioninApr i
l1978and
entering ofRussi an ar my i n Afghani st an in December1979.The new
gover nmentofAf ghanistanbegant oper secuteitsopponent s,whichr esulted
i
nemi grationof3mi l
li
onAf ghanr ef ugesi ntoPaki stan.Pakistanpr ov i
ded
protect i
ont orefugeesont hehumani tariangr oundandI slamicfeelings.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 161
3. Genev aPactandPaki stan
When t he Af ghan peopl e st art
ed t hei rJi had t o oustt he Russai n ar my,
Pakistansuppor t
edt hem.Ont heot herhand,Paki stanal sot ri
edt osol v ethe
problem di plomat ical ly.I n1988Genev aPactbet weenRussi aPaki stanand
Afghani stanwassi gnedal sot heRussi anAr mywaswi thdr awni n1989under
theauspi cesofUni t edNat i
ons.
4. Gov ernmentofMuj ahi deenandPaki stan
InApr i
l
,1992gov er nmentofMuj ahi deenwasf ormedi nAf ghani stanand
Pakistan r ecogni zed t he new gov er nment .Unf ortunat elyt he differ ences
amongMuj ahideenemer gedandagr oupofMuj ahi deeni .e.Talabanoccupi ed
amaj orpar tofAf ghani stanandest abli
shedanI slami cgov ernment .The
Gov ernmentofPaki st anagai nrecogni zedt heTal abangov ernment.
5. PermanentJoi ntCommi ssi on
In May 2000 a per manent Joi nt Commi ssion bet ween Paki stan and
Afghani stanwassetupt or egulatecr ossbor dermov ementofr efugeesand
tocheckt hepr oduct i
onandsmuggl ingofnar cot i
cs.
6. AttackofUSAonAf ghani stan
t
h
Afterthei ncidentof11 Sept ember , 2001Uni tedSt atesat tackedAf ghani stan
andGov ernmentofPaki stanf avourAmer ica.TheTal abangov ernmentcame
toanend,andapr o- Amer icangov er nmentwasi nstalledi nAf ghanistan.The
Gov ernmentofPaki stanagai nrecogni zedt henew gov er nment.Itpr ovided
promi sedt ogiv emor eai d.
7. NowDemocr aticGov ernmenti nAf ghani st
anandPaki st an
Afterthei nstallat
ionofnewdemocr at icgov er nmenti nPaki stanapactofGas
-pi
peline bet ween t he Pr ime Mi ni sterofPaki st an and t he Presidentof
Afghani stanwassi gnedi near ly2003andt hepr omi sedt ohel peachot herto
compl etet he pr oject ,i n 2004 af tert he el ection ofHami d Kar zaias
democr aticPr esidentofAf ghanistan.Ther ei shopeofst ar t
ingofnewer aof
rel
ationshi pbet weenPaki stanandAf ghani stan.

PAKI
STANANDSAUDIARABI
A

Paki stanandSaudiAr abiahav especi alrelati

onshipbecauset hereareHol y
placesofMusl i
msi nSaudiAr abia,andl acsofPaki staniMusl i
msv i
sitSaudiArabia
forperformi ngHaj jeveryy ear.Mor eover,thepr inci
pleofMusl i
m wor ldunit
yist he
commonf actorinforeignpoliciesofbot hthecount r
ies.
1. Emer genceofPaki stanandSaudi Ar abi
a
Bef oret he emer gence ofPaki stan,SaudiAr abi
a suppor t
ed the Pakistan
Mov ement .AfterindependenceSaudiAr abiaal sorecognizedPaki st
an.The
fi
rstpactwassi gnedbet weenPaki stanandSaudiAr abiain1951,whi ch
strengt henedthef r
iendlyr elati
onshipofbot hthecount r
ies.
2. ShahFai salvi
sitofPaki stan
In 1954 Shah AbdulAzi zofSaudiAr abiav isit
ed Pakistan and provided
sufficientaidfort her ehabi li
tat
ionofagenci es.I n1966,ShahFai salvi
sited

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 162
Paki st an on of ficialt ourand decl ared Paki stan hi s second home,and
announced,economi cai df orPaki stan.SaudiAr abi aest ablishedaBanki n
Paki st anforeconomi csuppor t.
3. Economi cAi d
SaudiAr abiapr ov idedonebi l
lionr upeesi nai dt oi nst al
lcementandot her
fact oriesinPaki st an.Paki stanpr ovidedt echni calassi stancet oSaudiAr abia
i
ndef enseandr e- organi zedSaudiAr myonmoder nl ines.ShahFai salal so
prov idedeconomi cai dt oconst ructFai sal Masj idi nI slamabad.
4. Indo- PakWar sandSaudi Arabi a
SaudiAr abiasuppor tedPaki st
andur ingt heI ndo- Pak- war sof1965and1971
and pr ovi
ded economi c ai d.SaudiGov ernmentsuppor ted Pakist an on
Kashmi rissue.ShahFai salhel pedPaki stani nconv eningofSecondI slami c
Conf erencei n1974i nLahor e.
5. Suppor tonI ssues
SaudiGov ernmentsuppor tedPaki stan’ spol i
cyofAf ghani st
an,andPaki st an
suppor t
edSaudiAr abi adur ingt heMi ddl eEastcr isisof1991andsenti ts
armyf orthepr ot ect ionHol yl andsofSaudi Arabi a.
6. Pak- Saudi Economi cCommi ssion
Pak- SaudiEconomi cCommi ssionwasest ablishedi nRi yadhi n1998,whi ch
i
nitiat ed155pr oject si nPaki stanandpr ovidedeconomi cassi stancef ortheir
compl eti
on.
7. VisitofGov ernmentOf fi
cial
Chi efExecut i
veofPaki stanGen.Per v aizMushar afv isit
edSaudiAr abiaon
officialt ourandsi gnedmanypact sf ormut ualcooper ation.Thenew Pr ime
Mi nist erofPaki st anal sov isit
edSaudiAr abiai n2003andst rengthenedt he
relationsofbot ht hecount ri
esbysi gni ngmanypact s.
Paki st anandSaudiAr abiahav especi albi lateralr el ationshi pt hr
oughwhi ch
theyt rusteduponeachot her .Thet imeal sopr ov edt hecl osef ri
endshi pof
Paki st anandSaudi Ar abia.

PAKI
STANANDBANGLADESH

I
deol
ogi call
yPaki stanandBangl adeshwer et wopar t
soft hesamecount ry.
th
PresentBangladeshwast hef ormerEast ernPaki stanbef ore16 December1971
whenBangladeshemer gedasani ndependentandsov erei
gnSt at
e.Thet wowi ngsof
Pakist
anwer esi t
uatedat1, 750Km f rom eachot herwi t
htheI ndi
anTer r
itorylyingin
betweenthet wopar ts.Ther ewer egl ar
ingcont r
astsi nt hewayofl i
vingandcul tural
valuesofthet wopar t
soft hecount ry.Isl
am wast heonl ycommonf actorwhi ch
couldkeept het wopr ovi
ncest ogether.Unf ort
unatel ysincet hei ndependenceno
sincer
eendeav orwasmadet ocementt hetwowi ngsi ntoonewhol e.Noonet ri
ed
sincer
elyt
oenf orceIslam, theonl ybond, whichcoul dkeept het wopar t
st ogether.
Whent hehost il
iti
esended,t het wocount ri
es,Paki stanandBangl adesh,sat
downandr eviewedal ltheav ai
labl
ef actsandur gedeachot hert orestoret hebr oken
bondsofbr otherhoodbet weent hepeopl eoft hetwocount ries.TheGov ernmentof

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 163
thePr imeMi nist erZ. A.Bhut toaccompl i
shedt hedesi redobj ectiveofr est orat ionof
brot her lyl i
nksbet weent het wopeopl eandext endedi tsr ecogni ti
ont ot hecr eat ion
ofBangl adeshi n1974dur i
ngt heO. I
.C.Summi taLahor e.Pr i
meMi ni sterZ. A.Bhut to
extendedt her ecogni ti
ont ot henewl y-bor nGov ernmentoft heBangl adeshont he
expl icitdesi reoft heMusl i
m wor ldwhi chhadassembl edatLahor et oat tendt he
Second O. I.
C.Summi tConf er ence.Consequent lyt he f i
rstPr ime Mi ni sterof
Bangl adesh Shei kh Muj ib- urRehman,l eadi ng hi scount r
y’sdel egat i
on,came t o
Lahor et opar ticipat ei nt heO. I.C.Summi tConf er ence.
Af t
err est oringr elat ionswi thBangl adesh,Paki st an’sPr i
meMi ni sterMr .Z. A
Bhut topai dav isi ttoBangl adesh.Hewaswar ml ywel comedwher ev erhewentwhi ch
conf irmed t he sent iment s of br other hood exi sting amongst t he peopl e of
Bangl adeshf ort hepeopl eofPaki stan.Howev er ,Shei khMuj ib-ur-Rehmant hePr ime
Mi nist erofBangl adesh,ont hebehestofI ndi awasnotsi ncerei ncul tivat ingf riendl y
relationswi thPaki st an.TheGov ernmentofBangl adeshdemandedt hedi visi onof
asset s and r ef used t o acceptany l i
abi l
ity .The st ubbor n at titude ofMuj i
b’s
Gov ernmentpr ov edahur dl eint hewayoff ost er i
ngf riendlyr elationsbet weent he
two count riesand t hepr ocessofdev elopmentofunder standi ng and cor di alit
y
suf fer edheav i
ly .
Anagr eementbet weenPaki stanandBangl adeshwasconcl udedon23r d
Januar y,1976bywhi cht elecommuni cat ionl inkswer eest ablished.. Tel ephoneand
tele-pr interser viceswer ei nst it
ut edbet weenRawal pindi andDhakaon13t hFebr uar y,
1976onexper iment albasi s.Theseagr eement sbr oughtt het wocount riescl osert o
eachot her.Anot heragr eementwasr eachedbet weent het wocount riesaf tert al ksi n
Dhakaon24t hJul y ,1976,bywhi chi twasagr eedupont oexchangedel egat ionson
Banki ngandShi ppi ng.Fur thermeasur eswer eannouncedt opr omot et radebet ween
thet woSt ates.
TheGov ernmentofKhondekarMusht aqcoul dnotl astlongandwasr epl aced
byGener alZi a-ur -Rehmani n1977.Gener alZi a-ur -Rehmanwasashr ewdper sonwho
quickl ygothi sst ronghol dont hei ssues.Gener alZi a- ur -Rehmanpai danof ficialv isi
t
oPaki stanwhi chcement edt het iesbet weent het wocount ri
es.Gener alZi a-ur -
Rehmanwasassassi nat edi nJul y1981.Just iceAbdusSat t
arascendedt het hr one
thatt oowasr epl acedbyGener al Husai nMuhammadI rshad.
On21stJul y,1979,aJoi ntEconomi cCommi ssi onwasest abl ishedbet ween
Paki st anandBangl adeshi nor dert opr omot eeconomi ccol l
abor at ion.Mr .Ghul am
Ishaq Khan,t he t hen Fi nance Mi nisterofPaki stan si gned on behal fofhi s
Gov ernmentwhi leMr .Sai f-ur-Rehmanr epr esent edBangl adesh.I twasdeci dedt o
holdt hemeet ingsoft heCommi ssi onony earlybasi si nPaki stanandBangl adeshby
rotat ion.The f irstmeet ing oft he Commi ssi on was hel d on 21stJul y 1979
i
mmedi ately af teri tsf or mat ion.Bangl adesh had ext ended i tsf ullsuppor tt o
Paki st an’ spoi ntofv i
ew onI nt er nationalpol iticali ssues.Whent heSov i
ett roops
ent eredAf ghani stani nDecember ,1979, Paki st anr aisedv oiceagai nstt hisi ll
egal and
unet hi caloccupat i
onofAf ghant er r
itory.Bangl adeshpl ay edani mpor tantr olei nt his
connect ion.Pr esi dentZi a- ur-Rehmanconv enedanemer gentmeet i
ngoft heFor eign
Mi nist er s ofI slami c Count ries.I nt his meet ing sent i
ment s ofsol i
dar ity and

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 164
homogenei tywereexpr essedf orthefreedom st r
uggleoft heAf ghanpeopl e.
By 1980 bi l
at eral r elati
ons bet ween Paki stan and Bangl adesh wer e
establishedonbr oaderper spect i
v eandmut ualunder standing.Sev er aldelegati
ons
wer e exchanged bet ween t he two count ri
es.The Secr etary,For eign Af f
air
s of
Pakistan.Mr .Ri
azPi r achat ouredBangl adeshon24- 25thOct ober ,1980andhel d
discussi onswiththeof fici
alsofBangl adesh.I nresultoft hesedi scussi onsagr oup
ofexper tswassetupt oset hedi visi
onofasset sbet weent het wocount r
ies.
Bangl adeshhaddemanded2, 130m.dol l
arsasi tsshar ef rom t hej ointasset sfrom
Pakistan.
Thet wocount r i
esal sodeci dedt oext endco- operat i
ont oeachot herint he
fi
eldofeducat i
on.Paki stanhasf i
xedaquot aofseat sini t
sEngi neer i
ngandMedi cal
i
nst i
tutionsforthest udent sofBangl adesh.Si mil
arlyBangl adeshhasal sof i
xedt he
quotaofseat sforPaki stani student sinit
seducat ionalinsti
tutions.
Themeet i
ngoft heJoi ntMi ni
steri
alCommi t
teebet weent het wocount ries
washel don8t hSept ember , 1984atI slamabad.Negot iati
onsf orpr omot ionoft r
ade
betweenBangl adeshandPaki stanwer eheldint hismeet i
ng.Bangl adeshof f
eredt o
expor tJut e,teaand car pet st o Pakist
an and wi l
limpor trice,pi gi ron,rail
way
carri
agesandot herst eel it
emsf rom Pakistan.
PAKI
STANANDI
NDONESI
A

I
ndonesi ahasbeenacol onyofHol landt i
llMar ch1942.From 1942t o1945i t
remainedunderJapaneser ul
e.WhenJapanesef orceswer edefeatedinSouthEast
Asia af t
erdr opping ofAt om Bomb atNagasakiand Hi roshima in 1945,the
Nat i
onalistsofI ndonesiaunderthel eadershipofDr .AhmadSeokar noandDr .Hatt
a
declaredI ndonesi aasaRepublicon17t hAugust , 1945.
The r el
ations between Paki stan and I ndonesi a exi
sted even beforethe
establi
shmentofPaki stan.Thecor dialrelati
onsbet weent het wo nati
onswer e
i
ni t
iat
edwhent hepr ominentleadersofI ndonesi asentmessagesf orhelpinthe
freedom st ruggleofI ndonesi
at ot hePr esidentofAl l-I
ndi
aMusl im League,Quaid-
i-
Azam MuhammadAl iJinnahandt heCongr essleader s.

PresidentSeokar nocamet oPakistanonanof fici

alvisi
tinFebr uary,
1950.He
wasaccor dedawar m wel comebyt hegov ernmentandpeopl eofPaki st
an.He
exchangedv iewswi tht hePrimeMi ni
sterofPaki stanNawabzadaLi aquatAl iKhan
andexpr essedhi st hankstot hepeopl eofPaki stanf orshowi nggreathospi t
alit
yt o
him.Thef irstAf ro-Asianconf erencewashel di nApr il1955i nBandoung( I
ndonesi a)
,
wher ethel eader sofbot hPaki st
anandI ndonesi agotanoppor tunityofmeet ing
eachot her.ACul t
uralAssoci ationwasf ormedi nApr i
l1955bet weenPaki st
anand
Indonesiatof urthertheCul turalbondsbet weent het wonat i
ons.At r adepactwas
agreeduponbet weent hetwocount ri
esin1959i iKar achi.Byt hi
sagr eementi twas
decidedtopr omot et r
adeandcommer cebetweenI ndonesi aandPakist an.
Indonesi acameoutwi thmaxi mum suppor tt oPaki standuri
ng1965War .The
Gov er
nmentofI ndonesi aandt hepeopl ebyt heirmostsi nceresuppor ttoPakistan’s
causedur ingt he1965Warwont hehear tsoft hepeopl eofPaki st an.President

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 165
Seokar noopenl ycondemnedI ndi anaggr essionandof feredal lSor tsofhel pand
assistancet oPaki staninherhourofneed.
I
ndonesi aandPaki stanconcl udedanai rpacton14t hJanuar y,1966bywhi ch
thet wocount riesagr eedonbi later alai rtravel.On18t hFebr uar y,1988at r
adepact
wassi gned bywhi chPaki st anagr eed t o providegoodswor thRs.8 cr or est o
Indonesia.
I
nMay1971Gener alSuhar t
o,Pr esidentofI ndonesi aadv ocat edPaki st an’s
pointofv i
ew on EastPaki stan i ssue and condemned out side i nterf
erence i n
Pakistan s i nter nalmat ter.I ndonesi a putl otofpr essur e on I ndi ator elease
Pakistan’spr isoner sofwaraf t erBangl adeshhadcomei ntoexi stence.I ndonesi a
deeplycondemned Sov ieti nt er vent ion in Afghani stan and adv ocat ed Pakist an’s
pointofv i
ew onAf ghanpr obl em I ndonesi ast r
essedont heI slami ccount r
iest o
condemnt heSov ietaggressi oni nAf ghani stan.
Pakistan and I ndonesi a agr eed t o exchange nucl eart echnol ogy by an
agreementconcl udedon19t hApr il1980atDj akar taPr esi dentSuhar t
ocamet o
Pakistani n1980andex pr essedhi sdesi ret omai ntainpeacei nt her egion.Hehel d
discussions wi th Pr esidentMohammad Zi a-ul-
Haq on mat ters ofmut ualco-
operat i
on,r egionalandi nternat i
onali ssues.Heal sov i
sitedAf ghancampsnear
Mar dan.
The10t hmeet ingoft heI PECCwashel don20t hMay ,1981i nI slam r ev i
ew
thepr ogressi nt heeconomi ccul t
ur alandot herspher esofco- oper at
ionbet weent he
two count ri
es,so t hatf urtherway s and means may be adopt ed.Pr esident
MohammadZi a-ul-Haqwentt oI ndonesi aonanof fi
ci alvisi
ton2ndNov ember , 1982
wher ehewasaccor dedwar m wel come.Pr esidentMohammadZi a-ulHaq hel d
discussionswi thPr esidentSuhar toonbi l
ateral i
ssues.
PAKI
STANANDLI
BYA

Libya,so i mpor tantand oi lrichSt ateofNor thAf r

ica,i n1951 i tgai ned
i
ndependence f rom t he f oreign domi nation and Shah I dr ees’s kingshi p was
established.Paki stanpr ofoundl yadv ocat edLi bya’sfreedom st ruggl ewhichbr ought
thepeopl esofbot hcount r
iescl osertoeachot her.
Ay oungar myof fi
cer,Col ,Moammar -al-
Qaddaf i,dethronedShahI dreesi n
September , 1969af terasuccessf ularmycoup.Col .Gaddaf iisabr averevol ut i
onar y
whobecamev erypopul aramongsthi speopl e.Hei shel di nhi ghestest eem and
venerat i
oni nPaki stanbei ngadai nti
esandbr av eMusl i
m sol dier.Col .Gaddaf icame
toPaki st anast heHeadofhi sdel egationt oat t
endSecondSummi tConf er enceof
theO. I.C.hel di nLahor ein1974.Headdr essedahugegat heringatt heLahor e
Stadium whi chwasnamedasGaddaf iSt adium asamar kofr espectandl ov ef or
himf rom Paki stanipeopl e.
Since t hen Paki stan and Li by a hav e been enj oying cor dialr elat i
ons.A
MinisterialCommi ssi onwassetupi n1974byanagr eementconcl udedbet weent he
twobr ot herlycount ries.Joi ntventuresi nBanki ng,insuranceandShi ppinghav ealso
beenal liancebyagr eement .Islami ccentreshav ebeenest ablishedi nbot hcount ries.
AjointPak- LibyanCompanywassetupi nt hemeet ingoft heMi ni
sterialCommi ssion

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 166
hel
di n Li
bya.This Company woul
di mplement t
he pr
oject
s ai
med at the
dev
elopmentandpr
ogressoft
hetwocount
ri
es.

Pr esidentMohammadZi a-ul-
Haqpai dav i
sittoLi byai nNov ember1977and
hel
ddi scussionswi thCol .Gaddaf ionbi l
ateralissues.TheLi byanVi ce-
President
AbdusSal am Jal oodal sopaidav isi
tt oPaki st
ananddecl aredPakistanastheHear t
ofIslami cWor ldi nv i
ew oft hei mpor tanceofPaki stanf ortheI sl
amicwor l
d.In
October ,1979aJoi ntPak-LibyaHol dingCompanywassetup.Li by ahasexpr essed
i
tsi nter esti n bal ancing fir
stv ent ur
es wi th Paki stan i n severalspheres of
devel
opment .Pak- LibyaChamberofCommer cehasbeensetupbyanagr eement
whichwi llexploreway sandmeansf orjointprogrammesofcommer ceandt rade
betweent het wocount ri
es.Libyaext endedmassi vefinanci alai
dtoPaki st
andur i
ng
1971Waragai nstI ndia.Ithasopenl yadv ocatedPaki stan’ sstandonKashmi rissue
andot herpol i
ticalmat ters.

PAKI
STAN&TURKEY

Ther elat i
onsbet weenTur keyandPaki stan,t het wobr ot herly,count ri
es,ar e
deepr oot edandbasedont hesi mi l
arityofI slami ccul ture.Thepeopl eoft het wo
count r
iesar ecl osel yassoci ated wi t
heachot her .Bot hcount riesmai ntaint heir
rel
at ionsatal llev elsandr egul arl
yexchangev i
ewsonmat tersconcer ningt hemut ual
andbi l
at eral relationsbet weent het woMusl im St ates.
Afteri ndependenceTur keyext ended i t
sr ecogni ti
on t ot henew St ateof
Paki stanasasov ereignandi ndependentcount ry.Bot hcount ri
esconcl udedt r
ade,
economi candcul turalagr eement st ol i
nkt oget heronst ablegr ounds.Thef irst
agr eementbet weenTur keyandPaki stanwasconcl udedi n1951bywhi chbot h
count r
iesgav eschol arshipst ot hest udent sofeachot her ’
scount riesf orpur suing
studi es.Anot heragr eementwas r eached bet ween t he t wo count ries whi ch
emphasi zedt hedef ensemat tersbet weenTur keyandPaki stan.Tur keyandPaki stan
wer et hemember sofCENTO.Paki st anandTur keyar el i
nkedt oget herbyagr eement
ofR. C. D.whi chhasnowbeenconv ertedi nt oE. C.O.R. C.D.i sanagr eementai medat
promot ing r egi onaldev elopmenti nv arious aspect s ofsoci all ife oft he three
memberSt at esofPaki st
an, Tur keyandI ran.
Thel eader sandHeadsofSt atesoft het wocount r
ieshav ebeenexchangi ng
goodwi llvisitst oeachot hercount ry.For merTur kishPr esidentJal alBay arardt he
l
atePr imeMi nisterAdnanMandr espai dv i
sitst oPaki standur i
ngear l
yday sof
Friendshi pbet weenPaki stanandTur key .Pr imeMi nisterSul aimanDai mer alalso
paidv i
sittoPaki st an.
Turkeyhadal wayssuppor tedt hev iew poi ntofPaki stanofsev eralpol i
tical
i
ssuesl i
keKashmi randAf ghani stan.I thasext endedi tssuppor ttot herightofsel f
det ermi nationoft hepeopl eofKashmi r .Tur keycamewi t
hmat er i
aland mor al
suppor tt oPaki standur ingt heWar sof1965and1971.Paki stanr eciprocat edby
l
endi ngsuppor tt oTur keyont heCy prusi ssue.Paki stanexpr essedgr eatconcer ni n
1974ont heef for tsofuni ficationbet weenCy pr usandGr eece.Paki stanopenl y

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 167
suppor tedTur kishdecisiont osendi tst roopsi nCy prus.I tsentmedi calsuppl i
est o
Tur keyandof f
er edtosendv olunt eer sf orpr ovidingal lsor t
sofhel pandassi stance
totheTur kishGov t.
Paki stan par t
ici
pated r egul arlyi nt he I zmi rTr ade-fai rand or gani zed t he
exhi bi
tionofi tsgoodsi nI slamabadi n1984.Tur keyagr eedt oi nvitePaki stani
teacher sf ort eachingEngl ishi nTur ki
shschool s.Paki stanandTur keydeci dedt o
expand t r
ade and economi c co- operat i
on.Lat era f ew mor ef ields like t r
act or
manuf acturingandsol arener gywer eal soi ncluded.Anagr eementf orco- oper ati
on
i
nt our i
sm wassi gneddur i
ngPr esi dentKennanEv erne’sv i
sitt oPaki stani nFebr uary
1989.
TurkeyandPaki stanhadi dent i
calv i
ewsonAf ghani st anpr obl em andcal l
ed
fori tspol iti
calset tl
ement .Tur keyhi ghlyappr eci atedPaki st an’
sv i
ew onAf ghan
Crisisandl andedi t
shumani tarianassi stancet ot hedi splacedAf ghanr efugees.An
agreementon def ense product ion and t echni calser vi
ces was si gned bet ween
Paki st
anandTur keyon11t hMar ch, 1987.TheTur kishDef enseMi nist errepr esented
hiscount ryf orsi gni
ngt hisaccor di nIslamabad.TheGov er nment sofTur keyand
Paki st
an,byt hisagr eement ,hav eagr eedt oco- oper atei nt hef iel dsofdef ense
product ion and ser vi
ces t hr ough pr ocurement ,j oint pr oduct i
on and mut ual
assi st
ancei nr esearchanddev elopment .Theagr eementi sv ali
df orf i
vey earsand
furtherext endabl etoanyl engt hofper i
od&t hroughmut ualconsul tat ions.

PAKI
STANANDEGYPT

Egypti sani mpor t

antcount r
yoft hecont i
nentofNor thAf rica.Al t
houghEgy pt
i
saMusl i
m count r
y,y etitcoul dnotdev elopcor dialr elati
onswi t
hPaki stan.The
Egy pt i
anGov ernmentdi dnotext endi tssuppor tt ot hedemandofPaki standur i
ng
Paki st anMov ementandexpr essedi tssof tcor nerf ort heI ndianpoi ntofv i
ew.When
Gener alNaj ibputanendt ot heEgy pti
anki ngshipandt ookov ert her einsoft he
Gov er nmenthei niti
atedt hedev elopmentoff ri
endl yr elati
onsbet weenPaki stanand
Egy pt .Thepr ocessoff ri
endshi pbeganbet weent het wocount ri
eswi thconsi derable
swift nessf rom bot hsides.
The r elations bet ween Paki stan and Egy pthav e suf fered heav ilydur i
ng
Presi dentNasser ’
sr egimeHeadv ocat edI ndianpoi ntofv i
ew dur ing1965War
betweenPaki stanandI ndia.OnKashmi rissueEgy ptadopt edapassi veattitudeand
abst ainedf rom v oti
ngonKashmi ri nU. N.O.i n1962.TheEgy ptianGov er nment
cont inuedwi thitsant agoni sticat t
it
udet owar dsPaki st ant il
l1970s.I tdidnotal l
owa
passaget hrought heSuezCanalt ot heshi pswhi chwer ecar ryingar msf orPaki stan
during1971Waragai nstIndi a.Ont heot herhand, Paki stanhadal way sextendedco-
oper at ionandf riendlyat t
itudet oEgy ptinspi teoft heunf r
iendlybehav i
ouroft he
Egy pt i
anGov ernmentandPr esidentNasser .Paki stanr ecognizedEgy pt’
sr ightson
theSuezCanalandst r
ongl yadv ocat edEgy pt’spoi ntofv iewdur i
ngAr ab-I
sr aelwar .
Paki st ancondemnedBr it
ish,Fr enchandI srael
iaggr essiononEgy pti n1956and
offeredal lpossi bleassistance.
Ther el ati
onsbet weent het wocount ri
essl i
ght lyi mprov edwhenPr esi
dent

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 168
Ay ubKhancamet opoweri n1958.Pr esidentNasserpai dav i
sittoPaki stani n1960
whi chgav eaboostt of ri
endl yr el
ationsbet weenPaki st anandEgy pt.Pr esi dentAy ub
alsopai danof fi
cialv isitt oCai roandcl ar i
fiedPaki st an’sst andonSuezCanalt o
remov e Egy ptian suspi cions because of a st atement made by Paki stan’s
repr esent ativei nU. N. O.ont heSuezCanal .PresidentSadaatwasassassi nat edi n
1981.Paki st anexpr essedi tspr ofoundgr i
efandsor rowov ert hi
snat i
onalt ragedyof
Egy pt.I nf actt her elationsbet weenPaki stanandEgy ptwer eaf fectedduet oEgy pt’
s
closer elationswi thU. S. S.R.andI ndia.Pr esidentNasserwasacl oseal lyofU. S.S.R.
andI ndi aandal way sadopt edanunf riendl ystancet owar dsPaki stani nor dert o
pleaseU. S.S.R.andI ndi a.Lat ePr esidentMuhammadZi a-ul
-HaqofPaki stanpl ay eda
promi nentr oleinbr ingi ngEgy ptbackt ot heO. I
.C.Egy pt’smember shipofO. I.
C.had
beensuspendedsi nceI sraeli-Egyptaccor datCampDav i
d.Pr esidentMohammad
Zia-ul-Haqpr aisedEgy pt,dur ingFour thSummi tConf erenceofO. I
.C.atCasabl anca
i
n1984andr equest edt heO. I.C.tor estoremember shipoft heO. I.
C.t oEgy pt.
Ther ehasbeenanexchangeofdel egationsbet weenPaki stanandEgy pti n
bouron3d r
differentspher es.TheEgy pti
annav al shipEl -Nazer,sai l
edi ntoKar achi har
Apr il
,1987onat hree- daygoodwi l
lmi ssiont oPaki stan.TheCommanderoft heShi p,
Rear -Admi ralHasham AhmadAbdulFat tahdi scussedmat t
ersofmut uali nterest
with hi s Paki stanicount erpar ts.A t hree memberdel egat i
on oft he Egy pt i
an
Commi tteef orAf ghanr efugeesof fered5, 000bl anket st ot heChi efCommi ssi oner
AfghanRef ugeesf ordi stri
but ingt ot heAf ghanr efugees.Egy pthasal soof fered
otherki ndsofassi stancet ot heAf ghanr efugees.

Q5. Wri
tet
hecompr
ehensi
venot
eonEconomi
cCooper
ati
onOr
gani
zat
ion
(
ECO).
Ans. ECO( Economi cCooper ati
onOrganizati
on)i
st henewnameoft heRCDwhi ch
wasf or
medest abli
shedin1964atI st
anbulbetweent hr
eeMusli
m brothercount
ri
es
Ir
an,TurkeyandPaki stan.TheRCD, however,coul
dnotachievei
tsobjecti
vesdueto
cert
ainpolit
icaleventsbefalli
ngt hemembercount r
ies.In1979RCDsuspendeddue
toIsl
ami cRev ol
utioninIran.In1985I ranrequest
edPaki st
anandTurkeyt othere-
acti
vetheRCDf i
nall
yRCDr eplacedbyECOandmembercount r
iesoft heECOalso
becamet en.

Obj
ect
ivesofRCD:
The f
ormat i
on ofRCD was an agr eementai med atpr omot i
ng r
egional
devel
opmentinv ar
iousaspect sofsocialli
feofthet hreememberst ates.RCDwas
setupon21stJul y ,1964,whent heHeadsofSt ateofPaki stan,TurkeyandI r
an
assembl
edinIstanbultosigntheagreementknownasI st anbul Accord.
Themainobj ecti
vesoftheRCDwer easfollows:
1. Topr omot etradebetweent hemembercount r
iesandf r
eemov ement
ofgoodsbyal lpr
acti
calmeansoft ranspor t
ation.
2. Cl osercoor di
nationshallbeest ablishedamongstt heChamber sof
Commer ce oft he t
hree countri
es and t of i
nallyest abli
sh a j
oint
ChamberofCommer ce.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 169
3. Post alrates,bet weent het hreecount r
ies,shal lber educed tot he
extentt obri
ngt hem ont hel evelofint
ernalr ates.
4. Airtransportser viceswithint heregionshal lbei mpr ovedandaj oi
ntair
companyshal lbeest abl
ished.
5. Closecooper ationinshippi ngshal lbeestabl i
shedbyset ti
ngupaj oint
mar iti
mel i
ne.
6. Effortsshal lbemadet oi mpr oveandconst r
uctr ailandr oadlinks
betweent het hreecount ries.
7. Cooper ati
oni neducat i
onal ,scienti
fi
candcul t
uralaspect sshallbe
promot edbyt heexchangeofdel egati
ons.
8. Visaf ormaliti
esshal lbeabol ishedf ortrav elpur posesbet weent he
threecount ri
es.
9. Themembercount ri
esshal lprovidetechnicalassi stancetoeachot her
byt heexchangeofexper tsandbyext endingt raini
ngf acil
i
ties.
Member
sCount
ri
esoft
heECO

WhenECOwasest abl
ishedin1985,ithadt
hreemember sPaki
stan,Ir
anand
Turkeybutnowt hemembercount
riesoftheECOaretenwhichareasfol
lows:
1. Paki stan 2. I r
an 3. Tur key 4.
Afghani
stan
5. Taj ikistan 6. Kazakhst an 7. Uzbeki st
an
8. Tur kmeni stan 9. Ky r
gyzst
an 10. Azer baij
an

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heECO
Thi
sorgani zationhast hef ollowingobj ectives:
1. Pr omot i
on ofMut ualTr ade and Fr eely Transpor t
ati
on between t
he
MemberCount ries.
2. ToDev elopCl oser elationswi ththeAi wane-e-Commer ce&I ndust
ri
es
3. Pr omot i
onofI ndust ries
4. Tobet t
ert hemai lsy stemsbet weent hemembercount ri
es
5. Topl anf orNat ional I
nter estsoft hemembercount ries.
6. Est ablishmentofCommonAi r&Shi ppi ngServices
7. Pr omot i
onofMi ner als&Est abli
shmentofOi lRefi
ner i
es
8. Pr omot i
onofTour ism
9. Pr omot i
onofLandTr anspor tbetweent heMemberCount ri
es
10. ToDev elopbet terpr ogr amsf orthet echnicaltrai
ningoft hepeopleoft
he
membercount r
ies
11. Tor aiset heinter actioni nt hehistorycul tur
e&ci vi
li
zat i
on
12. Tor aiset heeducat ional oppor tunit
iesamongt hemembercount ri
es
Or
gani
zat
ionalSt
ruct
ureofECO
Wit
htheapprovalandfi
nali
zi
ngoft heChar t
eroft
heECO,it
sorgani
zati
onal
st
ruct
urei
snowinplace.Theorgani
zat
ionalstr
uctur
econsi
stsof
1. TheCounci l
ofMi ni
ster
s
Thi
sCouncilconsist
sofFor ei
gn Mi ni
sterofthe MemberCountr
iesthi
s

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 170
Councili
sv er
yst
rongandhasani
mpor
tantr
olei
npol
i
cymaki
ngandother
deci
sions.

2. CouncilofDeputi
es
ThisCouncilconsi
stsofEconomistandotherexpert
s.ThisCouncilhasseven
permanentcommi tt
ees.
3. Secret
ariatofECO
Theheadoft hisor
ganizat
ionisSecr
etaryGeneral
.ThereareDeputySecret
ary
Generalandotheroff
ici
alalsopr
esenttohelptheSecret
aryGeneral.
I
mpor
tantMeet
ingsofECO
1. Isl
amabadMeet ing- 1986( HeadsMeet i
ng)
Fir
stAnnualMeet ingofHeadsoft heSt atesoft heMemberCount ri
es
washel di nIslamabad( Paki stan)in1986.I nwhi chf ollowingdeci si
on
wer emade:
i
) Pr omot i
onofTr ade
i
i) Pr omot i
onofI ndust ry
i
ii) Cooper ationi nEducat i
onSect or
Aftert hismeet i
ngPaki stanexpor t
edRi ce&Cot tonText i
letoI ranand
Impor tPet r
oleum f rom I ran.
2. Isl
amabadMeet ing- 1990( ForeignMi nisterMeet i
ng)
Fir
stAnnualMeet ingofFor eignMi ni steroft heMemberCount rieswas
heldi nI slamabad( Pakist an)i n1990.I nwhi chf oll
owi ngdeci sionwer e
made:
i
) Est abli
shmentofECOBank
i
i) Reducet heCust om Dut ybet weent hemembercount ri
esupt o
10%
i
ii) Cooper ation i n Economi c, Commer ce, Tr ade, Tel e
Communi cat ion,Agr i
culture,Technol ogy&PowerSour ces
3. Tehr anMeet ing-1992( HeadsMeet ing)
Anot herMeet ingofHeadsoft heSt ateoft hemembercount rieswas
heldi n Tehr an ( IRAN)i n 1992.I n whi ch Uzbeki stan,Ky r
gy zstan,
TajikistanandTur kmeni stanbecomet hememberofECOandf ol l
owing
decisionwer emade:
i
) Est abli
shmentofDr ugCont r
ol Commi ttee
i
i) Tomaxi mi zet hecooper ationi nmut ual tr
ade
i
ii) Est abli
shmentofei ghtcommi ttees f ort he cooper at i
on in
differentsect orsbet weent hemembercount r
ies.
4. Isl
amabadMeet ing- 1992( ForeignMi nisterMeet i
ng)
In1992meet ingoft heFor eignMi nist eroft heMemberCount rieswas
heldi nI slamabad( PAKI STAN) .I
nwhi chAf ghanistanandKazakhst an
becamet hememberofECOandf inal i
zet hecommi tteeswhi chwer e
establ i
shi nTehr anMeet i
ng.
5. Quet taMeet ing-1993( For eignMi nist erMeet i
ng)
In1993meet ingoft heFor eignMi nist eroft heMemberCount rieswas

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 171
heldinQuet t
a( PAKI STAN) .I nt hismeet i
ngQuet t
aact ionpl anwas
approved.
6. I st
anbul Meet ing- 1993( HeadsMeet ing)
In1993meet ingoft heHeadsofSt at esoft heMemberCount rieswas
heldinI stanbul( Tur key ).I nt his meet i
ng i twas suggest ed t hat
cooperation i n economi c & cul turalsect orwi l
lbe r ai
sed and t he
cooperationi nt hemi ner alsandagr i
cul turesect orwi l
l al
soi ncreased.
7. I sl
amabadMeet ing-1995( HeadsMeet ing)
AnotherMeet ingofHeadsoft heSt at esoft heMemberCount rieswas
heldinIslamabad( Paki st an)i n1995.I nwhi chf ol
lowi ngdeci si
onwer e
made:
i
) Cooper ationi nt heeconomi csect or
i
i) Suppor tofKashmi ri fort heirrightofsel fdet ermi nation
i
ii) Est abl i
shmentofpeacei nSout hAsi a
8. AshqabadMeet ing-1996( HeadsMeet ing)
AnotherMeet ingofHeadsoft heSt at esoft heMemberCount rieswas
heldinAshqabad( Tur kmeni stan)i n1996.I nwhi chf ollowingdeci sion
weremade:
i
) Tol aiddownt her ai lwayt r
ackbet weent hemembercount ries
i
i) Toconst ructthemot or-waybet weent hemembercount r
ies
i
ii) To l aid down t he pi pe l ine bet ween t he Paki stan and
Tur kmeni st anf oroi landgas.
9. AshqabadMeet ing-1997( HeadsMeet ing)
Animpor tantMeet i
ngofHeadsoft heSt atesoft heMemberCount r
ies
washel di n Ashqabad ( Tur kmeni st an)i n 1997.I n whi ch fol l
owi ng
decisi
onwer emade:
i
) Toi ncreaset heai rser v i
cesbet weent hemembercount r
ies
i
i) Toi ncreaset het rade
i
ii) Toav ailthenear estseet rader out est otheSout hAsi anSt ates
10. AlmattiMeet i
ng- 1998 ( HeadsMeet ing)
ImportantMeet ingofHeadsoft heSt at esoft heMemberCount r
ies
washel di nAl mat ti(Kazakhst an)i n1998.I nwhi chf oll
owi ngdeci sion
weremade:
i
) Establ i
shmentofpeacei nAf ghani st an
i
i) To r equestt he I nt ernat i
onalcommuni tyf ort he sol ut i
on of
problem ofKashmi r
i
ii) Pr omot ionoft rade
11. TehranMeet ing- 2000( HeadsMeet i
ng)
AnI mportantMeet i
ngofHeadsoft heSt atesoft heMemberCount r
ies
washel di nTehr an( I
r an)i n2000.I nwhi chf oll
owi ngdeci sionwer e
made:
i
) Establ i
shmentofPeacei nAf ghani stan
i
i) Sov ereignt yofAzer baijan
i
ii) Est abl i
shmentofPeacei nSout hAsi a

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 172
i
v) Pr omot ionofAgr i
cul t
ureI ndust ry&PowerSour ces
12. I
stanbulMeet i
ng- 2002( HeadsMeet i
ng)
I
n2002i mpor tantmeet ingofHeadsoft heSt atesoft heMember
Countri
eswashel dinI stanbul( Tur key)inwhi cht hefol lowi ngdecision
weremade:
i
) Tomaxi mi zet hecooper at ionbet weent hemembercount r
ies
i
i) Tor esolvet hemut ual probl emswi t
hdi alogue
i
ii
) Pr omot ionoft rade
i
v) Pr omot ionofI ndust ry
v) Cooper ationi ncul ture,t
our ism andEducat i
onal sect ors
13. DoshumbayMeet ing-2004( HeadsMeet ing)
I
n2004i mpor tantmeet ingofHeadsoft heSt atesoft heMember
Countri
eswashel di nDoshumbay( Taji
kistan)inwhi cht hef ol
lowing
deci
sionwer emade:
i
) Tomaxi mi zet hecooper at ionbet weent hemembercount r
ies
i
i) Tor esolvet hemut ual probl emswi t
hdi alogue
i
ii
) Pr omot ionoft rade
i
v) Pr omot ionofI ndust ry
v) Cooper ationi ncul ture,t
our ism andEducat i
onal sect ors
14. BaakoMeet ing-2006( HeadsMeet i
ng)
I
n2006i mpor tantmeet ingofHeadsoft heSt atesoft heMember
Countri
es was hel di n Baako ( Azer baij
an)i n which t he f ol
lowing
deci
sionwer emade:
i
) Oilandgaspi pel i
nebet weenPaki stanandTaj i
ki stan
i
i) AttainmentofNucl earTechnol ogyf orpeacef ul
obj ect i
ve
i
ii
) To suppor tt he Kashmi ri Peopl ef or theirr ight of sel f
determi nation
i
v) Pr omot ionoft rade
v) Promot ionofI ndust ry
vi
) Cooper ationi ncul ture,t
our ism andEducat i
onal sect ors
Pot
ent
ialandPer
for
manceoft
heECO
TheECOi sabi gchal lengetoouranal y stsandeconomi sts.Wi thIran,Tur
key
andPaki stanasor i
ginalmember s,theexpandedECOhast hepot enti
altobecomea
poli
ti
callyandeconomi call
ypower f
ulbloc.Spanni ngov erSouth,Cent ralandWest
Asia,ECOmember shav et headv antageoft erritori
alcontigui
ty,
cul t
uralhomogenei t
y
ri
chr esources,sharedf ai
thandabsenceofanymaj ort er
ri
tor
ialconf l
ict
.ECOi sa
vastmar ketforourtrader sandawonder -
landf ort ravel
ers.
1. AnewAsi ant r
adebl ockisint heoffi
ngwhi chholdsgreateconomi candt r
ade
possibil
it
iesforther egion.
2. TheCent ralAsi anst atesarebest owedwi t
ht r
emendousnat ur
alr esour
ces
li
kecot t
onandoi l,t
oget herwithminer als, suchasgol dandi r
on.
3. Cot ton isgr own i n abundancei n Uzbeki stan which used t o produce73
percentofthef ormerSov i
etUnion’
scot toncr op.
4. TheECOst ateshav ei mmensepot ent ialf ordevelopmentandar edest i
nedto

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 173
regai
nt heirhi
stori
calimportanceandgl or
y.
5. To promot e economi ci nter
-li
nkages,t he v i
talr equirement ist hat of
communi cati
on infrastr
ucture l i
ke r oads, rail
, shi pping, air
li
nes and
tel
ecommuni cati
ons.
6. Withregionaleconomi cintegrati
onbei ngtheobj ect
ive,theECO canmov e
forwar
dbypr omot i
ngtradeonapr eferent
ialbasi
si nther egion.
7. Themembercount ri
eshav eagr eedtosetupaTr adeandDev el
opmentBank
(TDB)whi ch would helpi nt he exchange ofcommodi ti
es in or
dert o
encourageeconomi cCooper at
ionatt henon-government al l
evel.

Theestabli
shmentofECOi sahi ghl
ysigni
ficantevent,notinthehistoryof
Pakistanal
one,butal soforthewholer egi
oncoveringtheent i
reCentralAsia.The
governmentsintheregiondeserv
etoheappl audedforthei
rswi f
tendeavorsregional
andcol l
ect
iveCooper at
ion.However,suchacol l
ectiv
emeasur easECOmustnot
coveroneaspectoft hehumanact i
vit
y,butmustheencompassi ngalldi
mensi onsof
humandev el
opment .Itmustcovertherequi
rementsofpoli
ty,economy ,def
enseand
societ
yatlar
ge.

Q6. Wr
it
eanot
eont
heor
gani
zat
ionofI
slami
cConf
erence.
Ans. Af tertheest abli
shmentofPaki stanthebasicprincipl
eofPaki stanForei
gn
Poli
cywasdeci ded.Pakistanwi l
lnotleaveanyst onesunt urnedforthesakeof
Muslim Unitybutt hecir
cumstanceswer enotsuit
ableatthatt i
me.Mostoft heArab
Countrieswer et hi
nkingofAr abNationali
sm.Theyconsi derthemselvesArabf i
rst
and then Musl ims.Af terwor kscold behavi
ourofSuperPower smadeMusl im
Countriestobeuni t
ed.ByandbyMusl i
m Countr
iesbecameuni tedont hebaseof
Isl
am.I nthiswaypat h waspav ed f
ort heestabl
ishmentoft heOI C.Pakist
an
renderedremar kableservi
cesfortheestabli
shmentoftheOI C.

Est
abl
i
shmentoft
heOI
C
In August,1969 establi
shmentofOI C was unavoi
dable when the Jews
attemptedtoburnMasj i
d-e-
Aqsaanddemol ishedsomeofi t
sparts.Thi
swasnott he
problem ofonlyAr abs.TheAr absForei
gnMi nister
ssuggestedtocallanI sl
amic
submi tconfer
encef orl
ookingintocruci
almat t
er.Sofi
rstmeetingoftheheadsof
Isl
ami ccountr
ieswashel di
nRabat ,acit
yofMor occoinSeptember,1969.Thenthe
organizat
ionofMusl i
m Conferencewasfounded.
Or
gani
zat
ion
OI
Ci s an Inter
nati
onalOrgani
zati
on.About46 Isl
amic Count
ri
es ar
eits
members.I
tshead- off
iceisinJeddah.Thefir
stChair
manwasShahHussai nof
Mor
occoandt hefirstSecr
etar
yGeneralwasShari
f-
uddi
nPerzada,thet
henForei
gn
Mi
nist
erofPakist
an.
I
MPORTANTI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS
I
slami
cSummi
t:
Themosti
nst
it
uti
onofOI
CisI
slami
cSummi
t.Al
ltheheadsofI
slami
c

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 174
Countr
iesar
eitsmembers.According t
othedeci
sionof1981 I
slami
cSummi
t
Confer
encei
shel
dofaf
tert
hreeyears.
Conf
erenceofFor
eignMi
nist
er
TheSecond I
nst
it
uti
on ofOICist
heConf
erenceofFor
eign Mi
nist
er.I
ts
meet
ingishel
datl
eastonceannual
l
y.
Gener
alSecr
etar
iat
GeneralSecr
etari
atisanotherimportantI
nsti
tut
ionofOIC.Thi
sispr esi
ded
overbyt heSecret
aryGener alwho prepar
edagendaperev er
yconferenceina
meeti
ngofhi ghleveloff
icer
s.Heal solooksafterthehol
dingandproceedingof
conf
erences.
AI
MSANDOBJECTI
VES
Fol
l
owi
ngar et heai msandobj ectivesoft heOI C:-
1. St epsf ordef endingMusl imsSt atesf rom NuclearDanger s.
2. Peacef ul solut
ionofconf li
ct soft heMusl i
m Count ri
es
3. Pr otection of t he Musl ims t err
itories from Jewi sh aggr ession and
protectionofhol ypl acesinJer usal em.
4. Est ablishmentofI slamicDev elopmentBankandI sl
ami cStabili
tyFundf or
thesakeofeconomi cdev elopmentofMusl i
m Count r
ies.
5. Int hecaseofFor eignAggr ession, Def enseofMusl i
m Count r
ies.
6. Ther est orati
onofoccupi edMusl i
m Ter ri
tori
esandespeci allystrugglefor
thelibertyofPal estine.
7. Pr otectionofMusl im Minor i
tiesi nNon- Musli
m Count r
ies.
8. Est ablishmentofI slamicCommi ssionf orcul t
ural& socialact ivi
ti
est o
promot eI slamicCul tur
e.
9. Est ablishment of Musl im Uni ver si
ti
es f or the Pr omulgation Islamic
I
deol ogy .
10. Establishmentofi mpar t
ialpol i
cies.
11. Tosav et heMusl i
m Count riesf rom bei ngtoadiestotheSuperPower s.

I
MPORTANTMEETI
NGSOFOI
C
1. Fi
rstSummi
tofOI
C(RabatMor
occo1969)
FirstSummi tofOI Cwashel dint heci tyofRabat( Mor occo)inSept ember ,
1969.Thi sSummi twasi naugur ated byShahHussai n.I nthismeet i
ng Gener al
MuhammadAghaYay aKhanr epresent edPaki stan.Twent y
-fiv
eheadsoft heMusl i
m
Countr
iesandel ev
enj ointt hissessi onofOI C, sot otalnumberofMusl i
msCount ri
es
whojointthi
ssessionwas36.Fol l
owi ngdeci sionswer emadei nthissummi t.
i. Endoft hepov ert
yandi l
l
iteracyf r
om t heMusl im Count r
ies
ii. Towor kf ort heeconomi cpr osper i
tyoft heMusl i
m Count r
ies
iii
. Toel iminat et hemut ual diff
er enceoft heMusl ims
iv. Sol uti
onoft hePal est i
ne’sPr obl em
2. SecondSummi tofOI C(Lahor e-Pakist an1974)
SecondSummi tofOI C washel di nLahor e-Pakistani n1974i nwhi ch36
Musli
m Count r
ieswer epar tici
patedi mpor tantI sl
ami cLeaderl i
keShahFai sal,Col.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 175
QazafiPresidentAnwarSadaatal soj oinedt hissessi on.Int hismeet i
ngt hefol
l
owi ng
deci
si
onwer emade.
i
. Suggest i
onswer epr esent edf ort hesol utionoft hePalestine’
sproblem.
i
i. Endoft hepov ertyandi ll
iter
acyf r
om t heMusl i
m Count ri
es
i
ii
. Towor kf ort heeconomi cpr osper i
tyoft heMusl i
m Count ri
es
i
v. Est ablishmentofI slami cUni v ersiti
es
v. EstablishmentofI slami cNewsAgency
vi
. I nthisconf er encePaki stanr ecogni zedBangl adesh
3. Thi rdSummi tConf er enceoft heOI C( Tai f
-SaudiAr abi a1981)
ThirdSummi toft heOI Cwashel di nTai fSaudiAr abi ai n1981.I nwhich38
Musli
msCount r
ieswer epar t
icipat edandt hef ollowi ngdeci sionswer emadei nt hi
s
meeti
ng.
i
. Putbackt heRussi anf orcesf rom Af ghani stan
i
i. Tost opt hewarofI r
aqandI ran
i
ii
. Est ablishmentofcommonshi ppingor gani zat ionamongt hemember
countries
i
v. Est ablishmentofI slami cWel far eAssoci at i
ons
v. Tosol vet hemut ual probl emsbynegot i
at i
onsoft heMuslims
4. Four thSummi tConf erenceoft heOI C( Casabl anca, Mor occo1984)
FourthSummi toft heOI Cwashel di nCasabl anca, Mor occoi n1984.Inwhi ch
43Musl imsCount ri
eswer epar ti
ci pat edandt hef ollowi ngdeci si
onswer emadei n
thi
smeet ing.
i
. Soluti
onoft hepr obl em oft hePal est i
ne’ sPr obl em
i
i. Topr ov idet her ight st ot hepeopl eoft heBosni a, Herzegovina
i
ii
. Sol uti
onoft hepr obl em oft heKashmi r
i
v. Tost opt heI ran, Ir
aqwar
v. Tof avourt heAf ghanMuj ahddi nagai nstt heRussi anForces
5. Fi fthSummi tConf er enceoft heOI C( Kuwai t1987)
Fi
fthSummi toft heOI Cwashel di nKuwai ti n1987.I nwhi ch43Musl i
ms
Countri
eswer epar ti
ci pat edandt hef ollowingdeci sionswer emadei nthismeeting.
i
. Unityoft heMusl imsWor ld
i
i. Soluti
onoft hepr obl em oft hePal est i
ne’ sPr obl em
i
ii
. Sol uti
onoft hepr obl em oft heKashmi r
i
v. Tost opt heI ran, Ir
aqwar
v. Tof avourt heAf ghanMuj ahddi nagai nstt heRussi anForces
6. Si xthSummi tConf er enceoft heOI C( DakarSenegal1991)
Si
xthSummi toft heOI C washel di nDakarSenegali n1991.I nwhi ch24
Musli
msCount r
ieswer epar t
icipat edandI raqboy cot tedt hismeet i
ng.Thef ol
l
owi ng
deci
si
onswer emadei nthi smeet ing.
i
. Endoft hepov ertyandi ll
iter
acyf r
om t heMusl i
m Count ri
es
i
i. Towor kf ort heeconomi cpr osper i
tyoft heMusl i
m Count ri
es
i
ii
. Toel i
mi nat et hemut ual diff
er enceoft heMusl ims
i
v. Sol uti
onoft hePal est ine’ sProbl em
vi
. Sol uti
onoft hePr obl em ofKashmi r

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 176
7. Sevent
hSummi tConf erenceoft heOI C( Casabl anca, Mor occo1994)
Sevent
hSummi toft heOI C washel di nCasabl ancai n1994.I nwhi ch51
Musl
i
msCount ri
eswer epar ti
ci pat ed.Thef ollowi ngdeci sionswer emadei nt hi
s
meet
ing.
i
. Toendt het errori
sm f rom t hewor ld
i
i. Soluti
onoft hepr obl em oft heKashmi r
i
ii
. Est ablishmentofI slami cNewsAgency
i
v. Suggest ionswer epr esent edf orthesol uti
onoft hePal esti
ne’
sproblem.
8. Ei ghthSummi tConf erenceoft heOI C( Tehr an,Iran1997)
Ei
ghthSummi toft heOI C washel di nTehr an,I rani n1997.I nwhi ch53
Musl
i
msCount ri
eswer epar ti
ci pat ed.Thef ollowi ngdeci sionswer emadei nt hi
s
meet
ing.
i
. Towor kf ortheMusl im Uni ty
i
i. Tomaxi mi zethet r adeamongt hemembercount ri
es
i
ii
. Cul turaleconomi candpol it
icalrelat i
onsamongt hemembercount r
ies
i
v. Tor esolvet hepr obl emsoft heMusl imscount ries
9. Ni nt
hSummi tConf erenceoft heOI C(Doha, Qatar2000)
Nint
hSummi toft heOI C washel di nDoha,Qat ari n2000.I nwhich56
Musl
i
msCount ri
eswer epar ti
ci pat ed.Thef ollowi ngdeci sionswer emadei nt hi
s
meet
ing.
i
. Tof av ourt heAf ghani stanGov ernmentt oov ercomet hecivi
lwari n
Afghani stan
i
i. Tor ai
set hefundsf ortheAf ghanRef ugees
i
ii
. Towor kf ortheest ablishmentofpeacei nBosni a
i
v. Tof avourt heRi ghtofSel fDet ermi nat i
onoft heKashmi ri
’
s
v. Soluti
onoft hePr obl em oft heCy pr us
10. Tent hSummi tConf erenceoft heOI C(Pat rajiya,Mal ay sia2003)
TenthSummi toft heOI Cwashel dinPat rajiya,Mal ay siain2003.I nwhich57
Musl
i
msCount ri
eswer epar ti
ci pat ed.Thef ollowi ngdeci sionswer emadei nt hi
s
meet
ing.
i
. Towor kf ortheUni tyoft heMusl im Wor l
d
i
i. Toendt het errori
sm i nt hewor l
daf terthei ncidentof9/ 11
i
ii
. Sol uti
onoft hepr obl em oft heAf ghani stan
i
v. Sol uti
onoft hepr obl em oft heKashmi r
11. EleventhSummi tConf erenceoft heOI C( Dakar ,Senegal2008)
El
eventhSummi toft heOI Cwashel di nDakar ,Senegali n2008.I nwhich39
Musl
i
msCount ri
eswer epar ti
ci pat ed.Thef ollowi ngdeci sionswer emadei nt hi
s
meet
ing.
i
. Tor ai
set hefundsf ortheAf ghanRef ugees
i
i. Towor kf ortheest ablishmentofpeacei nBosni a
i
ii
. Tof avourt heRi ghtofSel fDet ermi nat i
onoft heKashmi ri
’
s
i
v. Sol uti
onoft hepr obl em oft hePal est i
ne

No-
doubtor
gani
zat
ionofI
slami
cCount
ri
esi
sal
argestor
gani
zat
ionoft
he

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 177
Musl
i
m Countri
eswhichtr
iestor
esolv
etheprobl
emsoftheMusli
msCount
ri
esbut
i
mpactt
hisconfer
encei
stotal
l
yfai
ledtoachi
evei
tsobj
ect
ives.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 178

SHORTQUESTI
ONS
Chapt
er#1
I
DEOLOGYOFPAKI
STAN

Q1. Whatdi d Quai

d-e-
Azam say whi
l
einaugur
ati
ng t
he st
ate bank of
Paki
stan?
Ans.“Theeconomicsy st
em ofWestiscreat
inganunsolvabl
eproblemsand
fai
ledtodoj ust
icewit
ht hepeopl
e.Wehav et opresentaneconomic
system whi
chshouldbebasedont hetrueconcept
sofI sl
am andSt
ate
j
ust i
ce.
”
Q2. Whati
smeantbyI
deol
ogyofPaki
stan?
Ans.Theideol ogyofPakist
anwast heconsciousnessoft heMusli
msinthe
hist
oricalperspect
iveoft
hesout hAsiansub-conti
nentthatt
heywer
ea
separatenationonthebasisoftheIsl
amicideology.
Q3. Whenandwhof
oundedf
ir
str
egul
arMusl
i
m Empi
rei
nthesub-
cont
inent
?
Ans.Qutab-
ud-Di
nfounded t
he f
ir
str
egul
arMusl
i
m empi
rei
nthe sub-
conti
nenti
n1206.
Q4. Whatdi
dQuai
d-e-
Azam sayaboutNat
ional
i
ty?
Ans.Quaid-e-Azam sai
d“ TheMusli
msar eanati
onbyever
yr i
ghtt
oestabli
sh
thei
rsepar at
ehomel and.Theycanadoptanymeant opromoteand
prot
ectt heirspi
ri
tual,moral
,economic,soci
alpol
it
icaland cul
tural
i
nterests”.

Q5. Whatdi
dAl
l
amaI
qbal
sayi
nhi
sfamousaddr
essatAl
l
ahabadi
n1930?
Ans.I
n1930,
atAl
l
ahabad,
All
amaI
qbal
sai
d:
“Iwoul dl i
ke t
o see t he Punjab,NWFP,Si ndh and Balochi
stan
amal
gamatedintoasingl
estate,sel
f-gover
nmentwi t
hinorwithoutt
heBrit
ish
Empi
re.Consol
idatedf
ormati
onofnor t
h-westIndianMuslim stat
eappear
st o
bet
hefinal
destinyofMusl
ims,atleastofnorth-westIndi
a.”
Q6. Def
inei
deol
ogy
?
Ans.Col
lecti
onofconceptsoruniver
salconcept
swhi
chaccor
dingtoi
ts
uni
versal
it
yengulf
sallaspect
sofl i
feandt i
meofpl
anni
ngi sal
so
i
ncl
udinginiti
scal
ledi
deol
ogyorNazri
a.
Q7. Expl
aint
heconceptofI
slami
cSov
erei
gnt
y?
Ans.TheIslami
cconceptofsov
ereigntymeanst hepowerandaut hor
it
ies
exer
cisedbyther
uli
ngcl
assisf r
om All
ah.Manisnothav i
ngabsolute
power.Hecanmakelawswit
hintheli
mitslai
ddownbyAllah.Thelaws,

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 179
whichareagai
nstt
heQur
anandSunnah,ar
enotal
l
owedi
nIsl
ami
c
societ
y.
Q8. Whatar
ethebasi
cel
ement
soft
hei
deol
ogyofPaki
stan?
Ans.(
1) I
slami
cbel
i
efs
(
2) Pr
ayer
s
(
3) Supr
emacyofl
awi
nthel
i
ghtofQur
anandSunnah.
(
4) Just
ice
(
5) Fr
ater
nit
yandequal
i
ty

Q9. Wr i
tedownf ourai ms&obj ect i
v esarecr eati
onofPakist
an.
Ans.1. Pr otectionofMusl i
m Language&Cul t
ure
2. Togetr idf r
om Hi ndus&t heBritish
3. Soci alEconomi candRel igiousPr otecti
onoftheMuslims
4. Togetr idcongr essandhi scruel t
ies
Q10.Descr i
bet heimpor tanceofI deol ogyofPaki st
an.
Ans.1. At tainmentofr i
ghtofsel f-det
ermi nati
onfortheMusli
ms
2. Pr otectionofMusl i
mr ight s
Q.11 Whatismeantby“ TwoNat ionTheor y?
Ans.Int hehi stor
icalper specti
v eoft hesub- conti
nentTwoNat ionTheory
meanst hatdespi t
el i
vingtoget herint hesamecount ryf
orcentur
iesthe
HindusandMusl imsar et wosepar atenat i
ons.Thistheorywast he
foundati
onoft heestabli
shmentofPaki stan.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 180
CHAPTER#2
HI
STORI
CALASPECTSOFI
DEOLOGYOFPAKI
STAN
Q1. Whatwer
etheobj
ect
ivesofSi
rSy
edAhmedKhan’
sAl
i
gar
hMov
ement
?
Ans.(
1) Tobui
l
dconf
idencebet
weent
hegov
ernmentandt
heMusl
i
ms
(
2) Topersuadet
heMusl
i
mst
oacqui
reknowl
edgeandl
ear
nEngl
i
sh
l
anguage.
(3) Tohol dbacktheMuslimsf rom t
hepolit
ics.
Q2. Namet heeducationali
nsti
tut
ionssetbySi rSyedAhmedKhan?
Ans.SirSyedAhmadKhanSetUp:
(1) PersianSchoolatMuradabadi n1859
(2) Scienti
fi
cSociet
yatGhazi puri
n1863
(3) MuhammadanEducat i
onal Conferencein1886
(4) Mohammedan Angl o-
OrientalSchoolatAl ighar
hin 1875 whi
ch
becamecol l
egein1877andMusl im al
iGarghUniver
sit
yin1920.
Q3. Whenandwher
ewasShahWal
iUl
l
ahbor
n?
Ans.Shal
Wal
iUl
l
ahwasbor
non2ndFebr
uar
y,1703i
nDel
hi.
Q4. Whenandwher
ewasSi
rSy
edAhmedKhanbor
n?
Ans.Si
rSy
edAhmedKhanwasbor
non17t
hOct
ober1817i
nDel
hi.
Q5. WhenwasAnj
uman-
e-Hi
may
at-
e-I
slam est
abl
i
shedandbywhom?
Ans.Anjuman-e-
Himay
at-e-
Isl
am wasestabl
i
shed i
n 1884 i
n Punj
ab.The
founderoft
hismovementwasMunshiChir
aghDin.
Q6. Whatar
ether
eli
giousser
vicesofShahWal
iUl
l
ah?
Ans.ShahWaliUl
lahnotonl ytr
iedt
ouni
tet
heMusl
i
mspol
i
tical
l
ybutal
so
render
edr
eli
giousser
vices.
(
1) Hetransl
atedt
heHol yQurani
ntoPer
sian,whi
chwasknownas
Fat
ehRehmanFi Tar
jama-
al-
Qur
an.
(
2) Hewasawel
lver
sedt
eacherofHadi
th.
(
3) HehadacommandonabookofHadi
thknownas“
Mau’
ta’
.
(
4) Hewrot
eacommentaryon“
Mau’
ta”i
nAr
abi
candi
nPer
sianknown
as“
Almos-
ul-
Most
afa”
.
(
5) He t
ri
ed t
or emov
e soci
alev
il
sfr
om soci
ety and est
abl
i
shed
Madr
essaRehmani
a.
Q7. Whatwer
etheobj
ect
ivesofFar
aizi
Mov
ement
?
Ans.Thi
s mov ementwas f
ounded byHaj
iShar
iatUl
l
ah i
n Bengal
.The
obj
ect
ivesofthi
smovementwere:

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 181
(
1) The Musl
i
ms should pr
act
ice the commandments ofr
eli
gion
knownasFar
aize.
g.Namaz,Fast
ing,
HajjandZakat
,
(
2) Tosuppor
ttheMusl
i
m peasantagai
nstt
heCr
uel
HinduLandl
ords.
(
3) Toeradicat
ethei
nnov
ati
onsandbadcust
omsf
rom t
heMusl
i
m
soci
ety.
Q8. Whatwast
headv
iceofMaul
anaAshr
afAl
iThanv
itot
heMusl
i
ms?
Ans.(
1) MaulanaAshr
afAliThanv
idecl
aredCongr
essasaHi
ndupar
tyand
adv
isedtheMusl
imsnottojoi
nit.
(
2) HeissuedFat
waagai
nstBand-
e-Mat
aram andt
het
hreecol
our
ed
f
lag.
(
3) Hekepti
ntouchwi
tht
heQuai
d-e-
Azam t
hroughcor
respondence.
Q9. WhySi
ndhi
scal
l
edBabul
Isl
am?
Ans.Si
ndhi
scal
l
edBabul
Isl
am ort
hedoorofI
slam because:
(
1) I
slam ent
eredi
nthesub-
cont
inentt
hroughSi
ndh.
(
2) Manyreli
giousschol
arsandUl
emaswer
ebor
ninsi
ndhwhospr
ead
I
slam i
ntheSub-cont
inent
.
Q10.Whopr
oposedt
henamePAKI
STANandwhen?
Ans.Ch.RehmatAl ipr oposedt hename“ Pakistan”in1933.
Q11.WhenMuhammadBi nQasi mt akeov erSindh?
Ans.MuhammadBi nQasi m attackedonSi ndhi n712&def eat
edRajaDahir
andt
akeov erSindh.
Q12.Whenandhow manyat tackswer emadebySul tanMahmoodGhaznv i
onSub- Continent ?
Ans.Sult
an Mahmood Ghaznv iattacked on Sub- Cont i
nent17 timesand
conqueredPunj ab, Sindh&Mul tan.
Q13.When and who f ounded Fi rstMusl i
m Regul arEmpi reint he Sub-
Continent?
Ans.Qutub-ud-DinAbi akf oundedf i
rstMusl im Regul arEmpi rei
nt heSub-
Continentin1206.
Q14.Whendi dTheGr eatMughal stakeov erSub- Continent?
Ans.ZaheerudinBabart heGr eatMughalRul erdef eatedIbrahi
m Lodhii n
1526 atPaniPat tand f ounded t he Gr eatMughalEmpi rei n Sub-
Continent.
Q15.Whenandwher eHazr atMuj adidAl i
fSani wasbor n?
Ans.HazratMuj adidAl ifSani (SheikhAhmadSar handi)wasbor ni
n1564ata
wellknownSar hand.
Q16.Whendi dHazr atMuj adidAl i
fSani die?
Ans.HazratMuj adidAl ifSani diedint heageof60i n1624.
Q17.Writ
edownt heFourRel i
giousSer vi
cesofHazr atMujadidAli
fSani.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 182
Ans.1. Pr eachi ngofI slam
2. Wahdat -ul-Waj oodandWahdat -
ul-Shahood
3. Fav ouroft wonat iont heor y
4. Soci alRef orms
Q18.WhenShahWal iUll
ahhaddi ed?
Ans.ShahWal i Ullahhaddi edi n1762.
Q19.Whatwast heact ualnameofHazr atShahWal iUl l
ah&whatwasname
ofhi sfat her ?
Ans.Theact ualnameofShahWal iUl lahwasQut ub- ud-DinAhmad.Hewas
bor nin1703atDel hi.Thenameofhi sf atherwasShahAbdul Raheem.
Q20.WhenAur angzebAal amgi rhaddi ed?
Ans.Aur angzebAal amgi rhaddi ed1707.
Q21.Whot r
ansl atedt heHol yQur anint hePer sianFi rst?
Ans.ShahWal i Ullaht ransl at edt heHol yQur ani nt oPer sianFirst.
Q22.Whot r
ansl atedt heHol yQur anint heUr duFi r st?
Ans.ShahAbdulQadi r&ShahRaf iuddi nSonsofHazr atShahWal iUllah
translatedt heHol yQur ani ntoUr duFi rst.
Q23.Whenandwher edidSy edAhmadBar alvibor n?
Ans.Sy edAhmadBar alviwasbor nin1786i nRai Bar al inearLucknow.
Q24.WhenSy edAhmadBar alvi didst ar tedMuj ahdi nMov ement ?
Ans.Sy edAhmadBar alvist ar tedMuj ahdi nMov ementi n1823.
Q25.WhenSi rSy edAhmedBar alv i
at tackedonAkor aKhat ak?
Ans.Sy edAhmadBar al
v iat tackedonAkor aKhat aki n1826anddef eated
Sikhs.
Q26.When Sy ed Ahmed Bar alv idi d est ablished hi s Head Quar terat
Peshawar ?
Ans.Sy edAhmedBar alviest abl i
shedhi sHeadQuar teri nPeshawari n1826.
Q27.Whenandwher edidSy edAhmedBar alviMar tyr?
Ans.Sy edAhmedBar alviandhi scompani onShahI smai lMar t
yredi n1831at
Bal akot.
Q28.Why Si rSy ed Ahmad Khan adv ised t he Musl im t o abst ainf r
om
congr ess?
Ans.Sir Sy ed Ahmad Khan t hinks t hat Congr ess i s onl yt he single
repr esent ativepar t
yoft heHi ndus.Congr essi snott her epr
esent ati
ve
par tyoft heMusl imt hat ’swhyheadv isedt heMusl im notjoincongr ess.
Q29.When di d Anj aman- e-Hami yat-e- Islam est ablish and who was t he
founderofi t?
Ans.Kahl if
a Hami d-u-Dinf ounded Anj aman- e-Hami y at-e-
Isl
am i n 1884 i n
Lahor e.Theot heri mpor tantl eaderoft hisor gani zati
onwasMunshi
Chi ragDi n, MunshiAbdulRaheem, Mi rShams- u-Di nandDr .Muhammad
DinNazi r.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 183
Q30.Whendi dSirAhmadKhanuset het erm“ nat i
on”f ort heMusli
ms?
Ans.SirAhmadKhanusedt hewor dnat ionf ort heMusl i
msoft hesub-
cont
inentfirstt i
mei nt hehi storyin1867.
Q31.Writ
edownt heobj ecti
v esofDar -ul-Uloom DeoBand.
Ans.1. Pr eachi ngofI slam
2. Togetr idfr om innov ati
ons
3. Spi ri
tual andEt hical reformsoft heMusl ims.
Q32.Writ
edownf ourobj ectivesofNadwa- Tul-Ulmae.
Ans.1. Ref ormsi nCur riculum
2. Toel imi nat et hedi fferencesamongt heRel i
giousScholar
3. Togui det heMusl i
msf rom r eli
giouspoi ntofv i
ew
4. Teachi ngofModer n&Rel i
giousKnowl edge
Q33.Writ
edownf ourobj ectivesofAnj uman- e-Hami yat-
e-Islam.
Ans.1. Est ablishmentofEducat i
onal Institution
2. To ef fectiv ely count er t he pr opaganda of t he Chri
sti
an
Missionar ies.
3. ToLookaf terandeducat et heMusl i
m Or phanChi l
dren
4. To est ablished Musl ims Soci ety on t he sound and st abl
e
foundat ions.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 184
CHAPTER#3
PAKI
STANMOVEMENT
Q1 Howmanyseat
sMusl
i
m Leaguewoni
nPunj
abpr
ovi
ncei
ntheel
ect
ion
of1945-
46?
Ans.Muslim Leaguewon75seat si
niti
all
youtof86Musli
m seatsoft
he
PunjabPr ov
inci
alAssembl
ybutfour member
sincl
udedlat
eronand
tot
al seat
sbecame79.
Q2. Whatweret
hestepst
akenbytheQuai
d-e-
Azam as Gover
nor
Gener
alf
orthei
mprovementoft
headmini
str
ati
vestr
uct
ureofPaki
stan?
Ans.(
1) Kar
achi
wasmadet
hecapi
tal
ofPaki
stan.
(
2) TheCi
vi
lSecr
etar
iatwasest
abl
i
shed.
(
3) Ch.MuhammadAl
iwasappoi
ntedast
heSecr
etar
yGener
al.
(4) Ci
vi
lServ
iceswer
ereor
gani
zedandCi
vi
lSer
viceAcademywas
est
abli
shed.
(
5) Headquar
ter
sforAr
my,
Nav
yandAi
rFor
cewer
esetup.
Q3. Whoest
abl
i
shedMusl
i
m Leaguei
nBal
ochi
stanandwhen?
Ans.I
n 1939 Musl
im League was establ
ished i
n Bal
ochi
stan. Qazi
MuhammadEsamadeitef
fect
iveandf
uncti
onal
.
Q4. Writedownt henamesoft her i
venomi neesofMusl i
m Leaguef ort
he
i
nterim Gov t.in1946?
Ans.Fiv
emi nist
rieswer egivent otheMusl im League.
(1) LiaqatAl iKhan Fi
nanceMi nister
(2) I.I
.Chandr i
gar MinisterforCommer ce&Tr ade
(3) Jogi nderNat hMondal LawMi nister
(4) Raj aGazanf arAl i
Khan HealthMi ni
st er
(5) Sar darAbdul RabNi shtar
Mi nist
erforCommuni cat i
on&i nf
ormati
on
Q5. Writedownt heobj ecti
vesoft henon-co-oper ationmov ement
’?
Ans.(1) Nonecooper ati
onwi ththeBriti
shGov ernment .
(2) Resi gnationfrom gov ernmentser v
ices.
(3) Boy cottrecruitmentint heArmedf orces.
(4) Boy cottofEngl ishproducts.
(5) Boy cottoft hegov er
nmenteducat i
onal inst i
tutions.
Q6. Whenandwhywast he‘I
ndianNat i
onal Congr ess’ formed?
Ans.I
n1885, anEngl ish-mannamedA. O.Hume, est ablishedapolit
icalpar
ty,

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 185
theI ndianNat ionalcongr ess.TheObj ectoft heestablishmentoft hi
s
partywast hatt hepeopl eshoul dhav eapol iti
calplatf
or mt oexpress
theirfeelingsi nst eadofindul gingi nopenconf rontat
ionwi ththeEnglish.
Q7. When was Musl i
m League est abl
ished and whatwer ei t
s mai n
objectives?
Ans.AllIndiaMusl im Leaguewasest abl
ishedon30t hDecember ,1906i n
Dhaka.Thebasi cobj ectiv
esoft heest abli
shmentofMusl im League
were:
(1) Todev el
opt hef eeli
ngsofl oyaltytowardst heBr i
tishamongt he
Musl imsandt or emov eal lsortsofmi sunderstandingaboutan
actionoft heGov t
.
(2) Tosaf eguar dt hePol i
ti
calr i
ghtsofMusl i
msandt oconv eyt heir
demandsandwi shest ot hegov t
.
(3) To dev elop f ri
endlyr elat i
ons wi th allthe nations oft he sub-
cont inentwi thouthar dil
yt heabov eobject
iveofMusl imsLeague.
Q8. Whatwast he‘LucknowPact ’?
Ans.Duet ot heef f
or tsoft heQuai d-e-Azam,Musl im LeagueandCongr ess
partybot hagr eedt oapol iticalset tl
ementi n1916,whi chiscal l
ed
‘
Lucknow Pact ’.Accor dingt ot hi
spactt heCongr essr ecogni
zedt he
separ at
eposi ti
onoft heMusl imsandaccept edtheMusl ims’demand
forsepar ateelect orat
e.
Q9. Whatdoy ouknowaboutNehr uRepor t?
Ans.Thepubl i
cationofNehr uRepor tin1928pr ovedt hepr ej
udicedat t
it
ude
oft heCongr ess.I nhi srepor tallthosecl ausesofLucknow Pactwer e
rejected whi ch wer e ear l
ieraccept ed t o protectt he rights oft he
Musl ims.Nehr uRepor trej ectedt hepr incipl
eofsepar ateelectorate
along wi tht heguar antees,whi chwer econsi dered essent i
albyt he
Musl imsf orthepr eservationoft heirnat i
onal i
dentity.
Q10.Whatwast heat titudeofCongr essMi nistri
estowar dst heMusl i
msaf ter
winningt heel ectionof1937?
Ans.Justaf tertheest abl i
shmentoft heCongr essgov ernmenti n8pr ovi
nces,
(1) indirectl
yabanwasputont her eli
gioust r
aditi
onsoft heMusl i
ms.
(2) TheMusl i
mswer eref usedf rom gov ernmentj obs.
(3) Ur duwasr epl acedbyHi ndiinschool s.
(4) Thest udent swer ef or cedt osi ngBandeMat aram whi chshowed
hatredtowar dst heMusl ims.
Q11.Whyt he Quai d-e-Azam adv ised t he Musl i
ms t o obser ve a Dayof
Del i
veranceon22ndDecember ,1939?
Ans.Ont her esignationofCongr essgov er nmentt heMusl i
msofI ndi
agotr i
d

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 186
ofoppressive, brut alandunj ustruleoftheHi ndus.Sot heQuai d-e-Azam
advised the Musl ims t o observea“ Day ofDel iverance”on 22nd
December ,1939.
Q12.Whatwer ethePr oposal smadebySi rStaf fordCr i
pps?
Ans.AccordingtoCr ipps’ Proposals:
(1) Noconst itutionwoul dbei ntr
oducedi nt heSub- continent,whi ch
wasnotaccept abletoal lt
hepol i
ti
cal par t
ies.
(2) Afterwart hesub- continentwouldbet reatedasadomi nionunder
theBr i
ti
shcr ownbutt heBr i
ti
shGov ernmentwoul dnoti nterferein
theexternal andi nter
nal aff
airsofit
.
a.Mi norit
ieswoul dbegi vencompl etepr otecti
on.
Q13.Whatwast hepr oposal madebyLor dWav ellintheShiml aConf erence?
Ans.(a) Allthepol iticalpar ti
eswoul d ber epr esented propor t
ionalit
y.It
meantt hatt henumberofseat soft heMusl imsandt heupper
casteHi nduswoul dbeequal t
.
(b) Theadmi nistrativecounci lwoul dal lbeconsi stedoft heI ndian
member s.
Q14.Whower
ethemember
sofCabi
netMi
ssi
onPl
an?
Ans.Thi
smi
ssi
onconsi
stedoft
hreemember
s.
(
i) Si
rSt
aff
ordCr
ipps.
(
ii
) Si
rPat
hicLawr
ence.
(
ii
i)Si
rA.
V.Al
exander
.
Q15.Whatweret
hemot
iveswhi
chl
edt
otheest
abl
i
shmentof Musl
i
m
League?
Ans.I
nthefor
mationoft
heMusl
i
m Leaguet
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
orspl
ayedan
i
mport
antrol
e.
(
1) Thepar
ti
ti
onofBengal
andt
heHi
ndur
eact
ion
(
2) TheBr
it
ishat
ti
tude.
(
3) Depr
ivat
ionoft
heMusl
i
ms.
(
4) Nonact
ivepar
ti
ci
pat
ioni
nthepol
i
tical
li
fe.
(
5) Successf
ulnessofShi
mlaDeput
ati
on.
(
6) Ur
duHi
ndi
conf
li
ct1867.
Q16.Wr
it
edownt
hef
ourpoi
ntsofcabi
netmi
ssi
onpl
an?
Ans.(
1) A union would be made inthe sub-
conti
nentwhi
ch woul
d be
r
esponsibl
ef orthef or
eignaf
fai
rs,defense,communi
cat
ionand
t
ransport
ati
on.
(
2) Al
lthepower
s,exceptoft
hecent
ralaf
fai
rs,woul
dbegi
vent
othe

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 187
pr
ovi
nces.
(
3) Theprovi
nceswoul
dbef reetofor
m agr
oupandev
erygr
oup
woul
dframeit
sownconst
it
uti
on.
(
4) Theprovi
nceswouldbefr
eet of
orm agroupandever
ygr
oup
wouldfr
ameitsownconst
it
uti
ont
hrought
hemajor
it
yofopi
nion
aft
erev
ery10year
s.
Q17.Whatar
etheobj
ect
ivesofKhal
afatMov
ement
?
Ans.(
1) Tur
kishKhi
l
afatshoul
dremai
nint
act
.
(
2) TheHol
ypl
acesoft
heMusl
i
msshoul
dremai
ninpr
otect
ionoft
he
Tur
ks.
(
3) TheTurk
ishboundar
iesshoul
dremai
nthesameast
heywer
ebef
ore
thewar
.
Q18.Wri
tenameoft henomineesofPakist
aninRedcl
if
feAwar
dfort
he
demar
cat
ionoft
heboundari
esofPunj
abandBengal
?
Ans.Fort
heDemar
cat
ionofPunj
ab:
Paki
stani
repr
esent
ati
ves:
Mr
.Just
iceMuni
rand
Mr
.Just
iceDi
nMuhammad
Fort
hedemar
cat
ionofBengal
:
Paki
stani
Repr
esent
ati
ves:
Mr
.Just
iceAbuSal
ahMuhammadAkr
am and
Mr
.Just
iceS.
ARehman
Q19.Whati
smeantbyt
hepl
anof3r
dJune,
1947?
Ans.MountBat
tenwor
kedoutapar
ti
ti
onpl
anwhi
chi
sknownasJune3r
d
pl
an.
(
1) A clausewasi ncorporat
ed i
nt he3rd JunePl anthatseparat
e
sessionsofMusl i
m andHi ndumember soft heassembl i
esof
PunjabandBengalwi l
lbeheld.Thenewboundar i
esofPunjaband
Bengal wi
l
lbedecidedbytheBoundaryCommi ssi
on.
(
2) Si
ndh Assembl
y woul
d deci
de t
he f
utur
e st
atus ofpr
ovi
nce
thr
oughthei
rmaj
ori
tyofvot
e.
(
3) The people of NWFP,Sy
lhet (
Assam) wi
l
l deci
de t
hrough
ref
erendum.
(
4) Thef
utur
eofpr
ovi
nceofBal
ochi
stanwi
l
lbedeci
dedbyShahi
Jir
ga.
Q20.Whenandwher
edi
dMusl
i
m Leagueest
abl
i
sh?
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 188
t
h
Ans.Muslim Leagueestabl
ishedon30 December1906atDakkha.The
mainf oundersoftheMuslim Leaguewer
eMaulanaMuhammadAli
Johar,MaulanaShoukatAli
,Si
rAghaKhan,NawabSal
eem Ul
l
ahKhan
etc.
Q21.Wr
it
edownt
hemot
ivesofest
abl
i
shmentofMusl
i
m League.
Ans.1. Shi
mladel
egat
ion
2. React
ionofCongr
ess
3. Negat
iveBr
it
ish&Hi
nduAt
ti
tude
4. Pol
i
tical
ignor
anceofMusl
i
ms
Q22.How many seats Musl
im League won ofcent
raland Pr
ovi
nci
al
Assembl
i
esi
nt heEl
ecti
onsof1945-
46?
Ans.Musli
m wonallt
heseat
s(30outof30)ofcent
ralassembl
yand434
seat
soutof495oft
hepr
ovi
nci
alassembl
y.
Q23.Whendi
dpar
ti
ti
onofBengal
takepl
aceandwheni
twasr
ever
sed?
Ans.Par
ti
ti
onofBengal
washel
din1905andi
twasr
ever
sedi
n1911.
Q24.HowRed-
Cli
ffdamagedPaki
stan?
Ans.1. Red-Cl
if
fdepri
vedPakist
anfrom alotofMusl
i
m maj
ori
tyar
easof
Tehsi
lFer
ozepur
,Gurdaspur
,Bat
tal
a,Zeeraet
c.
2. Hedepr
ivedPaki
stanf
rom t
hewat
erofr
ever
seRav
i,Bi
as&Sat
luj
.
Q25.Whenandwhosuggest
edt
henameofPaki
stan?
Ans.NameofPaki
stanwassuggest
edbyCh.RehmatAl
ii
n1933.
Q26.Whenandwher
edi
dPaki
stanr
esol
uti
onpass?
Ans.Paki
stanr
esol
utonwaspassedon23rdMar
i ch1940atLahor
e.
Q27.Whenandwhodi
dest
abl
i
shJami
at-
ulmai
-I
slam?
Ans.Jamiat
-Ul
mai
-I
slam wasest
abl
i
shedbyAl
l
amaShabi
rAhmadUsmanii
n
1945.
Q28. Wr
it
edownt
hef
ounderofKhi
l
afatMov
ement
.
Ans.MaulanaMuhammadAl iJohar
,MaulanaShoukatAl
i,Maul
anaHasrat
Mohani,Maul
ana Zaf
arAl iKhan,Maulana AbulKalam Azad and
Hakeem Aj
malKhanwerethepr
ominentl
eaderofKhi
l
afatMovement.
Q29.Whendi
dPaki
stanbecomet
hememberofUNO?
Ans.Paki
st hememberofUNOon30thSept
anbecamet ember
,1947.
Q30.Whendi
dShi
mlaDel
egat
ionmetwi
thVi
cer
oyLor
dMi
nto?
Ans.Shi
mlaDel
egat
ionmetwi
thVi
cer
oyLor
dMi
ntoi
n1906atShi
mlai
nthe

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 189
l
eader
shi
pofSi
rAghaKhan.
Q31.Wr
it
edownt
wodemandsofShi
mlaDel
egat
ion.
Ans.1. Demandofsepar
ateel
ect
orat
efort
heMusl
i
ms
2. Onet
hir
dseat
sint
hecent
ral
legi
sl
atur
e
Q32.When did Lucknow Pactsi
gn and wr
it
etwo i
mpor
tantpoi
nts of
Lucknowpact?
Ans.Lucknowpactwassi
gnedi
n1916:
1. Hi
ndusaccept
edt
her
ightofsepar
ateel
ect
orat
eoft
heMusl
i
ms
2. Hi
ndusaccept
edt
hedemandofonet
hir
dseat
sint
hecent
ral
l
egi
slat
ure.
Q33.Whatdoy
ouknowaboutmi
grat
ionmov
ement
?
Ans.Maul
anaAbulKalam Azadgavetheideaofmigr
ati
onont
headvisedof
Mr.
Gandhii
n1920.InwhichheadvisedtheMusl
imstomi
grat
etowards
Af
ghani
stanorI
ran.
Q34.WhenQuai
d-e-
Azam di
dpr
esenthi
sfour
teenpoi
nts?
Ans.Quai
d-e-
Azam pr
esent
edt
hef
our
teenpoi
ntsi
n1929.
Q35.WhendidAl
lamaI
qbalgav
ethei
deaofsepar
atest
atef
ort
heMusl
i
ms
andwher
e?
Ans.All
amaIqbalpresent
edt
hei
deaofsepar
atest
atef
ort
heMusl
i
msi
n
1930atAl
lahabad.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 190
CHAPTER4
CONSOLI
DATI
ONOFPAKI
STAN
Q1. Whati smeantbyuni ty,faithanddi scipline?
Ans.
i
. Uni t ymeanst ogetuni tedort oel i
mi nat et hedi ff
er encesand
becameauni tt owhol enat i
onf orachi ev inganat ional pur pose.
i
i. Fai thmeansst r
ongandt hef ir
m bel ieft hatl eadst ot hesi ncer it
y
ofst r uggle.
i
ii. Di sci plinemeanst of oll
ow t her ul esandr egulationandr emai n
wi thi nt hel imi tsofr ulesandr egul ation.Thenat ionalf reedom,
sov er eigntyandhonourdependupont heset hree.
Unit
y ,f aith and di scipl i
ne ar et he mot to gi v en by t he Quai d-e-Azam t o
Pakistani Nat i
on.
Q2. Whatwast headv iceoft heQuai d- e-Azam t othest udent s?
Ans.TheQuai d- e-Azam cal l
edt hest udent st hemostpr eciousassetoft he
nati
onanddependedupont hem dur ingt het imeofcr i
sis.Hewasv eryhappy
toseet hest udent sint hef rontr anks.Oncehesai d,
“Thest udent sar et hear chi tectsoft hef ut ure.Thenat i
onexpect sdi scipline
anduni tyf rom t hem sot hatt heymayconf rontt hechal lengesoft het i
me. ”
Q3. Howwast her i
verwat erdi sput er esol vedbet weenPaki stanandBhar at?
Ans.TheI ndusBasi nTr eat ywassi gnedbet weent het wocount riesi n1960
wi t
ht hecooper at ionofWor l
dBank.Paki stanconcededt hr eer iv
er s
(Rav i
,Bi as&Sat luj)t oBhar atandr ecipr ocal l
yBhar atlefti tscl ai m on
thewat erofr iver s, Jhel um, ChenabandSi ndh.
Q4. Whydi dBhar atnotpayt heshar eofasset st oPaki stan?
Ans.I ndi at ookev eryst opt ocr usht heeconomyofPaki stan.Whent he
quest i
onofdi visionofasset sbet weent het wosepar atedcount rieswas
raised,t heHi ndusonceagai ndi dnotdoj usticewi tht heMusl ims.The
Bhar atgov ernmentr emai nedr el uct antt opayt heshar eofPaki st anout
oft hecashbal anceoff ourbi ll
ions.Theshar eofPaki stanwas750
mi l
lionr upees.
Q5. Di scusst headmi ni st r
at i
vepr obl emswhi cht hecount ryf acedaf tert he
par titi
on?
Ans.
1.TheHi nduswor kingi nof ficessi tuat edi nt hear easofPaki st an
mi grat edt oBhar atandt heof fi
cesbecameempt y.
2.Fur nitur e,st at i
oner y,ty pewr itersandot hernecessar yi temswer e
alsonotav ailabl ei nt heof fi
ces.
3.TheHi nduof fi
cer shaddest roy edt her ecor dsbef oregoi ngt oBhar at.
4.Ther ewasal ackofexper iencedandt rainedof ficial
s.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 191
Q6. Howdi dBhar atoccupyt heSt ateofJammuandKashmi r?
Ans.Thest ateofJammu and Kashmi ri s,cult urall
y ,geogr aphi
callyand
reli
giousl yv erycloset oPaki stan.Ther ef
ore,peopl epr essedt heRaj at oj oin
Paki stan.TheHi ndur ulerdidnotappr eciat
et hei dea.Raj adidev er
yt hingt o
crush t he act ivi
ties oft he Musl im Kashmi ri
s.The oppr ession made t he
mov ementgetgr eat ermoment um wi ththepassageoft ime.Raj af ound
himsel fhel pless,ther efore,heappeal edt oBhar tigov ernmentt ocomet ohi s
rescue.Sot heIndi anf orcesent eredt heKashmi randoccupyt hewhol est age
i
llegal l
y&i l
logically.
Q7. Whatdi dt heQuai d-e-Azam sayt otheci vilser v
ant son11t hOct ober
1947?
Ans.OnOct ober11, 1947Quai d-
e-Azam adv isedt heci vilser
vant s.
“Thisisachal l
engef orus.I fwear et osur viveasanat i
onwewi l
lhav e
tof acet hesedi ffi
cul ti
eswi thast ernhandourpeopl ear edisor ganizedand
wor riedbecauseoft hepr oblemst heyar efacing.Wehav etoencour aget hem
toputt her esponsi bi
lit
yont headmi nistr
ationandt hepeopl el ookt oy ouf or
guidance. ”

Q8. Whydi dtheQuai d-e-

Azam i naugur atet heSt ateBankofPaki stan?
Ans.TheQuai df eltthedi reneedofacent ralbankofPaki stan.TheReser ve
BankofI ndi
acoul dnotdel i
v ert her equiredser vicesf ort hepr ogr essof
economyofPaki st anasi twasmonopol i
z edbyHi ndus.Thegr eatl eader
establi
shedt heStat eBankofPaki st anon1stJul y1948.
Q9. Whati smeantbypr ovinci alism &r acialism?
Ans.Raci ali
sm meanst obepr ejudi cedaboutownr aceandconsi derot her
racesmeanandi nf er i
or .
Provinciali
sm meanst obepr ejudi cedaboutownpr ovinceandt obepr oudof
ownpr ov i
ncewhi leconsi deringt heot herpr ovincesi nferi
orr acial i
sm and
provinciali
sm ar
ehar mf ul f
ort henat ional integrityanduni ty.
Q10.Whydi dtheSt ateofJunahar hnotj oinBhar at?
Ans.Nawab ofJunagar h announced t he annexat i
on ofJunagar h with
Pakistan.TheGov ernorGener alofBhar at,Lor dMount batt
en,f av our edt he
annexat ionwithBhar at.Paki stangov ernmenti ssuedal ett
eraf teraccept ing
thedecl arati
onofannexat ionbyt heNawab.Acopyoft helet t
erwassentt o
theGov ernorGener al,aswel l.Bhar atconsi deredt heact i
onofPaki stanas
i
nt er
ferencei nit
si nt ernalaf fairs.Thest atewassur r
oundedbyI ndi anar my
from al lsides and bl ockade cont inued f ori ndefinite period finallyI ndia
occupiedt hewhol est at e
Q11.Whatdi dQuai d-e-Azam sayont heev eofi naugur ati
onofSt ateBankof
Pakistan?
Ans.TheQuai d-e-Azam est abl i
shedt heSt ateBankofPaki stanon1stJul y

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 192
1948.Hedel iv eredhi sinaugur al addr essandsai d,
“TheBanksy mbol izest hesov ereignt yofourpeopl ei nt hef inanci alspher e.
TheWest erneconomi csy st em hascr eat edmanypr obl emsf ort hehumani ty.
Itwi llnothel pusi nset tingupawor kabl eeconomi cor der .Weshoul dev olve
aneconomi csy stem basedonI sl ami cconceptofj usticeandequal i
ty.”
Q12.Howdi dI ndiaoccupyt hest at eofHy derabadDecon?
Ans.Ni zam- e-Hy der abad bei ng t he Musl i
m,nev erl iked annexat ion wi th
Bhar atbutt heI ndiangov er nmentpr essur i
zedhi m.Lor dMount batt
en,asFi st
Gov er norGener alofI ndi a, al sopr essur i
zedhi mt oannexhi sst at ewithBhar at,
ont hebasi sofgeogr aphi calsi t uation.Ni zam di dnotagr eewi tht hem and
resist edal lt hepr essur es.TheBhar tigov ernmentf or cedhi mt osi gnt he
documentofannexat ionbuther efused.On17t hSept ember1948, thear myof
Nizam sur render ed t ot heBhar tiFor ces.Bhar atgotcont r
oloft hest ate
forcibl y.
Q13.Whatwast hepr obl em ofasset satt het i
meofcr eationofPaki st an?
Ans.TheI ndi anNat i
onalCongr esscr eat edmul tiplepr obl emsf orPaki stan.I t
tookev eryst ept ocr usht hewi ther ingeconomyoft henewst at e.Theshar eof
Paki st anwas750mi lli
onr upeesoutof4bi l
li
ons.Par t
ialpay mentof200
mi l
lionswasr el easedandsecondi nstal lmentof500mi l
lionswasr el eased
afteral ongt i
me.Thebal ancehasnotbeenpai dbyBhar atsof ar.
Q14.Whenandwhoest abl ishedt heSt at eBankofPaki stan?
Ans.Quai d- e-Azam est abl ishedSt at eBankofPaki stanon1stJul y1948at
Kar achi .
Q15.Whatst epswer ebeent akenbyQuai d-e-Azam f ort her ehabilitation/
settlementoft heRef ugees?
Ans.
1. Quai d- e-Azam shi fted hi s Headquar t
ersf rom Kar achit o Lahor et o
super viset heact i
viti
esbei ngcar riedoutbyt hegov er nmentandv ol untar y
associ ations.
2. Quai d- e-Azam Rel iefFundf ort heRef ugeeswassetup.
3. Thesoci alwor ker ssi ncer elypr ov i
dedav er yhugequant ityoff oodst uff,
clothi ng, medi cines, blanket s, tent sandot hert hings.
4. Gr adual l
yt her ef ugeeswer eshi ftedt odi f
fer entci t
iesandt ownsand
permanentaccommodat ionswer emanaged.
Q16.Descr i
bet headmi nist r ativeser v i
cesofQuai d-e-Azam.
Ans.Quai d- e-Azam t oor gani zet he:
1. Ci v i
l Serv i
ce.
2. For eignSer v i
ce,
3. Account sSer v i
ceand
4. Def enseSer v ice
5. TheHeadquar ter sf orNav y,Ai rFor ceandAr mywer emade.The

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 193
Quai d-e- Azam er ect ed t hewhol esy st em wi thin oney earand
remov edal ldif fi
cul ti
es.
6. Ci v i
lSecr etar i
atst artedf unct ioningi nt hecapi t
al in1948.
Q17.Whatst epswer ebeent akenbyt heQuai d- e-Azam f ort hebet termentof
foreignpol i
cy ?
Ans.1. Quai d-e- Azam est abl i
shedembassi esi ndi fferentcount ryoft he
wor ld.
2. HemadePaki stanmemberofUni t
edNat i
onson13t hSept ember ,1947
3. Heest ablished good r elat ionswi tht heMusl ims& t henei ghbor i
ng
count r
ies.
Q18.Descr ibet hei mpor tanceofUni t yFaith&Di sci pli
ne.
Ans.I fanat ionwant st ol eadanhonor ablel ifei nt hecommuni tyofnat ions,
i
tshoul d be f i
rm on uni ty,f aith and di sci pline.The nat i
onalf reedom,
sov ereignt yandhonourofanat ionmai nlydependupont heat t
itudesoft he
peopl e.TheQuai d-e- Azam desi redt obui l
dast rongandconf i
dentnat ionby
thef orceofuni t
y,f aithanddi sci pline.Themot toi nf usedanewspi ri
tamong
theMusl i
msandt heyst oodl i
keasol idr ockandgothi storicsuccess.
Q19.Whatar ethedi sadv ant agesofpr ovincialism &r aciali
sm?
Ans.The Quai d-e-Azam was f ully awar e oft he danger ous menace of
prov inciali
sm andr aci ali
sm.Hewar nedt hepeopl eandadv isedt hem nott o
i
ndul gei npr ov i
ncialism andr aci alism.Suchpr ejudi ces, heknew, couldl eadt o
disuni t
y ,andhar m nat i
onali ntegr ation.Heemphasi zedt heneedt oadopt
national i
nsteadofpr ov i
nci al ,l
ingui stic,racial andt er ri
tori
al out l
ooks.
Q20.HowRadcl i
ffdamagesPaki st an?
Ans.Radcl i
ffdepr ivedPaki stanf rom al otofMusl i
m maj ori
tyandf ert
il
e
areasoft hePunj ab.Thr eeTehsi lsofDi str
ictGur daspurnamel yPat hanKot ,
Batal aandGur daspurandt heTehsi lZeer aofDi strictFer ozpurwer ei ncl uded
i
nBhar at.SirRadcl iffpr ov idedal andr outet oBhar att omov ei ntothev alleyof
JammuandKashmi r.TheHeadWor ksconst ruct edont hel andofWest
Punj abwer eal sohandedov ert oBhar at.
Q21.Atwhi ch r atio di v i
si on ofasset s ofar mywas happened bet ween
Paki stan&I ndi aatt het imeofcr eat ionofPaki st an?
Ans.Att het imeofcr eat i
onofPaki st anitwasdeci dedt hatal lmi l
it
aryasset s
woul dbedi v i
dedatt her atioof64%t oI ndia&36%t oPaki stan.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 194
CHAPTER5
Const
it
uti
onal
Hist
oryofPaki
stan
Q.1 Whatwer ethef iv
er easonsoft heseparat
ionofEastPakistan?
Ans.(1) Incompet entl eadership.
(2) Cont rolofHindusonTr adeandSer vi
ces.
(3) Economi cBackwar dness.
(4) Rol eofHi nduTeacher s.
(5) LanguageI ssue.
Q.2 Whati sConst itut
ion?
Ans.Thecol l
ecti
onofl aws,r ulesandr egulati
onswhichgov erntheconduct
ofgov er
nmentandwhi chdet erminethepower sandi nterrel
ati
onshi
p
betweent hreegov ernmentdepar t
ment s(Legi
slat
ive,Executivesand
Judiciary)andt her i
ghtsofci t
izensiscall
edtheconstit
uti
on.
Q.
3 Whenwasconst
it
uti
onof1956abr
ogat
edandbywhom?
Ans.The f
irstconsti
tuti
on was enf
orced on 23r
d March,P.
M Chaudhr
y
MuhammadAl i1956andabrogatedbyGeneralMuhammadAyubKhan
onOctober,
1958.
Q.
4 Descr
ibei
mpor
tanceofobj
ect
iver
esol
uti
on(
anysi
x)?
Ans.(
a) Aft
ert
he approvalofobj ect
iveresol
uti
on t
he pr
ocess oft
he
for
mat
ionofconsti
tut
ionsstar
ted.
(
b) Acommi
tt
eet
odr
aftt
heconst
it
uti
onswasf
ormed.
(
c) I
tremov
edal
lthehur
dlesi
nthewayofmaki
ngconst
it
uti
on.
(
d) I
tlai
ddownt
hebasi
soft
heconst
it
uti
on.
(
e) Obj
ect
iverev
olut
ionwasi
ncor
por
atedi
nal
ltheconst
it
uti
onsmade
i
nPaki
stan1956and1962.
(
f)I
twasmadeapar
tofconst
it
uti
onof1973asapr
eambl
e.
Q.
5 Whenwast
heGov
t.ofMuhammad KhanJunej
o di
ssol
ved and by
whom?
Ans.Gov
t.ofPr
imeMi
nist
erwasdi
smi
ssedbypr
esi
dentZi
a-ul
-Haqi
n1988.
Q.
6 Def
ineMusl
i
m asi
nconst
it
uti
onof1973?
Ans.I
n1973’
sconst
it
uti
on,
theMusl
i
misdef
inedas.
TheMusl
i
misonewhobel
i
evesi
n.
(
1) TheonenessofAl
l
ah.
(
2) Thef
inal
i
tyoft
hePr
ophethoodofHazr
atMuhammadP.
B.U.
H
(
3) Dev
inebooksandt
hedayofj
udgment
.
Q.
7 Howmanyseat
swonbyPPPf
rom WestPaki
stani
nel
ect
ionsof1970?
Ans.I
ntheel
ect
ionsof1970,
PPPwon88seat
soutof144seat
sofNat
ional

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 195
Assembl
yandnoseatf
rom EastPaki
stan.
Q.
8 Descr
ibef
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cyofPaki
stan?
Ans.(
1) Itist he responsi
bil
i
ty of the stat
e of provide necessar
y
env
ironmenttothepeoplet
oleadthei
rli
vesaccor
dingtoIsl
am.
(
2) Tomakenecessar
yar r
angement
sfort
het
eachi
ngofHol
yQur
an
andi
tser
rorf
reepr
int
ing.
(
3) I
ntr
oduct
ionofmor
alandet
hical
codeofI
slam.
(
4) Properar
rangement
sfort
heI
slami
csy
stem ofZakat
,Usherand
Auqaf.
(
5) Maxi
mum oppor
tuni
ti
es f
orwomen and maxi
mum secur
it
yto
mi
nori
ti
es.
Q.
9 Wr
it
edownt
hef
ourI
slami
ccl
ausesoft
heconst
it
uti
onof1962?
Ans.(
1) Sov
erei
gnt
yofAl
l
ahwasconsi
der
ed.
(
2) Fundament
alsr
ight
sar
eensur
edt
othepeopl
eofPaki
stan.
(
3) Mi
nor
it
ieswer
eensur
edi
ntheconst
it
uti
onf
reef
rom al
lpr
essur
es.
(4) Ur
du and Bengal
ijoi
ntl
y decl
ared t
he nat
ionall
anguages of
Paki
stan.
Q.10 Whati smeantbysov erei
gnt yofAl l
ah?
Ans.Sov ereignt yofAl l
ah means Al lah i st he sov ereign ofal loverthe
universe.Thesour ceofl awi sHol yQur anandSunnahandnoanyl aw
canbedesi gnedi nt hecount rywhi chi sagai nstt heHol yQuranand
Sunnah.Poweri sat rustwi t
ht hepeopl eandi tistobeexer ci
sedwithi
n
prescribedl i
mi tsbyt heel ectedr epr esent ati
v esoft hepeople.
Q.11 Whati s“ OneUni t”?
Ans.I n 1955 al lt he fourpr ovinces ofWestPaki stan Punj ab,N.W.F.P,
Balochist anandSi ndhwer emer gedi ntoonepr ov incewascal l
edOne
Unit.
Q.12 WhenandWhoenf orced1stMar tial l
awi nt hecount ry?
Ans.I nOct ober19581stmar ti
all aw wasenf orcedi nPaki stanbyGener al
AyubKhan.Hedi ssolvedt heconst itutionof1956andal soassemblies.
PresidentSi kandarMi rzawasdi smi ssedandGener alAyubKhant ook
overthecont r
ol ofthecount r
yast hePr esident .
Q.13 Whenwast heobj ectiveresol utionappr oved?
Ans.Theobj ectiver esoluti
onwasappr ov edon12t hMar ch,1949byPr i
me
MinisterLi aqatAl iKhan.
Q.14 Whatwer ethecausesofabr ogat ionofconst it
uti
onof1956?
Ans.Duet o:
(i
) Mut ualconf rontati
onofpol iticians.
Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 196
(i
i
) Unnecessar y i nter ference of bur eaucracy and mi l
i
tary i n
democr ati
cinstitution.
(i
i
i)Di ct
or i
alrol
eofgov er norgener al,
(i
v)Incompet entLeader shi p.
Q.15 WhenandWhodi ssol vedt he1stConst i
tutionalAssemblyofPakistan?
Ans.Gov ernorGener alGhul am Muhammaddi ssolvedtheFederalassembl y
on24thOct ober1954.
Q.16 Whenwas2ndconst it
ut ionofPaki stanenf or
ced?
t
h
Ans.2ndconst i
tuti
onwasenf or cedon8 June1962byGener alAyubKhan.
Q.17 Whenwas2ndMar t
ial LawofPaki stanimposed?
Ans.Whent hesi t
uati
onbecameoutofcont rol,GeneralAyubKhanr esigned
asaPr esidentandhandedov ert
hepower stoAr mychiefGeneralAgha
YahyaKhanwhoi mposedmar t
iall aw int hecount r
yon25t hMar ch
1969.
Q.18 Whendi d3rdMar ti
alLawi mposei nt heCount r
yandbywhom?
r
d
Ans.Ar myChi efGeneralZi a- ul-Haqi mposed3 mar t
iall
awinthecount ryon
5thJuly1977.
Q.19 Whenwas3r dMar tial Lawl i
ft
ed?
Ans.3r dmar t
ialLawwasl i
ftedon30t hDecember1985byMuhammadKhan
Junej
o.
Q.20 Whendi dGener alPer vaizMushar afdismi ssthegov ernmentofNawaz
Shari
f?
Ans.OnOct ober12,1999Ar myChi efGener alPer vaizMushar afdismissed
thegov ernmentofNawazShar i
fandt ookcont r oloft hecount r
y.He
suspendedt heconst i
tuti
onandenf orcedt hePCO.
Q.21 Whatwer et heReasonsofabr ogat ionoft heconst i
tutionof1962?
Ans.( 1) Rol eofAy ubKhan( dictatorshi p)
.
(2) Agi tationbet weent hegov ernmentandpeopl e.
(3) Ant igov ernmentmov ementofZul if
iqarAli Bhut t
o.
(4) Un- secur eanddi sorderoft hesoci ety.
(5) Negat iveRol eofbur eaucracy .
Q.22 Describesal ientfeaturesof1973’ sconst itut
ion?
Ans.Paki stanwasdecl aredIslami cRepubl icofPaki stan.
(a) Obj ect i
v eResol uti
onmadenecessar ypar toft heconst itut
ion.
(b) Itwasi n wr it
ten f orm whi ch consi stsof280 ar t
icl
esand si x
schedules.
(c) Feder al parl
iament arysy stem wasagai nintroducedi nt hecountry.
(d) Judi ciar ywasdecl aredf ull
yi ndependentandf r
ee.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 197
(e) CitizensofPaki stanwer egi venequal fundament alri
ghts.
Q.23 Describei mpor tanceofconst itution?
Ans.( a) Const itutioni sthebasi cl awofst ate.
(b) Const itutioni sthesupr emel awofst ate.
(c) Violat ionofconst it
utionaser i
ouscr ime.
(d) Ev erygov t.i sboundt or emai nloyal toconst i
tut
ion.
(e) Ev erygov t.performshi sdut i
esandf unctionswi thi
nconst i
tuti
onal
l
imits.
(f) Absenceofconst i
tuti
onmaycauseschooseandconf usi
onint he
countr
y.
Q.24 Describei mpor tantfeaturesof1956’ sconst i
tution?
Ans.( a) Paki st andecl aredanI slami cRepubl icofPaki st
an.
(b) Feder al par l
iament arysy stem wasi ntroducedi nPakistan.
(c) Itwasaf f
irmedt hatsov ereignt ybelongst oAl l
ah.
(d) Fundament alri
ght sareensur edt othepeopl eofPakistan.
(e) Itwasmadeguar anteedf ort hejudiciaryt owor kindependent l
y.
(f) UrduandBengal iwer edecl arednat ional l
anguages.
Q.25 Describet hecausesofabr ogat ionofconst i
tuti
onof1956?
Ans.( a) Infer enceofmi lit
aryi ngov t.affair
s
(b) Dict ator shipandnegat i
ver oleofPr esidentSi kanderMi rza.
(c) LackofLeadershi paf tert hedeat hofQuai dandLi aquatAl i
Khan.
(d) Un- necessar yinferenceofbur eaucracyi nt hegov t.aff
airs

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 198
Chapt
er6
LANDOFPAKI
STAN
Q.
1 Def
ineNat
ural
resour
ces?
Ans.Allt
her esourceswhichAll
ahal mightyhascreat
edf orever
yt ypeof
humanl if
ei scalledNat
uralresources.Thesenatur
alresourcesare
ri
ver
s,oceans, f
orest
s,mi
neral
sandf ert
il
eplai
nset
c.
Q.
2 Whati
ssoi
l
?
Ans.Theupperlay
eroftheeart
h,composedofdiff
erentthi
nrockpar
ti
cles
hel
pful
inthegrowt
hofvegetat
ionandpl
ant
,iscal
ledsoil
.
Thet
hreebasi
ccomponent
sofsoi
lar
e:
(
i) Sol
i
dpar
ti
clesl
i
kesal
t,mi
ner
alandor
gani
ccompound.
(
ii
) Ai
r
(
ii
i) Wat
er.
Q.
3 Whatt
ypesoft
reesar
eint
hef
orest
sofpl
ains?
Ans.I
mport anttreesar emulberr
y ,sumbal,dhrekandeucalyt
us.Thesef or
est s
arefound i nChangaManga,Mi anwali
,TobaTekSi ngh,Shorkotand
Bahawal puretc.
Q.4 Howdot hetreesbecomeusef ulfortheareaaffect
edbywat erlogging
andsal i
nity?
Ans.Thetreesbecomeusef ulf orthear eaaffectedbywat erloggi
ngand
sal
ini
tybecauset r
eesabsor bwat erfrom thesoilandlowerwaterlev el
ofunder groundr eser
ves.
Q.5 Whichar ef i
vedepar t
ment sbusyi nthedev el
opmentandexpl or
ationof
mineralresour cesinPakistan?
Ans.Theagenci
eswor
kingf
ort
hedev
elopmentandexpl
orat
ionsofmi
ner
als
aref
oll
owing:
(
i) Geol ogical
SurveyofPakistan.(G.S.P).
(
ii
) Oi l
andGasMi neral
Dev el
opmentCor porati
on.(O.
G.D.
C).
(
ii
i) Paki
stanMi ner
alDev el
opmentCor porati
on.(P.
M.D.C)
.
(
iv) Gemst oneCorporat
ionofPaki st
an.( G.C.
P).
(
v) Resour cesDevelopmentCor porati
on.( R.
D.C).
Q.
6 Wher
ethecoal
minesar
elocat
edi
nSi
ndh?
Ans.TheSindhcoalminesareatThar
,Jhimpir,Sar
angAndLakhr
awhi
chi
s
l
ocatedabout128Km eastofKar
achi.
Q.7 Wri
tedownt henamesoffouroi
lref
iner
iesinPaki
stan?
Ans.Thef
ouroi
lref
iner
ieswor
kingi
nPaki
stanar
etheAt
tockRef
iner
y,

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 199
Paki
stanRef
iner
y,Nat
ional
Ref
iner
yandPakAr
abRef
iner
y.
Q.
8 Wr
it
edownt
heut
il
it
yofcopper
?
Ans.Copperi
susedi
n:
(
i) Thepr
oduct
ionofel
ect
ri
cgoodsespeci
all
yel
ect
ri
ccabl
es.
(
ii
) I
nol
dday
sitwasusedi
ncoi
nsandpot
ter
y.
Q.
9 Whatar
eRabi
andKhar
ifcr
ops?
Ans.TheRabiseasonbegi
nsinOctoberandendsi
nMar ch.Wheat
,bar
ley
,
Chi
ckpea,Oil
seeds,t
obaccoetc.ar
etheRabi
crops.
Khar
ifseasonbeginsinApri
landendsinSept
ember
.Ri
ce,
Mai
ze,
Cot
ton,Sugarcane,Jawar,Baj
raareKhar
ifcr
ops.
Q.10 Wr i
tedownt henamesoft hecanalsoftheri
verRavi?
Ans.Bal lokiSul
emankil i
nkcanalno.1, 2andLowerBar iDoabar eimport
ant
canalsoft her i
verRav i
.UpperBar iDoabcanaltakenf r
om Madhupur
Barragewasconst ructedin1861.
Q.11 Whatar etheriversthatcameundert hepossessionofPaki st
anand
IndiaundertheIndusBasi nTreat
y?
Ans.I ndusBasi nTreatywassi gnedin1960accordingtothatt hr
eewestern
riv
er sIndus,Jehlum and Chennab ar eused byPaki stan and t
hree
easternriv
ersRav i
,BiasandSat l
ujareusedbyIndi
a.
Q.
12 Whatar
ethesev
enl
i
nkcanal
sofPaki
stan?
Ans.Ther
ear
esev
enl
i
nkcanal
sar
einPaki
stan.
(
i) Rasul
-Qadi
rabad
(
ii
) Qadi
rabad-
Bhal
l
oki
(
ii
i) Bal
l
oki
-Sul
aimanki
(
iv) Chashama-
Jhel
um
(
v) Tr
immu-
Sidhani
(
vi) Si
dhnai
-Mai
l
si-
Bahawal
(
vii
)Taunsa-
Panj
nad
Q.13Whati
stheuti
li
tyofli
festock?
Ans.(
1) Animal
sforexampl
ecows,buf
fal
oes,sheep,goat
spr
ovi
demi
l
k,
but
terandGhee.
(
2) Weobt
ainedmeatf
rom l
i
fest
ock.
(
3) Thehidesandski
nsofanimalsar
et annedi
ntol
eat
hert
opr
oduce
l
eatherpr
oduct
stoearnforei
gnexchange.
(
4) Ani
mal
sar
eusedi
npl
oughi
ngandl
evel
i
ngofl
and;
transpor
tat
ion

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 200
ofcr
opset
c.
Q.
14 Whatar
ethei
mpor
tantener
gyr
esour
cesi
nPaki
stan?
Ans.(
i) Hy
droel
ect
ri
ci
ty (
ii
) Ther
mal
elect
ri
cit
y.
(
ii
i) Sol
arEner
gy. (
iv) At
omi
cEner
gy.
Q.
15 Wher
ear
ethet
her
mal
powerst
ati
onssi
tuat
edi
nPaki
stan?
Ans.Thereare13t hermalpowerst at
ioninPakistan,whichareatMul t
an,
Fai
salabad,Guddu,Jamshar o,Muzzaffargarh,Sukkur
,Larkana,Kotr
i,
Pasniareusingnaturalgas.Quettapowerst ati
onusescoal .I
nGilgi
t,
KotAddu, PasniandShahdar adieseli
susedf orproduci
ngel ect
ri
cit
y.
KESC( KarachiEl
ectr
icSupplyCompany )produces1756MW of
el
ectri
cit
yinitsther
mal powerst ati
on.
Q.
16 Whenandwher
ewasnat
ural
gasdi
scov
eredi
nPaki
stan?
Ans.Thenat
uralgaswasdi
scov
eredi
n1952atSui
(di
str
ictSi
bbi
)in
Bal
ochi
stan.
Q.
17 Whatar
etheusesofCopperandwher
eiti
sfound?
Ans.Copperisusedi
nt heproducti
onofelectricgoodsspecialwir
enetworks.
Inthepasti twasonl yusedf ormaki ngofcoi nsandpot t
ery
.The
deposit
sofCopperhav ebeendi scoveredinBalichist
anandNWFP.I n
Balochi
stanCopperreservesareindi str
ictChaghi,Saindakandother
areas.
Q.
18 Wher
eisGy
psum av
ail
abl
einPaki
stan?
Ans.Gypsum ismost l
yavai
labl
einthesal
trangeandWest
ernmount
ainous
ar
eaofPaki st
an.Thei mpor
tantminesareinKhwer
a,Dandot
,Daud
Khai
l,Rohri
andKohat .
Q.
19 Whatar
eKar
ezs?
Ans.InBal
ochist
anwher erai
nfalli
sascantyundergr
oundcanalshavebeen
dugintheform oftunnels,whicharecall
edKarezswhicharebuil
tto
savewaterf
rom Evoporat
ionduet oshor
tageofwateri
nthearea.
Q.
20 Whati
sKhaddarsoi
l
?
Ans.Khaddarsoilsarefor
medalongt heri
vers.Someareasofthesesoi
lsar
e
f
loodedeveryyear
.Soeverynewl ay
erofsiltl
oam andsi
ltcl
ayare
deposi
ted.Thesesoi
lshavelowcontentoforganicmatt
erandsalts.
Q.
21 Whatdoy
ouknowaboutTer
bel
aDam?
Ans.Iti
sPakistan’
sgreatestelect
ri
cit
ypr oj
ectconst
ructedonr i
verIndus.It
s
i
nstal
ledgenerati
oncapaci tyis3478MW.I twasconst ructedin1974
anditscostwasRs.26Bi ll
i
ons.I ti
smul ti
purposeprojectpr i
maril
y
const
ructedtosupplywat erf
orir
rigati
onbutisalsoproduceselectri
cit
y.
TheDam i sabout9000f eetl
ongandi tisoneoft hebi
ggestdam oft he

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 201
wor
ld.
Q.
22 Whatar
etheusesofcoal
inPaki
stan?
Ans.I
nPakistan,
thecoali
sgeneral
l
yusedi
nbr
ickki
l
nsf
ort
her
mal
elect
ri
c
poweranddomesticpur
pose.
Q.
23 Whati
stheuseofl
i
mest
oneandwher
eiti
sfound?
Ans.Li
mest oneisusedasr awmater
iali
nCementi
ndust
ry.I
tisf
oundi
n
Daudkhel,
Wah, Rohr
i,Hyder
abadandKar
achi
.
Q.
24 Whati
sthei
mpor
tanceoff
orest
s?
Ans.For
est
sHel
pIn:
(
i) Checki
ngsoi
ler
osi
on
(
ii
) Wat
erl
oggi
ng
(
ii
i) Pr
ovi
det
imberandf
ir
ewood
(
iv) Fr
uit
sandher
bs
(
v) Pr
ovi
deempl
oyment
Q.
25 Wher
ethei
ronor
ehasbeenf
oundi
nPaki
stan?
Ans.Kal
abagh(Mianwali
)hast hebi
ggestdepositsofi
ronor ebutthequali
ty
i
snotgood.OtherplacesareDammel Nissar(Chi
tral
),Langr
ial(Di
str
ict
Har
ipur
).Chi
l
ghazi (
Distr
ictChagai
),MazriJangandMar r
iBela.
Q.
26 Namet
hear
easwher
emar
blei
sfound.
Ans.I
nPakistanmarblei
sav ai
l
ableindiff
erentcol
orsandv ar
iet
iesi
nMulla
Ghori(
KhyberAgency)
,Mar dan,Swat,Noshar
a,Hazara,Chagai
(Bal
ochi
stan)andGil
git
.Blackandwhi temarbl
eisfoundinKala-
Chit
ta
Hil
linDi
stri
ctAtt
ock.I
tisalsofoundinMuzzafarabadandMi rPur
(AzadKashmir)
.
Q.
27 Whatst
epshav
ebeent
akenbyt
hegov
ernmentagai
nstwat
er-
loggi
ng
andsal
i
nit
y?
Ans.(
1) Tubewel
l
sanddr
ainshav
ebeenbui
l
t-i
nst
all
ed.
(
2) About60r
ecl
amat
ionschemeshav
ebeencompl
eted.
(
3) For
est
sar
epl
ant
edonr
iverbanksandal
ongt
hecanal
s.
Q.
28 Whi
char
ethecanal
sofRi
verJhel
um?
Ans.TheupperJhel
um andLowerJhel
um ar
ethecanal
sofr
iverJhel
um.

Q29 Towhi
chcount
ri
esPaki
stanexpor
tit
sgoods?
Ans.(
1) USA (
2) Eur
ope (
3) Japan.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 202
(
4) Saudi
Arabi
a(5) Chi
na (
6) U.A.
E.
Q30 Wr
it
esomeadv
ant
agesofI
nter
nat
ional
trade?
Ans.SomeAdv
ant
agesofI
nter
nat
ional
Tradear
e:
(
i) I
nter
nat
ional
tradepr
ovi
desoppor
tuni
ti
esofempl
oyment
.
(
ii
)Incr
easest
hei
ncomeoft
hepeopl
e.
(
ii
i)Ear
nsf
orei
gnexchange
(
iv)Pr
omot
esnat
ional
indust
ry
(
v) St
abi
l
izest
heexchanger
ateoff
orei
gnandl
ocal
cur
renci
es.
Q31 Whi
chci
ti
esar
econnect
edbyNat
ioal
HighwayNo.
5?
Ans.TheNat ionalHighwayNo.5 connectstheNorth and Sout
h ofthe
countr
y.I tconnectKarachiwi
th Peshawarvia Hyder
abad,Multan,
Sahiwal, Lahor
e, Gujr
anwala and Rawalpi
ndi.It helps in the
tr
ansportati
onof56% ofgoodsandpeopl eofthecount r
yfrom one
pl
acet oanother
.
Q32 Whati
sthef
unct
ionofFauj
iFoundat
ion?
Ans.FaujiFoundat
ionhasbeensetupi nwhi chr et
ir
edar mypersonnelare
engagedtoproducedi
ff
erentgoodsincludi
ngar myunifor
ms, shoesand
othergoodsrelat
edtoarmy.Theprofitearnedbyt heFaujiFoundati
on
i
sconsumedont hewel
far
eoft her
etir
edarmyper sons.
Q33 Wr
it
edownt
henameoft
enheav
yindust
ri
esofPaki
stan?
Ans.10Ty
pesofI
ndust
ri
es:
(
1) Thepet
rol
eum andpet
rol
eum pr
oduct
sindust
ry
(
2) Aut
omobi
l
eindust
ry
(
3) Cementi
ndust
ry
(
4) Chemi
cal
fer
ti
li
zer
sindust
ry
(
5) j
eeps,
car
s,buses,
tract
orsandmot
orcy
clesi
ndust
ry
(
6) TVset
s,r
efr
iger
ator
sandai
rcondi
ti
oner
s
(
7) Sugari
ndust
ry
(
8) Foodpr
oduct
s,i
.e.
,ghee,
cooki
ngoi
l
,et
c.
(
9) Tobaccoandci
gar
ett
eindust
ry
(
10)Text
il
eindust
ryandt
ext
il
erel
atedi
ndust
ri
esL
(
11)Leat
herandl
eat
hergoodsi
ndust
ry
Q34 Whatar
ethei
temspr
epar
edbyhandi
craf
tindust
ry?
Ans.Woodwor k,ir
onwor k,handmadecar
pet
sandrugs,goodsmadeof
l
eaves and canes,stone wor
k,cl
aypot
s embr
oider
yand t
oys ar
e

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 203
i
ncl
udedi
nhandi
craf
tindust
ry.
Q35 Whatar
ethemaj
ori
mpor
tsofPaki
stan?
Ans.(
1) Pet
rol
eum pr
oduct
s.
(
2) Machi
ner
y.
(
3) Fer
ti
li
zer
s.
(
4) Chemi
cal
s.
(
5) Medi
cines.
(
6) Edi
bleOi
l
.
(
7) Tr
anspor
tgoods.
(
8) I
ronandI
ronpr
oduct
s.
Q36 Whati
sthemaj
orpr
obl
em ofPI
A?
Ans.Toear
nthepr
ofi
tist
hemaj
orpr
obl
em ofPI
A.
Q37 Def
ineI
nlandandFor
eignt
rade?
Ans.I
nlandt
rade:
In-
landtradei
sthemeansofdist
ri
but
ionofgoods,ser
vicesandt
hei
r
sal
eandpurchasewi
thint
hesamecountr
y.
For
eignTr
ade:
Thegoodswhicharesol
dtoothercountr
iesorpur
chasedfrom ot
her
count
riesar
ecal
ledf
orei
gntr
ade.I
thastwotypesli
kei
mportsandexpor
ts.
Q38 Def
inei
mpor
tsandexpor
ts?
Ans.I
mpor
ts:
The goods,whi
ch ar
e pur
chased f
rom ot
hercount
ri
es,ar
e cal
l
ed
i
mpor
ts.
Expor
ts:
Thegoods,
whi
char
esol
dtoot
hercount
ri
es,
arecal
l
edexpor
ts.
Q39 Whatar
etheadv
ant
agesofmeansoft
ranspor
tandcommuni
cat
ion?
Ans.(
1) Br
oadenst
hespher
eoft
hel
ocal
andf
orei
gnt
rade.
(
2) Tr
ansportgoods,ser
viceand l
abouri
nbet
weent
heci
ti
esand
vi
l
lages.
(
3) Pr
omot
egeogr
aphi
cal
ski
l
ls.
(
4) Mai
ntai
nthespeedofpr
ogr
essi
ndi
ff
erencepar
toft
hecount
ry.
(
5) Pr
omot
etheagr
icul
tur
e.
(
6) Hel
pinkeepi
ngt
hepr
icesst
ati
onar
y.
Q40 Whatar
etheobj
ect
ivesoft
heconst
ruct
ionofmot
orway
?

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 204
Ans.(
1) Mot
orwayr
educest
hebur
denoft
raf
fi
c.
(
2) Speederitmakesthetr
anspor
tofpeopl
eandgoodsbybuses,
tr
ucks,car
sandvehi
cl
es.
(
3) Peopl
eli
vingaroundt
hemotorwayareconnect
edwi
tht
hewor
ld
tr
adetoget newopport
uni
ti
estoear
nincome.
(
4) Pr
ovides more opport
unit
ies t
o cr
eat
e har
mony among t
he
di
ff
erentpar
tsof t hecountr
y.
(
5) I
ncreasesthechancesofest
abl
i
shmentofi
ndust
ryi
nvar
iouspar
ts
ofcountr
y.
(
6) I
ncr
easesnat
ional
incomeoft
hecount
ry.
Q41 Whati
scot
tageI
ndust
ry?
Ans.I
tmeanst heindustryorproductiv
ewor k,whichisdoneatthehomeof
theworker.Manualwor kerpurchasesther aw mater
ialbythemselves,
usetheirownt oolsandut i
li
zet heeffortsoftheirfamil
yt oproduce
thi
ngs,whichar eapar tofourcul t
ure,andt radeiscalledcottage
i
ndustry
.Theysel lt
heirproductsinmar kettofulf
il
ltheneedsoft heir
famil
y.
Q42 Di
scusst
hepr
obl
emsofPI
A?
Ans.(
1) Maj
orprobl
emsofPI Aisearni
ngthepr
ofi
tandi
thast
ocompet
e
wi
tht
he otherai
rl
inesoft
herestoft
heworl
d.
(
2) Now PI
A pl
anesareol
derandinordertopurchasenew pl
anes,
gov
ernment hast
ospendbi
ll
i
onsofdoll
ars.
(
3) I
nKarachiLahor
eandIsl
amabadnew i
nternat
ionalai
rpor
tshav
e
been constr
uct
edbyspendi
ngbi
l
li
onsofrupees.
(
4) Al otofmoneyisspentonthet
rai
ningoft
hepilot
s,engi
neersand
otherstaf
ftoenabl
ethem t
obeascompetentasthoseoftheot
her
countri
es.
Q43 Def
inei
ndust
ry?
Ans.I
ndustryissuchapl acewheret heentrepr
eneurandl abourt
hrought he
machinesandt ool
sconv erttheshapeofcapi tal
,r aw materi
aland
natur
alresourcesinawayt hattheirutil
i
t ymayincreasetof ul
fi
llthe
needsoft hepeopletoalargeextent,andmayf etchmaxi mum pricein
themarketandmi xi
mum pr of
itfort
heent repr
eneur.
Q44.Wri
tesomecausesoflackofi
ndust
ri
alpr
ogr
essi
nPaki
stan?
Ans.(
1) Lackofcapi
tal
.
(
2) Limi
tedmarket
s.
(
3) Lackofeducat
ion.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 205
(4) Shor tageofent repr eneur s.
(5) Lackoft echni cal knowl edge.
(6) Cont rar yindust r
ial pol iciesofdi ff
er entgov ernment .
Q45.Whenwasf irstt rackofr ai l
wayl aiddown?
Ans.Thef ir
stt rackofr ailwaywasl ai di n1861bet weenKar achiandKot ri.I
t
was 169Km Long.
Q46.Wr i
tebenef it
sofRoadt ranspor t?
Ans.Thebenef i
tsofr oadt ranspor tar e:
(i
) Conv eni entandeasi lyaccessi ble.
(i
i) Cheapesti noper ation.
(i
ii
)Compar at ivelyl owi ncost .
(i
v)I ncreaseournat i
onal i
ncome.
(v) Flourishest radei nt hecount ry.
Q47.Wr i
teanyf ourpr oblemsofsmal l scalei ndust r
y:
Ans.(1) Thesmal lscal ei ndust ri
esusemai nlyoldandout datedmeansof
pr
oducti
on.
(2) Theyhav el esscapi tal andhencecannotexpandt heirbusiness.
(3) Theyhav emost lysemi -
killedandi l
liter
atewor ker s.
(4) Theydonotgetl oanseasi ly .
(5) Thest epmot her lyt reat mentofgov ernmentdepar t
ment screates
lotof pr obl emsf ort hem.
Q48 Namet hev ariousi mpor tantMot orway sandwr itetheirlengths?
Ans.(1) GwadarMot orwayi s895km l ong.I tisunderconst ruction.
(2) Kar achiHubKakarMot or wayi s341km l ongandwasopenedi n
1998.
(3) IslamabadLahor eMot orwayi s335km l ong.
(4) IslamabadPeshawarMot or wayi s154km l ong.
(5) Mul tanShi kar purMot orwayi s317km l ong.
Q49 Wr i
tefourbenef itsofai rt rav els?
Ans.(1) Byai rt rav el largedi stancear ecov er edi nfewhour s.
(2) Jour neybyai risv erycomf or tableandsaf e.
(3) Ithas enabl ed t he peopl et ot rav elto di f
ferentcount ries and
parti
cipatei n inter nat ional conf erences.
(4) Ithelpsi nt het ranspor tationoff oodandot hergoodsi nshor tti
me.
Q50 Whati
smeantbyNat
ional
Progr
ess?
Ans.Nat
ionalPr
ogr
essi
sthei
ncr
easeofnat
ionali
ncomebyi
ntr
oduci
ngnew

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 206
methodsofproductionofgoodsandser
vicesandmaxi
mum ut
il
izat
ion
ofnati
onal
resources.
Q51 Whati
smeantbyHeav
yIndust
ry?
Ans.Heavyindust
rynotonlyproducesgoodsbutalsoproducesmachines
andraw-materi
alforot
herindustr
iesl
ikeHeavyMechanicalComplex
Taxi
l
a,Pakist
anSteelMil
lKarachi
,Heav
yElect
ri
calComplex,
Hatt
aretc.
Q52 Whati
smeantbyDef
enseI
ndust
ry?
Ans.TheIndust
rywhichful
fil
lstheneedsofdefensesectorofthecountr
yis
cal
ledDefenseIndust
ry.Itproducesweapons,missi
lesandtheirpart
s
andotherwarequipments.
Q53 Nar
rat
eimpor
tantmeansofcommuni
cat
ion.
Ans.(
1) Mai
l (
2) E-
mai
l
(
3) Tel
ephone (
4) I
nter
net
(
5) Newspaper
s (
6) Tel
evi
sion
(
7) Radi
o (
8) Magazi
nesandper
iodi
cal
s
(
9) Fax (
10) Tel
ex
Q54 Ment
ionf
ivemai
npr
obl
emsofPaki
stanRai
l
way
:
Ans.(
1) Obsol
etemachi
ner
yandequi
pment
s.
(
2) Sl
owspeedgoodst
rai
nscausesf
inanci
all
ossest
othecount
ry.
(
3) Ov
er-
empl
oymentcausi
ngf
inanci
alcr
unch.
(
4) Ol
dandr
ust
yrai
l
wayt
racks.
(
5) Cor
rupt
ionandmi
smanagement
.
Q55 Ment
iont
hemaj
orexpor
tsofPaki
stan?
Ans.(
1) Text
il
epr
oduct
s.
(
2) Ri
ce.
(
3) Leat
hergar
ment
s.
(
4) Car
pet
s.
(
5) Spor
tsgoods.
(
6) Sur
gical
goods.
(
7) Fr
uit
s.
(
8) Cot
tonYar
n.
Q56 Ment
ionf
ivemai
nimpor
tpar
tner
sofPaki
stan?
Ans.(
1) USA
(
2) Eur
ope.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 207
(
3) Japan.
(
4) Saudi
Arabi
a
(
5) Chi
na
(
6) Mal
aysi
a.
Q57 Whati
smeantbyE-
Commer
ce?
Ans.Commer
cethr
oughint
ernetorel
ect
roni
cmediai
scall
edE-
Commer
ce.
E-
Commercei
sthenewmet hodofdoi
ngbusi
nessi
ntheworl
d.
Q58 Whatar
ebenef
it
sofE-
Commer
ce?
Ans.Wit
houtgoingtomar ketandspendingti
meonecanpur chaseanythi
ng
t
hroughE-Commer ce.Consumerget st
heitem atlowpriceandthe
manufact
urerget
st hepricei
ncl
udinghiprofi
t,andthebusinessofthe
worl
dincr
easesinseconds.
Q59 Menti
onfivei
mpor
tantf
act
orsf
orpr
omot
ingi
ndust
ri
alsect
ori
n
Paki
stan?
Ans.(
1) I
mpr
ovi
ngmeansoft
ranspor
tat
ionandcommuni
cat
ion.
(
2) Bestut
il
izat
ionofnat
ural
resour
ces.
(
3) Fi
nanci
alr
esour
ces.
(
4) Appl
i
cat
ionofModer
nTechnol
ogy
.
(
5) Expansi
onoft
hemar
ket
sforexpor
t.
Q60.Whati
ssmal
lscal
eindust
ry?
Ans.Smal lscaleindustryi
sthatonewhi chafterempl
oying2to9wor kers,
producesdi f
ferentgoodsforthemar ketonsmallscal
e.Everyindustr
y
i
ni ncluded,whet heri
tproducesgoodsathome,orbyset ti
ngupf ew
machi nes on rented pl
ace and employi
ng few worker
st o produce
vari
ousgoods.

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 208
Chapt
er7
FOREI
GNPOLI
CYOFI
SLAMI
CREPUBLI
COFPAKI
STAN
Q1. Whati smeantbyFor eignPol icy ?
Ans.Thef or eign pol i
cyi st o establish and dev el
op r elationswi th other
countriest owat cht henat i
onali nter estsbyt akingappr opr iatestepsat
i
nternat i
onal lev el.
Q2. Wr it
edownt hepr i
ncipleofFor eignPol i
cy.
Ans.1. Peacef ul Co- existence 2. Non- Alignment
3. Uni t
eNat ionsChar ter 4. Uni ted Nations
Char
ter
5. Suppor ttoRi ghtofSel f-
Det ermi nation
Q3. Whatar etheobj ectivesoft heFor eignPol icyofPaki stan?
Ans.1. Nat ional Secur i
ty 2. Economi cDev el
opment
3. Pr ot ect ionofI deol ogyofPaki stan
4. Mut ual Cor porat i
on( Bil
at erali
sm)
Q4. Whati smeantbyNat ional Secur it
y ?
Ans.Nat i
onalsecur itymeanst opr otectt hei nternalandext er nalboundar i
es
ofthecount ryf rom ev erydanger .Ital someanst opr otectt hephy sical
boundar ies( wat er,airandl and)oft hecount ry.Themai nobj ecti
veof
for
eign pol icyofPaki stan isi tsnat i
onalsecur i
tyori ndependence.
Pakistan was a new bor n st ate,and t here was a need t o make
arr
angement sf oritssecur i
ty.
Q5. Whati smeantbyadmi nistr
ativet roika?
Ans.Admi nistrativ et roi
kacompr isesofpr esident,pr i
memi ni st
erandchi ef
ofar myst aff.Theypl ayav italr olei nf ormulatingf oreignpol icyof
Pakistan.Theycanappr oveordi sappr ovet hef oreignpol icyandt hey
canal somakeanychangei nit.

Q6. Whatist hef uncti

onofMi nistr
yofForei
gnAf fai
rsintheDetermi
nati
on
ofForeignPol i
cy?
Ans.The mi nist
ry of f orei
gn af fai
rs can play veryimportant r
olein
for
mul atingt heforeignpolicy.Itcompri
sesthespeciali
stsandexpert
s
offor
ei gnpol icyandt hebur eaucr
atsofhighlevel
.Theypreparef
orei
gn
pol
icy
,keepi ngi nvi
ewt hebasicobject
ivesandpr i
nci
plesofthepoli
cy.
Theyfor mulat ethepol i
cy,plansandprogram regardi
ngthepri
ori
ti
esof

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 209
foreignpol icy.
Q7. Whati sf unct ionofpar li
amenti nthedet er mi nat ionofFor eignPol i
cy?
Ans.The Mi nist ryofFor eign Af fai rs usual lypr epar es t he f oreign policy
accor di ng t ot he di rections ofexecut i
v e and put si tbef oret he
Par l
iamentf orappr ov al.Af terdi scussi onanddebat et hepar l
iament
givesappr oval t oi torsuggest ssomechangei ni t
.
Q8. Whent heper manentj ointcommi ssiondi dwasset upbet weenPaki stan
&Af ghani stanandwr itedowni tst woobj ect ives?
Ans.InMay2000aper manentJoi ntCommi ssi onbet weenPaki stanand
Afghani st anwasset upf ort hef oll
owi ngobj ect i
v es
i
. Tor egul atecr ossbor dermov ementofr ef ugees
i
i. Tocheckt hepr oduct i
onandsmuggl i
ngofnar cot i
cs.
Q9. Whatwast heobj ect iveofPak- Saudi economi ccommi ssion?
Ans.Pak- SaudiEconomi cCommi ssi onwasest abl ishedi nRi yadhi n1998,
whi ch i nitiated 155 pr oject si n Paki st an and pr ov ided economi c
assi stancef ort hei rcompl etion.
Q10.Descr i
bet hei nci dentofwor ldt radecent er.
Ans.On11Sept ember2001t woaer oplanehi tt hewor l
dt radecent erint he
cityofNew Yor k( USA)near ly9’ oCl ocki nt hemor ning.I nt hef ew
mi nut et he compl et e bui lding dest r
oy ed compl etel y,t housands of
peopl ewer eki lledandmi l
lionsofdol larspr oper tyal sodamaged.
Q11.Wr itedownt heshor tnot eonAt omi cExpl osi on( Bal l
ast )ofPaki stan.
th
Ans.Paki stanmadei tsf iveat omi cnucl earbal last son28 May1998i nt he
ChagiHi lls( Bal ochi stan) ,int heanswerofI ndi anAt omi cBal lastinMay
1998.
Q12.Wr itedownt her oleofpol iticalpar t
iesandpr essur egr oupsi nt he
establ ishmentoff or eignpol icy .
Ans.Thepol iticalpar tiesandpr essur egr oupshav edeepi mpact sont he
formul ationoff or eignpol icy.Thepol i
ticalpar tiesi ncl udet hepr iorit
ies
off or eignpol icyi nt heirmani festoes,andaf tert hei rsuccessi nt he
elect i
on,t heyf orcet hegov er nmentt ochanget hepr iorit
iesoff oreign
policyaccor di ngt ot hechangi ngscenar ioi nt hel ightoft heirv i
ew
point s.Li kewi set hepr essur egr oupscanal soi nfluencet hef oreign
policy .
Q13.Whi chdef enseagr eementorsi ngedbyPaki st an&Chi na?
Ans.Manydef encepact swer econcl udedbet weenPaki stanandChi nai n
1985,accor ding t o whi ch Chi na pr ov ided economi c and t echnical
assi stancei nbui ldingt heKamr aCompl exandOr dinanceFact oryat
Wah.Li kewi seChi napr ov idedt heassi stanceofRs.273mi ll
ionf or
settingupHeav yEl ect ricCompl exi nNWFP.
Q14.Whati st henat ur eofFor eignPol icyofPaki stanf ort heeconomi c

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 210
prosper i
tyoft heCount ry?
Ans.Paki stan i s a dev el
opi ng count ry and i nspir
es f ori ts economi c
dev elopment .I tneedst oest abl ishandmai ntaincor dialr el
ationswi th
thosest ateswi thwhom i tcanmaxi mi zei tst rader elationsorf r
om
whom i tcanobt ainmaxi mum economi cbenef its.Paki stanhasmade
changesi ni tsf or eignpol i
cykeepi ngi nv iewt heneweconomi ctrends.
Ithasadopt edpar ticularl
yf reet rade, f
r eeeconomi cpol icy ,andpol i
cyof
privatizat i
on.
Q15.Paki stani st hememberofwhi chI nternat i
onal Organi zat ionnamet hem?
Ans. i
. Uni tedNat ionsOr gani zat ion (UNO)
ii
. Sout hAsi anAssoci ationForRegi onCor porat ion( SAARC)
ii
i. Non- AlignedMov ement (NAM)
iv. Economi cCor porationOr gani zat i
on (ECO)
v. Or gani zat i
onofI slami cCount ri
es (OI C)
Q16.Whati st her oleofi ntelli
genceagenci esi nt hedet er mi nat ionoff oreign
policy?
Ans.Paki stan’si ntel l
i
genceagenci esal so pl ayv eryef f
ect iver oleint he
formul at i
onoff or eignpol i
cybypr ov idingf ullinfor mat ionaboutt he
object ivesofot hercount ri
esf or eignpol icies.Keepi ngi nv iew t hese
informat i
on’ s, Paki stanf ormul atesi t
sf oreignpol i
cy .
Q17.Whati st henew nameofRCDandwr itedownt henameofmember s
count riesofi t?
Ans.RCD was est ablished i n 1964 and i twas r enamed ECO i n 1985.
Followi ng10count riesar ethememberoft heECO.
i. Paki stan i
i. Af ghani stan ii
i. I ran
iv. Tur key v. Tur kmeni stan vi. Ky rgyzstan
vii
. Azer bai jan vi
ii
. Kazakhst an ix. Uzbeki stanet c
Q18.Whati sDur andLi ne?
Ans.Thecommonboar derbet weenPaki st an& Af ghani st ani sknownas
Dur andLi ne.I twasmar kedi n1893andi tslengt hi s2252km.
Q19. Whendi dGenev aPactsi gnedandbywhom?
Ans.Genev aPactwassi gnedi nApr i
l1988bet weenPaki st an,Af ghani stan,
Russi aandUSA.
Q20.Whendi dcl oser elat i
onwer eest abl i
shedbet weenPaki st an&Chi na?
Ans.Closer elat i
onbet weenPaki stan&Chi nawer est ar t
edi n1955ont he
eveofBendong( Conf erenceI ndonesi a) .
Q21.When and wher e di d OI C est abl i
sh?OR When and wher e didf irst
conf erenceofOI Chel d?
Ans.OIC( Or gani zat i
onofI slami cCount ries)wasest ablishedi n1969at
RabaatCi tyofMor occo.
Q22.Whenandwher edi dSecondI slami cSummi tConf erence( OI C)held?

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad
 211
Ans.SecondI slami cSummi tConf erence(OIC)washel datLahore-Paki
stan
i
n1974.
Q23.Writ
edownf ourobj ectivesofOI C.
Ans.1. ToUni tedt heMusl i
m St ates
2. Economi cCor porationamongt heMuslim Count
ri
es
3. Tor esolvet hemut ualpr oblemsofMusl im Countr
iesbyMut ual
Cor porat i
on.
4. Tof avourt her ightofsel fdeterminat
ionoftheMuslim Stat
e
Q24.WhendidECOest ablished?
Ans.I
n1964RCD wasest ablishedi n1985RCD r enamedECO ( Economic
Corpor
ationOr gani zat i
on)
Q25.Howmanymembercount ri
esECOhas?
Ans.ECOhas10membercount r
ies:
1. Paki stan
2. I ran
3. Tur key
4. Af ghani st an
5. Taj ikistan
6. Uzbeki stan
7. Ky r gyzstan
8. Tur kmeni stan
9. Azer baijan
10. Kazakhst an
Q26.Writ
edownt heObj ect i
veoft heECO.
Ans.1. Economi cCor poration
2. Fr eel yTranspor tationamongt hemembercount ri
es
3. I ndust ri
al Agr i
cul t
ur alCor porat
ion
4. Topr omot eeducat ionandcul t
ure

Paki
stanSt
udi
es Compi
l :Ha
edby f
izAshf
aqAhmad