SOURCESANDI

MPORTANCEOFHI
STORY

SOURCESANDI
MPORTANCEOFHI
STORY

MeaningofHist
ory
Hist
oryist
hestudyofmanandhi sacti
vi
ti
esindif
fer
entt
imes.
Theseacti
vi
ti
esenablemant oobtai
nhisneeds.
Man’sbasi
cneedsarefood,clot
hesandshelt
er.
I
mpor t
anceofstudyi
nghist
ory

1.Hist
oryenabl
esust ounder standhowmanhasbeenwor kingonhisenvi
ronment.
2.Hist
oryhel
psustounder standthepastandt hepresent
,thathel
pustopredictt
hefut
ure.
3.I
thelpsustounderstandt her el
ati
onshipbetweenpeopl eindif
fer
entper
iods.
4.I
thelpsustounderstandt echnologicaltr
ansformationi
nhumanl if
ee.gfr
om stoneagetoir
on
age.
5.I
thelpsustogetknowl edgeonsoci ety
.
6.I
thelpsusinmakingi nvestigati
onondi ff
erentproblems.
7.Hist
oryhel
psustounder standouror i
gin.

TWOLEVELSOFLOOKI
NGATSTUDYI
NGHI
STORY

1stl
evel
:Hist
oryexpl
ainsaboutman’
sst
ruggl
etomast
erhi
senv
ironment
.i.
e.Peopl
eir
ri
gat
ingbecause
ofdr
ought.

2ndlevel
:Hi
stor
yshowstherel
ati
onshi
pbetweenmanandman’
spast
.I.
e.Hunt
ersandgat
her
sor
peopl
emetinhunti
ngki
ll
edthepreyandsharedi
t

SOURCESOFHI
STORY

Wecanobt
ainhi
stor
ical
inf
ormat
iont
hroughv
ari
oussour
ces.Themai
nsour
cesar
e:

 Or
alt
radi
ti
on
 Hi
stor
ical
sit
es
 Wr
it
tenr
ecor
ds/document
s
 Ar
chi
ves
 Museums
 Ar
cheol
ogy
 Audi
o-Vi
sual
recor
d,e.
g:Casset
s,Cd'
s,
TVPr
ogr
amset
c.
 Ant
hropol
ogy
 Li
ngui
sti
cs

1.ORALTRADI
TIONAL

Thi
sinv
olv
est
hepassi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionbywor
dofmout
hthr
ought
alki
ngandl
i
steni
ng.

Or
alTr
adi
ti
onpasshi
stor
ical
inf
ormat
ioni
ntot
woway
s

1.Thr
oughcul
tur
epr
act
icesl
i
kear
t,musi
c,r
eli
gion,
riddl
es,
songs,
prov
erbs,
super
sti
ti
on,
poems
andst
ori
es.
 2.Nar
rat
ionofpastev
ent
s.

FUNCTI
ONSOFORALTRADI
TION

1.I
tpreser
v eshi
stor
icalinfor
mationofsociet
y.
2.I
tcoll
ect
sandpasshi stori
cali
nfor
mationbetweengener
ati
onsi
nthesoci
ety
.
3.I
thelpsresear
chersindat acol
lect
ion.

ADVANTAGESOFORALTRADI
TION

1.I
tpreservesandrevealhist
ori
calinfor
mati
onwhi char enotrecorded.
2.Bothil
l
iterat
eandlit
eratepeoplecanobtai
nhistoricali
nformati
on.
3.Wit
hinor alt
radi
ti
ontherearewar ni
ngsandteachings.
4.I
tistheeasiestandthecheapestmet hodofobtaininginfor
mation.
5.I
tismor eliv
esource,si
nceitinvolv
esphysi
calinteracti
on.

DI
SADVANTAGEOFORALTRADI
TION

1.I
tneedsmuchat tenti
onandpowerofmemor y
.
2.Falseinformat
ioncanbegi venbyastory–t el
ler
.
3.Nar r
ati
onofpastev entsarecenter
edtothosepeopleofstatusi.
ekings, Queens,chi
ef.Whi
te
tal
kinglit
tl
eaboutcommonsoci ety
.
4.Thereislanguageproblemswhennar rat
orsusev er
nacul
arlanguage.
5.I
tisdi f
fi
cultt
odisti
nguishwhati sr
ealandwhatisimaginaryinf
ormation.
6.Translati
onisver
ydi f
fi
cultbecausesomelanguagesarenol ongeri
nexi stence.

2.HI
STORI
CALSI
TES

Ar
especi
alpl
aceswher
ebyt
hepasthumanr
emai
nscanbef
oundandshownt
othepubl
i
c?

Thesear
epl
acesi
nwhi
cht
her
emai
nsofoncel
i
vedhumani
nthepastcanbef
ound.

1.Theycompriseman’
sphysi
caldev
elopment
,toolst
hatweremadeandusedf
rom t
imet
oti
me.
2.I
ntheseareaswef i
nd/
seepasthumanproductsandani
malbones.

Exampleofhistor
ical
sitesincl
udeIsmil
a,Ol
duv
aiGor
ge,
KondoaI
rangi
,Bagamoy
o,Zanzi
bar
,Ki
l
wa,
,
Mafi
a,Engaruka,KageraetcinTanzani
a.

Nsongezi
,Bi
ggo,
Ntubi
,Rusi
ngai
sland,
Magosi
andI
shagoi
nUganda.

l
akeRudol
f(Tur
kana)
,LakeNai
vasha,
Njor
o,Ol
ongesai
l
ie,
LakeMagadi
,Lamu,
MombasaandMt
.Keny
a.
I
nkenya.

MAPOFEASTAFRI
CASHOWI
NGI
MPORTANTHI
STORI
CALSI
TES.
FUNCTI
ONSOFHI
STORI
CALSI
TES

1.Preserv
ehist
ori
cali
nformat
ionforthecominggenerat
ions.
2.Theyareuseful
sourcesofi
nformationandtor
econstr
ucthistor
y.
3.Theyarethesymbol
sofsocialcul
turalher
it
agetothesociet
yconcer
npasthumant
ool
s,r
ock,
paint
setc.

ADVANTAGEOFHI
STORI
CALSI
TES.

1.Theyhel
psf
orpr
act
ical
hist
ori
cal
lear
ning

e.
gThr
oughobser
vat
ionoft
hepasthumant
ool
s,r
ock,
pai
nts.

2.Usedt orevealpastset t
lementpatterns,lev
el soft
echnol
ogy
,economicdevel
opmentofpol
i
tical
organizati
on-
reachedbyt hepastsocieties.
3.Actascent ersoftour i
sm.
4.Theyhel pintr
ansf ormingtheoret
icalteachingofhist
oryt
opract
ical
hist
ori
call
eani
ng.
5.I
tact sasther esourcecenterstoresearcher s.
6.I
tpr ovi
desempl oy
mentoppor t
uniti
es:egguiders.

DI
SADVANTAGESOFHI
STORI
CALSI
TES

1.I
tbri
ngsconfusi
ontoint
erpr
ett
her emai
nsfoundi
nhi
stori
cal
sites
2.Manyofthehist
ori
cal
sit
esarefoundonremotear
eashencedif
ficul
tformanypeopl
etov
isi
t
 t
hem.

3.ARCHAEOLOGY

I
sthesci
ent
if
icst
udyofpasthumanr
emai
ns

 Thi
sist
hest
udyoft
hemat
eri
alr
emai
nsofman’
spastt
hroughsci
ent
if
icmet
hods.
 Theonespeci
ali
zesi
nar
chaeol
ogyi edARCHAEOLOGI
scal
l ST.
 Ar
chaeol
ogyi
nvol
veexcav
ati
ons(
diggi
ng)oft
her
emai
nsofman’
spasthi
stor
ical
sit
esand
i
nter
pret
ati
on.
 Thef
amousar
chaeol
ogi
sti
nEastAf
ri
cawasDr
,Loui
sLeakywi
thhi
swi
feMar
yLeakey
.
 Ar
chaeol
ogyi
nvol
vest
heuseofcar
bon14dat
ingt
odet
ermi
nepl
ant
sandani
mal
remai
ns.

FUNCTI
ONSOFARCHAEOLOGY

1.Gi
vesimport
antinf
ormat i
onaboutmanthroughdiff
erentst
ages.
2.I
tisauseful
methodofr eveal
ingsoi
lcov
eredhistor
icalr
emains.
3.I
tarousecur
iosi
tyofsearchi
ngpastmanhistor
icali
nformati
on

ADVANTAGESOFARCHAEOLOGY

1.I
thelpstoknowwhenandhowpeopl eli
vedinacer t
ainplace.
2.Pastobjectstellsusaboutt hel i
feandcultur
eofpastpeopl e.
3.I
thelpsust oknowandr evealthetechnology,pastoral
,agri
culturalandcommer cialact
ivi
ti
esof
thepastman.
4.Throughexcav ationwegetknowl edgeofar t
if
actse. gpottery,buil
dingetc.
5.I
trevealthereligiousbeli
efsoft hepastman.
6.Wecancompl imentot hersour cesofinf
or mati
ont hroughar chaeology.eg.hist
ory.
7.Wecanknowt hepastr elat
ionshipbetweendifferentpeoplesuchast radingact
ivit
ies,
Migrat
ion,
Marri
age, Bi
rt
h, deathandpol it
icalrel
ati
on.

DI
SADVANTAGESOFARCHAEOLOGY

 I
tconsumest
imebecauseofexcav
ati
on.
 I
tcannotr
eveal
thepastpeopl
e’
slanguage.
 I
tcannotgi
veoutr
easonsf
orhi
stor
ical
event
ssuchaswar
s.
 I
tneedsf
ull
exper
tsandadv
ancedt
echnol
ogy
.
 Poor
lyi
nter
pret
edr
emai
nscanbr
ingf
alsei
nfor
mat
ion.

I
tcannott
ell
any
thi
ngaboutt
hepastsoci
alor
gani
zat
ion.

4.ARCHI
VES

Thesear
epl
aceswher
ecol
l
ect
ionofpr
ivat
eandpubl
i
cdocument
sandol
drecor
dsar
epr
eser
ved.

Thesedocumentsi
ncl
udespersonal
lett
ers,
Ear
lyTr
avel
ersandMi
ssi
onar
yrecor
ds,
Trader
swr
it
ings,
per
sonalandgover
nmentfi
l
es,poli
ti
calpar
ti
esdocument
s,etc.

FUNCTI
ONOFARCHI
VES
(
a)Ar
chi
vespr
eser
vepubl
i
candpr
ivat
erecor
dst
hathav
eendur
ingv
aluet
othesoci
ety
.

(
b)Therecor
dsinthear
chi
vesar
emade av
ail
abl
eforusebyt
hepubl
i
c.Howev
ernotal
lrecor
dscanbe
v
iewedbyevery
one.

(
c)Ar
chi
vescol
lectrecor
dsofenduri
ngval
uefrom v
ari
ouspl
aces.Forexampl
e,
thenat
ionar
chi
veshav
e
r
ecor
dsf
rom di
ffer
entregionsoft
hecount
ry.

(
d)Thear
chi
vesst
affmai
ntai
nsr
egi
ster
soft
her
ecor
dint
hear
chi
ves.

(
e)Ar
chi
vespr
omot
eawar
enessoft
heav
ail
abi
l
iti
esanduseofnon-cur
rentr
ecor
dst
othepubl
i
c

(
f)Ar
chi
veshav
efaci
l
iti
esf
orr
est
ori
ngdamageddocument
sofendur
ingv
alue

(g)Thehi
stor
ical
inf
ormati
oni
nthear
chivesensurescont
inui
ty.Forexampl
e,
companypol
i
ciesf
rom
previ
ousyear
scanstil
lgui
det
heemploy
eest oday

ADVANTAGESOFARCHI
VES

1.Easytoi
dentifyideasandl i
ter
acylevelofthepastman.
2.I
tiseasytoidentifytheexactdateofhistori
calevent
.
3.I
tusedtostorehi stori
cali
nfor
mat i
on.
4.Easytogethistori
cal i
nfor
mationfrom di
fferentpl
acesanddi
ff
erentpeopl
e.

DI
SADVANTAGESOFARCHI
VES

1.I
tmayl eadfalsei
nformati
on,ifAuthorisbi
ased.
2.I
ll
i
terat
epeopl ecannotgethistor
icalinf
ormation.
3.I
tisnoteasyt ogetinf
ormati
onoft hesociet
ywhosei nf
ormati
onarenotdocument
ed.
4.I
tisdif
ficul
ttogetremoteinf
or mati
onf r
om archiv
es.
5.I
tisnonr enewabl
eoncedisruptedeitherbywindorotherext
ernal
for
ce.

5.MUSEUMS

 Thesear
epl
acesorbui
l
dingswher
einf
ormat
ionandobj
ect
sar
epr
eser
ved.
 I
tinv
olv
esal
lter
mswhi
chshowscul
tur
e,pol
i
tical
economi
candt
echnol
ogi
cal
dev
elopmentf
rom
t
hepasttopresent
.
 Obj
ectscanbeEarl
ycoins,cl
othes,
miner
alscowr
ies,rel
i
giousandcer
emoni
alsy
mbol
s.
 Museumscanbenat i
onal,
Regional
,Di
str
ict
sandvil
lage.

e.
gNat
ional
Museumsi
nDaressal
aam,
Bagamoy
o,But
iama,
Kal
enga-I
ri
nga

FUNCTI
ONSOFMUSEUMS

1.Preser
vehi
stor
ical
documentsandobj
ect
s.
2.Showsconcret
eremainsofobj
ect
s.
 3.I
tist
heplacefortour
istandstudytour
.
4.I
tist
hecenterforcul
turalandnat
ionali
dent
it
y.

ADVANTAGESOFMUSEUMS

1.I
tpreser
veobjectswhichar eusedast eachingaids.
2.Museumspr eser
vecultureandnat i
onalIdenti
ty.
3.I
tusedbyresearchers(sourceofi nformation)
.
4.I
tactsastouri
stcenter.
5.Peopl
elearnabouttechnologicaldev el
opment .
6.Enabl
elear
nerstoarousecr eativ
ity

DI
SADVANTAGESOFMUSEUMS.

1.
Itneedsknowl
edgeabl
epeopl
e.

2.I
tispossi
blet
odi
stor
tinf
ormat
iont
hroughbi
asesbyt
hemuseum at
tendant
.

3.Poorpr
eser
vat
ionoft
hepasti
temseg.
coi
ns,
pi
ecesofcl
oth,
sl
aveschai
ncandi
stor
tinf
ormat
ion.

4.I
tneedsext
ensi
vecar
etomai
ntai
nit
'sbeaut
yoror
igi
n.

6.WRI
TTENRECORDS

Ar
ethet
hedocument
swhi
chcompr
isewr
it
tenhi
stor
ical
inf
ormat
ion.

 Thesei
ncl
udesbooks,
l
ett
ers,
maps,
magazi
nes,
j
our
nal
,newspaper
,mi
nut
esofmeet
ingsand
confer
ences
 Writ
tenrecor
dscanbef
ound i
nli
brar
ies,
school
s,
col
l
eges,
uni
ver
sit
ies,
i
nter
net
caf
es,
off
iceset
c.

FUNCTI
ONOFWRI
TTENRECORDS

(
a)Wr
it
tenr
ecor
dspr
ovi
despi
ctur
esofsoci
ety
.

(b)Theser
ecordsr
eflectpubl
i
copi ni
on.att
het
imeofwriti
ng.Forexampl
e,t
hel
ett
erst
otheedi
tori
n
newspaperexpr
essthereaders'
feeli
ngsoncur
renti
ssue

(c)Wr i
tt
enrecor
dsserv
easstoresofalar
gevari
etyofi
nfor
mation,
incl
udi
ngdi
scov
eri
es,
gov
ernment
poli
cies,
stat
ements,
rel
igi
ousbel
ief
s,f
ashi
on,
speechesandagr
eement .

(d)In-dept
hrepor
tsofdai
l
yev
ent
sar
ekeptaswr
it
tenr
ecor
ds,
.Forexampl
e,i
nadi
ary
,newspaperor
biography.

ADVANTAGESOFWRI
TTENRECORDS

 I
tiseasyt
ogeti
nfor
mat
ion.
 Easyt
omaker
efer
ences.
 I
tishel
pful
indoi
ngr
esear
ches.
 Theycanbekeptf
oral
ongt
ime.
DI
SADVANTAGESOFWRI
TTENRECORDS

1.I
tcangivefal
seinfor
mati
oni ftheyarebiasedbytheaut
hor
.
2.I
tisdif
fi
cultt
oreadever
ythingfrom writ
tenrecor
ds.
3.Theyaresubj
ecttobebadlywr i
tten.
4.I
ll
it
erat
epeoplecannotgetinformation.

7.LI
NGUI
STI
CS

I
sthesci
ent
if
icst
udyandanal
ysi
sofl
anguage.

I
tincl
udest
hest
udyofsound,
str
uct
ure,
inf
ormat
ionandr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenv
ari
ousl
anguage
gr
oups.

ADVANTAGESOFLI
NGUI
STI
CS

1.I
thelpstogetinf
ormationfr
om var
ioussour ces.
2.Enablet
odiscoverl
inksbetweendiff
erentpeople
3.I
thelptodeter
minedatesofhistor
icalevente.g“Al
utaCont
inua”(
per
iodofst
ruggl
efor
i
ndependenceinMozambi que)
.

LI
MITATI
ONSOFLI
NGUI
STI
CS

1.I
tconsumet i
meandf i
nance l
ear
ningapart
icul
arlanguage.
2.Thr
ought r
ansl
ati
ononecancommi tsomeimportantwork.
3.Thepresentl
anguagemaybecorrupted.

8.ANTHROPOLOGY

I
sthest
udyoft
hesoci
ety
’scul
tur
alsy
stems,
bel
i
efs,
ideaset
c.

Thestudycangi
veimpor
tanti
nfor
mat
ionaboutmov
ement
s,set
tl
ement
sandpr
oduct
ion
act
ivi
ti
esofthepast
.

DATI
NGHI
STORI
CALEVENTS

Hi
stor
iansusual
l
ydi
vi
det
imei
ntosev
eral
cat
egor
ies,
namel
y

 Day–i
sadur
ati
onoft
went
yfourhour
s(24hr
s)
 Aweek–i
sadur
ati
onofsev
enday
s(7day
s)
 Mont
h–i
sadur
ati
onoff
ourweeks(
4weeks)
 Ay
ear–i
sadur
ati
onoft
wel
vemont
hs(
12mont
hs)
 Adecade-i
sadur
ati
onoft
eny
ear
s(10y
rs)
 Acent
ury–i
sadur
ati
onofonehundr
edy
ear
s(100y
rs)
 Ami
l
lenni
um –i
sadur
ati
onoft
housandy
ear
s(1000y
rs)
 Agener
ati
on–i
stheav
eragedi
ff
erencesonagesbet
weenachi
l
dandhi
s/herpar
ent
.
 Age–i
saper
iodbasedonman’
seconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esandt
het
ypeoft
ool
susede.
gst
oneage,
i
ronage,
Indust
ri
alage,Sci
enceandTechnol
ogyage,ect
.
 Aperi
od–isdeterminedbyonecont
inuouseventl
ast
ingforanumberofy
ear
.
 e.g Per i
odofsl avetradeinEastAfr
ica
Peri
odoflongdi stancetrade
Peri
odofcol onial r
uleinAfri
ca
Somepointshav ebeenchoseni nordertodi
videti
me
 YearZERO–pr esentt heyearwhenJesusChr i
stwasbor
n.
 Iti
sknownasAnnoDomi no
(A.
D)meani ngt hey earoftheLord
Allyear
sbeforeZer oarecalled(
B.C)meaning(Befor
eChr
ist
)

HOW TODETERMI
NEDATES

Dat
esar
einst
rumenti
nthesci
enceofHi
stor
y,t
hishi
stor
iansdi
vi
deddat
esi
ntof
ourway
s:-

1.Recallingev ents:-hereimportanteventsarerecal
led/rememberede.gdr
ought
,far
mi ng,fl
oods,
bir
th, eruptionofdiseasesetc.
2.Byst udy i
ngl anguages:-somenameshel ppeopletor ememberdatesofsomeevents.E.gword
“Karaf uu”-start
edwhencl oveswer ei
ntroducedinZanzi bar.
3.Carbon14–I ssci
entif
icmethodofdet ermini
ngdat es.Itusedi
nthefi
ndi
ngdat
esforr emainsof
animal sorpl antswhichdiedbey ond5000y earsago.

 Car
bon14i
sagasf
oundi
ncar
bon-
dioxi
dewhi
chexi
sti
ntheat
mospher
e.
 I
tabsor
bedbypl
antorot
herl
i
vingor
gani
sms.Whendi
edcar
bon14t
hathasal
readyobser
ved
st
art
stodecayataf
ixedr
atef
rom t
het
imeofdeat
h.

1.Or
der
sofev
ent
s:Way
sofshowi
ngor
derofev
ent
s,per
iodsandages,
amongt
hem ar
e:-

 Ti
megr
aph
 Ti
mechar
t
 Ti
mel
i
ne
 Fami
l
ytr
ee

1.Exampl
eoft
imechar
t

S/
N PERI
ODA.
D EVENTS

1 1884–1885 TheBer
li
nconf
erence

2 1914–1918 Thef
ir
stwor
ldwarper
iod
3 1939–1945 Thesecondwor
ldwarper
iod

4 1961 Tangany
ikabecamei
ndependent

5 1962 Tangany
ikabecamer
epubl
i
c

6 1992 I
ntr
oduct
ionofmul
ti
par
ti
sm i
nTanzani
a
 (
d)Fami
lyt
ree

EVOLUTI
ONOFMAN,
TECHNOLOGYANDENVI
RONMENT

EVOLUTI
ONOFMAN,
TECHNOLOGYANDENVI
RONMENT

Evol
uti
onofMan
Ist
hegradualchangesdevel
opmentofpl
ant
sandani
malsfrom asimpl
efor
mt oamor ecomplexf
orm.
Thi
schangeleadstoexist
ence0fpl
ant
sandanimal
sthatar
ediffer
entfr
om t
heori
ginalpl
ant
sand
ani
mals.

Thetheoryofev
oluti
on ofman.
Thetheor
yofevol
uti
ontri
estoexpl
aint
heor
igi
nofmanbydescr
ibi
ngt
het
hechangest
hatour
ancest
orsunder
wentuntil
theywer
el i
kemoder
nman.

Ther
ear
etwot
heor
ieswhi
chat
temptt
oex
plai
ntheor
igi
nofman.

1stTHEORYOFCREATI
ON

Thi
stheor
yexpl
ainst
hatt
her
eissupernat
ural
powert
hatcr
eat
esev
ery
thi
ng.

Thissupernat
uralpowerisGod.Ref
erfr
om t
heHolyBi
bleandQur'
ane.
gfrom Bi
bli
calknowl
edge
(Genesi
schapter1:26)i
tsayst
hat:-Godcr
eatedmanbyusingsoi
l
,atf
ir
sttheycr
eatedamanandthen
l
aterawoman.

Theset
wocr
eat
uresest
abl
i
shedt
hei
rrel
ati
onshi
pandt
hismar
kedt
hebegi
nni
ngofhumanf
ami
ly
.

2ndTHETHEORYOFEVOLUTI
ONOFMAN

Thet
heor
yofev
olut
ionofmanwaspr
oposedbyanEngl
i
shmanknownasChar
lesDar
win(
1809–1882)
Thetheorysay
sthat
:-man’
sspeci
eshasbeenchangi
nggr
adual
l
yfr
om l
owerst
aget
obet
terst
agedue
toenvi
ronment.

 Changi
nggoeshandi
nhandwi
thi
mpr
ovementofmet
hodsofobt
aini
ngf
ood,
clot
handshel
ter
.
 Thegr
adual
changeofmani
scal
l
edev
olut
ion.Thef
ir
stmanbel
ongt
othef
ami
l
yofpr
imat
es
whichi ncl
udedApe, Gor
ill
a,MonkeyandChi mpanzee.
 Theseani malsli
v edinthef orestwalki
ngonfourl
imbsandt heirbodi
escoveredwi
thhai
r.
 Becauseofenv ironment alchangesanddiminishi
ngofforests,
theystar
tedtoli
vei
nopen
grassland.
 Envir
onmentf orcedt hem toadoptnewwayofwal ki
ng.
 Thef oreli
mbsinst eadofwal kingbecomespecial
fortool
maki ngandusing.
 Foreli
mbsbecomef r
eefrom wal ki
ng.
 Thewal ki
ngisknownasBi–pedal i
sm

STAGESOFMAN’
SEVOLUTI
ON

1.PRI
MATES(
Ape,
Gor
il
la,
Monkey
,Chi
mpanzee)

Char
act
eri
sti
cs

1.Theirbodieswerecoveredwithl
otsofhai
r.
2.Theywal kedonfourli
mbs
3.Theylivedindenseforest
.
4.Theyhadpoor lymentalabi
li
ti
es.
5. Theytotal
lydependedonnatureeg.at
erawfood

2.AUSTRALOPI
THECUSAFRI
CANFAMI
LY

Thi
sst
agest
art
edabout12mi
l
li
ony
ear
sago(
B.C)whenpr
imat
eschangedt
onearman.

Thi
sst
agedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo

1.Zi
njant
hropus
2.Homohabi l
is

Zi
njant
hropus

I
nthi
sst
age:

1.Forel
i
mbsweref r
eefrom walki
ng.
2.Hindl
imbswereusedforstandi
ngandbodybal
ance.
3.Manstar
tedt
odesign,makeanduset ool
s.
4.Manbecomeskil
lf
ul.

Homohabili
s
-I
tli
vedbetween 1,
500,
000and750,000BC.
-Homohabil
isbecomemoreskil
l
fulman,becausewassy st
emati
ctool
smaker
.
-Homohabil
isbel
ievedt
obethedir
ectancestorofmoder
nman.
-Hehadbiggerbrai
nandhewasmor esystemati
ctoolmaker.
 -Theskul
lofthosecr
eat
ureswer
edi
scov
eredatOl
duv
aiGor
geandomoi
nEast
ernandRudol
fin
Kenya.
r
d
3 st
age:Homoer ect
us

o Manwasf
ull
ymov
ingupr
ight
.
o Hebecomemor
eski
l
lful
tool
smakert
hanHomohabi
l
is.
o I
t'
sfossi
l
shav
ebeendugupi
nOl
orgesai
l
leandnearLakeTur
kanai
ntheKeny
a,Ol
duv
ai
gor
gei
nTanzani
a.

t
h
4 st
age:Homosapi
ens

Char
act
eri
sti
cs

 Hei
sat
ruemanoft
oday
 Hasal
argebr
aini
nsi
ze
 Hasl
esst
hickj
aws
 Hewashi
ghl
yski
l
lful
man
 Hemadet
ool
sbyusi
ngst
onesandbones.

NB:t
het
heor
yofev
olut
ionhasbeensuppor
tedbyAr
chaeol
ogi
st

Dr
.Leakeyi
nOl
duv
aiGor
gei
n1959

Basi
cchar
act
eri
sti
csofhumanev
olut
ion.

1.Dev
elopmentofman’sabil
it
ytodesi
gn,makeanduset
ool
s.
2.Abi
li
tyofmantowalkont woli
mbs.(Bi
-pedal
ism)
3.Abi
li
tyofmantothi
nk.
4.Abi
li
tyofmantodomesticatepl
ant
sandani mals.

5thHomosapi
enssapi
ens

Homosapi
ensi
samoder
nman.

Homosapi
ensi
sbeli
evedto hav
eev ol
vedintoHomosapi
enssapi
ensabout50,
000y
ear
sago.
Thi
smanhasalar
gebrai
nandgr eati
ntel
l
igence.
Stoneage
Age-Isaperi
odbasedonman'
seconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esandt
ypeoft
het
ool
sused.
eg,
Stoneage,
Iron
age,Sci
encet
echnol
ogyageetc.

St
oneage:
Thi
sishi
stor
ical
per
iodi
nwhi
chmanmadeandusedst
onet
ool
s.

St
oneagei
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreeages

1.Earl
yorOldst
oneage.
2.Middlest
oneage.
3.Lateornewstoneage

EARLYOROLDSTONEAGE

Thi
sist
hef
ir
stper
iodofst
oneage.I
texi
stedbet
ween1,
750,
000B.
Cand750,
000B.
C

Zi
njant
hropus-wast
heonl
ymanexi
stedi
nthi
sper
iod.

 t
heear
lyst
onet
ool
swer
epebbl
esandchoppi
ng.

manusedt
heset
oolf
or

 ki
l
li
ngandski
nni
ngani
mal
flesh.
 di
ggi
ngupr
oot
s.
  Cut
ti
ngt
reebr
anches.
 Fordef
ense.

Manobt
ainedhi
sfoodbyhunt
ingandgat
her
ing

I
nthi
sper
iodmanhadl
owabi
l
ityt
ocont
rol
hisenv
ironment
.

MI
DDLESTONEAGETOOLS

THECHARACTERI
STI
CSOFEARLYOROLDSTONEAGE

I
nEastAf
ri
cast
oneagesi
tesar
efoundatOl
orgasai
l
le,
Nsongezi
andOl
duv
ai.

1.Manl
iv
edpr i
miti
v eli
fedependingonnatur
e.
2.Manmadeandusecr ude(poor)tool
s.
3.Manl
iv
edbyhunt ingandgat heri
ng.
4.Manat
er awfoodi .
emeat
5.Manwalkedupright.
6.Manl
iv
edi ncaves.
7.Mandi
dnotwearcl othes.

MI
DDLESTONEAGE

Thi
sstagecov er
edtheper i
odbetween750,000BCt o50,000BC.
Thi
speriodmani mprovedhisstonetools.
Toolswere-small
er,
sharperandeasiertohandle.
Toolswerespear,Ar
rows, Needl
es,Stonepicks,Kni
vesetc.
Thesetool
swer eusedfor

 Di
ggi
ngupr
oot
s.

 Ki
l
li
ngandski
nni
ngani
mal
s.
 Cut
ti
ngs&choppi
ng.

THENEW STONEAGETOOLS
 THE
DI
SCOVERYOFFI
RE

 Howmandi
scov
eredf
ir
e?
 Fi
rewasdi
scov
eredbymanwhowasscr
atchi
ngpi
ecesofwoodusi
nghi
shands.
 Themor
ehecont
inuedscr
atchi
ng,
thepi
ecesofwoodgotheatt
hesmokecomeout
,thescr
atch
causedf
ri
cti
onofscr
atchedwoodandl
edt
oemi
ssi
onoff
ir
e.I
MPORTANCEOFFI
RETOMAN

1.Manstart
edt oeatr oastedf oodi.
emeat
2.Manstart
edt oliv
ei ncoldar eas.
3.Manusedf i
retocl eanbushes.
4.Manusedf i
retopr ovidelightatnight.
5.Fi
reusedtokillsmal lani
mal se.grabbit
6.Wit
hfir
emani ncreasedwor ki
nghour s.
7.Manusefiretoat tr
actpr ey.
8.Manusedf i
refordef ensef rom dangerousani
mal
sli on.MAN'
kel
i SANCESTORMAKI
NGFI
RE

GENERALCHARACTERI
STI
COFMI
DDLESTONEAGE
 1.Mandiscoveredfi
re.
2.Mandevelopedsomer el
i
giousbeli
efs.
3.Manstart
edtol i
vecomplexli
fe.
4.Man’
smai noccupati
onwer e:
-

 Hunt
ingandgat
her
ing
 Sedent
ary
/nomadi
cli
fe

THELATESTONEAGE(
NEW STONEAGE)

I
nEastAf
ri
ca,
lat
est
oneagest
art
edf
rom ar
ound50,
000BCt
othef
ir
stmi
l
lenni
um AD.

 I
nthi
sst
agemanusedbet
tert
ool
scompar
edt
othepr
evi
ousst
oneages.
 Tool
sbecomemor
eshar
perandsmal
l
eri
nsi
ze.
 Tool
swer
est
oneexes,
blades,
spear
s,ar
rows,
etc.
 Manst
art
edper
manentset
tl
ement
.

Thet
ool
swer
est
il
ll
argel
ymadeofst
onebutt
heywer
efarbet
tert
hant
hoseofear
li
erper
iods.

Thi
sper
iodmar
kedt
hebegi
nni
ngofset
tl
edcommuni
ti
es.

 I
nar
eassuchasKondoaI
rangi
,pai
nti
ngsanddr
awi
ngsi
nthecar
vespr
ovedt
hisf
act
.
 Thepai
nti
ngsanddr
awi
ngsshowt
heshapeoft
ool
susedandani
mal
hunt
ed.

Char
act
eri
sti
csoft
hel
atest
oneage.

1.Manusedbet tertoolscompar etotheprevi

ousages.
2.Manst ar
tedtodomest i
catedplantandanimal
.
3.Manbecomef oodpr oducer.
4.I
ncreaseofpopulation.
5.I
twasbegi nni
ngofset tl
edcommuni ti
esandvil
l
ages.
6.Thi
sper i
odmar kedt obepr i
mar i
l
yondi v
isi
onoflabour
.

Exampl
e:womenbecomechi
l
dbear
ersandcar
eswhi
l
emanf
orpr
otect
ingt
hef
ami
l
iesandhunt
ing

I
nfor
mal
educat
ionst
art
edi
nthi
sper
iod.THELATESTONEAGETOOLS

I
RONAGE
  I
ronagei
sbel
i
evedt
ohav
est
art
eddur
ingt
hef
ir
stmi
l
lenni
um A.
D.
 Thi
swast
heper
iodwhenmanmadeandusedI
ront
ool
s.
 Thedi
scov
eryanduseofi
roni
mpr
ovedman’
sst
andar
dofl
i
ving.
 I
ront
ool
swer
edi
scov
eredabout3000y
ear
sago.
 Thef
ir
stpeopl
etomakeandusei
ront
ool
sinAf
ri
cawer
ethepeopl
eofEt
hiopi
aandEgy
pt.
 I
ronski
l
lsandknowl
edgewer
enotuni
for
m ort
hesamei
nAf
ri
ca.
 Thef
ir
sti
mpor
tantt
ownsf
ori
ronsmel
ti
ngwer
e
o Mer
oei
nSudan
o Axum i
nEt
hiopi
a
o Nokar
eai
nWestAf
ri
ca
 I
nEastAf
ri
ca,
iti
sbel
i
evedt
hatmanst
art
edt
ousei
ronf
rom t
hef
ir
stmi
l
lenni
um A.
D

E.
g.I
rondi
scov
eredear
li
eri
nEngar
uka,
Uvi
nza,
Kar
agwe,
UgwenoandWest
ernshor
esofl
akeVi
ctor
ia.

 I
ront
ool
sincl
udedi
ronspear
s,ar
rows,
Axes,
Hoeset
c
 I
ront
echnol
ogyhel
pedear
lyAf
ri
cansoci
eti
est
o
o Pr
oduceandusei
ront
ool
s.
o Topr
oducebet
terweaponsf
ordef
ense.

THERESULTOFUSI
NGI
RONTOOLS

1.I
tledtoincr
easei nf oodproduct
ion.Mancoul dnowclearhisar
easforcult
ivati
on.
2.I
ncreaseinpopulationduet omoref ood.
3.Therewasemer genceofspeci al
izati
oni .e.Ir
onworkers(
blacksmit
hs)andf oodproducers.
4.I
tledtotheemer genceofcompl exv il
lages/dev el
opmentofpoli
ti
calorgani
zationaskingdom
andstat
es.
5.Toolswerehighl
yi mpr ov
edandmor eef fi
cient,
6.Therewasexpansi onoft r
aderel
ation( expansionoftr
ade).

DI
AGRAM OFI
RONTOOLS

THEMAJOREARLYI
RONCENTRESI
NAFRI
CA
DEVELOPMENTOFECONOMI
CACTI
VITI
ESANDTHEI
RIMPACT

I
ntr
oduct
ion:

Env
ironment:
Ist
otal
sur
roundi
ngsofmani
ncl
udemanmadeandnat
ural
feat
ures.

Land,
wat
erbodi
es,
atmospher
e,mount
ains,
hil
l
s,I
nfr
ast
ruct
uresi
.ebui
l
dings,
roads,
etc.

TECHNOLOGY:I
sthesci
ent
if
icknowl
edgeusedt
odesi
gnandmaket
ool
s.

DEVELOPMENT:Ref
ert
opr
ogr
essi
vechangesf
rom l
owt
ohi
ghst
andar
dofl
i
ving.

HANDCRAFTI
NDUSTRI
ESANDMI
NINGI
NPRE-
COLONI
ALAFRI
CA.

Handcraf
tindust
ri
es:
Thesewer
eindust
ri
esofwhi
chmanusedhandsandski
l
lst
opr
oducet
ool
sand
weapons.

I
ndust
ri
es-
Ist
hepl
acewher
erawmat
eri
alsar
epr
ocessedi
ntof
ini
shedgoodsegcot
ton-
clot
h

Speci
ali
zedhandcr
afti
ndust
ri
esi
nAf
ri
ca.

 Sal
tmaki
ngi
ndust
ri
es
 I
ronwor
king
  Coppermi
ning
 Gol
dmi
ning
 Pot
ter
ymaki
ng
 Spi
nni
ngandweav
ingi
ndust
ri
es
 Bar
k–cl
othi
ndust
ri
es
 Canoemaki
ngi
ndust
ri
es

1.Sal tmaki ngi ndust ries-Thesear eindustri

eswhi chengagedi nproducti
onofsoili
npre-
coloni
al
Afri
ca.
Usesofsal t
 Itisusedf oraddi ngf lav ortast eforthefoodint heki t
chen.
 Itisusedf orpr eser vat ionoff oodli
kef i
shandmeat .
Met
hodsofobt ainingsal t
1.Fr om dif f
erentr eeds
Reedswer ecol lected, driedandbur ned,theasheswoul dbef i
l
ter
edwhi l
etheashesremainli
qui
d
wouldbeev apor atedandr esi duewouldbeusedassal t
.
Places: -NearLakeVi ctor i
a, Kyoga,andAl ber
t,amongBagandaandBahay atr
ibesandamong
Mang’ anjapeopl enearshor esofLakeNy asa.
2.Boi li
ngandev apor atingmet hod
Seaoroceanwat erputi ntopansandl efttoevapor ate,thesal
tcryst
alswoul
dbecol l
ect
edand
usedassal t.
Places: aroundcoast al areas.
3.Sal tmi ning
Saltwasmi nedunderneat hr ocks.
Places: AtTaghaza, Bilmaar oundlakeChadi nwest ernSudan.
NearlakeBangwel aandr iverLuapal aincentr
al Afr
ica.

4.
Wat
erbyf
ir
e

Spri
ngwatercontai
ningsaltwasboiledandfinal
lysal
twasobt
ained.
Pl
aceswithsalt
;inuvinzasal
tspringalongri
vermalagar
asi
incentr
alAf
ri
ca.
Usesofsalt
.
1.Saltisusedasani ngr
edientincookery.

2.Foodpreservat
ion.
3.I
tisusedasmedi ci
nei.
e.onf r
eshl
ycutwounds
4.I
twasusedasamedi um ofexchange(t
radeexchange)
.
5.Animalhideswerecuredusingsaltbef
oreusedtomakecloth.
6.I
nEgy ptsaltwasusedtopr eser
veadeadbody .(
mummi fi
cati
on)

I
RONI
NDUSTRY

Bythebegi
nningofthe19thcentur
y,mostoft
heAf ri
cansoci
eti
eswereabl
et opr
oducet
heirowniron.
Thefamousblacksmit
hinAf r
icawasabletoproducethei
rowniron.I
nTanzani
ather
ewereirondeposi
ts
i
nItewenearchunya,l
i
ganga, andUlugur
uMountains.

 Nubi
anofSudanal
ongt
her
iverNi
l
e.
 Peopl
eal
ongFut
adj
alonandNi
gerr
iveri
nWestAf
ri
ca.
  TheMang’
anj
apeopl
eofMal
awi
.
 TheVendapeopl
eofnor
ther
nTr
ansv
aal
.
 TheMashonaofZambi
a.

Ther
ewer
eal
sodeposi
tsi
nAl
ger
ia,
Tuni
sia,
mor
occo,
Liber
ia,
Sier
aleoneAngol
a,andZi
mbabwe.

-I
nEt
hiopi
abl
acksmi
thswer
enotal
l
owedt
oinher
itl
andorev
ent
oint
ermar
rywi
thot
herpeopl
e.

Usesofi
ron.

1.I
ronwasusedt omakeagr i
cul
turaltools.
2.i
ronwasusedt omakeweaponsi .
e.spear s,
swordset c
3.I
ronwasamedi um ofexchange,somepeopl eusedi r
onbarsorhoesast akenwhenpayi
ngbri
de
pri
cei.
e.theSukumai nthenorthernwestTangany ika.
4.I
ronwasal soameasur eofweal t
h,peoplewhohadmor eir
ont hanot her
swereconsi
dered
wealt
hy.
5.I
ronwasani mportanttr
adecommodi t
yi.e.Masaitradedcatt
lef ori
ronweaponsfrom t
hepare
andtheKikuyu.
6.Someobjectsusedinreli
giousceremoni eswer emadeofi roni.e.Yorubaandfonmadeiron
obj
ectstohonourOgun( t
heGodofi ronandwar ).

COPPERMI
NINGANDTHEPROCESSI
NGI
NDUSTRI
ES.

TheproductionanduseofcopperInpurecolonial
Afri
cawaswi despread.Pur
ecopperfrom t
heearth’
s
sur
face.By300BC, TheEgyptianswer
eal r
eadyproducingcooper
.IboandYorubai
nNi geri
a.Centr
al
Kaf
uaRi verandtheGwaiRiverinZambia.SouthAfri
ca,Democrat
icRepubli
cofCongoformerlyknownas
Zai
re.

Usesofcooper
.

1.Iti
susedtomakeor nament ssuchasbangl esandearningsforexampleNdebel
ewomenwor
e
cooperandbrassneckless,
ringsasasy mbolofrepr
esenti
ngtheirhusband’
sweal
th.
2.Usedtomakepot s,pansandot herutensil
s.
3.Usedtomakeweaponssuchasdagger sandkniv
es.
4.Barsofcopperwereusedasamedi um ofexchangeandmeasur eofvalue.
5.Copperwasusedast radecommodi t
y.

Goldwasoneamongt he1stmetal
stobeusedinAfri
ca.I
twaseasytofi
ndgol
dneartheear
th’
ssur
face.
I
nmostpar t
sofAfri
ca,gol
dwasf oundi
ntheriv
erbed,gol
dwasobtai
nedbywashi
nggoldbeari
ngr
ocks
forexampl
eriv
ersabiandri
verZambezi
.inAshant
iandGyaini
nGhanaandMeroeinSudan.

Usesofgol
d.

 I
tisusedt
omakev
ari
oust
ypesofor
nament
sforexampl
eri
ngs,
ear
ri
ngs,
neckl
aceandbr
acel
ets
(
madefuner
ymasksf orthepharaohsinEgypt).
 Gol
dusedtomakeweaponsf orexamplekniv
es,handlesespeci
all
yforimportantr
uler
s.
 Gol
dwasusedinmakingut ensil
ssuchasplates,cupsandspoonsf orther
ich.
 I
nEgyptgol
dwasusedt omakecoi ns.
 Gol
dwasani mpor
tanttr
adecommodi ty,
inEastAfri
cathetownofki l
wabecamepr osper
ousdue
 togoldtr
ade.
 Goldwasusedasacurr
encyaswellasmeasureofweal
th.
 Richpeopl
eusedgol
dtodecor
atebuil
dings.

Ot
herhandcr
afti
ndust
ri
es

POTTERYMAKI
NG.

Potter
ywaspract
icedi
nar
easwher
ether
ewascl
aysoi
l
.Famouspeopl
ewher
e;Akamba,
kisi
i
,Bat
wa,
GisuandPar
e.

Adv
ant
ageofpot
ter
y.

1.Enablescommuni ti
estomakecont ainersforcooki
ngfood.
2.Producedcont ai
nersf
orstor
ingwat er,mil
k,beerandgrai
ns.
3.Potteryproduceit
emsorgoodsf ortradeforexamplemassai exchangecat
tl
eforpot
ter
y.
4.Potterycontai
nerswereusedforservingfoodanddrinksathomes.

WEAVI
NGANDBASKETRYI
NDUSTRY.

Somepeopl ewereski
ll
ednmaki ngv
ari
ousit
emsbyweavi
ng.Therequi
redrawmateri
alsi
ncl
uded
grasses,
leavesandfi
bers.I
nEastAf
ri
catheLouwer
eexper
tsinbasket
ryandNyakyusawereexper
tsi
n
makingmat s.

Adv
ant
agesofweav
ingandbasket
ry.

1.Somecommuni tiesbuilthousesandboat s.
2.Suppl
iedcommuni ti
eswi thit
emssuchasbedsandmat s.
3.Provi
dedit
emsf ortrade.
4.Provi
dedcontai
nerst ocarryloadseasi
ly,
f orexampl
eKi
kuyuandKamba(
Keny
ans)
.
5.Wovenfishtr
oopsandnet s.
6.Provi
dedstor
agef oragricul
turalpr
oduce.

TEXTI
LEPRODUCTI
ON/
CLOTHMAKI
NGI
NDUSTRY.

Text
il
eproducti
onisthemakingofcl
othf
rom di
ff
erentmater
ial
s.Barkcl
othwasmadefrom tr
eebarks
amongtheNy akyusa,
Buhay
aandBuganda.Sil
kproduct
ionwasmai nl
yinNiger
iaandMadagascar
.

Woolobt
ainedf
rom sheep,
goat
,andcamel
.Cottonwasmainl
ygrownbytheYorubainNi
ger
iaandin
Gui
nea.AamongtheFipa,i
temsweremadetext
ilei
ncl
udi
ngprepar
edbl
anket
s,carpet
sandclot
hes.

AGRICULTURE
Agr
icul
tur
eisthedomesti
cat
ionofpl
ant
sandanimals.Agr
icul
tur
ebeganov
er10000y
ear
sago.I
nAf
ri
ca
agr
icul
tur
ebeganintheNi
leval
leyi
nEgyptar
ound7000B.C

Fact
orst
hatcont
ri
but
edt
othebegi
nni
ngofagr
icul
tur
e.

1.Therewerepl
ant
sandanimals.
2.I
ncreaseofhumanpopul
ati
on,nat
ural
env
ironmentcoul
dnotpr
ovi
deadequat
efood.
 3.Changesofcli
matei.
e.droughtoroccur
renceofdrought
.
4.Competi
ti
onf orf
oodbetweent hehumansandt heani
mals.
5.Peopl
esearchedforgoodsfarawayfrom thei
rhomes.

Ther
ewer
emai
nlyt
hreet
ypesofagr
icul
tur
epr
act
icedi
nanci
entAf
ri
ca:

1.Past
oral
i
sm 2.Cr
opcul
ti
vat
ion 3.Mi
xedf
armi
ng

Cr
opcul
ti
vat
ion.

Di
ff
erentt
ypesofcr
opswer
egr
owni
nvar
iousr
egi
onsofAf
ri
cadependi
ngont
henat
ural
resour
ces.

Cr
opcul
ti
vat
ionwasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo

1.Shi
ft
ingcul
ti
vat
ion 2.Per
manentcul
ti
vat
ion

Shi
ft
ingcul
ti
vat
ion

I
nthissystem l
andwascul ti
vatedandpl
antedf
orsomet imeforexampl eaboutthreeyears,t
henthe
f
armer swouldshif
tthei
rfarmingacti
vi
ti
estoanewar ea.Thisfarmi
ngpr acti
cewast oallowthelandt
o
r
egainitsfer
ti
li
tyandcontroldi
seasesandpest
s.InAfri
cashifti
ngcult
ivati
onwascommoni nthecent
ral
,
westernandsouthernTanzania(miombowoodland)andEast ernKenya).Thi
ssy stem waspossibl
e
wheretheareawasl owpopulated(moderat
ecl
imate/
av erageamountofr ai
nfal
l
) ,soi
lwaslightand
f
erti
l
itywaseasilyhaust
ed.

Per
manentcr
opcul
ti
vat
ion.

Permanentcr
opcult
ivat
ionwasadoptedinareasorr egi
onswi
thdensepopulat
ion.Therewasnoextr
a
l
andtomov etoavai
labi
li
tyofr
ainf
all
,al
soir
rigati
on,terr
aci
ngandfer
ti
li
zers(
manur e)wereappl
i
ed.
Examplesoft
heseareaswherepermanentculti
vati
onwascarri
edoutincl
udethefollowi
ng:

1.Egypt
.
2.Cambrairegi
oni
nt henortheaster
nTogo.
3.AmongtheChaggasont heslopesofmountai
nKili
manj
aro.
4.TheLoziofZambia.
5.TheAkambaofKeny a.
6.Sl
opesofmountainMer u,souther
nhighl
andofTanzani
aandcent
ral
Keny
anhi
ghl
and.
7.I
ndianOceancoastal
ine,NorthwestofLakeVict
ori
a.

Mi
xedf
armi
ng.

Thiswaski ndofagr i
cult
urewhichincl
udescr opcul t
ivat
ionandanimal keepi
ng,mainl
yingl
assl
and
areaswi t
hseasonal r
ainf
all
Thegl asslandareaswer egoodsforgrowingcr opsandpost uresforanimals
-Thecr opsgrownwassuchasSor gham, Maize, Cassava,Beans,Mill
et
-Animalskeptwere:-Goats,
Donkey,Cattl
es,Hor ses,Sheeps
-Thiskindofagri
culturewascommonamongt heWaha, Nyamwezi,Fi
pa,Hehe,
Kikuy
uetc

PASTORALI
SM
Pastor
ali
sm ist hepract
iceofkeepingli
vestocksuchascat tl
e,sheep,camelsandgoats.Oneimportant
fact
orinthespr eadofpastor
alism i
nAf r
icawast hepresenceorabsenceoft hetset
sefl
y.
Thesefli
es
causedsleepingsicknesstohumanandt ry
pasonomi asi
stodomest icanimals.
Thepastoral
i
stavoi
ded
tset
sefl
yinfectedareasespeciall
yinthemoi stl
ow-ly
ingvall
eysandt hi
ckforestregi
ons.
Examplesof
pastr
oli
stsinAf ri
caare:

 TheFul
ani
ofwestAf
ri
ca
 TheGauaandSomal
iofNor
th-
EastAf
ri
ca
 Masai
ofEastAf
ri
ca
 Bar
abai
g,Kar
amaj
ongofEastAf
ri
ca

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofpast
oral
ism

1.Nomadi
cpast
oral
i
sm 2.Sedent
arypast
oral
i
sm

Nomadi
cpast
oral
isi
m.

I
st heseasonalmovementofpeopl
ewiththei
rli
vest
ocki
nsear
chofwat
erandpastures.Manynomadic
pastor
ali
stsli
vedonmeat,mil
kandblood.Theyoccupyt
hescr
ubl
andandthesavannahregi
ons.Those
areasgetli
tt
lerai
nfal
l
.

examplesofnomadicpast
oral
i
stsi
ncl
ude:
Tour
ane’
s,TheFul
ani
,TheBar
bei
gr,
TheOmomo,
The
karamajong,Themaasai
.

Sedent
arypast
oral
ism.

Sedentarymeansstayi
ngorli
vi
ngi nthesamearea.Sedent
arypastr
oli
stsdi
dnotmovefr
om pl
aceto
place.Exampl
esaretheagri
cul
turali
stmaasai(
kwav i
),t
heanimalskeptbysuchcommuni
ti
esaref
ewer
thanthosekeptbynomadicpastoral
ist
s.

Howagr
icul
tur
echangedman’
sli
fe.

1.I
tledt ot hepr oducti
onofmor efoodi nt hesesocieties.
2.Agricult
ur eforcedpeopl etoset t
ledowni nonepl ace.
3.I
tencour agedsoci alandpol i
ti
cal organizati
ons.
4.I
tledt ot heexpansi onofexchanget r
adeduet osurplus.
5.I
tencour agedspeci ali
zati
onofwor ki
nt hesociety,forexamplepeoplebegunt opract
ice
medi ci
ne, priestl
ydutiesanddi ff
er entcraft
s.
6.Somepeopl ebecameweal t
hierthanot hersinthesoci etyduetothepresenceofmor elandand
animals.
7.Theagr iculturi
stswer eforcedtocomeupwi thnewr el
igi
onsthatcoul
dsav ethei
ranimalsor
l
ivestock, Forexampl enewGods.
8.Agricult
ur eledt otheintr
oduct i
onofsci enceandt echnology.ForexampleinEgypt,t
herewas
needf orirri
gat i
on.

TRADEI
NTHEPRE-
COLONI
ALAFRI
CA

 Tr
adei
sthepr
ocessofbuy
ingandsel
l
ingofgoodsandser
vicesbet
weenpeopl
e.Ther
ewasneed
 totr
adeinor
dertogetal
lthingsneededbythecommuni
ti
es.Tr
adet
endst
odev
elopi
nany
soci
etywher
etherei
ssurplusproducti
on.

METHODSOFTRADE.

1.Bart
ertradei
stheexchangeofgoodsf
orgoods,
forexampleexchangeofpotsforgoat
sormaize.
2.Acurrencymethodoftradei
swheremoneyi
sused.Inpre-
col
onialAfr
icai
ron,hoes,
rol
lsofcl
oth,
copperrods,
saltandgoldwer
eusedasmoney.

LOCALTRADE.
Ref
erst
otheki
ndoft
radewhi
chi
sconduct
edwi
thi
nthesamegeogr
aphi
cal
area.

Inl
ocaltr
adegoodsareexchangedbet
weenpeoplelivi
nginthesamegeogr aphi
calarea,suchasatown
orvi
ll
age.Localtr
adewasnotforpr
ofi
tmakingbutjusttoobtai
nessent
ialgoods.i
.e.pastoral
communitiesl
iketheMaasai
neededveget
ablesandgrainsfr
om cul
ti
vator
sl i
ketheNy akyusaandt
he
Chaga.

I
mpact
sofl
ocalt
rade.

1.Localtr
adeuni t
edpeopl ewit
hinthesamear ea.
2.Communi t
iesobtai
nedgoodssuchast ools,weapons,
foodstuf
fsandmedi
cal
her
bs.
3.Transportrout
eswer eimproved.
4.Somei mpor t
antmar ketcent
ersemergedalongthemarketr
outes.
5.Localtr
adeencour agedcommuni ti
estoexpandproducti
on.

REGI
ONALTRADE.

Regional t
raderef
er stotradeconductedfrom oner egiontoanother(Tradeconductedbetweent wo
di
fferentgeographicalregions).Regi
onaltradeinvol
vedawi derv ar
iet
yofgoodscompar edtolocaltr
ade.
I
twasnotf orprof
itmaki ng.Forexampler egionaltr
adewer eTransSahar at
rade,Longdistancetradeof
t
h
EastAf r
icaandCent ralAfrica.Regi
onalt
radei nthepre-col
oni
al Afr
icatookplacein19 cent ur
y.

THEKAMBA.TheKambawer eleadingt
helongdi
stancetr
ade t
hroughnort
henroutei
nthe19thcent
ury
.
TheyKambacarav
anbr oughtiv
or y
,guns,hi
desandbeeswaxfr
om theinter
ior
.From t
heCoastthey
obtai
nedcl
oth,
sal
t,copper,
cowr i
e’sshel
lsandj
eweller
y.

THEYAO.TheYaot r
adersgotbeadsandclot
hfr
om Ki
lwa.Theyalsocapt
uredandsol
dsl
avesfr
om
nei
ghbour
ingcommuniti
es,Yaochief
ssuchasMpanda,Mataka,
Machembaand Mt al
i
kadominat
edt
he
Sout
hernr
outedur
ingthelongdist
ancetr
ade.

THENYAMWEZI .TheNy amwezidominat

edthecent
ral
rout
econduct
edtradebetweentheint
eri
orof
Tanganyikaandthecoast.TheNyamwezisol
dsl
avesandivor
y,hi
derhi
noceroshorn.Nyamwezitr
ader
s
succeededbecauseofthef ol
l
owi
ngreasons.

1.TheNy amwezi leaderssuchast heMsir

ikazi
,NyunguyaMaweandMir
ambosuppor
tedt
het
rade.
2.Nyamwezi wer ecent r
all
yplacedontheroutet
othecoast.
3.Highdemandf ortradeit
emssuchasi voryandslaves.
4.Therewasexi stenceofv ar
ietyoft
radei
temssuchasi vor
yandgol
d.
5.Zanzibarneededsl avesandivoryi
nthe1800AD.
Byt
he1830ADt
her
ewer
ethr
eemai
ntr
ader
out
esi
.e.

1.TheSouthernr
oute: contr
oll
edbyYao.
2.TheCentral
rout
e: control
ledbyt
heNy amwezi
.
3.TheNorther
nroute:cont r
oll
edbytheKambatr
ader
sfr
om t
hecoastbr
oughtcl
oth,
beads,
wir
e
andguns.

-
fr
om i
nter
iorgoodswer
eiv
oryandsl
aves.

I
mpact
s/ef
fect
sofr
egi
onalt
rade.

Posi
ti
veconsequences/
impact
s.

1.Sometrader
sbecamev eryri
ch.
e.gMiramboandI si
ke.
2.Thecommuni t
ieswer eabl
etoobt ai
nnewcommodi ti
ese.gguns,clot
hes,beads,i
vor
y,et
c.
3.Theri
seoftradecenterssuchasSaadans, Pangani
,Bagamoy o,Tabora,
Uji
j
i,Voi
,andTavet
a.
4.Theri
seoftraderoutes.
5.Theri
seofpower f
ulEmpi r
es/KingdomssuchasNy amwezi.
6.Newfoodcropssuchasmai ze,
riceandcassavawer eint
roduced.
7.Spr
eadofIsl
am byt heArabstotheinteri
orTaboraandUjij
i.

Negat
ivei
mpact
s.

1.Ther iseofi nt
er-
tr
ibalwarsinOdert ogetsl
aves.
2.Manyel ephantswer eki
ll
edast herewashighdemandofI vor
y.
3.I
tledt odepopul ati
onandunderdev el
opmentinsomear eas.
4.Slaver aidscausedinsecurit
yandl ossofi
nnocentl
ives.
5.Foreigner susedtraderoutestoreachtotheint
eri
or.
6.ExploitationofAfri
canweal t
hbyEur opeansandAsians.
7.Declineofl ocali
ndustri
esinAfrica.

EASTAFRI
CAMAPSHOWI
NGROUTES,
COMMODI
TIESANDSOCI
ETI
ESI
NVOLVEDI
NLONGDI
STANCE
TRADE.

TRANSSAHARANTRADE

TransSahar
atradewast hetr
adeconductedacrosstheSaharadesert.I
tinvol
vedthepeopleofNort
hern
Afri
caandthepeopleofWesternSudan.Thistr
adestar
tedl
ongtimeagobet ween3000BCt o2000BC.It
becameimport
antinthe1stcentur
yADaf tert
hepeopleofWestAfricatodiscovertheuseofcameland
l
edt of
ormati
onofmanyt r
aderoutes.TheTransSahar
antradewasknownasdumbt r
adebecausether
e
wasnocommonl anguagewhichwasused.

Peopl
ewhoi
nvol
vedi
nthet
rade.

1.WestAf
ri
ca
2.Nor
thAfr
ica
3.Sav
annahRegi
on

MOVEMENTOFTRADERS.

Peopl
e(t
rader
s)or
gani
zedt
hemsel
vesi
ngr
oupsknownasCARAVANS

Goodsi
nvol
vedi
nthet
rade

Kol
anuts, gold,sal
t,foodstuf
fs,I
vor
y,cl
othes,gold,
bee-wax,
slav
esandostri
chf
eather
sgoodsfr
om
West.Andf rom NorthAfri
casaltandani
mal skin.Goodsfr
om EuropeandAsi
awerecott
onandsi
lkcl
oth,
swor
ds, guns, metalpans,hor
sesandArabicbooks.

Tr
ader
out
es:
 1.Westernroute-Fr
om Siji
lmasa,FezinMoroccopassedt
hroughTaghaza,Taodeni
,Wal
ata,
Audaghost,andKumbi SalehtoTimbukt
u.
2.Centr
alroute-Thi
spassedTuni s,Ghat
,Ghamese,Kano,
GaoandHausal and.
3.East
ernroute-Thisbegani nTri
pol,
MarzulandBi
lma.

FACTORSTHATLEDTOTHEGROWTHOFTHETRANS-
SAHARANTRADE

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hef
act
orst
hatcont
ri
but
edt
othegr
owt
hoft
heTr
ansSahar
ant
rade:

(i
)St abil
i
tyofthecommuni t
ies:
Bot hNort
hAfri
canandWest ernSudanzonewer epoli
ti
cal
lystabl
e.For
ex ampleleader
sli
keSundiat
aKei t
aandMansaMusacol lect
edt axesandestabl
ishedgui
desont r
ade
routes.Thisenabl
edthepeopletoconducttr
adewit
houtfear.Upt otheendofthe15thcentur
yADmany
tradersweremot i
vat
edtocomet oWest er
nSudanfortr
ade.

(i
i
)West ernSudanprovidedgoodsneededbyt radersf
r om Eur
ope.Thesegoodsi ncl
udedgold,
ivoryand
sl
av es.Throughtr
adingWest ernSudanex changedherowncommodi t
ieswithgoodsfrom Western
EuropeandAsi a.I
nturn,shegotclothes,gunsandot hercommodi ti
es.Thesur pl
usproduct
ioni
n
West ernSudanwasadequat et osust
aindemandf orproductssuchaskolanutsandgold,hi
des,iv
ory
sl
av es,whereasTaghazaproducedenoughsal ttomeett heneedsinWest er
nSudan.Thehigh
productioncapaci
tyi
nt heregionenhancedt hegrowthoft heTransSaharantrade.

(i
i
i)Honesty
:TheBerber
sofNort
hAfri
caandtheAfr
icant
radersofWester
nAf r
icatrust
edeachother
.
Trader
sbroughti
ncommoditi
eswit
houtf
earofthef
tandrobbery
,enabl
i
ngt hetradetofl
our
ish.

(i
v)Theuseofcamel sfort
ransportsui
tedthedesertcondi
ti
onsandfaci
li
tatedt hedevel
opmentoft
he
Trans-saharantr
ade.Theseanimalscouldnotonlycarrymorecommoditi
est hanhorsesandhuman
porters,butal
soendureddesertcondit
ions.Camelscansurvi
vewit
houtwaterf oralongti
me.Thi
s
conv eni
entmeansoft r
ansportstr
engthenedthedevelopmentoft
heTrans-sahar ant
rade.

(v)Geographicall
ocati
onoftheregi
on:Thelocati
onandcl i
mat ef
avour edt heproduct
ionofkol
anuts
andotherfoodstuf
fsthatwereneededinthecommuni ty,
especial
lythef orestregi
ontothesout
h.The
regi
onofWest ernSudanhadnoi mpassablefor
estsbecausemanyar easwer ecov er
edbyshort
grassl
and.Thisenabledtr
aderst
ocrossthedesertwithoutfearoranydi ff
icult
y.

(v
i)Theinvent
ionofamedi um ofexchangecont
ributedtothegrowthoftheTr
ansSahar
antrade.Atthe
begi
nning,onl
ythesi
lentbart
ersystem oftr
adewaspr acti
sed.Lateron,
cowri
eshel
lswerei
ntroducedas
aconvenientmedi
um ofexchange.Thisinturnf
acili
tat
edthedev el
opmentoftheTr
ans-
saharantrade.

(v
ii
)Fr
om t
henot
her
npar
t,t
heBer
ber
spr
ovi
dedcapi
tal
tomanyt
rader
swhousedt
ocr
osst
hesahar
a
deser
t.

(vi
i
i)Remov
aloflanguagebar
ri
er:Thi
swasatt
ainedaf
terAr
abi
clanguagebecamethetrader’
smedi um of
communicati
on.Thisi
nturnf
acil
i
tatedt
het
radebymakingcommunicati
onbetweenthetraderseasy.

(
ix)Absenceofcompetit
ionfortradi
ngactiv
iti
esintheregi
on:
Ther
ewer enoregul
arshi
psthatv
isi
ted
t
hecoastofWestAf r
ica.Asar esult
,whatwaspr oducedfr
om t
hef
orestzonewaspeaceful
ly
t
ransport
edtoNorthAfri
cathrought heSaharandesert.

(
x)Scar
cit
yofcommodi
ti
esl
i
kegol
dandsal
t.
(
xi)
Int
roduct
ionofhor
ses,
whi
chwer
eusedi
nconquestandexpansi
on

Ef
fect
soft
heTr
ansSahar
anTr
adei
nAf
ri
ca.

1.I
tledtothegrowthofempiresli
keGhana, Malietc
2.I
tincr
easeddev el
opmentofAgricult
ure.
3.I
tledtotheint
roduct
ionofArabi
cI sl
amicreli
gioncul
tur
es.
4.Formati
onofmi xedr
acesexampl ehalfcast
5.Growthoftownandciti
esegJenne, Timbukut
u, GaoandWalat
a.

THEDECLI NEOFTHETRANS- SAHARANTRADE

bythesecondhal fofthenineteenthcentury,
thev ol
umeofTr ans-
saharantradestart
edtodecli
ne.A
numberofobst aclesorproblemshav ebeeni denti
fi
edtoexplai
nthedecline.Theseare:
-
i
) St r
ongdeser twinds:
Thet raderscouldnotwi t
hstandt
hehazardsofsandst orms.Manyabandoned
thetradeasar esult
.
ii)Tradersfacedthedangerofget ti
nglostinthedesertbecausetherouteswer enotcl
ear.Oncetr
aders
gotlost,t
heywoul dwanderint hedesertforalongtimeandev ent
uall
ydieoft hir
standstar
vati
on.

i
ii)Trader
swer esubjectedtoattacksbydesertrobberswhomadet heirli
vi
ngbysteal
ingfr
om trade
caravans.I
nt heprocess,tr
aderslosttheirl
i
vesandgoods.Thisdiscouragedt
radersfr
om par
ticipat
ing
effecti
vel
yinthetrade.
iv)Theextremeclimaticcondit
ionswer eunfavour
abletotr
aders.Theheatandhightemperat
uresdur i
ng
thedayandev er
ylowt emperat
ur esatnightduetotheabsenceofcloudcoverdi
scouragedtr
ader s.

v)Trader
sfacedthedangerofhi
ghlypoi
sonousdeser
tcr
eat
ureswhosebi
tescoul
dresul
tindeat
h.
Theseincl
udedsnakesandscorpi
ons.

vi
)Tr
ader
sfacedl
anguagedi
ff
icul
ti
es.Thi
shamper
edcommuni
cat
iondur
ingt
rade.Assuch“
sil
entt
rade”
hadt
obeusedini
ti
all
y.

vi
i)Thedev el
opmentoft heTr ans-Atl
anti
croutacrosst heAtlanti
cOceant oEur ope:commodi t
iesli
ke
i
voryandsl av
eswer etranspor t
edquicklytothecoastofWestAf ri
cafrom wher etheywert r
ansport
edt o
Europe.Thust hetr
aderoutesshi ft
edfrom theSahar andeserttotheAtlanti
c.Insteadofthedirectr
oute
totheNor t
h,theywentv i
at hecoastofWestAf r
ica.
viii
)Commodi ti
esobt
ainedf rom WesternSudansuchassal tandgoldf acedcompet i
ti
onfrom simi
lar
goodsf r
om otherAmericacheapl y.Asresult,t
hev ol
umeofTr ans-
saharantradedecr easedbecause
West er
nSudancoul dnol ongerclainamonopol yinpr oduct
ionofcertaincommodi ti
esli
kesaltandgold.
Alsogoldfrom Zimbabwev iaSofalaportbythePor t
ugueseendedupi nEurope.

i
x)Theabol i
ti
onofslavetr
adecontri
butedtothedecl i
neoftheTrans-saharantrade.Sl
aveswer
ethe
mainitem oftr
ade.Whenslavetr
adewasabol ished,tr
adestart
edt odecli
ne.
x)Shor t
ageofwat eral
soledtothedecli
neint r
ade.Theoasesi ntheSahar andesertpr
ovi
dedwater
seasonal
lybuttheysometi
mesdr i
edup.Thismadei tdif
fi
cul
tforthetrader
st ocrosstheSahar
andeser
t.

xi)War s:ThewarinMor occoandtheonebetweenChri

sti
ansandMusli
msdi sr
upt
edthesmoothrunni
ng
oft hetrade.TheMoroccaninvasi
onofwester
nSudanin1591ADdisturbedthegr
owt
hofthetradeby
takinggol datWangara.
Final
ly
, theTrans-
sahar
ant r
adecoll
apsedi
nthe16thcentur
y.Fr
om t
hisperi
odonwar
ds,westAfri
ca
wi
tnessedt
heexpansi
onofEur
opeanoccupat
ionont
hecoastofWestAf
ri
ca.

TRANSSAHARANTRADEROUTE

DEVELOPMENTOFSOCIALANDPOLI
TICALSYSTEMS
KI
NSHIP/CLANORGANI
ZATION.

THEFAMI
LY.

Fami
lymeansacombinati
onofwif
ehusbandandchi
l
dren.Fami
l
ywast
hebasi
candt
hesi
mpl
estmeans
ofpr
oduct
ioni
ntheearl
yagri
cul
tur
alsoci
eti
es.

THECLANORGANI
ZATI
ON

Clanmeansacombi nati
onofsev er
alrelat
edf amil
ieswithacommonancest or.cl
anor ganizat
ion
combinedwi t
hbot hthemat r
il
inealandpat ri
l
inealsociet
ies.I
nthepatri
nealsociet
iesclanher i
tagewas
basedont hefat
her,inthemat ri
li
nealclanher i
tagewasbasedont hemot herexampl esoft hi
ssociety
wereMwer as,KambasandKi kuyuswhom ot hersarepatri
neal
s.Themai neconomi cactivi
tyintheclan
organi
zati
onwasagr icult
ure.claniscont r
oll
edorr ul
edbyt hecl
an’shead.Moreexampl esofmat ri
l
ineal
societ
ies;
TheNgi ndo,Zaramo, MakuaandMat umbi.

DUTI
ESORFUNCTI
ONSOFTHECLANHEAD

1.Todi
str
ibut
elandtothecommuni
ti
esorclanmember
s.
2.Topr
eservetr
adi
ti
onsandcust
omsoft hecl
an.
3.Topr
eservel
andbelongi
ngtot
heclan.
 4.Tosett
ledi
sputesandquar
rel
s.
5.Tofi
ndwivesforboysandhusbandsf
orgi
rl
s.

Ty
pesofcl
anor
gani
zat
ionsi
nagr
icul
tur
alsoci
eti
es.

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofcl
anor
gani
zat
ionsi
nagr
icul
tur
alsoci
eti
es;

1.Mat
ri
li
neal 2.Par
tri
l
ineal

Mat
ri
li
neal
clanor
gani
zat
ion.

Thisisasociet
ywherebyt hehusbandmov edtothewife’
sfamilyandchi
ldr
enofthenewf amil
y
belongedtothemother’
s(wif
e’scl
an).Asaresultcl
anheri
tagewasbasedont hemother’
sclan.Uncl
es
havetomakeal lt
heimportantdecisi
onsconcerni
ngthechil
drenandthenephewsofthei
rsist
ers.
Mat r
il
ineal
ageinAfr
icawaspr act
icedamongt heMakonde,Makua, MweraandtheYaoofTanzaniaand
theKambaofKeny a.

Pat
ri
li
neal
clanor
gani
zat
ionsoci
eti
es.

Thisi
sthesyst
em oforganizat
ioninwhi cht
heclanher
it
agewasbasedont hef at
her’
sli
neandall
chi
ldr
enbaredthenameoft hefather.Thehusbandhadtopaysubst
anti
albridepri
ceindif
fer
entforms
suchascatt
le,
goats,
etcinOdert ogetthewife,t
hebri
depri
cecouldbestoredasweal t
h,i
nthissyst
em
al
lthechi
ldr
enofthenewf amilybelongedtothefat
her
’scl
an.

Bythe18thand19thcent
urycl
ansy
stem changedt
ochi
eft
rai
nshi
paf
tersev
eral
camet
obecont
rol
l
ed
underoneleader
.

AGESETORGANI
ZATI
ON.

Thi
skindofsocio-pol
it
icalor
ganizat
ionbasedonageandsex.I norderforonetofi
tint
hesoci
etyone
wasrequiredt
of ul
fi
ll
certai
nobligat
ions.Of
tenthemainproducti
veacti
v i
tywasbasedonthehar
sh
env
ironments.Suchasar i
dgrasslandandsemi ari
d,i
ntheseareaspoorsoilcoul
dnotsuppor
t
agr
icult
ureeconomybutv egetat
ioncouldbeusedforani
mal husbandry
.

Agesetor ganizat
ionwasthedet er
minantform ofor
ganizat
ioni
npast oral
societ
ies.Thebestexampleof
thesesocieti
eswer etheMaasai ,
NyakyusaofEastAfri
ca,HausainWestAf ri
caandt heKhoiKhoiof
Sout hAfr
ica.Thedivi
sionofresponsi
bil
it
iesandduti
eswasbasedonageandsexandwasusual lydone
duringint
uiti
onceremonies.Youthweretaughtspeci
alresponsi
bil
i
ties.Agesetcov er
edaspecifi
cgroup
ofyearsforexampl e;

a.Chi
ldr
engroupaged0-
8year
swer
eregar
dedasnonpr
oducer
sgr
oup.Theywer
enotdi
rect
ly
i
nvol
vedi
nproduct
ion.

b.Youthgroup8-
18yearsthei
rmai
nresponsi
bil
i
tywast
ogr
azeani
mal
s,t
radi
ngy
oungani
mal
sand
mi
l
kingcatt
letheywer
eassist
edbywomen.

c.Mor
angroup(peopl
ebet
weenyout
handadul t
sagedbetween35yers)andabov
ethesewer
e
sol
dier
softhesoci
etyandt
hemainr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesoftheMor
anwer easfoll
ows;
 i
.Topr
otectt
hewhol
esoci
etyast
rai
nedsol
dier
s.

i
i
.Topr
otectl
i
vest
ockagai
nstdanger
ousani
mal
sandr
aider
s

i
i
i.Toi
ncr
easet
henumberofani
mal
sthr
oughr
aidi
ngt
hei
rnei
ghbour
s

i
v.Tot
rav
elwi
tht
hei
rher
dsi
nsear
chf
orwat
erandpast
ures.

d.Lai
bonst hi
sisthegroupofel
der
saged40y
ear
sandabov
eitconsi
stedofel
der
swhower
e
di
videdingroupsnamel y;
 Juni orelder
s
 El ders
 Ands eniorel
ders
Responsibil
it
iesofelders:

1.Tocontr
olliv
estockandall t
hepropert
iesonbehalfofthei
rcommuni t
ies.
2.Toenablenormsandet hi
cst ogovernt
hesociety.
3.Theyweretopov er
seersofallt
hespiri
tual
andpoliti
calmatter
softhecommunit
y.
4.Theywereresponsibl
eforcounseli
ngothermember softhesociety
.
5.Tosett
ledisput
esamongt hesocietymember s
6.Theywereregardedasreti
redproducersofthesociet
ybuttheiri
deasandski
l
lswer
ehi
ghl
y
appr
eci
ated.

NTEMI
SHI
P:

Ntemi comesf rom t

hewor d“kutema”whi chmeansopeni ngupofnewl and.Ital
someansf i
ndi
nga
l
ocality
.Ntemi wasthenamegi vent oaleaderwhoor ganizedtheacti
onofopeni ngupnewl andand
control
ledthepeople,Ntemishipwasbei ngpract
isedinUny amwezi by1300AD.I tthenspreadinthe
neighbouri
ngsuchast heSukuma, Sangu,Hehe,Kimbu, GogoandBenaofTanzani a.Ther
ewer eabout
t
h
300Nt emishipinTanzaniainthe18 C.Amongt heSukuma, t
herulerinNtemishiporgani
zati
onwas
cal
ledNt emi.HebecameNt emi becausehewast hef ounderofthelocal
it
y.Hewaschosenbyacounsel
ofelderschoosingapersont obecomeNt emidependedonhi swisdom courageandexperience.

Responsi
bil
it
iesoft
heNt
emi:

1.Hewast het opauthorit

yinthepol i
ti
cal andjudici
al mat
ter
sprovidedov er
all
gui danceint
he
communi ty
.
2.Heenforcedpr operusesofr esourcessuchasl and,wat
er,f
orestresourcesetc.
3.Hewast heov erseerofthecommuni tyfoodr eserve.
4.Hesett
leddi sputesinthecommuni ty
.
5.Hehadt hereligi
ouspower .Hel edthepeopl einhiscommuni t
yinper f
ormingr eli
gious
cer
emoni esandof feri
ngsacr i
fi
cestot hespirit
s.
6.Tocoll
ecttributesfrom hi
ssubj ect
s.
7.Heprovi
dedov erallgui
dancei nthesoci et
y.

Fact
orsf
ort
her
iseoft
heNy
amweziKi
ngdom:

Nyamweziwholi
vedincent
ral
Tanzaniaareagr
oupoftheBant
usoci
eti
es.Eachoft
hesesoci
eti
eshad
t
heirownset
tl
ementsheadedbyachiefti
tl
edMtemi(
Ntemi)
.
Ntemiship(chi
efdom)wascomposedofpeopl eofsharedbackgroundorki
ngshipandbel
ieves.Eachof
theNy amwezi ki
ngdomshadaNt emiatthecentr
ewhowashel pedbyacouncilofel
dersthe
th
Wany ampalainadmi ni
str
ation.
Towardsthemiddleof19 centurymoredynamicpoli
ti
cal
structur
e
devel
opedamongt heNy amwezi underFundi
kir
a,NyunguyamaweandMi r
ambo.Thisledtothe
i
nstit
utionoftheNtemi becomingoneoft hemostpower f
ulposi
ti
ons;t
heseveralNyamwezisettl
ement
s
wereuni t
edunderoneseni orNtemi.

Fact
orsf
ort
her
iseoft
heNy
amwezi
kingdom orchi
efdom canbeexpl
ainedbel
owasf
oll
ows;

1.Ngoni invasions-t heNgoni invasionsinWest ernTangany ikamadet heNy amwezipeopletounit

e
i
nor dert oresisttheNgoni att
acker s.
2.Theexpansi onofr ealtr
adei ntot heRegionaltrade/Longdi stancetr adeduetoemergencyof
wealthyt radersli
ket heMi r
ambowhomadet heef fect
iveuseofRuganga.
3.Penetrat i
onoft heEur opeansi ntothecoastal inter
iort
rade.Thisintroducednewtradingpatt
erns
totheNy amwezi traderswhoj oinedtogethertoef fect
iveresistEuropeanpressur
et ostopslave
tr
ade.
4.Ther i
seofMi ramboast raderandl eaderusedt hei
rinfl
uencet ounitet heNyamweziland.
5.Theuseoft hegunandgunpowderbyt heMi rambo’ ssolders;thi
scausedt heweakeningof
watemi submi ssi
v et ohisrule.
6.Growt hoft het ownsExampl e:Tabor aandUjiji
.
7.Populat i
ongr owt h.
8.Unityamongt hepeopl e.

STATEORGANI
ZATI
ON.

Stateisacommuni tyoccupy i
ngacer taingivent err
itoryandl i
vingunderf ul
lcont
rolofitsgovernment
andt hereforei tisindependentf orm ofext ernal control.StateinEastAf ri
camost l
ystartedtoemer gein
t
h
the18 cent uryADduet ot her apidspr eadofagr i
culturalcommuni t
iesandimprovementofsci enceand
technology .Cl anwhi chpossessedadel i
quat elabourandl andr esourcesorhadbetterskil
lsofironuse
becamedomi nantclanandl eaderoft hecommuni tyorv i
l
lage;theywer erespect
edandobey edbyot her
clanmember s.Thosewhodi sagreedwi t
ht hem mi gratedtoot herlands.Inthi
swayl eaderofthe
domi nantcl anassumedpol iticalandspi ri
tual orr i
tual f
unctions.Kingsandqueenswer estateleaders.
Vill
ageheadswhower eleader sofmanycl ansi nv ill
ageswer eunderst at
eofkingsorqueensal sohad
theircourttodeal withjudicial matters.

GENERALFACTORSFORSTATEFORMATI
ON.

1.Conquest -somepower ful stat

esconquer edtheweakersoci eti
esandt her eforemaki ngthem
str
ongandexpand.Forexampl eBugandaconquer edBuny oroi ntheinterl
acust riner egi
ons.
2.Trade- tradesuchast heLongdi stancet r
adeenabl edthesoci etyconcer nedt obecomest rongand
power fulafteracqui ringcommodi tiesofdi ff
erentt y
pesincludingweaponswhi chwer eusedf or
strengt heningt heirsoci eti
es.Bagandagotgunsf rom theEastCoastt odef endandexpand.The
empi r
eoft heMal i,GhanaandSonghai gotmet alandhoesf rom nor t
hAf r
icat ost rengthentheir
military.
3.Goodcl i
mat eandf ertil
esoi ls(
soi l
fer t
ili
ty)I
tledtot heincr
easeoff oodandassur anceoff eeding
whi chl edtopopul ationi ncrease, af actorwhichwasv eryi
mpor tantf
ort hest atef ormat i
on.For
i
nst anceheav yr ai
nf allandf er
ti
lesoi lenabledpr oducti
onofmor efoodandsur plusi nBuganda.
4.Goodl eader ship-someAf ricanr ul
er swer estrongandambi tioustoexpandt hei rempi resot hey
organi zedthei rpeopl eandgotsuppor tfrom t
hem f orexampl e:KabangaofBuganda.
 5.Av ail
abil
ityofiron-ir
onpromot edagr icul
tur
al product
sandwasusedf ormaki
ngwarweapons
whi chint urnbecamemosti mpor tantforconquer i
ngotherstates.
6.Mi grat
ion- t
hiswasacompl i
ment aryf act
orithappenedt hatsomepeoplemigrat
edt
oot herst
ates
andbr oughtwi t
hthem newt echnol ogyandski l
lswhichwer eusedtoexpandandst
rengthenthe
newsoci etiesconcerned.
7.Sizeoft heki ngdom-kingdomst hatwer esmal l
insizesuchasBugandaandGhanawer eeasierto
organize,toadmi nist
ereff
ectivelyandt odefendunl i
kethelargerki
ngdomsli
ketheBunyoro;t
he
effecti
vecont r
olwasi mpossible.

Ty
pesofst
atesi
nAf
ri
ca:

Eachofthecol
onial
Afri
cansoci
eti
eshadasy st
em ofgovernmentthatmeanseachsociet
yhadasetof
rul
es,
lawsandtradi
ti
onssometi
mescalledcust
omst hatestabl
i
shedpartofalargergr
oup.Ther
ewer
e
twodominantst
atesemergedAfr
icaandthevari
edmor efr
om oneplacetoanother;

1.Decentr
ali
zedstate(
non-
cent
ral
i
zed)orst
atel
esspol
i
tical
soci
eti
es
2.Centr
ali
zedkingdomsandempires

DECENTRALI
ZED(
NONCENTRALI
ZEDSTATE)ORSTATELESSPOLI
TICALSTATE.

Thesearesoci
eti
est
hatdi
dnothavewelldefi
nedandcomplexorcentr
ali
zedsystem ofgov
ernment.
Theseemergedasaresul
tofonepower
fulfamil
ytocont
rol
otherclantodominanceofwealthand
pol
iti
cal
power.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofdecent
ral
izedst
ates:

1.Mostoft hem ar esmal l i

nt ermsofpopul ati
onandgeogr aphicalareas.
2.Statel
esspoliti
cal societiesi nAfricawer eusuallymadeupofagr oupofei t
hernei
ghboringtowns
orvill
agesthathadnopol i
ticalconnect i
onwi thalargerki ngdom asanat ion.
3.Theyar echaracterizedbypol i
ti
callyaut onomousv il
lages.Thati seachv i
ll
agewaspol i
ti
cally
separatedandnotconnect edt othenei ghboringvil
lageal sonoher editarychief
s.
4.Thesewer ereligiousor gani zati
onst r
uct uresofkinshiptieslineagegr oupsandsecr etsocieti
es
thatprovi
dedr egulations.
5.Theydi dnothav easy stem ofchi ef s,itshowedposi ti
onofchi efwasweakandwasnot
heredit
ary.
6.Chiefswereusual l
ysel ectedbyagr oupofel dersandnotbasedont hei rfamil
yconnections.
7.Somedecent ralizedsoci etiesdi dnothav echiefstheywer eorgani
zedbyacounci lofelderswhich
compr i
sedofmanyel der l
ypeopl ei nt hecommuni ty.

CENTRALI
ZEDKI
NGDOMSANDEMPI
RES.

Thesearelargekingdomsorempi resthatdev el
opedinacompl exsy stem ofgovernmentandhadthe
centr
ali
zedsy stem ofadmi nistrati
on.Thesel argeempi r
esgovernedbyki ngswhohadnearabsol ute
powersuchasAnci entEgypti nnor thAfrica,Ghana, MaliandSonghai inWestAf ri
ca,Zi
mbabwe(souther
n
Afri
ca),
Buny oro,Buganda,Kar agwe, AnkoleandTor oofEastAfrica.Thesekingdomswer esimi
larto
thoseempiresi nAsiaandEur opet hatwer einexi st
enceduringthesamet i
me/period.MansaMusaof
MaliandtheSunni Al l
yofSonghai hadnearabsol ut
epowerandt herewerenosepar ati
onofpower.The
poli
ti
calcontrolsuchasexecut ive,l
egislatureandj udi
cialf
uncti
oningwer ecentral
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hehandsof
thefewpeopl e.
Polit
icalsocietiesrefertot hesesoci et
iesascentrali
zed.
SONGHAIEMPI
RE(
DEVELOPEDTOWNOFGAO)

Anot
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orSonghai
isAl
KawKaw

t
h
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t
h
 Fal
li
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 Rul
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asi
ki
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t
h
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nvadedSonghai
in16 AD

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estst
atesAYO,
IFE,
BENI
N,ASANTE,
DOHAMEY

ASANTEEMPI
RE Ther
ise18thCAD,Thef
al19thCAD
l

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eFounder-Akanpeople,Tit
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Bugandaki se14thand15thC, Ti
ngdom Ri tl
eoft
hel
eader
-Kabaka.

FACTORSTHATGAVERI
SETOCENTRALI
ZEDSYSTEM OFGOVERNMENT

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ongl eadershipf orexampleamongt heBaganda,
str
ongandabl erul
erssuchas
Kyabagu, SunaandMut esa1wer eabletounitetheBagandapeopleandgov er
nthem.
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ivat
ionanddensepopul at
ion.
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etoform oneuni
tedstat
ef ort
hesake
ofsecur i
tysuchasamongt heSambaaandBaganda.
4.Strongar myhelpedtoconquernewar easandf orcethepeopl
etoaccepttherul
erofoneleader
.
E.gChi efMir
amboofUny amwezi .