‫ﻪ‬

‫ﺍﺟ‬‫ﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺨ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻮﻝ‬‫ﺮﺳ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺪﻋ‬
‫ﻤ‬‫ﺍﺣ‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻣﺤ‬
Sec/6

Di
scussthet
issuer
eact
ionduet
obact
eri
al
di
seases?
St
ruct
ureandpr
oper
ti
esofbact
eri
a
Thebacter
iadiff
erfr
om thevi
rusby
i
ndependentrepl
icat
ionand
capabi
l
ityofl
i
vingandr
epl
i
cat
eincel
lfr
ee
mediadueto:
1-Presenceofanucl
euscomposedofasi
ngl
e
chromosomeconsist
edof
ati
ghtl
ycoi
l
dDNAwhi
chcont
ainsal
lessent
ial
genes
2-Presenceofacy
topl
asm cont
aini
ngpl
asmi
ds
ofdoublestr
andDNA
i
ncodingnonessent
ialf
unct
ionsandr
ibosoms
assi
tesforprot
einsynt
hesi
s
Pat
hogeni
cmechani
sm
Inv
asiveness:
iti
stheabil
it
yofbact
eri
ato
spreadandmul t
ipl
yinhost
t
issuesanddependson:
1-Resist
ancet
ot hephagocy
ticact
ivi
ti
esof
micro-andmacrophages
duetothepresenceofanti
phagocy
tic
subst
anceinform ofacapsul
eor
amicrocapsul
ecomposedofpol
ysacchar
idesor
pol
ypepti
des.Howev
er
phagocyt
osisproceedsi
fopsoni
sat
ionoft
he
organi
sm happensby
speci
fi
cIgGoracti
vat
edcompl
ement(
C3b)
.In
thi
scaseescape
mechani
sm f
rom phagocy
tosi
sdependson
pr
eventi
ngt
heint
eracti
on
bet
weenobsoninsasl i
gandsandther eceptors
onphagocy
ticcel
ls,asexamplei
st hesecr et
ion
ofpr
otei
nAbyst aph.aureuswhi
chbi ndswi th
FcpieceoflgGpreventi
ngthebi
ndingof
opsonisedorgani
sm tophagocy
ticcel
l
s
2-Resi
stancet
oint
racel
l
ularmi
crobi
alki
l
li
ngby
destr
oy i
ngly
sosomal l
ini
ngmembr anesor
i
nhibi
tingoxygendependentmi
crobialki
l
li
ng
pr
ocessofphagocy
ticcel
lsandt
heabi
l
ityt
o
mult
ipl
ywithi
nthem asin
t
uber
cul
osi
s,br
ucel
l
osi
sandl
i
ster
iosi
s.
3-Local
rel
easeofexot
oxi
ns(aggr
essi
ns)
whichar
emostlyl
yti
c
enzymesasinCl
ost
ri
dia,
Str
.py
ogenousand
staph.aur
eus
Adhesi
veness:
itdependsont
hepr
esenceofa
l
igandonthecell
wallof
thebact
eri
awhichbi
ndswi
thr
ecept
oront
arget
cell
asfi
bri
ll
arf
imbri
ae
ont hesurf
aceofsomepat hogeni
cstrai
nsof
E.coliwhi
chbindtorecept
orsont hesur
faceof
theurinar
yepithel
i
um orasurfaceanti
gen
(K99)onthesur
faceofot
herent
erogeni
cst
rai
ns
ofE.col
iwhichbi
ndsto
r
ecept
orsoni
ntest
inal
epi
thel
i
um.
Toxi
geneci
ty:
itdependsont
her
eleaseof
exot
oxi
nsorendotoxins
Exot
oxi
ns:areant
igenet
ical
l
yspeci
fi
cpr
otei
ns
mostl
ysecret
edby
l
ivi
ngbacteri
abutsomet
imesar
erel
easedaf
ter
deathofbact
eri
aand
havev
ari
abl
ebi
ologi
cal
eff
ect
sonhostt
issues
as:
1-Vasodi
l
atat
ionofsmal
lbl
oodv
essel
s
2-Inhi
bit
ionofprotei
nsynt
hesisbyblocki
ng
ri
bosomal t
ranspepti
dasenecessar
yforthe
for
mat i
onofpeptidebonds

3-Damageofcell
membranewithsubsequent
degener
ati
veandnecr
oti
cchanges
4-Modulat
ionofcycli
cAMPpat
hwayby
prev
ent
inghydrol
ysisofGTP
pr
oducingpersi
stentact
ivat
ionofadeny
lat
e
cy
claseandincr
eased
CAMPi ntheint
est
inal
epithel
i
um whi
chi
s
responsi
blef
orext
ensive
secr
etionofwat
erandel
ect
rol
ytesasi
ncases
ofenterot
oxi
cst
rai
nsof
E.
col
iandVi
bri
ochol
era
5-Modulat
ionofneuronalf
uncti
onasi
n
bot
ulenum toxi
nwhichinhi
bit
s
therel
easeofacet y
lcholineatthe
neuromuscularjunctionleadingt ofl
acci
d
paral
ysisandincl ostri
dium tetanit
oxinwhich
i
nhibit
sthereleaseofgl y ci
neinspinalcordthe
majorinhi
bit
oryagentatsy napsesonthe
anteri
orhorncellsleadingt ogeneralmuscular
spasms.
Theeffectofexot
oxinscanbel
ocal
orgener
al
speci
fi
cornonspecif
ic
Endot
oxi
nsareconst
it
uent
soft
hecel
lwal
lof
Gram-
negat
ive
bact
eri
a.Theyarethy
mici
ndependentant
igens,
Blymphocyt
eclonal
act
ivat
orsandpotent
ial
medi
ator
sofacut
e
i
nfl
ammat i
onwhichis
pr
oducedby
:
1-Di
schar
geofly
sosomal granul
esf
rom
neut
rophi
l
swhichrapi
dlydie
2-Sti
mulati
onofl
eucopoi
esi
sofl
eucocy
tesand
thei
rrel
easein
per
ipher
albl
ood
3-Act
ivati
onofmonocy
tesandmacr
ophagesby
sti
mulati
onof
phagocyt
osi
sandrel
easeofi
nfl
ammat
ory
mediator
s(I
L1,TNFa)

4-St
imul
ati
onofhagmanf
act
orandt
hisi
nit
iat
e
bl
oodcoagul
ati
on
5-Acti
vat
ionofcomplementsyst
em Tissue
changesandreact
iontobact
eri
ali
nfecti
oncan
be
medi
atedt
hrough:
1-Bact
eri
alt
oxi
ns
2-I
nfl
ammat
orymedi
ator
s
3-I
mmunemedi
ator
s
Thereact
ioncanbelocalorgener
al,
acut
eor
chr
onicaccor
dingt
ot he
ty
pedef encer
esponseofi
nfect
ingbact
eri
a,t
he
durat
ionofinf
ect
ion
andt
henat
ureoft
hehost
Acuteti
ssuereact
iontobacteri
ali
nfect
ionSuch
ti
ssuereact
ionisthatofacutei
nfl
ammat i
onand
i
tsnaturedependsont hety
peof
i
nfecti
ngbacteri
aandthenatur
eoft heti
ssue
i
nfected.I
ngeneral
thereact
ionincludes
al
terati
ve,
vascul
ar,
exudati
veandi nfil
tr
ati
ve
changes
Chr
oni
cti
ssuer
eact
iont
obact
eri
ali
nfect
ion
Suchti
ssuereact
ioni
slessv
ascul
arandl
ess
exudat
ivebutmore
i
nfi
lt
rat
ivemorepr
oduct
iveandmor
e
pr
oli
fer
ativ
einwhi
chthe
pr
edomi
nantreact
ingcel
l
sarel
ymphocy
tes,
pl
asmacel
ls,
macrophages
andfi
brobl
ast
swhi
l
eepi
thel
oidandgi
antcel
l
s
aref
oundin
gr
anul
omatousbacter
ial
diseasesi
nwhi
ch
i
ntr
acel
l
ulari
nfect
ionexi
sts
andt
hetissuer
eact
ioni
smai
nlyi
mmune
medi
ated.