Uni

t-
IVBi
ologi
cal
Treat
ment
• Overvi
ewofbi ologi
cal Treatment
• Microbialmet abolism
• Bacter
ialgrowt handener gatus
• Aerobi
cbi ologicaloxidati
on
• Anaerobicf ermentationandoxi dat
ion
• Tri
ckli
ngf i
lters
• Rotati
ngbi ologicalcontactors
• Combi nedaer obicprocesses
• Acti
vatedsl udgef i
l
m packi ng

Defini
ti
ons
MetabolicFunct ion
1.Aer obicpr ocesses–Bi ologi cal treat mentpr ocessest hatoccuri nt hepr esence
ofoxy gen
2.Anaer obi cpr ocesses- Biologi cal treat mentpr ocessest hatoccurint heabsence
ofoxy gen
3.Anoxi cpr ocesses( Denitrifi
cat ion)- Thepr ocessbywhi chni t
ratenitrogeni s
conv er tedbi ologicallytoni trogengasi nt heAbsenceofoxy gen.
TreatmentPr ocesses
1.Suspended- growthpr ocesses- Biological t
reat mentpr ocessesi nwhi chthe
mi croor gani smsr esponsi blef ort heconv ersi onoft heor ganicmat terorot her
const ituent si nthewast ewat ert ogasesandcel l t
issuear emai ntainedin
suspensi onwi thinthel i
qui d.
2.At tached- growt hprocesses- Biol ogical treat mentpr ocessesi nwhi chthe
mi croor gani smsr esponsi blef ort heconv ersi onoft heor ganicmat tertogasses
andcel l t
issuear eat t
achedt oi nertmedi um.
Treatmentf unct ions
1.Bi ologi cal nut r
ientremov al-Remov al ofni trogenandphosphor usi nbiol
ogi cal
tr
eat mentpr ocesses.
2.Bi ologi cal phosphor usremov al-Biologi cal remov alofphosphor usby
accumul ationi nbiomassandsubsequentsol idsseper ation.
3.Car bonaceousBODr emov al-Biologi cal conv ersionoft hecar bonaceousor gani
c
mat teri nwast ewat ertocel ltissueandv ariousgaseousendpr oducts.
4.Ni trif
icat ion-Thet wo- stepbi ologi cal processbywhi chammoni aisconv er
ted
fi
rstt oni triteandt hent oni tr
at e.
5.Deni tri
ficat i
on- Thebi ol
ogi cal pr ocessbywhi chni t
ratei sreducedt onitrogenand
othergaseousendpr oduct s.
6.St ablizat ion-Thebi ological pr ocessbywhi cht heor ganicmat terinthesl udges
producedf r
om t hepr imar yset tl
ingandbi ol ogi caltreatmentofwast ewat eri
s
stablized, usual l
ybyconv er siont ogasesandcel ltissue
RoleofMi croor gani smsi nWast ewat erTr eatment
Mi
croor
gani
smsareusedt
ooxidi
zet
hedissol
vedandpar
ti
cul
atecar
bonaceousor
gani
c
mat
teri
ntosi
mpl
eendproduct
sandaddi
ti
onalbi
omass
Thef
oll
owi
ngeqnr
epr
esent
stheaer
obi
cbi
ologi
cal
oxi
dat
ionofor
gani
cmat
ter
.
v
1(Or
gani
cmat
eri
al)+v
2O2+v3NH3+v4PO43- v
5(newcel
l
s)+v
6CO2+v
7H2O

• Intheabov eeqnoxygen(O2)
,ammonia(
NH3),andphosphat PO43-)ar
e( eusedto
representthenut
ri
entsneededfort
heconv
ersionoforgani
cmatt
ert osi
mple
endpr oducts.
• Themi
croor
gani
smsar
eneededt
ocar
ryoutt
heoxi
dat
ionpr
ocess.
• Theter
m newcell
sareusedtorepr
esentt
hebi
omasspr
oducedasar
esul
tof
theoxi
dat
ionofor
ganicmatt
er.
Bi
ologi
cal
Process
Ty
pesofBi
ologi
cal
Process
1.SuspendedGr
owt
hPr
ocesses
2.At
tachedGr
owt
hPr
ocesses
SuspendedGrowthProcess
(Act
ivat
edSludgeProcess)
 • Themi cr
oor
gani
smsresponsi
blef
ort
reatmentar
emai
ntai
nedi
nli
qui
d
suspensi
onbyappr
opri
atemixi
ngmethods.
• Manysuspendedgr owt
hpr ocessesareoperat
edwi t
haposit
ivedissol
ved
oxygenconcentr
ati
on(aerobic)butappl
i
cati
onsexistwher
esuspendedgr owth
anaerobi
c(nooxygenpresent)react
orsareused.eg.
,Hi
ghorganicconcentr
ated
i
ndustri
alwastewat
ersandor ganicsl
udge.
Wast
eWat
erTr
eat
mentPl
ant

Att
achedGr
owthPr
ocess
(Tr
ickl
i
ngFi
l
ter
)
 • Themicroor
gani
smsr esponsi
blefortheconv
ersionofor
gani
cmat
eri
alor
nut
ri
entsareat
tachedtoaninertpackingmater
ial.
• Theorgani
cmat er
ialandnutr
ient
sarer
emovedfr
om t
hewast
ewat
erf
lowi
ng
pastt
heattachedgrowthalsoknownasabi
ofi
lm.
• Packi
ngmateri
alsusedi
natt
achedgr
owthprocessesi
ncl
uderock,
grav el
,sl
ag,
sand,
redwood,andawider
angeofpl
ast
icandothersynt
het
icmateri
als.
• At
tachedgrowt
hpr
ocessescanal
sobeoper
atedasaer
obi
coranaer
obi
c
pr
ocesses.
• Thepacki
ngcanbesubmergedcomplet
elyi
nli
qui
dornotsubmer
ged,
wit
hai
ror
gasspaceabov
ethebi
ofi
l
ml iqui
dlay
er.
Mi
crobi
alMet
abol
i
sm
Maj
ort
opi
csconsi
der
edi
nthi
ssect
ionar
e
1.Thegeneralnut
ri
ti
onalrequi
rement
softhemi
croor
gani
smscommonl
y
encount
eredinwastewatert
reat
ment.
2.Thenat
ureofmi
crobi
almat
abol
i
sm basedont
heneedf
ormol
ecul
ar
oxy
gen.
Car
bonSour
ces
Micr
oor
gani
smsobt
aint
hei
rcar
bonf
orcel
lgr
owt
hfr
om ei
theror
gani
cmat
terorcar
bon
di
oxi
de.
1.Organi
smsthatuseor
gani
ccar
bonf
ort
hef
ormat
ionofnewbi
omassar
ecal
l
ed
heter
otr
ophs.
2.Or
gani
smst
hatder
ivecel
lcar
bonf
rom car
bondi
oxi
dear
ecal
l
edaut
otr
ophs.
Ener
gySour
ces
Theenergyneededf
orcel
lsy
nthesi
smaybesuppl
i
edbyl
i
ghtorbyachemi
cal
oxi
dat
ion
react
ion.
1.Or
gani
smst
hatar
eabl
etousel
i
ghtasanener
gysour
cear
ecal
l
edphot
otr
ophs.
2.Phot
otrophi
cor
ganismsmaybeei t
herheterotr
ophic(
cert
ainsul
fur
-r
educi
ng
bact
eri
a)oraut
otr
ophic(
algaeandphotosyntheti
cbact
eri
a).
3.Organi
smst hatder
ivet
hei
rener
gyf
rom chemi
cal
react
ionsar
eknownas
chemotrophs.
Chemot
rophs
1.Chemoautot
rophsobtai
nener
gyfrom the oxi
dat
ionofreducedi
nor
gani
c
compounds,suchasammonia,ni
tri
te,
fer
rousir
onandsulf
ide.
2.Chemohet
erot
rophsder
ivet
hei
rener
gyf
rom t
heoxi
dat
ionofor
gani
ccompounds.
Nut
ri
entRequi
rement
s
I
nor
gani
cnut
ri
ent
s-N,
S,P,
K,Mg,
Ca,
Fe,
NaandCl
Mi
nornut
ri
ent
s-Zn,
Mn,
Mo,
Se,
Co,
CuandNi
Gr
owt
hfact
orr
equi
rement
s
Requiredorganicnutri
ents,
knownasgr owt
hfact
ors,
arecompoundsneededbyan
organism asprecursorsorconst
it
uentsofor
gani
ccellmat
eri
al,
whichcannotbe
synthesi
zedfrom othercarbonsources.
Maj
orgr
owt
hfact
ors:
1.Ami
noaci
ds
2.Ni
tr
ogenbases
3.Vi
tami
ns
Bact
eri
alGr
owt
handEner
get
ics
• Bact
eri
alr
epr
oduct
ion
• Bact
eri
algr
owt
hpat
ter
nsi
nabat
chr
eact
or
• Bact
eri
algr
owt
handbi
omassy
iel
d
• Met
hodsusedt
omeasur
ebi
omassgr
owt
h
• Est
imat
ingcel
lyi
eldandoxy
genr
equi
rement
sfr
om st
oichi
omet
ry
• Est
imat
ingt
hecel
lyi
eldf
rom bi
oener
get
icsand
 • Obser
vedv
ersussy
nthesi
syi
eld
Bact
eri
alr
epr
oduct
ion
• Bact
eri
acanr
epr
oducebybi
nar
yfi
ssi
on,
byasexual
modeorbybuddi
ng.
• Gener
all
y,t
heyr
epr
oducebybi
nar
yfi
ssi
oni
nwhi
cht
heor
igi
nal
cel
l
sbecomet
wo
neworgani
sms.
• Theti
mer equi
redforeachdi
vi
sioni
scal
l
edasgener
ati
ont
ime.I
tvar
yfr
om day
s
tol
essthan20mi n.
Bact
eri
alGr
owt
hPat
ter
ninaBat
chReact
or
• Bact
eri
algr
owt
hinabat
chr
eact
ori
schar
act
eri
zedbyi
dent
if
iabl
ephases.
• Thebel
owcur
ver
epr
esent
sthebact
eri
algr
owt
hpat
ter
nsi
nabat
chr
eact
or.
• Atti
mezero,subst
rat
eandnutri
ent
sar
epr
esenti
nexcessandonl
yav
erysmal
l
popul
ati
onofbiomassexi
sts.
• Assubst
rat
eisconsumed,
fourdi
sti
nctgr
owt
hphasesdev
elopsequent
ial
l
y.

Bact
eri
algr
owt
hcur
ve

Thel
agphase
Uponaddit
ionoft
hebi omass,thelagphaserepresentsthet i
merequi
redfort
he
organi
smstoaccl
imatetotheirnewenv i
ronmentbeforesignif
icantcel
ldi
vi
sionand
bi
omassproducti
onoccur.Dur i
ngthelagphaseenzymei nductionmaybeoccurri
ng
andthecel
l
smaybeaccl i
mat ingtochangesinsali
nit
y,PH, ortemperat
ure.
Theexponent
ial
growt
hphase
Dur
ingtheexponenti
algrowthphase,bacter
ialcel
lsaremulti
ply
ingattheir
maxi
mum rate,asther
eisnolimitat
ionsduetosubst r
ateornutr
ient
s.Thebiomass
gr
owthcurveincr
easesexponenti
all
yduringthi
speriod.Withunl
imit
edsubstrateand
nut
ri
ent
stheonl
yfact
ort
her
ateofexponent
ial
growt
hist
emper
atur
e.
Thest
ati
onar
yphase
Duri
ngt hi
sphase,t
hebiomassconcent
rat
ionremainsrel
ativ
elyconst
antwit
h
t
ime.Inthi
sphase,bacter
ialgr
owt
hisnolongerexponent
ialandtheamountofgrowth
i
soffsetbythedeat
hofcel l
s.
Thedeat
hphase
Int
hedeathphase,
thesubst
rat
ehasbeendepl
etedsot
hatnogrowt
his
occur
ri
ngandthechangeinbi
omassconcent
rat
ioni
sduetocel
ldeat
h.
Bact
eri
alGr
owt
handBi
omassYi
eld
Therat
iooftheamountofbio-
masspr
oducedt
otheamountofsubst
rat
econsumedi
s
def
inedasthebiomassyi
eld.

Measur
ingBi
omassGr
owt
h
• Si
ncebiomassi smost
lyorgani
cmater
ial,
anincreaseinbi
omasscanbe
measuredbyv ol
ati
l
esuspendedsol
i
ds( VSS)orparti
cul
ateCOD(t
otal
COD
minussolubl
eCOD)
• Otherparamet
ersthatareusedtoi
ndi
cat
ebiomassgrowtharepr
otei
ncont
ent
,
DNA, andATP,acell
ularcompoundi
nvol
vedi
nenergytr
ansfer
.
• Oft hesegrowt
hmeasurementparameters,VSSistheparamet
erusedmost
commonl yt of
oll
owbiomassgrowthi
nf ull
-scal
ebiol
ogi
calwast
ewater
treatmentsyst
emsbecauseit
smeasurementi ssi
mpleandmini
mal t
imei
s
requiredf
oranalysi
s.
• I
tshoul
dbenot
edt
hattheVSSmeasur
esi
ncl
udesot
herpar
ti
cul
ateor
gani
c
matt
eri
naddi
ti
ont
obiomass.
• Mostwastewater
scontai
nsomeamountofnon-
biodegr
adabl
eVSSandpossibl
y
i
nfl
uentVSSthatmaybeslowlydegr
adedi
nthebi
ologi
calr
eact
or,
thesesol
i
ds
ar
eincl
udedwithbiomassint
heVSSmeasurement.
• Forlabor
atoryr
esearchonbi
ologi
cal
pr ocesses,
growt
hpar
amet
erst
hatcanbe
rel
atedtotruemicr
obical
massareoftenused.
• Pr
otei
nist
hemostpopul
argr
owt
hpar
amet
er.
• Bot
hATPandDNAhav
eal
sobeenused.
• Forv
eryl
owbi
omassconcent
rat
ion,
tur
bidi
tymeasur
ement
smaybeusedt
o
 pr
ovi
dear
api
dandsi
mpl
emeansofobser
vingcel
lgr
owt
h.
• Bact
eri
alcel
lcount
shav
eal
sobeenused.
Aer
obi
cBi
ologi
cal
Oxi
dat
ion
• TheremovalofBODcanbeaccompl
ishedinanumberofaer
obi
csuspended
growthorat
tachedgr
owt
htreat
mentprocesses.
• Bothrequi
resuff
ici
entcontactti
mebetweenthewastewat
erandhet
erot
rophi
c
microor
ganisms,andsuff
icientoxy
genandnutr
ient
s.
St
oichi
omet
ry
Oxi
dat
ionandsy
nthesi
s:
COHNS+O2+nut
ri
ent
s--
--
->CO2+NH3+C5H7NO2+ot
her
endpr
oduct
s
Endogenousr
espi
rat
ion:
C5H7NO2+5O2-
--
--
>5CO2+2H2O+NH3+ener
gycel
l
s
Inequat
ion(1),
COHNSisusedtorepresentt
heorgani
cmatt
erinwast
ewater,
whi
ch
serv
esast heel
ect
rondonorwhi
l
et heoxygenser
vesastheel
ectr
onaccept
or.
I
nequat
ion(
2),
thest
abl
eor
gani
cendpr
oduct
sar
efor
med.
GROWTHKI
NETI
CS
Thefor
m ofrat
eexpressi
onsforsubst
rateuti
l
izat
ionandbi
omassgr
owt
hfort
he
het
erot
rophi
coxidat
ionofor
ganicsubstr
atesisgi
venby
r
su=-kXS
ks+S
r
g=-Yr
su-
kdX
=Y kXS _kdx
Ks+s
ENVI
RONMENTALFACTORS
• Forcar
bonaceousr
emoval,
phintherangeof6.
0to9.
0ist
oler
abl
e,
whi
l
eopt
imal
perf
ormanceoccur
snearaneut
ralph.
• Areact
orDOconcent
rati
onof2.0mg/ l
iscommonlyused,andatconcent
rat
ions
above0.
50mg/lt
hereisli
tt
leef
fectoftheDOconcent
rat
iononthedegradat
ion
rat
e.
Anaer
obi
cFer
ment
ati
onandOxi
dat
ion
Anaerobicfer
ment
ati
onandoxi
dati
onprocessesar
eusedpr
imar
il
yfort
het
reat
mentof
wastesludgeandhi
ghstr
engt
horgani
cwast es

St
oichi
omet
ry
Thefol
lowi
ngreacti
onsinv
olv
eoxi
dat
ionofhydrogen,
for
micaci
d,car
bonmonoxi
de,
methanol
,met
hy l
amine,
andacet
ater
espect
ivel
y.

• 4H2+CO2 CH4+2H2O
• 4HCOO-+4H+ CH4+3CO2+2H2O
• 4CO+2H2O CH4+3CO2
• 4CH3OH 3CH4+CO2+2H2O
• 4(
CH3)
3N+H2O 9CH4+3CO2+6H2O+4NH3
• CH3COOH CH4+CO2

Gr
owt
hKi
net
ics
I
naner
obi
cpr
ocessest
wor
ate-
li
mit
ingconcept
sar
eimpor
tant
.
1.Thehy
drol
ysi
sconv
ersi
onr
ate.
2.Thesol
ubl
esubst
rat
eut
il
iz
ati
onr
atef
orf
erment
ati
onandmet
hanogeni
sis.
Thehy drol
ysisofcol
loi
dal andsoli
dpar t
icl
esdoesnotaf f
ecttheprocessoperat
ion
andstabili
tybutdoesaffectthetotalamountofsolidsconver
ted.
I
nanaer obicdigesti
onprocessesusedf ormuni ci
palwastesl
udges,great
erthan30
daysdetentiontimeisneededt oapproachf ul
lconver
sionofsoli
ds.
Thesolublesubst r
ateut
ili
zati
onkineti
csar eofgreatconcer
ntodev el
opast abl
e
anaerobicprocess.

Env
ironment
alFact
ors
• ApHv
aluenearneut
ral
ispr
efer
redandbel
ow6.
8themet
hanogeni
cact
ivi
tyi
s
 i
nhi
bit
ed.
• Becauseofthehi
ghCO2contenti
nthegasesdevel
opedinanaerobi
c
processes(
30to35per
centCO2)ahi
ghalkal
i
nit
yisneededtoassurephnear
neutral
it
y.
• Analkal
ini
tyconcent
rat
ioni
nther
angeof3000t
o5000mg/
LasCaCO3 i
sof
ten
found.
Act
ivat
edSl
udgePr
ocess

• Thewastewat
eri
sdi
str
ibut
edovert
het
opar
eaofav
essel
cont
aini
ngnon-
submer
gedpacki
ngmateri
al.
• Rockwasusedmostcommonlyasthepacki
ngmat
eri
alf
ort
ri
ckl
i
ngf
il
ter
s,wi
th
ty
pical
dept
hsrangi
ngfr
om 1.
25to2m.
• Mostmoderntr
ickl
i
ngf i
l
ter
svaryinheightf
rom 5t
o10m andar
efi
l
ledwi
th
pl
ast
icpacki
ngmat er
ial
forbi
ofi
lm at
tachment.
• Thepl
ast
icpackingmater
iali
sdesi
gnedsucht
hatabout90t
o95per
centoft
he
vol
umeinthetowerconsi
stsofvoi
dspace.
• Airci
rcul
ati
onint
hev oidspace,
byeit
hernat
ural
draftorblower
s,pr
ovi
des
oxygenforthemi
croorgani
smsgr owi
ngasanattachedbiofi
l
m.
• I
nfl
uentwastewat
eri
sdistr
ibutedov
ert
hepacki
ngandf
lowsasanon-
uni
for
m
l
i
quidfi
lm ov
ertheat
tachedbiofi
lm.
• Excessbiomasssl
oughsf r
om theatt
achedgrowt
hperi
odi
cal
lyandcl
ari
fi
cation
i
sr equi
redforl
i
qui
d/soli
dsseperat
iontoprov
ideanef
fl
uentwit
hanacceptable
suspendedsoli
dsconcentr
ati
on.
• Thesol
idsarecoll
ect
edatt
hebot
tom oft
hecl
ari
fi
erandr
emov
edf
orwast
e-
sl
udgeprocessi
ng.
ROTATI
NGBI
OLOGI
CALCONTRACTORS
• Therot
ati
ngpacksofdi
sks(
knownasthemedia)ar
econt
ainedi
nat
ankor
tr
oughandrot
ateatbet
ween2and5revol
uti
onspermi
nute.
• Commonl yusedpl
asti
csforthemediaarepolyt
hene,PVCandexpanded
pol
y styr
ene.Theshaf
tisali
gnedwit
ht hefl
owofwast ewatersot
hatthedi
scs
rot
at eatri
ghtangl
estothefl
owwithsev er
alpacksusual
lycombinedtomakeup
atreatmenttrai
n.
• About40%oft
hedi
scar
eai
simmer
sedi
nthewast
ewat
er.
• Bi
ologi
cal
growt
hisat
tachedt
othesur
faceoft
hedi
scandf
ormsasl
i
mel
ayer
.
• Thedisccontactwast
ewat
erandai
rforoxi
dat
ionasi
trot
ates.Hel
pst
osl
ough
offexcesssol
ids.
• Aboutonet
hir
doft
hedi
sci
ssubmer
ged.
• Thediscsy
stem canbestagedi
nser
iest
oobt
ainnear
lyanydet
ent
iont
imeor
degr
eeofremovalrequi
red.
• Sincet
hesy
stemsarest
aged,t
hecul
tur
eoft
hel
aterst
agescanbeaccl
i
mat
ed
tothesl
owl
ydegr
adedmateri
als.
• RBCmediainthefor
m oflar
ge,fl
atdi
scmountedoncommonshaftar
er ot
ated
thr
oughspeci
all
ycontour
edtanksinwhi
chwastewaterf
lowonacont
inuous
basi
s.
• Themedium consi
stsofpl
ast
icsheet
srangi
ngf
rom 2t
o4m i
ndi
aandupt
o10
mm t
hick.
• Sever
almodulesmaybear r
angedinparall
eland/orinseri
estomeettheflow
andtr
eatmentrequi
rement
s.Thediscsaresubmergedinwastewatertoabout
40%ofther
ediameterandarerot
atedbypowersuppli
edt otheshaf
t.
• Approximatel
y95%oft hesur
faceareai
sthusal
ter
natel
yimmergedinwast
e
waterinthenexposedtotheatmospher
eabovetheli
qui
dundernormal
operat
ingcondit
ions.
• Car
bonaceoussubst
rat
eisr
emov
edi
nthei
nit
ial
stageofRBC.
• Carbonconv
ersi
onmaybecomplet
edinthef i
rststageofaser
iesofmodul
es,
t
h
wi
thnit
ri
fi
cat
ionbei
ngcompl
etedaf
tert
he5 st age.
• Mostdesi
gnofRBCsystemswi
l
lincl
udeami
nimum of4or5modul
esi
nser
ies
t
oobtai
nnit
ri
fi
cat
ionofwast
ewater
.