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‫‪202210503‬‬
‫ﻠﺨ ﺺ‬
‫‪:‬ﻣ‬‫ﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻮﺿ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫‪TheCi‬‬
‫‪t‬‬‫‪r‬‬
‫‪i‬‬‫‪cAci‬‬
‫‪dCy‬‬
‫‪cl‬‬‫‪e‬‬
Thr
eepr
ocessespl
ayr
olesi
naer
obi
cmet
abol
i
sm:
•Theci
tr
icaci
dcy
cle:
Cent
ral
met
abol
i
cpat
hway
•Elect
rontr
ansport:
Seri
esofoxi
dati
on–reduct
ionreact
ionsby
whichtheel
ectronsder
ivedf
rom oxi
dat
ionofnutri
entsare
passedtooxygen
•Oxi
dat
ivephosphor
ylat
ion:
•Pr
ocessf
orgener
ati
ngATP
•Dependsonthecr
eati
onofapHgradi
entwit
hint
he
mit
ochondri
onasaresul
tofel
ect
rontr
anspor
t.
•Met
abol
i
sm consi
stsof:
•Cat
abol
i
sm -Oxi
dat
ivebr
eakdownofnut
ri
ent
s
•Anabol
i
sm -Reduct
ivesy
nthesi
sofbi
omol
ecul
es
I
tgoest
hrought
hreest
ages:
- St
age1Acet
yl-
CoApr
oduct
ion
- St
age2Acet
yl-
CoAoxi
dat
ion
- St
age3El
ect
ront
ranspor
tandoxi
dat
ivephosphor
ylat
ion

TheCi
tr
icAci
dCy
cle:
Isamphibol
i
c,meani
ngt
hati
tpl
aysar
olei
nbot
hcat
abol
i
sm and
anabol
i
sm
- Met
abol
i
cpat
hway
soper
atesi
mul
taneousl
y

TheCi
tr
icAci
dCy
clehast
woot
hercommonnames:
- Thef
ir
stnamei
sthet
ri
car
boxy
li
caci
dcy
cle
- Thesecondnamei
stheKr
ebscy
cle
Ineucaryot
es,gly
col y
sisoccursi
nthecyt
osolt
.hecit
ri
c
acidcycletakesplaceinmitochondr
iaMostofthe
enzymesoft hecit
ricacidcycl
earepr
esenti
nthe
mitochondri
almatrix.
React
ionsi
nCi
tr
icAci
dCy
cle:
-Underaerobi
cconditi
ons,pyruvat
eproducedby
gly
colysi
sisoxidi
zedfurt
hertoonecarbondioxi
de
moleculeandtooneacetylgroup,whi
chbecomes
l
inkedtoanintermedi
ate,coenzymeA( CoA).

-Twomor emol ecul

esofcarbondioxi
deareproduced
foreachmoleculeofacety
l-
CoAthatenterst
hecy cl
e,
andelect
ronsaretransf
err
edintheprocess.
Thei
mmedi
ateel
ect
ronaccept
ors:
-NAD+-Reducedt
oNADH
-FAD-Takesuptwoel
ect
ronsandt
wohy
drogeni
onst
o
produceFADH2

-Electr
onsarepassedfrom NADHandFADH2t hr
ough
severalst
agesofanelectr
ontranspor
tchai
nwit
ha
diff
erentr
edoxreact
ionateachstep.

-Thecy
cleal
sopr
oducesguanosi
net
ri
phosphat
e(GTP)
,
 ahi
gh-
ener
gycompound,
dir
ect
ly.

HowPy
ruv
atei
sConv
ert
edt
oAcet
yl-
CoA?
- Fi
veenzy
mesmakeupt
hepy
ruv
atedehy
drogenasecompl
ex
i
nmammal s.
- Py
ruv
atel
osesCO2,
andhy
droxy
ethy
lTPP(
HETPP)i
sfor
med
- Act
ivef
orm ofl
i
poicaci
disboundt
otheenzy
me,
ami
debond
tot
hee-ami
nogroupofalysi
ne
- Hydr
oxyet
hylgroup(
HE)isoxidi
zedandtr
ansf
err
edt
oasul
fur
atom oft
hereducedfor
m ofl
ipoamide.
- Li
poami
dei
sreducedt
odi
hydr
oli
poami
de.

Mechanism oft
hePy
ruv
ateDehy
drogenase
React
ion:
1-Py
ruv
atel
osesCO2andHETPPi
sfor
med
2-Hydr
oxyethy
l gr
oupist
ransf
err
edt
oli
poi
caci
dandoxi
dizedt
ofor
m
acet
yldi
hydroli
poami
de.
3-Acet
ylgr
oupi
str
ansf
err
edt
oCoA.
4-Di
hydr
oli
poami
dei
sreoxi
dized.
TheI
ndi
vi
dual
React
ionsoft
heCi
tr
icAci
dCy
cle:
1-
.For
mat
ionofCi
tr
ate.
Acety
l-CoAreact
swit
hoxaloacetat
etoform ci
trat
eandCoA- SH
si
ncethehydrol
ysi
sofathi
oesterrel
easesenergy,Thi
sreact
ion
i
scall
edacondensati
on.

2-somer
izat
ionofCi
tr
atet
oIsoci
tr
ate.
React i
oniscataly
zedbyaconi t
ase,Ci
tr
ateisachir
alandhasno
stereocent
er,socit
rateischi
ralandhastwostereocent
ersandf
our
possiblester
eoisomer s,
butonlyoneofthefourster
eoi
somersofi
soci
tr
ate
i
sf ormedinthecy cle.

3-For
mat
ionofa-
Ket
ogl
utar
ateandCO2:
Fi
rstoxidat
ion,
Oxidat
ivedecar
boxyl
ati
on,r
eact
ion&i
scat
aly
zedby
(i
soci
trateanddehydr
ogenase)anal
lost
eri
cenzyme.

For
mat
ionofSucci
nyl
-CoAandCO2:
Thesecondoxi
dat
ivedecar
boxy
lat
ionofα-
ket
ogl
utar
atet
ofor
m
succi
nyl
-CoA.

For
mat
ionofSucci e:
nat
Thioesterbondofsucci
nyl
-CoAi
shy
drol
yzedt
opr
oduce
succinateandCoA-SH.

For
mat
ionofFumar
ate(
FAD-
li
nkedoxi
dat
ion)
:
Succi
nat
eisoxidi
zedtofumar
ate,
React
ioni
scat
aly
zedby
succi
nat
edehydrogenase.

For
mat
ionofL-
Mal
ate:
Hydr
ati
onoff
umar
atet
ofor
m L-
mal
ate,React
ioni
scat
aly
zedby
f
umarase.

Regener
ati
onofOxal
oacet
ate:
Malateisoxidi
zedt
ooxaloacet
ate,
andanothermolecul
eofNAD+
i
sreducedt oNADH,Reacti
oniscatal
yzedbymalat
e
dehydrogenase.

TheGl
yoxy
lat
eCy
cle:
ARel
atedPat
hway
:
Pathwayi
npl
ant
sandsomebact
eri
athati
sanal
ter
nat
ivet
otheci
tr
icaci
d
cycl
e.

Keyenzy
mes:
-I
soci
tr
atel
yase
-Mal
atesy
nthase

Gl
yoxy
lat
eCy
cle:
Takespl
acei
nGl
yoxy
somes

Gl
yoxy
somes:
Speci
ali
zedor
ganel
l
esi
npl
ant
s
Cytopl
asm i
nyeastandal
gaeI
nvol
vedi
nthegr
owt
hofpl
ant
sin
thedark.
TheLi
nkt
oOxy
gen:
- Citr
icacidcycl
eisconsi
deredpartoft
heaerobi
cmetabol
ic
processesbecauseofit
slinktotheel
ect
rontr
anspor
tchai
n
andox i
dati
vephosphoryl
ation.
- Cit
ri
cacidcycl
eprov
idesavi
tal
li
nkbetweenthechemi
cal
energyofnut
ri
ent
sandthechemical
energyofATP
- NADHandFADH2, twoimport
antcof
actor
sgenerat
edbythe
ci
tr
icaci
dcycle,passthei
rel
ectr
onstooxygent
hefinal
el
ectr
onacceptor.

Thanky
ou