Bi

ochemi
str
y(Lect
ure)Revi
ewer

(Fr
om Week1,2,and3)

Bi
o+Chemi
str
y

Li
fe Chemi
calPr
ocess=Bi
ologi
calandChemi
calPr
ocess

 Iti
sast
udyofbiol
ogi
calandchemi
calpr
ocessonwhi
chr
elat
edt
oli
vi
ngt
hingsi
n
anenvi
ronment
.

Ther
eisa4t
ypesofBi
ologi
calMol
ecul
es

 Macr
omol
ecul
es

I
ti orl
sknownf argemol
ecul
es.

 I
tisaCar
bohydr
ates.

I
tiscomposedofsacchar
ides.Sugari
sbel
ongst
ocar
bohydr
ates.

 Li
pidsi
sahydr corr
ophobi epel
sthewat
erordoesnotat
tr
actwat
er.

 Nucl
eicAci
di spolynucl
eot
ideswher
eint
hepr
imi
ti
veofDeoxyr
ibonucl
eicAci
d
(
DNA)andRi bonuclei
cAcid(RNA)

 Pr
otei
nsar
epol
ypept
idesChai
ns

 Monomersarethesmall
eratomst hatbondt
oget
herandi
tisal
soknownas
Bui
" l
dingBl
ocksofCar
bohydr
ates"

 Mi
scel
l
anousFunct
ionMol
ecul
esi
tisanot
hermol
ecul
est
obeknown.

 Metabol
i
cInt
ermi
diat
esi
tisamol
ecul
ethatr
esponsi
blef
ormet
abol
i
sm oft
he
body.

Ami
noAci
dsar
ethebui
l
dingbl
ock
sofPr
otei
ns.
Nucl
eot
idesar
ethebui
l
dingbl
ock
sofNucl
eicAci
d

Phosphat
e

Base

Sugar

 Iti
sa"Nucl
eot
ide"
.Itisser
vesasmonomeri
cuni
tsofthenucl
eicaci
dpol
ymer
s
suchast
heDeoxyri
bonucl
eicAci
d(DNA)andRi
bonucl
eicAci
d(RNA).

FATTYACI
DSORLI
PIDS

I
tisabui
l
dingbl
ocksf
orFATS

I
tisalsoasourceofennergyandmembr
anet
hatconst
it
uent
stoi
nfl
uencecel
land
t
issuest
oper
for
m metabol
i
sm.

Met
abol
i
cInt
ernedi
ates

I
tisamol
ecul
est epr
hatar ecur
sor
stomet
abol
i
tesofbi
ologi
cal
l
ymol
ecul
es

Pi
oneer

Mi
scel
l
anousFunct
ionofMol
ecul
esi
tisanot
hermol
ecul
es

 Vi
tami
ns,i
tisr
equi
redbyhumant
obei
ntake

 St
eroi
ds.I
tisi
nfor
m ofi
nsul
i
n.
 I
nsul
i
n

I
tispr
oducesbypancr
eas,anat
uralsour
cesofi
nsul
i
n

BUT.
..
..
..
.

THEREI
Sast
udyt
hatweal
readyhavehumanmadei
nsul
i
nandt
hati
s

e.
col
i

Mi
thocondr
iai
sthepower
houseoft
hecel
l
.

WhatmakesMi
tochondr
iaapower
house?

 Mit
ochondri
aisaproducerofAdenosi
neTr iphosphat
e(ATP)t
hatut
il
i
zingof
ener
gythroughapr
ocessofoxi
dat
ionphosphoryl
ati
on.

Sowhati
soxi
dat
ionphosphor
ylat
ion?

 Iti
s pr
ocess wher
eint
he ener
gy was har
nessed t
hrough ser
ies ofpr
otei
n
compl
exes.

Whati
sUr
ea?

 I
tis al
so known as Car
bami
de.An or
gani
cfor
mul
a wi
th chemi
calf
ormul
a
CO(
NH2) 2

H2N NH2

I
fur
eawasunsuccesf
ull
ybei
ngr
eleasedi
nthebody,i
twi
l
lleadt
oKi
dneyf
ail
ure.
Cel
lsi
stheuni
ver
salf
unct
ionaluni
tthatbasedont
heCELLSSTRUCTUREi
nwhi
ch
Di
vi
dedint
oTwo(2)Maj
orClasses.

 Prokar
yoti
cCel
li
sacel
lonwhi
cht
henucl
eusi
sabsenceBUT.
..
..i
thascel
lwal
l
andcytosol
.

Ex.orPr
okar
yot
icCel
l
,Bac
ter
iaandAr
chaea.

 Eukar
yot
icCelli
sacel
lonwhi
cht
henucl
eusi
spr
esentandusual
l
ytheyar
e
MULTICELLULARORGANI
SM.

Ex.ofEukaryot
ic Cel
l
,PLANTS,ANI
MALS,FUNGI
,PROTOZOA,UNI
CELLULAR
YEAST,andTRUEALGAE.

Funct
ionoft
heCel
l
s

o Cel
lmet
abol
i
sm andenzymes(r
emembert
heanabol
i
sm andcat
abol
i
sm)

o Synt
hesi
sofmol
ecul
es(Cr
eat
ionofDNAandRNA)

o Communi
cat
ion(Dnaser
vesasgenet
iccodeandr
emembert
heMessenger
RNAormRNA)

Medi
calandBi
ologi
calI
mpor
tanceofCel
l
s

 Al
lor
gani
sm ar
emadeupofcel
l
s

 Ther
eisvar
iet
yofcel
l
sal
ongoni
tsst
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionsonahumanbody

 Onl
yinHumancell
scanfoundthesubcell
ularst
ructur
esuchasnucl
eus,
mi
tochondr
ia,l
ysosomes,andperixosomes

 Zel
l
weger
sSyndr
omei
scauseofi
nsuf
fi
ci
encyofper
oxi
somes.

Iti
srarei
nheri
teddisor
dert
hatdef
ect
sinf
ace,eyes,upsl
ant
ingeyes,
hi
ghf
oreheadofmuscl
etone.
  TheGr
owt
hofcel
l
srequi
resacel
ldi
vi
si
on

 Cel
lhaveonl
yaf
ini
tel
i
fespan.Sot
heref
ore,i
tisnotconsi
der
edani
mmor
tal
t
hing.

 Cel
ldeat
hpl
aysacr uci
alpar
tonshapi
ngtheorganst
hrudevel
opi
ngand
recoveri
ngthebodyf
rom har
m suchasi
njur
y.

 Bi
ochemist
ryexpl
orethei
deaofhowthemolecul
arpr
ocessinaspeci
fi
c
cel
l
ularpr
ocessesaswel
laswhatdi
seasesarei
nvolvedofi
t.

Mi
tochondr
iai
sinvol
vedi
napr
ocessofAPOPTOSI
S.

SOWHATI
SAPOPTOSI
SANYWAY?

 I
tispr
ocessonwhichthecel
l
sprogr
ammedi
tsdeat
hto
el
i
minat
est
hoseunwantedcel
l
sinsi
dethebody.

Or
gani
cCompound

 I nacel l,i
thas25t o
I
nor
gani
cCompound
30%wei ghtthat
contai nsofnucl eic  Itiscont ainofsodium,
acids, prot
eins, potassi um,calci
um,
polysacchar idesor magnesi um,copper,
knownas i
ron, andani onssuchas
car bohy drates.Itisal so chloride,phosphate,
ot hermol eculessuch bi carbonate,sulf
ate,
asf att
yaci ds,v i
tami ns, iodibe,andf l
ouri
de.
enzy mesbpunne, py ri
mi d
enucl eot i
des,pept ides
thathasal owwei ght .
Theyar
eThr
ee(
3)maj
orpar
tsoft
heANI
MALCELLS

 PlasmaMembr
anet
hesevest
opr
otectt
hecel
lfr
om t
heout
sideenvi
ronment
.
(Barr
ier
)

 Nucl
uesi
scent
eroft
hecel
l(Genet
icCode)

 Cyt
opl
asm i
sat
hickgelt
hathol
dsupt
hepar
tsoft
hecel
l
s(soup)
.

Par
tsoft
heCel
l
s

 Nucl
eusi
sthecontrolcenterofthecel
ls.I
thasdist
ingui
shpar
ts,nucl
ear
envelope,nucleol
us,andnucleopl
asm.

 Nucl
eol
usser
vest
hepr
oducesandassembl
ethecel
l
'sr
ibosomes
.

 Nucl
eopl
asm t
hatcont
ainsi
nacel
lnucl
eus.

 Di
dyouknowt
hatt
hehumancell
scomposedof46chr
omosomest
hatcame
fr
om hal
fofeachpar
entcel
l
s
 23DNAf
rom f
ather+23DNAf
rom mot
her

Gene

DNA. CHROMOSOMES

 Mi
tochondr
iai
sthepowerhouseoft
hecel
lsthatpr
oducestheAdenosi
ne
Tri
phosphat
eduri
ngtheoxi
dat
ionphosphor
ylat
ion.

 I
tist
hesecondl
arges
tst
ruct
ureint
hecell
sthati
sresponsi
blei
naer
obi
d
r
espi
rat
ion.

Whati
saer
obi
cst
ateoraer
obi
crespi
rat
ion?

I
tisapr
ocesswhi
chi
stheoxygeni
sexi
st.

 Cyt
opl
asmi
sthet
hickgell
i
qui
dthathol
dsupt
heor
ganel
l
esi
nac
ell
.

 RoughEndopl
asmi
cRet
icul
um i
tproducesri
bosomesandr
esponsi
blef
or
prot
einsynthesi
s

 Smoot
hEndopl
asmi
cRet
icul
um i
tknownasungr
anul
art
hatr
esponsi
ble
f
orli
pids.

 Gol
giAppar
atusorGol
gibodyi
tist
hepackagi
ngcent
eroft
hecel
l
s.

 Lysosomesiti
sthegarbagecol
lectoroft
hecell
sthatknownforthe
sui
ci
dalbags.I
tbi
sresponsi
blef
orcellphagocyt
osi
s(celleat
ingprocess)

 Per
oxi
somest
hatal
soknowsasmi
crobodi
es.

 Cyt
oskel
etonser
vesasaf
ramewor
kofcel
l
s.

A.Mi
crof
il
ament
sloosewebbeneat
hmembr
ane
 B.Myosi
nfi
ber
smyosi
nofskel
etal

C.Mi
crot
ubul
es.Tubul
i
nisbui
l
dingbl
ocksf
ormi
crot
ubul
es

D.I
nter
midi
atesf
il
ament
s.Noti
nvol
vedi
nmovement

Endocy
tosi
s Exocy
tosi
s
I
nsi
det
heCel
l Out
sidet
heCel
l

I
mpor
tanceofCel
lCycl
e

G1Phase(Gr
owt
h1Phase)》SPhase(Synt
hesi
sPhase)
》G2Phase(
Growt
h2
Phase)

Mi
tosi
sPhase

Pr
ophase》Met
aphase》 Anaphase》 Tel
ophase

Condenses. Al
i
gned. Separ
ates. Moveopposi
te
 Mi
tosi
s》 i
nvol
vedofBodyCel
l
s

Mei
osi
s》i
nvol
vedofSexCel
l
s

Pr
otei
nsar
etheessent
ialcomponent
sinacel lonwhi
chcanmef
rom Gr
eekwor
d
prot
eios"
.

Cel
l》 Ti
ssues》 Or
gans》 Or
gani
sm

I
tisal
soexi
stedonourenvi
ronment
.Per
haps,i
thaspolymerst
hatcamef
rom
monomersthatar
eknownasbuil
dingbl
ocksofAminoAcids

Ami
noAci
dsFor
mul
a

Ami
no(-
NH2)andCar
boxyl(-
COOH)
.

over
all
,ithas700hundr
edsbut20oft
hem ar
etheSTANDARDAMI
NOACI
DS.

AMI
NOACI
DS
I
tisanor
gani
ccont
ainsofcar
boxylgr
oup,ami
nogr
oup,andhasacar
bonat
om.

Medi
calandBi
ologi
xalI
mpor
tance

 Goodf
orHemogl
obi
ntr
anspor
tat
ionofEner
gy

 I
mmunogl
obul
i
nst
hatdef
enset
hevi
rali
nfect
ion

 Pr
oducesi
nsul
i
n

 Rol
esf
ormuscl
epr
otei
n

 Tr
ansl
ati
onofgenet
iccode(DNA,Chr
omosomes)

 Goodf
orst
oragef
unct
ion(Cassei
ninMi
l
k)

 Actasbuf
fer
s(Pl
asmapr
otei
n)

CLASSI
FIVATI
ONOFPROTEI
NS

Accor
dingt
ocomposi
ti
onorst
ruct
ure

1.Si
mpl
epr
otei
nst
hatmadei
nAmi
noAci
dsonl
y.

Ex.Humanpl
asma

2.Conj
ugat
edPr
otei
nst
hatnonpr
otei
nat
tacht
opr
otei
n

Ami
noAci
ds+Ami
noAci
dInsul
i
n
3.Der
ivedPr
otei
on

I
.Pr
imar
yder
ivedpr
otei
ns

I
i.Secondar
yder
ivedPr
otei
n

Accor
dingt
othei
rSol
l
ubi
l
it
y

Al
bumi
ndt
hatsol
ubl
einwat
erandsal
tsol
uti
on

Gl
obul
i
nst
hatspar
ingl
ysol
ubl
einwaPr
ot

CLASSI
FICATI
ONONSHAPE

GLOBULARPROTEI
NS-COMPACTGLOBULAR

FI
BROUSPROTEI
N-ONEAXI
S

PLASMAPROTEI
NISNONCELLULARPORTI
ONOFBLOOD.

I
tdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo;

Al
bumi
n-hal
fsat
urat
ed

Gl
obul
i
n

I
MMUNOGLOBULI
NS

i
tbusadef
ensef
rom vi
rali
nfect
ionofbody.

Def
ensef
orI
nfect
ion

1.I
ncasi
on/Ski
n

2.
ingest
ionorAnni
hil
ati
on/Wbcar
efai
l
,feverex
ist
.
KI
NDSOFAMI
NOACI
DS

VALI
NE,LEUCI
NE,ANDI
SOLEUCI
NE-ENERGYSOURCEAFTERWORKOUT

ALANI
NE-METABOLI
ZEALCOHOL

ARGANI
NE-PROPERBLOODFLOW

GLUTAMI
NE-GASTROI
NTESTI
NALORTUMMY

LYSI
NE-FORM OFSUGAR

ASPARTI
CACI
D-TCACYCLEORGENERATESENERGY

GLUTAMI
CACI
D-RECOVERYFORM FATI
GUE

PROLI
NE-NATURALMOI
STURI
ZEROFSKI
NORCOLLAGEN

CYSTEI
NE-DEVELOPMENTOFI
NFANT

THREONI
NE-ACTI
VESI
TEOFENZYMES

METHI
ONI
NE-MULTIFUNCTI
ONI
NTHEBODY

HI
STI
DINE-ANTIHI
STAMI
NE

PHENYLALANI
NE-NUCLEOTI
DE

TYROSI
NE-AROMATI
CACI
D

TRYPTOPHAN-ESSENTI
ALAMI
NOACI
DS

ASPARAGI
NE-PLAYVI
TALROLE(ACE)ORTCACYCLE

GLYCI
NE-COMPONENTSOFHEMOGLOBI
N