ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Itwouldbemypl easur
et oexpr essmy
sincerethankstomychemi str
y
teacherDR.JAMSHEDALIi nprov i
dinga
helpinghandinthisproject.Hisv al
uable
guidance,supportandsuper vi
sional l
throughthisproj
ecttit
led:-
“Prepar
ati
on
ofDoubleSal
ts”
Ar
eresponsi
blef
orat
tai
ningi
tspr
esent
f
orm.
_
___
___
___
___
___
___
_
CLASS-
XII
 CONTENTS
TI
TLE PAGENO.

1.DOUBLESALTS 01
2.MOHR’
SSALT 03
3.POTASHALUM 06
4.AMMONI
UM ALUM 10
5.METHODSOFPREPARATI
ON 12
5.
1EXPERI
MENT1
5.
2EXPERI
MENT2
5.
3EXPERI
MENT3
6.BI
BLI
OGRAPHY 19
DOUBLESALTS
Doubl
esal
tsar
esal
tscont
aini
ngmor
ethanonecat
ionor
ani
on,andar
eobt
ainedbycombi
nat
ionoft
wodi
ff
erent
sal
tswhi
chwer
ecr
yst
all
i
sedi
nthesamer
egul
ari
oni
c
l
att
ice.
Exampl
es:Al
umi
nium Sul
facet
ate(
Al2SO4(
CH3CO2)
4) ,
Rochel
l
e’sSal
t(KNaC4H4O6·
4H2O)et
c.
Each sal
tint
he mi
xtur
e has i
ts own uni
que cr
yst
al
st
ruct
ure.
Pr
oper
ti
esofDoubl
eSal
tsar
e–
1.Adoubl
esal
tiscombi
nat
ionoft
woormor
edi
ff
erent
sal
ts.
2.Adoubl
esal
tcompl
etel
ydi
sassoci
atesi
nionsi
nwat
er
andgi
vessi
mpl
eions.Anaqueoussol
uti
onofadoubl
e
sal
tiscomposedofcat
ionsandani
onswhi
chwer
eint
he
i
nit
ial
twosal
tcompounds.
3.A doubl
esal
tcanbeeasi
l
yanal
ysedbyt
est
ingt
he
pr
esenceofsi
mpl
ecat
ionsandani
onspr
esenti
nit
.
Poi
ntsofDi
ff
erencebet
weenDoubl
eSal
tandCompl
ex
Sal
tar
e–
1.Doubl
esal
tscompl
etel
ydi
ssoci
atei
ntoi
tsi
onsi
nwat
er
wher
easCompl
exsal
tsdonotcompl
etel
ydi
ssoci
atei
nto
i
tsi
onsi
nwat
er.

2.Doubl
esal
tsgi
vesi
mpl
eionswhenaddedt
o
wat
erwher
easCompl
exsal
tsdonotgi
vesi
mpl
e
i
ons.
3.
Doubl
esal
tscaneasi
l
ybeanal
yzedby
det
ermi
ningt
hei
onspr
esenti
ntheaqueous
sol
uti
onwher
easCompl
exsal
tscannotbeeasi
l
y
anal
yzedbydet
ermi
ningt
hei
onsi
ntheaqueous
sol
uti
on.
MOHR’
SSALT
(
AMMONI
UM I
RONSULPHATE/
(
NH4)
2SO4Fe(
SO4)
2.
6H2O)
Ammoni
um i
ronsul
phat
e,orMohr
'ssal
t,i
sthei
nor
gani
c

compoundcont
aini
ngt
wodi
ff
erentcat
ions,
Fe2+andNH4+,
and

anani
onSO42-.I
tiscl
assi
fi
edasadoubl
esal
toff
err
ous

sul
phat
eandammoni
um sul
phat
e.

Theammoni
um i
onsmakesol
uti
onsofMohr
'ssal
tsl
i
ght
ly

aci
dic.

Mohr
'ssal
tisnamedaf
tert
heGer stKa
manchemi r
lFr
iedr
ich
Mohr
,whomademanyi
mpor
tantadv
ancesi
nthemet
hodol
ogy

oft
it
rat
ioni
nthe19t
hcent
ury
.

STRUCTURE:

Thi
scompoundi
samemberofagr
oupofdoubl
esul
phat
es

cal
l
edSchoni
tesorTut
ton'
ssal
ts.Tut
ton'
ssal
tsf
orm monocl
i
nic

cr
yst
alsandhav
efor
mul
aM2N(
SO4)
2.6H2O(
M =v
ari
ous

monocat
ions)
.Wi
thr
egar
dst
othebondi
ng,
cry
stal
sconsi
st

ofoct
ahedr
a[Fe(
H2O)
6]2+cent
ers,
whi
char
ehy
drogenbondedt
o

sul
phat
eandammoni
um.Cr
yst
alsar
emonocl
i
nici
nshape.

PREPARATI
ON:

Mohr
'ssal
tispr
epar
edbydi
ssol
vi
nganequi
mol
armi
xtur
e

ofhy
drat
edf
err
oussul
phat
eandammoni
um sul
phat
einwat
er
cont
aini
ngal
i
ttl
esul
phur
icaci
d,andt
hen
subj
ect
ingt
he
r
esul
ti
ngsol
uti
ont
ocr
yst
all
i
zat
ion.Fer
rous
ammoni
um
sul
phat
efor
msl
i
ghtgr
eencr
yst
als.
Det
ail
edst
epsofpr
epar
ati
onofMohr
’ssal
twi
l
lbe
di
scussed
l
ateri
nthi
spr
oject
.
PROPERTI
ES:
USES:
1.Thi
ssal
tisusedasanef
fi
cientsour
ceoff
err
ous
i
ons(Fe2+)duet
oit
slongshel
fli
fe.
2.I
tisusedi
ntheFr
icke'
sdosemet
ert
omeasur
e
hi
ghdosesofgammar
ays.

3.I
tisusedi
nti
tr
ati
onsasar
educi
ngagentwher
e
KMnO4i
susedasanox
idi
zi
ngagent
.
4.Asol
uti
onofMohr
’ssal
tisusedasa‘
pri
mar
y
st
andar
dbecauseofi
tspur
it
yandhi
ghst
abi
l
ity
.

5.Asol
uti
onofMohr
'ssal
tcanbespr
ayedona
l
awnt
oki
l
lmosswi
thouthar
mingt
hegr
ass.
POTASHALUM
(POTTASI UM ALUMI NI UM SULPHATE/
KAl(SO4) 2.12H2O)
Potassium al um, potashal um, orpot assi
um al uminium
sulphateisachemi calcompound: the
doublesul phat eofpot assium andal uminium, wit
hchemi cal
for
mul aKAl ( SO4) 2.Itiscommonl yencount eredas
thedodecahy drate,KAl (
SO4)2·12H2O.Thecompoundi st he
mosti mpor tantmemberoft hegener i
cclassofcompounds
call
edal ums.
Iti
sv er
ysol ublei nwat er.Thesolutionofal um isslightly
acidi
c.
Whenheat edt onear lyar edheat,i
tgi vesapor ous,f r
iablemass,
whichisknownas" burntalum" .I
tfusesat92° C( 198° F)inits
ownwat erofcr ystall
izati
on.
Potassium al um maybeaweaki rr
itanttot heskin.

STRUCTURE:
I
tcr
yst
all
i
zesi
ncubi
cst
ruct
ureandl
att
icepar
amet
erof12.
18Å.

Pot
assi
um al
um cr
yst
all
i
zesi
nregul
aroct
ahedr
awi
thf
lat
tened

cor
ner
s.

PREPARATI
ON:
NATURALOCCURENCES:1.Pot
assi
um al
um dodecahy
drat
e
occur
sinnat
ureasasul
phat
eminer
alcal
ledal
um- (
K),
typi
cal
l
y
EXPERI
MENT2:
PREPARATI
ONOFPOTASHALUM

AIM: To prepare a pure sample of potash alum.

REQUIREMENTS: Beakers, china dish, funnel, glass

rod,
wire gauze, Bunsen burner, Potassium Sulphate,
Aluminium
Sulphate, dilute sulphuric acid.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take a 250ml beaker. Transfer 2.5g of
potassium sulphate crystals to it. Add about 20ml
of water. Stir
to dissolve the crystals.

2. Take another 250ml beaker and transfer 10g of

aluminium
sulphatecrystalstoit.Addabout20mlofwaterand
add 1ml of
dilute sulphuric acid to prevent hydrolysis of
aluminium
sulphate crystals to it. Heat for about 5 minutes
and filter the
solution if milkiness still persists.

3. Mix the two solutions in a china dish and place

the china dish
over a wire gauze placed over a burner. Stir the
solution with a
glass rod. Concentrate the solution till
crystallization point is
reached.Placethedishoverabeakercontainingcold
water.

4.Crystalsofpotashalumwillseparateout.Decant
off the
motherliquorandwashthecrystalswithcoldwater.

5. Dry the crystals by placing them between filter

paper.
i
ronshoul
dbepr
esenti
nthesul
phat
etheni
tispr
efer
abl
e
t
o
usepot
assi
um chl
ori
dei
npl
aceofpot
assi
um sul
phat
e.
Met
hodsofpr
epar
ati
onofpot
ashal
um i
nlabor
ator
ywi
l
l
be
di
scussedl
ateri
nthi
spr
oject
.
PROPERTI
ES:

USES:

1.Pot
assi
umal
umi
suse
dinme
dici
nemai
nlyasanast
ringe
nt

(
orst
ypt
ic)andant
ise
pti
c.

2.Pot
assi
umal
umi
suse
dtore
ducebl
oodi
ngandt
ore
lie
ve

st
ingsandbi
tes.

3.Pot
assi
umandammoni
umal
umaret
heact
ivei
ngre
die
ntsi
n

someant
ipe
rspi
rant
sandde
odorant
s,act
ingbyi
nhi
bit
ingt
he

growt
hoft
hebact
eri
are
sponsi
blef
orbodyodour.Al
um'
s

ant
ipe
rspi
rantandant
ibact
eri
alprope
rti
escont
ribut
etoi
ts

t
radi
ti
onaluseasanunde
rarmde
odorant
.

4.Pot
assi
umal
umi
suse
dasaf
irere
tardantt
ore
nde
rcl
oth,

wood,andpape
rmat
eri
alsl
essf
lammabl
e.
5.Al
umhasbe
enuse
dsi
nceant
iqui
tyasmordantt
oforma

pe
rmane
ntbondbe
twe
endy
eandnat
uralt
ext
ilef
ibe
rs

l
ikewool
.Iti
sal
souse
dfort
hispurposei
npape
rmarbl
ing.

6.Al
umsol
uti
onhast
heprope
rtyofdi
ssol
vingst
eel
swhi
lenot

af
fect
ingal
umi
niumorbaseme
tal
s.

7.Pot
assi
umal
umwasf
orme
rlyuse
dasaharde
ner

f
orphot
ographi
cemul
sions(
fil
msandpape
rs)
,usual
lyaspartof

t
hef
ixe
r.

8.Pot
assi
umal
umi
sal
soe
ffe
cti
vef
orpre
vent
inggumdi
sease

andcl
eani
ngt
eet
h.

9.
Alumi
suse
dasaf
loccul
antt
ore
moveunwant
edcol
ourand

t
urbi
dit
yfromdri
nki
ngwat
er.Whe
nadde
dtorawwat
erre
act
s

wi
tht
hebi
carbonat
eal
kal
ini
ti
espre
senti
nwat
erandf
ormsa

ge
lat
inouspre
cipi
tat
e.T
hisf
locat
tract
sot
herf
inepart
icl
esand

suspe
nde
dmat
eri
ali
nrawwat
er,andse
ttl
esdownatt
hebot
tom

oft
hecont
aine
r.

10.Al
umi
sal
souse
dinmanyski
nprobl
emsl
ikeacneand

pi
mpl
es.
AMMONI
UMALUM:
(
AMMONI UM ALUMINI
UM SULPHATE/
NH4Al
(SO4)
2.12H2O)

STRUCTURE:
Iti
sawhi tecry
stalli
nedoublesulphateusual lyencount
eredas
thedodecahydrate.Ithasahexagonalcr y
st alstr
uctur
ewhenin
ananhy dr
ousstateandacubi ccrystalstructurewhenina
hydrousstat
e.Ithasanoct ahedr
alcoor di
nat egeomet r
y.

PREPARATI
ON:

NATURALOCCURENCES:
Thedodecahy
drat
eoccur
s

nat
ural
lyast
her
aremi
ner
alt
scher
migi
te.

I
NDUSTRI
ALPREPARATI
ON:Ammoni
um al
um i
smade

f
rom al
umi
nium hy
droxi
de,
sul
phur
icaci
dandammoni
um

sul
phat
e.I
tfor
msasol
idsol
uti
onwi
thpot
assi
um

al
um.Py
rol
ysi
sleav
esal
umi
na.

PROPERTI
ES:
USES:
1.
Iti
susedi
nwat
erpur
if
icat
ion.

2.
Thi
ssal
tisusedi
ntanni
ng,
dyei
ngandi
nfi
repr
oof
ingt
ext
il
es.

3.
Iti
susedi
nveget
abl
egl
ues.

4.I
tisusedi
npor
cel
aincement
s.

5.
Iti
susedi
ndeodor
ant
s.

6.Iti
susedint
heproduct
ionofgr
indi
ngpowder
sandas
precur
sorst
osynt
heti
cgems.

7.Ammoni
um al
um i
sacommoni
ngr
edi
enti
nani
mal
repel
l
ant
spray
s.

TOXI
COLOGYOFAMMONI
UMALUM:
Alum wasonceacommonpi ckl
ingingr
edientusedtopromote
crispnessinpreservedveget
ables,duetothewayi tr
eactswit
h
nat ur
alpecti
n.Ithasfal
lenoutofusef r
om asuspectedlink
toAl zhei
mer'sDisease,
andisnol ongerrecommendedf or
pickli
ng.
MYPROJECT:
METHODSOFPREPARATI
ONOF
DOUBLESALTS–

EXPERI
MENT1:PREPARATI
ONOFMOHR’
SSALT

AI
M:Topr
epar
eapur
esampl
eofMohr
’ssal
t.

REQUI
REMENTS:Beaker
s,chi
nadi
sh,
funnel
,gl
assr
od,
hotpl
ate,

Fer
rousSul
phat
ecr
yst
als,
Ammoni
um Sul
phat
ecr
yst
als,
dil
ute

H2SO4,
ethy
lal
chohol
.

PROCEDURE:

1.Takea250ml
beakerandadd7.
0gf
err
ous

sul
phat
ecr
yst
alsand3.
5gofammoni
um sul
phat
ecr
yst
alst
oit
.

Addabout2-
3ml
ofdi
l
utesul
phur
icaci
dtoi
ttopr
event

hy
drol
ysi
soff
err
oussul
phat
e.

2.I
nanot
herbeaker,
boi
l20ml
ofwat
erf
orabout5mi
nut
es.

Addt
heboi
l
ingwat
eri
nthef
ir
stbeaker
.St
iri
tcont
inuousl
y

unt
ilt
hesal
tshav
ecompl
etel
ydi
ssol
ved.

3.Fi
l
tert
hesol
uti
ont
oremov
eundi
ssol
vedi
mpur
it
iesand

t
ransf
ert
hef
il
tr
atet
oachi
nadi
sh.
4.Heatt
hesol
uti
oni
nthechi
nadi
shf
orsomet
imet
o

concent
rat
eitt
ocr
yst
all
i
zat
ionpoi
nt.I
mmedi
atel
ypl
acet
he

sol
uti
oni
nthechi
nadi
shov
erabeakerf
ull
ofcol
dwat
er,
on

cool
i
ng,
cry
stal
sofMohr
’ssal
tsepar
ateout
.

5.Decantof
fthemot
herl
i
quorqui
ckl
y.Washt
hecr
yst
alsi
n

chi
nadi
shwi
thasmal
lquant
it
yofal
cohol
tor
emov
esomest
icki
ng

ofdi
l
utesul
phur
icaci
donsal
t.

6.Dr
ythecr
yst
alsbypl
aci
ngt
hem bet
weenf
il
terpaper
EXPERI
MENT2:
PREPARATI
ONOFPOTASHALUM

AIM: To prepare a pure sample of potash alum.

REQUIREMENTS: Beakers, china dish, funnel, glass

rod,
wire gauze, Bunsen burner, Potassium Sulphate,
Aluminium
Sulphate, dilute sulphuric acid.

PROCEDURE:
1. Take a 250ml beaker. Transfer 2.5g of
potassium sulphate crystals to it. Add about 20ml
of water. Stir
to dissolve the crystals.

2. Take another 250ml beaker and transfer 10g of

aluminium
sulphatecrystalstoit.Addabout20mlofwaterand
add 1ml of
dilute sulphuric acid to prevent hydrolysis of
aluminium
sulphate crystals to it. Heat for about 5 minutes
and filter the
solution if milkiness still persists.

3. Mix the two solutions in a china dish and place

the china dish
over a wire gauze placed over a burner. Stir the
solution with a
glass rod. Concentrate the solution till
crystallization point is
reached.Placethedishoverabeakercontainingcold
water.

4.Crystalsofpotashalumwillseparateout.Decant
off the
motherliquorandwashthecrystalswithcoldwater.

5. Dry the crystals by placing them between filter

paper.
EXPERI
MENT3:
PREPARATI
ONOFAMMONI
UMALUM

AI
M:T
opre
pareapuresampl
eofammoni
umal
um.

REQUIREMENTS:Beake
rs,chinadish,funnel,glassrod,
wiregauze,tri
podst and,AmmoniumSul phatecrystal
s,
Alumi
ni umSulphatecrystals,di
lutesulphuricacid.

PROCEDURE :
1.Takea250mlbe aker.T ransf
er15.8of
aluminiumsulphat ecry stalstoit.Addabout15mlofwat e
r.He
at
thesol uti
ont odissol vet hecrystals.Addre
quisi
teamountof
watert omakei tupto25mlbe f
oret hatmakesureiti
s
compl e
t e
lydissolved.

2.Takeanot her250mlbeakerandtransfer3.
3gofal umi
nium
sulphatecry st
alstoit.Addabout15mlofwat erandadd1mlof
dilutesulphuricaci
dt opreve
nthydrol y
sisofal umi
nium
sulphatecry st
alstoit.Sti
rthesolutionuntilitiscompletel
y
dissolved.Addrequisi
teamountofwat ertomakei tupto25ml
beforethatmakesurei tiscomplet
elydissolved.

3.Mixthetwosolut
ionsinabeake
r.Al
lowingt
hebe ake
rt o
standatroomtemperat
urewil
lproduceonlyfewcrystal
sof
ammoniumalum.

4.Placethebeakeroverawiregauzeplacedove
raburner.Stir
thesolutionwithaglassrod.Concent
rat et
hesolut
iontil
l
crystall
izat
ionpointi
sreached.Pl
acet hedi
shove
rabe akercont
aini
ng
coldwat er.

5.Cryst
alsofammoniumalumwi
llseparat
eout.Decantoffthe
excesswatertoexpe
ditet
hedry
ingprocessandyouwi l
lbig–
sizedcryst
als.

6.Dryt
hecry
stal
sbypl
aci
ngt
hembe
twe
enf
ilt
erpape
r
BI
BLI
OGRAPHY

1.Chemi
str
yCl
assXI
IPar
t-
1–NCERT

2.Compr
ehensi
vePr
act
ical
Chemi
str
y–Cl
assXI
I

3.wi
kepedi
a.or
gandot
herr
andom i
nfor
mat
ivesi
tes