\

I
NTERGRATEDSCI
ENCE
EXAMI
NATI
ONSAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

MRZI
NDONDA
 SCI
ENCEI
NAGRI
CULTURE
DEFI
NEPHOTOSYNTHESI
S

-Ist
hepro
ces
swherebygreenplantsmanufacturethei
rownfo
odus
ingc
arbo
ndi
oxi
de
andwat
erint
hepresenc
eo fsunl
ightandchlo
ro phyl
l

Wor
dequati
on
Car
bonDio
xide+Wat
er Sunli
ght Car
bohydr
ates+Ox
ygen
Chl
oro
phyl
l

STATETHEFACTORSWHI
CHAFECTPHOTOSYNTHESI
S

1
. Sunli
ght
2
. Carbondio
xide
3
. Water
4
. Chlor
ophyl
l

STATETHEPRODUCTSOFPHOTOSYNTHESI
SANDTHEI
RUSES

1
. Oxygen–usedinrespi
rati
on
2
. Carbohydr
ates(gl
ucose)–us
edfo
rres
pir
ati
onandex
ces
sgl
uco
ses
tor
edas
s
tar
chi
ngr eenpl
ants

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEFATEOFENDPRODUCTSOFPHOTOSYNTHESI
S

1. Glu
cos e–transl
ocat
edinphloemvessel
stostor
ageo r
ganso
fthepl
ant
se.
g.
ro
ots,
stemo rseedwhereitiss
toredinformofs t
arch
-Usedbyplantembr yoduri
nggerminat
ionassourceofenergy

2
. Ox
ygen–us
edi
nres
pir
ati
onbyal
lli
vi
ngc
ell
s

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NADAPTATI
ONSOFALEAFFORPHOTOSYNTHESI
S

1. Broadness
, thi
nnessandflat
-Thebr o
adnessoft heleafmeansithasalar
ges urfac
ear eaexpo
sedtosunl
ightand
carbondioxi
de
-Thinnes
so ftheleafmeanst hatthegas
esdiffuseacros
ss ho
rtdist
ance

2. Largenumberofstomat
ao nlo
wersur
fac
e
-Thesto
mataall
owsgaseo
usexchangebet
weentheai
rspac
einl
eafandt
he
atmos
phere

3
. Numer
ousc
hlo
ropl
ast
s–t
hepr
esenc
eoft
hes
echl
oro
plas
tsmeansmo
res
unl
ight
i
sabs
orbed

4
. Ar
rangement
sal
ongthes
tem–thearrangementso
fleav
esal
ongt
hes
temi
n
r
egul
arpatter
ntomaxi
mis
eexpo
sur
etosunl
ightenergy

2
5
. Ai
rspac
es–al
lo
wsgas
est
odi
ffus
eeas
il
y

STATE3MAINNUTRI
ENTSREQUIREDBYTHEPLANTSGI
VINGTHEI
RIMPORTANCE
ANDEFFECTSOFDEFFI
CIENCY

NUTRI
ENT FUNCTI
ON EFFECTSOF
DEFFICI
ENCY

Ni
tro
gen -Pr
otei
npr
oduc
tio
n -Po
orgr
owt
h

-I
mpr
ovel
eafgr
owt
h -Leav
est
urnyel
lo
w

Pho
spho
rus -I
mpr
ovesr
ootgr
owt
h -Po
orr
ootgr
owt
h

-Assi
stsi
nwaterand -Pur
pli
shl
eafc
olo
urat
ion
miner
alsal
tsuptak
efro
m
-Pl
ant
sgr
owt
all
andt
hin
thesoi
l

Po
tas
sium -For
mati
ono
ffl
ower
sand -Poorfl
ower
ingandfr
uit
frui
ts set
ting

-Improvesdi
seas
e -Yel
lo
wis
h/br
ownl
eaf
resi
stance margi
ns

-Pr
emat
uredeat
h

DEFI
NEPEST

-Apes
tisanyo
rgani
smwhi
chi
shar
mfult
opl
ant
sandt
hei
rac
tiv
iti
es

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
N2TYPESOFPESTS

a. Ti
ssueeat
ingpes
t. Thes
ehav
echewi
ngmo
uthpar
tse.
g.gr
ass
hopper
,lo
cus
ts
et
c

b. Sap-s ucki
ngpest. Thes
epes
tshav
epi
erc
ingands
uck
ingmo
uthpar
tse.
g.
aphi
ds,
reds
pidermites

STATETWOWAYSOFCONTROLLI
NGPESTS

a. Chemi c
almetho
d
-Thi
smet
hodinv
olv
estheus
eofc
hemi
cal
s

b. Cul t
uralmet hod/Biol
ogi
cal
Thi
sinv
olv
es:
(i
) Cr oprotatio
n
(i
i) Bur ni
ngo fr es
idues
(i
ii
) Us eofpr edators
(i
v) Ear l
yplant i
ng
(v) Us eofas hes
3
STATEFOURWAYSTHATAPERSONCANDOWHENUSI
NGCHEMI
CALS

-Useo fprot
ec ti
veclot
hinge.g.gl
oves
,masks,o
ver
all
s
-Goodpersonalhygienei.e.was
hingofhands
-Properstor
ageo fchemi cal
s
-Haveak nowledgeofwar ningsymbol
-Properdis
pos al
contai
ner s

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEWARNI
NGSYMBOLSOFCHEMI
CALS

(
a) Purpl
e– extremelypois
onouse.g.
termit
epois
on
(
b) Red - verypo i
sono
use.g.ratpoi
son
(
c) Amber- poi
so no
use.g.coc
kroachpoi
son
(
d) Green- les
st oxi
c(usewithcauti
on)e.
g.fl
yspray

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEDI
GESTI
VESYSTEMOFAHUMAN

(a) Mo ut h–t heteet hmas ticatefo odintos mal l

erpar t
icles
(b) I tc o nsistsofo es ophagus/gul letwhi chac tasapas sageoffo odandwat er
(c) St omac hs ecr
et sgas t r
icjui c
e, hydrochloricac i
dwhi chkil
lsbac t
er i
a
(d) Li verde-t oxi
cat et hefo od( remo vepo i
s onousfr omt hefoo d)
(e) Gal lbl adderpr odu cebil
e
(f) Duo denumt hebi leemul sifyfat st ofattyac i
dsandpanc reaticjuic
edigest
prot
einstoami noacids
NB.Duo denumandi leumar es mal li
nt estinesort heyfo rms mallintestines
(g) I leu mr esponsiblefo rabs orpt i
ono fnut rientsintothebo dy
(h) Co lono rl argei ntestinesr espons i
blefo rabs orptio
no fwat er
NB.Largei nt es t
inesar emadeupo fc o l
onandar ectum
(h) Caec umdi gestiono fc el
luloset ogl ucosebybac teri
a
-Temporar ys to r
ageo fundi gestedfo od
(i) Panc reaspr oduc epanc reat i
cj uice
(j) Anuso peningatt heendo ft heal i
ment aryc analfo rexpul
s io
no ffaeceso uto
f
thebody

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEALI
MENTARYCANALOFTHENAMEDRUMI
NANT

-Ar
umi
nanti
sanani
mal
whi
chc
hewst
hec
urde.
g.c
ow

Itcons
ist
so f:
(1) Mo uth.
Inthemo
utht
het
eet
hmas
tic
atet
hefo
odi
ntos
mal
lerpar
tic
lest
hatar
e
easi
lyswall
owed

(
2) Oes
ophagus
.Thefo
odpast
hro
ught
heo
eso
phagusfr
omt
hemo
uth

(3
) Rumen. I
safir
stst
omachofacow
-I
nther
ume
nther
earebac
ter
iawhi
chdiges
tcel
l
ulo
set
oso
lubl
esugar
s

(4) Reticulum. I stheseco

nds t
omach,fo
odi sro
ll
edball
s( c
ud)
-Thes
ebal
lsar eret
urnedbacktothemouthbyt heproc
essreverseperis
tals
iswhere
thi
sfoodi
dt horo
ughlychewedandcarbo
hydratesareconver
tedo rdigest
edt oso
lubl
e
4
s
ugar
sbyenz
ymesands
ali
va

(
5) Omas
um. Rec
eiv
est
hefo
odfr
omt
hemo
uth

(6) Abomasum. Producegast

ricj
uic
esfromthewal
lso
fthes
tomac
h
-Thes
mal
lint
esti
nes–forabso
rpti
onofnutr
ient
s

(
7) Co
lon/l
argei
ntes
tines
.Fo
rabs
orpt
iono
fwat
er

(
8) Rec
tum. Fo
rtempo
rar
yst
orageo
fundi
ges
tedfo
od(
faec
es)

(
9) Anus
.Fo
rpas
sageo
fundi
ges
tedfo
od

TABULATETHEDI
FFERENCEBETWEENARUMI
NANTANDANON-RUMI
NANT

RUMI
NANT NONRUMI
NANT

Hav
ego
tfo
urs
tomac
hchamber
s Ones
tomac
hchamber

I
tchewt
hec
ud Do
esno
tchewt
hec
ud

Diges
tio
nofc
ell
ulo
set
akepl
acei
nthe Di
ges
tio
nofc
ell
ulo
set
akepl
acei
ncaec
um
rumen

DEFI
NETHEFOODTERM‘
DIGESTI
ON’

-Ist
hebre
akdownoflar
gefoodmol
ecul
esint
osmal
lerfo
odmo
lec
ulest
hatc
anbe
swal
lo
wedorabso
rbedbythebl
oods
tream

DI
STI
NGUI
SHBETWEENMECHANI
CALDI
GESTI
ONANDCHEMI
CALDI
GESTI
ON

MECHANI
CALDI
GESTI
ON CHEMI
CALDI
GESTI
ON

Thefoodi
sbr
okendownbyteet
hsot
hat Thenutri
entsarebrok
endownbyt he
thefo
odcanbeeas
il
yswall
owed enzymesintheali
mentar
ycanals
ot hat
thenutri
ent
sar eeas
il
yabsor
bedbyt he
blo
odstream

WRI
TEDOWNTHEENDPRODUCTSOFDI
GESTI
ONANDTHEI
RUSES

ENDPRODUCT USES

Fat
tyac
idsandgl
ycer
ol Pr
ovi
dewar
mthandener
gy

Ammi
noac
ids Tor
epai
rwo
rno
utbo
dyt
iss
ues

So
lubl
esugar
s/Mal
tos
e Pr
ovi
deener
gy

5
DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHESTAGESI
NVOLVEDI
NTHEFEEDI
NGPROCESS

1
) I
nges
tio
n. I
sthet
aki
ngi
noffo
odi
ntomo
uthfr
omo
uts
ide

2
) Di
gesti
on. I st
hebreaki
ngdownoffo
odi
ntos
mal
lermo
lec
ulest
hatc
anbe
s
wal
lo
wedorabso
rbedbytheblo
odstr
eam

3
) Abs
orpt
ion. I
sthepr
oces
swher
ebypr
odu
ctso
fdi
ges
tio
npas
sint
othebl
ood
s
tream

4
) As
simi
lat
ion.I
stheut
il
is
ati
ono
fabs
orbednut
rient
s

5
) Eges
tio
n. I
sther
eleas
eofundi
ges
tedfo
od(
faec
es)t
hro
ught
heanus

DESRCI
BETHEMOVEMENTOFABSORBEDFOODFROMTHESMALLI
NTESTI
NES

-Afterabso
rpti
onofnut
rient
stheyaret
rans
por
tedi
ntot
hehepat
icpo
rtalv
eint
othe
l
ivertothehear
tandtotherestoft
hebody

DRAWANDEXPLAI
NTHECURVEOFANI
MALGROWTH

C
B
Wei
ght

Ti
me Age

A - Bi
r t
h
B - Startbr
eedi
ng
C - Maturi
ty

-Bet weenbi
r t
handbr eedingweani
ngo
ccurs
-Slaughteri
ngt ak
esplacebetweenmat
urit
yandbr
eedi
ngwhengr
owt
hbegi
nst
osl
ow
downbec ausefurtherfeedingi
sawast
eo ffoo
d

STATETHECOMMONPARASI
TESI
NCATTLEANDGOATSI
NZI
MBABWE

a) Tapeworms
b) Ti
c ks
c) Flukes
d) Fleas

STATECOMMONDI
SEASEI
NZI
MBABWE

a) Foo
tandmo
uth
b) Anthr
ax
6
TABULATETHEDI
SEASE,
CAUSE,
SYMPTOMANDTHEI
RCONTROL

Di
seas
e Caus
e Sympt
oms Co
ntr
ol

Fo
otandmo
uth Vi
rus -i
ncr
eas
edpr
oduc
tio
nofs
ali
va -Noc
ure

-Fev
er -Quar
ant
ine

-Po
ssi
bledeat
h -Cul
li
ng

-Lo
sso
fappet
ite -No
tifyaut
hor
iti
es

Ant
hrax Bac
ter
ium -bl
oodinnos
eandmo
uthi
n -Ant
ibi
oti
cs
deadanimal
s
-No
tifyaut
hor
iti
es
-deat
hin2
4ho
urs
-Burnorbur
ydead
ani
mals

STATETHEEFFECTSOFPARASI
TEANDDI
SEASEONANI
MALS

a) Theyr
educepro
ducti
vit
y(mil
k,meatando
ffs
pri
ng)
b) Theyr
esul
tindeat
ho fani
mals

STATETHECONTROLMEASURESOFANI
MALDI
SEASESANDPARASI
TES

a) Dipping
b) Dosing
c) Destr uc
tiono
finfec
tedani
mal
s
d) Vaccinatio
n

DEFI
NERESPI
RATI
ONANDSUPPORTYOURANSWERWI
THTHEWORDEQUATI
ON

-Respi
rat
ioni
sthebr
eak
downo
fgl
uco
set
orel
eas
eener
gy,
car
bondi
oxi
deandwat
er
vapo
ur

Wo
rdequat
ion

Gl
uco
se+Ox
ygen Ener
gy+Car
bondi
oxi
de+Wat
erv
apo
ur

STATETWOTYPESOFRESPI
RATI
ON

1
) Aerobi
cRespi
rati
on(requi
reso
x ygen)
2
) Anaerobi
cRespi
rati
on(tak
esplaceintheabs
enc
eofo
xygen)

DRAWANDEXPLAI
NTHERESPI
RATORYSYSTEMOFAHUMANBEI
NG

-I
tbegi
nsi
ntheno
seandendsi
nthel
ungs

a) No
se–ai
risfi
lt
ered,
war
medandmo
ist
ened
7
b) Tr anc
hea–li
nedwi
thmucousmembraneandsi
li
a
-Passageofair
-Trapdustparti
cl
esando
therharmfuls
ubst
ances

c
) Br
onc
hi Thepas
sageo
fai
rbet
weent
het
ranc
heaandt
hebr
onc
hio
le

d) Br
onc
hio
les Pas
sageo
fai
rbet
weenbr
onc
hiandt
heai
rsac
s

e) Ai
rsac(
alv
eol
us) Fo
rgas
eousex
change

f) Di
aphr
agm I
tsepar
atesdi
ges
tiv
esys
temandr
espi
rat
orys
yst
em

g) Ri bs Forpro
tecti
ono
finnerpar
tso
fthes
yst
em
Top
rot
ectthec
hestcav
ity

DESCRI
BETHESTRUCTUREOFANAI
RSAC

-Surroundedbymanybl oodcapil
lar
ies
-Thebloodcapil
lar
iesenhanc
et heexc hangeofgases
-Duringbreathi
nginmo reco
nc entr
at i
ono fox
ygeninsi
detheal
veo
lithaninthebl
ood
capil
lari
es
-Duringbreathi
ngo utmoreconcentrationofcar
bondioxi
dei
ntheblo
o dcapi
ll
ari
esthan
i
nt healveol
i

Ox
ygen
Car
bondi
oxi
de

Redbl
oodc
ell
s

WHATI
STHEROLEOFALVELVOUSI
NGASEOUSEXCHANGE

1) Theypro v
idel
ar gesurfaceareafo rgaseousexc
hange
2) Theypro v
idesuffic
ientbr eat
hingmec hanis
mstomaintai
ndiffusi
ongradient
NB Hi ghconcentr
ationofo xygenininhal
edai randhi
ghconcent
ratio
no fc
ar bon
di
oxi
deinexhaledair

TABULATETHECOMPOSI
TIONOFAI
RINI
NHALEDAI
RANDEXHALEDAI
R

Ai
r/Gas I
nhal
edai
r Ex
hal
edai
r

Ox
ygen 2
1% 1
6%

Car
bondi
oxi
de 0
.04
% 4
%
8
Ni
tro
gen 7
9% 7
9%

Wat
erv
apo
ur Var
iabl
e Sat
urat
ed

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAINTHECROSSSECTI
ONOFAROOTANDASTEMSUPPORT
YOURANSWERWI
THDIAGRAM

-I
tco
nsi
stso
f:

1
) Phl
oemTr
ans
por
tat
iono
ffo
od

2
) Xyl
emTr
ans
por
tat
iono
fwat
er

3
) Epi
der
mis Fo
rpr
otec
tio
n

4
) Cambi
um Separ
atesx
ylemandphl
oem

5
) Pi
th I
ncr
eas
est
abi
li
tyo
fthepl
ant

DI
STI
NGUI
SHTHEFOLLOWI
NGTERMSDI
FFUSI
ONANDOSMOSI
S

a) Di ffusi
on I sthemovementofpart
icl
esfr
omt
her
egi
ono
fhi
gher
co
ncent
rationtoar
egio
no fl
owerconc
entrat
ion

b) Os mos
is Isthemovementofwatermol
ecul
esfr
omar egi
onofhi
gh
co
ncent
rati
ontoar
egio
no fl
owconcent
rati
onthr
oughaparti
all
ypermeabl
emembr
ane

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NWATERANDI
ONUPTAKE

-Ionsaretakenfr omthegroundbyt herootsbythepro

cesscall
edacti
vetransport
-Whenplantc ell
stakeupwatertheirvacuol
esbecomeful
landpus ht
hecytoplasm
agains
tt hecellwal
l
-Thec el
lbecomefirmandar esai
dt obet ur
gid
-whenplantsc el
lsl
osewaterthei
rvac uo
lesshri
nkandthecyt
o pl
asmnolongerpushes
agains
tt hecellwal
l
-Thec el
lwal
lbec ameflex
ibl
eands aidtobeflacci
d

DEFI
NETURGORPRESSURE

-I
sthepr
ess
ureex
ert
edt
othec
ellwal
lbyt
hec
yto
plas
moft
hec
ell

DEFI
NEPLASMOLYSI
S

-Isthepro
cesswherebythepl
antcel
llo
sewater
,theirvac
uol
esshri
nkandthe
cyto
plasmnolongerpus
hesagai
nstthecel
lwal
lhencethecel
lbeco
mesflex
ibl
eandi
s
sai
dt obeflac
cid

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NHOWWI
LTI
NGOCCURSI
NPLANTS

-Ar
esul
tofex
ces
siv
elo
sso
fwat
erbyt
rans
pir
ati
oni
ntot
heat
mos
pher
e
9
DESCRI
BETHEEFFECTSOFWI
LTI
NGI
NPLANTS

1
. Reducesrat
eofgr o
wthofplants
2
. Causeslo
ssofshapeoftheplant
3
. Resul
tsindeat
ho fthepl
ant

DEFI
NETRANSPI
RATI
ON

-Isthepro
c es
sbywhichpl
ant
slo
sewat
erv
apo
urt
hro
ughs
tomat
ainl
eav
esi
nfo
rmo
f
vapo
urt otheatmo
sphere

DEFI
NETRANSPI
RATI
ONSTREAM

-I
st hemo
vemento
fwat
erfr
omt
hes
oilt
hro
ught
hepl
antunt
ili
tisl
ostfr
omt
he
l
eaves

DEFI
NEACTI
VETRANSPORT

-I
sthemo
vemento
fnut
rient
sfr
omt
hegr
ound,
stemt
oal
lpar
tso
fthepl
ant

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEI
MPORTANCEOFTRANSPI
RATI
ON

-Hel
psi
ntheuptakeandtr
ans
por
tat
iono
fwat
erandmi
ner
als
alt
sinpl
ant
s
-Hel
psi
ncool
ingthepl
ant

DESCRI
BETHEFACTORSAFFECTI
NGTHERATEOFTRANSPI
RATI
ON

a) Wi ndorai
rmo vement. Ifwindmo v
eme nti
ncreasesther at
eo f
tr
ans
pirati
onals
oincreaset
hisisbecauseassoonaswatervapourislostfroml
eav
esi
t
i
scar
riedawaybyt hewindleav
ingroomfo rmorevapourfromt heleaves

b) Li
ghti
ntens
ity

-Iftherat
eofl
ighti
nte
nsi
tyi
ncr
eas
est
her
ateo
ftr
ans
pir
ati
onal
soi
ncr
eas
est
hisi
s
bec
ause:

(
i) Mo
res
tomat
a/mo
repo
reso
penal
lo
wingwat
ert
oco
meo
ut.

(
ii
) Theli
ghti
ntensi
tyenhancesmoregl
uco
set
obemanufac
tur
edi
nleav
esr
esul
ti
ng
i
nmor
ewat
erbeendrawnintoleafc
ell
s

c
) Temper
atur
e

Ani
ncr
eas
eint
emper
atur
eres
ulti
ninc
reas
eint
her
ateo
ftr
ans
pir
ati
on

d) Humi
dit
y

Lo
whumi
dit
yordr
yai
rinc
reas
ether
ateo
ftr
ans
pir
ati
on

1
0
e) Sur
fac
ear
ea

Thel
argert
hes
urfac
ear
eat
hehi
ght
her
ateo
ftr
ans
pir
ati
on[
vic
ever
sa]

DESCRI
BETHEADAPTATI
ONOFALEAFTOMI
NIMI
SEWATERLOSS

1
. Hav
inghai
rst
otr
apwat
erar
oundt
hel
eaft
her
ebyr
educ
ingev
apo
rat
ion

2
. Reduc
ingt
henumbero
fst
omat
athr
oughwhi
chwat
eri
slo
st

3
. Reduc
ingl
eafs
urfac
ear
ea

4
. I
ncr
eas
ingc
uti
cl
ethi
cknes
s

DESCRI
BEHOWAPOTOMETERWORKS

-Theplantl
o s
ewaterfr omt heleaves
-Theplanttakesupwaterfr o mthecapi
ll
arytube
-Theairbubbleinthecapi
llarytubemo v
est o
wardst
hepl
antatar
atet
hatgi
vesan
i
ndicat
ionofr at
eoft r
ans pirati
onbytheplant

DESCRI
BETHEREPRODUCTI
ONI
NPLANTS

-I
tinv
olv
esthepr
oces
seswherebypl
antr
epr
oduc
eyo
ungo
nesei
therbyfus
iono
fmal
e
se
xcel
lsorfro
mtheparentpl
antpar
t

STATE2TYPESOFREPRODUCTI
ON

1
. Sexualr
epro
duct
ion(fusi
onofmal
eandfemalesexcel
ls
)
2
. Asexual
repr
oduc
tion(veget
ati
ver
epro
duct
ion-fromthepar
entpl
ant
)

STATETHEREPRODUCTI
VEORGANOFAPLANTWHI
CHUNDERGOESSEXUAL
REPRODUCTI
ON

-Fl
owe
r

STATETHEREPRODUCTI
VEPARTOFAPLANTWHI
CHUNDERGOESVEGETATI
VE
REPRODUCTI
ON

-No
deo
rbud

DEFI
NEFERTI
LISATI
ONI
NPLANTS

-I
sthefus
iono
fmal
eandfemal
esexc
ell
sinpl
ant
s

STATETHESOURCEOFTHEMALESEXCELLANDTHEFEMALESEXCELLI
N
PLANTS

1
. Males
excel
ls–Pol
lengrai
ns
2
. Femal
esexcel
ls–Ovul
es
1
1
STATETHEMALEPARTSOFAFLOWER(
STAMEN)

1
. Anther–topr
oducepo
llengr
ains
2
. Fi
lament–tosuppo
rttheant
her

STATETHEFEMALEPARTSOFAFLOWER(
CARPEL)

1
. St
igma–tor ecei
vepoll
engrai
ns
2
. St
yle–tosupportthesti
gma
-all
owsmo vementofpol
lenc
ell
stot
heo
var
y
3
. Ov
ary–enc l
osestheovul
es
4
. Ov
ule–producefemalesexcel
ls

DEFI
NEVEGETATI VEREPRODUCTION(ASEXUALREPRODUCTION)
-I
sthepr
oces
swher enewpl
ant
sarepro
ducedusi
ngthepar
entplantwi
tho
utus
ing
mal
eandfemales
exc el
ls

STATEVEGETATIVESTRUCTURESANDGI VEEXAMPLEFOREACH
1. Tuber - Ir
ishpot
at o
2. Rhiz
oum - Grass
3. Cutti
ngs - Sweetpotatoandsugarc
ane

TABULATETHEADVANTAGESANDDI
SADVANTAGESOFVEGETATI
VE
REPRODUCTI
ON

Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

-Manynewplantsobt
ainedandc
overa -Toomanypl
ant
sinshor
tper
iodo
fti
me
l
argeareaquic
kly res
ulti
nover
cro
wding

-Foodisreadi
lyavai
lableforthenew -Plant
scompet
efo
rsunl
i
ght
,nut
rient
s,
pl
antshenceincreas
et hechancesof spaceandai
r
sur
vival

-Al
lpl
ant
sobt
ainedar
eex
act
lyt
hes
ame -Nov
ari
ati
on

-Des
irabl
echar
act
eri
sti
csar
eret
ained Newplant
scanbeaffec
tedbyt
hes
ame
di
seas
e

STATE2TYPESOFFLOWERS

Wi
ndpo
ll
inat
edfl
ower
sandi
nsec
tpo
ll
inat
edfl
ower
s

DEFI
NEPOLLI
NATI
ONANDSTATETWOTYPESOFPOLLI
NATI
ON

-Po
ll
inat
ioni
sthet
rans
fero
fpo
ll
engr
ainsfr
omant
hert
othes
tigma

TYPES

1
2
1
. Sel
fpol
li
nat
ion–inv
olvestrans
fero
fpo
ll
engr
ainsfr
omt
heant
hert
othe
s
tigmaofthes
ameflowerinplant

2. Cro
s spo
ll
inat
ion–inv
olv
esthet
rans
fero
fpo
ll
engr
ainsfr
omt
heant
hero
fone
fl
owertothesti
gmao fanot
herfl
ower

STATEAGENTSOFPOLLI
NATI
ON

a) Wind
b) Insects
c) Wat er
d) Animals

TABULATETHECHARACTERI
STI
CSOFWI
NDANDI
NSECTPOLLI
NATEDFLOWER

Wi
ndpo
ll
inat
edfl
ower I
nsec
tpo
ll
inat
edfl
ower

1
.Reduc
eorabs
enc
eofpet
als
,dul
lpet
als Lar
gec
olo
uredo
rsc
ent
edpet
als

2
.Nonec
tar Nec
tar
ypr
oduc
esweetnec
tar

3
.Ant
her
sar
eex
pos
edo
uts
idet
hefl
ower Ant
her
sins
idet
hefl
ower

4
.Li
ghtpo
ll
engr
ains Po
ll
engr
ainsar
est
ick
y

DESCRI
BEPOLLI
NATI
ONTOFERTI
LISATI
ONOFTHEFLOWER

-Thepoll
engrainsaret r
ansfer r
edfr omt heanthert ot
hes t
igmabyo theri
nsectsor
wind–Thepoll
engr ai
nger minatethepo l
lentubeswhent heyaredeposi
tedont he
sti
gmat hro
ughwhi chthepollencellswi
lltrav
eltot heovarywher
et hes
epo l
lencel
lswi
ll
fusewithovul
est ofor
maz ygote( fert
ili
sati
on)
-Ovar
ydev elo
pt oafruitando vulesdeveloptoas eed

DEFI
NEGERMI
NATI
ON

-I
sthepr
oces
swher
ebys
eedspr
oduc
enewpl
ant
s

STATE2TYPESOFSEED

1
. Mono
c o
tyl
edons
eede.gMai
zeseed
2
. Di
cotyl
edono
usseede.
gBeans
eed

WITHFULLYLABELLEDDI
AGRAMDESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEI
NTERNAL
STRUCTUREOFABEANSEED

1
. Testa–pr ot
ecttheseedparts
2
. Microplye–Ital
lowsthemovementofgasandwaterdur
ingger
minat
ion
3
. Radicle–Itdevel
opintoro
otsduri
nggerminat
ion
4
. Plumule–Itdevelopi
ntopl
antsshoo
ts

1
3
5
. Co
tyl
edo
n–I
tst
oresfo
od

STATETHE3FACTORSAFFECTI
NGGERMI
NATI
ONANDTHEI
RFUNCTI
ON

1
. Warmth/favour
abl
etemperatur
e-fo renzymeac
tiv
ity
2
. Water/moi
sture -fo renzymeacti
vity
3
. Oxygen -forres
pir
ati
o n(t
heenergysour
ceforgermi
nat
iont
ooc
cur
)

DEFI
NEPERCENTAGEGERMI
NATI
ON

Per
cent
ageger
minat
ion=Numberofs eedsgerminat
ed x1
00
To
talnumbero fseeds

DEFI
NEVARI
ATI
ON

-Vari
ati
onist
hedifferenc
ebetweenorgani
smsofthes
amet
ypefr
omo
neex
tremet
o
anot
herwit
hrefer
enc etoaspec
ifi
ccharact
eri
sti
c

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTWOFORMSOFVARI
ATI
ONANDGI
VEEXAMPLEFOREACH

1. Conti
nuo
usv
ari
ati
onisthediffer
enc
ebetweenor
gani
smsfro
mo neex
tremet
o
ano
therext
remewi
thi
ntermediat
es t
agee.ghei
ght,
wei
ghtandmass.

2. Di
scont
inuo
usvari
ati
onisthediffer
enc
ebetweenor
ganis
msfromextr
emeto
ano
therextr
emewi t
houti
ntermediat
es t
agee.gt
onguero
ll
ing,
compl
exi
on,
sexand
ear
lobe

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTWOCAUSESOFVARI
ATI
ONI
NLI
VINGTHI
NGS

a) Envi
ronmentalfact
ors Thes
ear
eac
qui
redandno
nher
itabl
ethey
ar
edu
etot
heenv i
ronment

b) Ge
net
icfac
tor
s Thes
ear
eduet
ogenesandt
heyar
eher
itabl
e

DEFI
NESELECTI
ONASAPPLI
EDI
NORGANI
SMS

-Sel
ecti
oni
saproc
essbywhic
hc er
tai
nor
gani
smsar
efav
our
edt
osur
viv
eandpr
oduc
e
thenex
tgener
ati
onofoffs
pring

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTWOTYPESOFSELECTI
ON

a) Nat ur
alsel
ecti
on Thi ssel
ecti
oni
nvo
lvet
heinfluenc
eoftheenvi
ronmentsuc
h
thatbett
eradaptedorgani
smssurv
ivetor
eachmatur
ityandpro
ducetheoffspri
ngfor
thenextgenerat
ion

b) Ar t
ifi
ci
alsel
ect
ion Thi
ssel
ecti
onisdonebyhumanbeingso
nplantandani
mal
s
su
cht
hattheor
gani
smsofthedesi
redcharac
teri
sti
csareal
lo
wedt obr
eed

DESCRIBEANDEXPLAI
NADVANTAGESOFARTI
FICI
ALSELECTI
ONI
N(I
)ANI
MALS
(I
I)PLANTS

1
4
(i
) I nanimals
Highproduc
tio
no fani
mal
swit
hmo s
tdesi
rabl
ec har
acteri
sti
cse.
ghi
ghmi
lkyi
elds
,go
od
qual
ityandquanti
tyofmeat
,dis
easer
esi
stanceanimals

(i
i) Inplants
-Pro
duc
tio
no fdro
ughtt
olerantpl
ant
s
-Pro
duc
tio
no fear
lymat
ur i
nganddis
eas
eres
ist
antpl
ant
s

DEFI
NEBREEDI
NG

-Iswhenani
malso
rpl
ant
sar
emat
edi
nor
dert
opr
oduc
eoffs
pri
ngwi
thdes
irabl
e
charac
teri
sti
cs

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTWOTYPESOFBREEDI
NG

a) Cr oss
-br
eedi
ng
-Thi
sinv
olv
escombi
ningu
sefulqual
it
ieso
fthet
wodi
ffer
entv
ari
eti
eso
fbr
eeds

b) I n-breedi
ng
-Thi
siswhenaher di
sal
lo
wedt
obr
eedfr
eel
yamo
ngs
tthems
elv
eswi
tho
utbr
ingi
ngi
n
anynewanimal

TABULATETHEADVANTAGESANDDI
SADVANTAGESOF(
a)CROSS-BREEDI
NG
(b)I
N-BREEDI
NGINBOTHANIMALSANDPLANTS

CROSS-BREEDI
NG

Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

Ani
mal
s:fas
tgr
owi
ngani
mal
s -Tak
est
ime

Di
seas
eres
ist
antani
mal
sar
e -Requir
esalotofres
our
c esbo
thmat
eri
al
pr
oduc
ed andfinanc
ialfo
rit
ssuccess

Pl
ant
s:Hi
ghyi
elds

Di
seas
eres
ist
antpl
ant
sar
e
pr
oduc
ed

Ear
lymat
uri
typl
ant
s

I
N-BREEDI
NG

Adv
ant
ages Di
sadv
ant
ages

-Ithel
pstomaint
aint
hedes
ired -I
tisl
esspr
oduc
tiv
e
charac
ter
ist
ics
-Var
iat
ioni
sreduc
ed
-I
tisc
heapert
hanc
ros
s-br
eedi
ng
-Sel
ect
ioni
sreduc
ed

1
5
DEFI
NEECOSYSTEM

-I
sas
elf-c
ont
aineds
yst
emo
fint
erdependento
rgani
smsandt
hei
renv
iro
nment

STATETHESOURCEOFENERGYI
NANECOSYSTEM

-Thes
un

SKETCHADI
AGRAMSHOWI
NGENERGYTRANSFERI
NANECOSYSTEM

Env
iro
nment

Pl
ant
s Ani
mal
s

Dec
ompo
ser
s

STATEPHYSI
CALCOMPONENTSANDBI
OLOGI
CALCOMPONENTSOFANECOSYSTEM

Physi
calc
omponent
s
-Air
-Soi
l
-Li
ght
-Water
-Rockpar
tic
les

Biol
ogic
alco
mpo
nent
s
-Animals
-Pl
ants
-Li
tter
-Fungi
-Bacteri
a
-Humus

DESCRIBEANDEXPLAI
NTHEROLEOFTHEFOLLOWI
NGBI
OLOGI
CALCOMPONENTS
INSOIL(i
)TERMI
TES(i
i)EARTHWORMS

(
i) Termit
es -I
ncreas
eso
ilfer
til
it
ybyc
utt
ingdo
wnt
hedeadpl
ant
ssot
hat
t
heyc
aneas
il
ydec
ompos
e

(
ii
) Earthwo
rms -Theyi
ncr
eas
eaer
ati
on,
drai
nageands
oils
truc
tur
ebybar
rowi
ng
i
ntot
hes
oil

EXPLAI
NFOODCHAI
NANDSTATETHEBASI
CCOMPONENTSOFTHEFOODCHAI
N

-Foodc
hai
nisali
nearfeedingrelat
ionshi
p.I
tcons
ist
so fSun Pr
oduc
ers
Pri
maryco
nsumers Secondaryconsumers Terti
aryc
ons
umers
1
6
Deco
mposer
s
e.
ggras
s c
ow man

Co
mpo
nent
s

Su
n

Pr
oduc
ers

Co
nsumer
s

DESCRI
BETHEI
MPORTANCEOFNUTRI
ENTRECYCLI
NGI
NANECOSYSTEM

-Thedecomposer
sactonani
malandpl
antremai
nss
othatthenutri
entsi
nthemre-
entert
hes oi
l
-Thenutr
ientsaret
akenupagai
nbyli
vingpl
ant
shenc
ere-enter
st hefo
odchai
nand
web

DESCRI
BEARTI
FICI
ALECOSYSTEM

-Thesear
emanmadeec osys
tem
-Canbear es
ultofcul
ti
vati
onofsameplanto
rcr
op
-Theyres
ultinli
mit
edspeci
esdiv
ersi
ty

PROBLEMSCAUSEDBYLI
MITEDSPECI
ESDI
VERSI
TY

1
) Infert
ili
tyofso
il
2
) Pestproblem
3
) Producti
onmeantfo
rhumanc
ons
umpt
iono
nly
4
) Overgrazi
ng
5
) Soiler
osion

DESCRIBEANDEXPLAI
NTHESTRUCTUREOFPYRAMI
DCOMPONENTOFAN
ECOSYSTEM

-Thepyr
ami
diswi
deratt
hebas
ebec
aus
ethepr
oduc
ersar
eatal
argernumber

STATETHEEFFECTSOFGROUNDCOVER

-Evaporat
ionisreduced
-Erosi
onisreduced
-Surfacerun-offisals
oreduc
ed

EXPLAI
NTHEEFFECTSOFHUMANACTI
VITI
ESONECOSYSTEM

-Aci
drai
nisaresul
tofrel
eas
eo fsulphurdio
xideintheatmos
pher
efromt hei
ndus
try
-Aci
drai
nhasresul
tedi
ndestr
uctionoflargeareas
-Eur
ophi
cat
ion(s
ewageandferti
li
sersaredepo s
itedinwat
erbodi
est
herebyreduc
ing
1
7
theamountofai
rinwat
erbodi
esduet
oex
ces
siv
egr
owt
hofpl
ant
sandwat
erani
mal
s
endupdyingduetos
uffoc
ati
on)
-Soi
ler
o s
ion

STATETHECHARACTERI
STI
CSOFZI
MBABWEANSAVANNASOI
LS
-Lowfert
il
it
y
-Hight
emperatur
e
-Feweart
hworms

STATETHEPROBLEMSOFFARMI
NGI
NMARGI
NALLANDS

-Lowrainfall
-Lowfer t
ili
ty
-Unrel
iablerai
nfal
lpat
ter
ns

DEFI
NECARRYI
NGCAPACI
TY

-I
sthemax
imumnumbero
for
gani
smsanar
eac
ans
uppo
rtwi
tho
utdet
eri
orat
ion

STATETHELI
MITI
NGFACTORSOFCARRYI
NGCAPACI
TY

1
. Water
2
. Food
3
. Shelt
er
4
. Space
5
. Oxygen

STATETHEEFFECTSOFEXCEEDI
NGTHECARRYI
NGCAPACI
TY

-Ov
erstoc
king
-Ov
ergrazi
ng
-So
iler
osio
n

DESCRIBEANDEXPLAI
NWAYSOFMAI
NTAINI
NGANDCONTROLLI
NGANI
MAL
POPULATI
ONSWI
THINTHECARRYI
NGCAPACI
TY

1
) Cull
ing–ki
ll
ingofanimal
s
2
) Destock
ing– r
educi
ngnumberstosust
ainabl
elev
els
3
) Paddocki
ng–k eepi
ngani
malsinpaddocksandro
tati
ngt
hemac
cor
dingl
y

1
8
 SCI
ENCEI
NINDUSTRY
DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEPURI
FICATI
ONOFCOPPER(
BLI
STERCOPPER)

-Blis t
erc opperi spur i
fiedbyt hepr ocessc al
ledel ec
t r
olysi
s
-Thebl isterc opper( tobepur i
fied)i sc onnectedt ot heanode(po s
itiv
et erminal)
-Thepur ec opperisc onnec tedt ot hec atho de(negat i
vet er
minal)
-Co ppers ulphates olutioni sus edasanel ectrol
yt e(l
iquidtoall
owel ectr
icit
yt opass
thro ugh)
-Whent hec ur r
entfl owt hec ircuitt heblisterco pperdissol
vetofo rmCo pperpo si
ti
ve
i
o ns
*BlisterCo pper Co pperpo s
itiveions
-Thec opperpo siti
vei onsmi gratet owar dst hec athodewher etheygai nelectronsto
fo r
mc o pperat oms
*Co ppe rpo sitiv
ei ons+El ec trons Co pperat oms
-Thei mpur ities(unwant eds ubs tances)s ett l
eatt hebo ttomoft heelectrol
yt i
ctank
*Thebl uec olouro fthes olutiondi sappear
*Theano de( bli
sterc oppe r )dec reaseins i
ze
*Thec at hode( purec opper )increas eins i
z e

STATETWOALLOYSOFCOPPERANDTHEI
RCONSTI
TUENCI
ES

Al
loyso
fCo pper
1. Bronze Copper+Iro
norTi
n
2. Brass Copper+Zi
nc

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NUSESOFCOPPER

Useso
fCo pper
1. Waterpipes res
istco
rrosi
on
2. Sol
arwat erheater goodconduc
torofheat
3. El
ec t
ric
alc abl
es go
odc o
nductorofel
ectr
ici
ty

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
N3METHODSOFCOATI
NGMATERI
ALS

1. Pai
nting. Pai ntfor
msaplas
ticl
ik
emat
eri
alt
her
ebypr
event
ingt
hemet
alt
o
beinc
ontactwitho
xygenandwat
er.

2
. Gal
vani
si
ng.Themet
ali
sdi
ppedi
nmo
ltenz
incandl
eftt
odr
y.

1
9
3. Elec
tropl
ati
ng. Themat eri
alt
obec oat
edisconnec
tedatt
henegat
ive.
The
materi
alus
edfo rc
oat
ingisconnectedatthepos
iti
ve.
-Theel
ectr
olyteus
edisthesolut
ionofthemetalusedfo
rc oat
ing

STATETWOREASONSFORCOATI
NGMATERI
ALS

1
. Toprev
entrust
.
2
. Fordeco
rat
ion.

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEPRODUCTI
ONOFNI
TROGEN,
CARBONDI
OXI
DEAND
OXYGENFROMAI
R
o
-Airisc o
llectedandc ool
edt oabout-5 5 C
-Atthi stemper aturewaterandc arbo ndi oxi
debec omeso l
id(
ice)
-Thec arbo ndioxi
deandwat ervapo urar eno wr emoved
-Ther emai ni
nggas esarerepeatedlyc ompres s
edandc ooledtoatemper
atureofabout
o
-200C
O
-At-2 00 CNi t
rogenandOx ygent urnt ol i
quids
-Theliquidgas esarenowputi nafr actionaldisti
ll
atio
nc hamber
o
-Theliquidgas esarenowheat edt o-1 9
6C
-TheNi trogenl i
quidgasisnowc ol
lec tedfr omt hetopoft hetankbec
ausetheboi
li
ng
o
poi
nti s-19 6C
o
-TheOx ygeni sc o
ll
ectedasliqui
dbec auset hebo i
li
ngpo i
ntis-183C

STATETWOUSESOF(
1)CARBONDI
OXI
DE(
2)OXYGEN(
3)NI
TROGEN

CARBONDI
OXI
DE NI
TROGEN OXYGEN

Asar
efr
iger
ant Manufac
tur
eoffer
til
is
ers I
nsc
hoo
llabo
rat
ori
es

I
nfi
reex
tingui
sher
s Manufac
tur
eofammo
nia Medi
calpur
pos
es

I
nfi
zzydr
ink
s I
nbl
astfur
nac
e

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NPRODUCTI
ONOFHYDROGENANDOXYGENFROMWATER

-OxygenandHydr o
genar eproducedbyt hepr ocesscal
ledelectro
lysi
s
-Duringthepr ocessdropsofsulphuri
cacidar eaddedt oi oni
sewater(tomak ewat erto
conductelectri
ci
t y)
-Theelectrici
tywi l
lbreakdownt ohydroxylions(OH-)andhydr ogenposit
iveio
ns( H+)
-Thehydr oxyli
onsmi gratetothepo s
iti
vewher et heylo
s eelect
ronstoformOx ygengas
*Hydr o
xyl-El ectrons Oxygen+Wat er
-thehydr ogenpo si
ti
veionsmigratetowar dsthenegat i
vewher etheygainelectr
onst o
formhydr ogengas
*Hydr o
genpo si
tiveions+Electrons Hydrogengas
-thev ol
umeo fthehydr ogenpr o
ducedismo rethantheo xygenproducedbecause
hydrogenando xygeno ccurinar ati
onof2 :1

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHETESTFOROXYGENANDHYDROGEN

2
0
GAS TEST RESULT

Ox
ygen Gl
owi
ngSpl
int Rel
ight
s

Hydr
ogen Gl
owi
ngSpl
int Po
pso
undpr
oduc
ed

STATETHEUSESOFGASESPRODUCEDFROMWATER

HYDROGEN OXYGEN

Manufac
tur
eofammo
nia I
nsc
hoo
llabo
rat
ori
es

Manufac
tur
eofmar
gar
ine I
nbl
astfur
nac
e

Medi
calpur
pos
es

DESCRIBETHERELATI
ONSHI
PBETWEENZESA,
ZISCOSTEELANDSABLE
CHEMICALS

-ZESAs uppl
iesel
ectri
ci
tytoSableChemic
als
-Sablechemical
susesele
ctri
ci
tyfortheelectr
olysi
sofwatertoproduc
ehydr
ogenand
oxygen
-OxygenissenttoZISCOSTEELtopurifyi
r o
n
-HydrogenandNi t
rogenareusedinSabl
eChemi cal
stomanufactur
eammonia

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEPRODUCTI
ONOFAMMONI
A

-Thepr o c
essi scall
edHaberpr ocess
-Ther awmat erial
sr equiredare( 1)Nitr
ogenfromAi rand( 2)Hydr
ogenfrom
elect
ro l
ys i
so fwat er
-NitrogenandHydr o
genar eno wpassedintothereacti
onc hamberwher
et heyreac
tin
therat i
oo f1v o
lumeo fNi t
rogenand3v o
lumesofHydr ogenunderthefol
lowing
condit
io ns:
o
(1) Temper atureo f4 50 C
(2) Pr essureo f2 50–3 00at ms
(3) Cat alysto fpo wderedi r
on
*Nitro
gen+Hydr ogen Ammo niagas
-Ammo niagasi sno wpassedi ntothecondensati
onchamberwher eammoniagasis
condens edtoammo niali
quid

STATEFOURUSESOFAMMONI
A

1
. Pr
oduc
tio
noffer t
il
iser
s
2
. Pr
oduc
tio
nofdyes
3
. Pr
oduc
tio
ndet
er gents
4
. Pr
oduc
tio
nofexplosi
ves

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEPRODUCTI
ONOFNI
TRI
CACI
D

2
1
-Thepr ocessisc alledoxidati
onpr ocess
-Therawmat erialsareammo ni
agasando xygengas
-Thetwogas esar epas sedintot hereac ti
onc hamberwheretheyr
eactunderthe
fol
lowingc onditions :
o
(1) Temper atur eof8 00-900C
(2) Pl atinum/Rho diumasac atalyst
(3) Pr es
s ureo f8 -10at m
-Nitrogendi oxideispr o
du cedint her eacti
onc hamber
*Ammo nia+Ox ygen Nitrogendi ox
ide
-Nitrogendi oxideispas sedintot heabs o
rptionc hamberwher
eNit
rogendio
xider
eac
t
wit
hwat ertogi veNi tri
cac id
*Nit
r o
gendi oxi
de+Wat er NitricAcid

STATEFOURUSESOFNI
TRI
CACI
D

(
1) Pr
oduc
tio
noffert
il
iser
s
(
2) Pr
oduc
tio
nofdeter
gents
(
3) Pr
oduc
tio
nofdyes
(
4) Pr
oduc
tio
nofexpl
osi
ves

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEPRODUCTI
ONOFSULPHURI
CACI
D

-Theproc
essiscal
ledCont
ac tpro
cess
-Therawmat er
ial
sareSul
phurdioxi
deandOxygen
-Thetwogasesarenowpassedintot
hereac
tionchamberwher
etheyr
eac
tundert
he
condi
ti
onsof:
o
(1) Temper atureo f450 C
(2) Cat al
ys to fVanadiumOx i
de
(3) Pr es s
ur eo f1at m
-Sulphurtr i
oxideispr oducedandi sarev er
siblereact
ion
*Sulphurdioxide+Ox ygen Sulphurtr i
oxi
de
-Sulphurtr i
oxidepr oducedr eactwit
hr eservedconcentr
ateds
ulphur
icac
idt
opr
oduc
e
theliqui
dc all
edOl eum
-Oleumr eactwi thwat ertopr oducesulphuri
cac i
d
*Sulphurtrioxide+Sul phuricacid Ol
eum
*Ol
e um+Wat er Sul
phur i
cacid

STATEFOURUSESOFSULPHURI
CACI
D

(
1) Pro
duct
ionofferti
li
sers
(
2) Pro
duct
ionofpl
as t
ics
(
3) Pro
duct
ionofdetergents
(
4) Canbeusedi
nc arbatter
ies

DESCRIBEANDEXPLAINTHEPRODUCTI
ONOFAMMONI
UMFERTI
LISERS
(AMMONIUMNITRATEANDAMMONIUMSULPHATE)

-Ammoni
umfert
il
is
er sarepr
oducedbyt
hepr
oces
scal
ledneut
ral
is
ati
on(
reac
tio
nof
aci
dandbas
e)
-Aci
d+Base Salt+Water
2
2
-Nit
ricac
id+Ammoni
a Ammo
niumNi
trate+Wat
er
-Sul
phuri
caci
d+Ammoni
a Ammoni
umSulphat
e+Wat
er

THEPERCENTAGEOFNITROGENINAMMONI
UMSULPHATEFERTI
LISERSI
N6 0
%
ANDINAMMONIUMNITRATEIS25
%,BUTMOSTFARMERSUSEAMMONIUMNITRATE,
GIVETWOPOSSI
BLEREASONS

(1
) Ammo niumSulphatei
sexpl
osi
vewhenexpos
edt
ohi
ght
emper
atur
ehenc
e
di
ffi
cul
ttot
ranspo
rtfr o
mo nepo
inttoano
ther.

(
2) Ammo
niumSul
phat
eisdel
iques
cent(
abs
orbmo
ist
ureandr
ecr
yst
all
ine)

DEFI
NEMATTER

-Mat
teri
sanyt
hingt
hato
ccupi
ess
pac
eandhasav
olumeandmas
s

STATETHREESTATESOFMATTER

1
. Sol
id
2
. Li
quid
3
. Gas

STATETHEKI
NETI
CTHEORYOFMATTER

-Mat
terismadeupo
fpar
tic
leswhi
char
eal
waysi
nco
nst
antmo
tio
nbec
aus
etheyhav
e
ki
net
icener
gy

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAINUSI
NGKI
NETI
CTHEORYOFMATTERWHENI
CEI
SHEATED
TOFORMWATERVAPOUR(
GAS)

-Theparti
clesoft hesol
id(ice)havek i
neti
cener gy
-Ifthesol
idisheat edthekinet i
cenergyinc
r eas
esfo r
cingthepartic
lestomoveaway
fromeachot hertherebyformi ngaliqui
d
-Iftheli
quidiscont i
nuous
lyheat edtheparticl
esgainmo r
ek i
neti
cener gyforc
ingt
he
part
icl
estomo v
eawayfr o
meac hothertherebyformingagas( watervapour
)

USI
NGTHEKI NETI
CTHEORYOFMATTERDESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NHOWWATERI
S
CONVERTEDTOICE

-Ifthetemperat
ureisdecreasedthek i
neti
cener gyofparti
clesi
sreducedther
eby
forc
ingtheparti
cl
estobecomec l
osertoeachotherformingtheli
quid
-Iftheli
qui
disconti
nuous
lyc o
o l
edt heki
neticenergyisr
educedfo r
cingthepar
tic
les
tobecomecl
osertoeachothert oformsoli
d(ice)

USINGASKETCHDI AGRAMTOSHOWTHEFOLLOWINGPROCESSESANDGIVEONE
EXAMPLEFOREACHPROCESS
a)Evapo
rat
ion,b)Subl
imat
ion,c
)Co
ndens
ati
on,d)Fr
eezi
ng,e)Mel
ti
ng

1
. Sol
idtoLiqui
d = Melti
ng -Mar
gar
ine
,ic
e
2
. Li
quidtoGas= Evaporati
on -Par
affin
3
. GastoLiquid= Condensati
on-Watervapo
ur
2
3
4
. Li
quidtoSol
id = Freez
ing -Margar
ine
5
. Sol
idtoGas = Subl
imat
ion -Napht
hal
ene
6
. GastoSoli
d = Subl
imat
ion -Napht
hal
ene

SKETCHTHEDIAGRAMSSHOWI
NGTHEHEATI
NGCURVEANDCOOLI
NGCURVEOFA
SUBSTANCEe.
g.WATER

WHATI
STHEDI
FFERENCEBETWEENBOI
LINGANDEVAPORSTI
ON

BOI
LING EVAPORATI
ON

-Occ
urswhenallparti
cl
eshaveeno
ugh -Occur
satanyt
emper
atur
ebel
owt
he
ene
rgytobreakfr o
meac hot
her boi
li
ngpoi
nt

-Onl
ytheparti
cl
esont
hesur
facebreak
awayfro
mt heres
tfor
mingvapo
ur

TABULATETHEDIFFERENCESINSOLI
DS,
LIQUIDSANDGASESINTERMSOF
VOLUME,SHAPE,
KINETICENERGYANDPARTICLEMOVEMENT

SOLI
D LI
QUI
D GAS

VOLUME Fi
xed Fi
xed Takevolumeo
fthe
cont
ainer

SHAPE Fi
xed Tak
eshapeo
fco
ntai
ner Tak
eshapeo
fco
unc
il

KINETI
C Ver
ysl
ow Hi
gh Ver
yhi
gh
ENERGY

PARTI
CLE Vi
brateon Mo
vefr
eel
y Mo
vefr
eel
y
MOVEMENT fi
xedpos
iti
on

DEFI
NEANATOM

-Anato
mi sthes
mall
estpar
ticl
eo fmatter
-Ato
mst ak
epartinachemi
calreact
ion

STATETHREESUB-ATOMI
CPARTI
CLESOFANATOM

1
. Pro
tons
2
. Neutr
ons
2
4
3
. El
ect
rons

SKETCHTHESTRUCTUREOFANATOMSHOWI
NGTHELOCATI
ONOFEACHSUB-
ATOMICPARTI
CLE

TABULATETHECHARACTERI
STI
CSOFSUB-ATOMI
CPARTI
CLESI
NTERMSOFMASS,
CHARGEANDLOCATION

PARTI
CLE MASS CHARGE LOCATI
ON

Pr
oto
n 1 + Nuc
leu
s

El
ect
ron Negl
igi
ble - Shel
ls

Neut
ron 1 0 Nuc
leu
s

DEFI
NETHEFOLLOWINGTERMSANDGI
VE2EXAMPLESFOREACH:
El
ement
,Co
mpound,
Mixt
ure,
Mol
ecul
e

1
. El
ement. I sasubs
t anc
emadeupo fonet
ypeofato
msandc
anno
tbes
pli
t
i
ntot
woormo r
esubs
tanc
ese.g.Iro
n,Hydr
ogen,
Magnesi
um,Ox
ygen

2
. Compound. I sasubst
ancemadeupoftwoo rmor
edifferentel
ement
s
c
hemi
cal
lyco
mbi nede.
g.Carbondi
oxi
de,
water
,coppersul
phat
es o
luti
on

3
. Mixt
ure. Co
ntai
nst
woo
rmo
redi
ffer
ents
ubs
tanc
eswhi
char
eno
t
c
hemi
cal
lycombi
ned

4. Molec
ule. I
sthes
mal
les
tpar
tic
leo
fanel
emento
rac
ompo
undt
hatc
anex
ist
nat
ural
ly

NB.
1.I
namo
lec
uleo
fanel
ementat
omsjoi
nedtoget
herarethesamee.g.H2
2.I
namo
lec
uleo
facompo
undatomsj
oinedt
ogetherar
edifferente.
g.H2O

GIVEANEXAMPLEOFAMI XTUREANDACOMPOUND
1. Mi
xtur
e–Sul
phur+Iro
nfil
li
ngs
2. Co
mpound–I
ronsul
phi
de

TABULATETHEDI
FFERENCEBETWEENACOMPOUNDANDAMI
XTURE

COMPOUND MI
XTURE

Ther
ati
oso
ftheel
ement
sar
efi
xed Ther
ati
oso
fel
ement
sar
eno
tfi
xed

I
tcano
nlybes
epar
atedc
hemi
cal
ly I
tcanbes
epar
atedphys
ical
ly

Pr
opert
iesar
edi
ffer
entfr
omt
heo
rigi
nal Pr
oper
tieso
fel
ement
sar
eret
ained
el
ements

2
5
DEFI
NECHEMI
CALREACTI
ON

-I
swherebyr
eact
ant
sco
mbi
netogethertogi
vepr
oduc
tsandi
ssho
wnbyar
row
e.
g.I
ron+Sul
phur I
ronSul
phide

DEFI
NEREVERSI
BLEREACTI
ON

-Isareact
ionwhic
hcangofo
rwar
dtogi
vepr
oduc
tsandal
sobac
kwar
dst
ogi
ve
reac
tantsandindi
cat
edby

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NPHYSI
CALPROPERTI
ESOFMETALS

1. So
nor
ous. ( t
heypr
oduc
eso
und)–bec
aus
eoft
hats
ono
rous
ityt
heyc
anbe
us
edt
omakebel
lgo
ngs.

2
. Ducti
le. (
theycanbedr
awnintowir
es)–becaus
eoft
hei
rduc
til
it
ythey
c
anbeusedtomak
eelec
tri
calc
abl
esorel
ectri
calwi
res
.

3. Mal
leabl
e. Canbehammeredi
ntoanys
hapewi
tho
utbr
eak
inghenc
etheyar
e
us
edt
omak ecarbo
dies
,wi
ndo
wfr
ames

4
. Lus
tro
us. Theyc
ans
hinewhenpo
li
shed

WRITEDOWNTHECHEMI
CALPROPERTI
ESOFMETALSANDGI
VETWOEXAMPLES
FOREACH

1. Me tal
sreac
twit
ho xygentoformMetalOx
ide
Metal+Oxygen Met alOxi
de
Zi
nc+Ox ygen ZincOx i
de
Magnesi
um+Ox ygen Magnesi
umOxi
de

2. Metal
sreactwi
thacidt
ogivesal
tandhydrogen
Magnes
ium+Sulphur
icaci
d MagnesiumSul
phate+Hydrogengas
Zi
nc+Hydrochl
ori
cacid Zi
ncChlo
ride+Hydrogengas

3. Me
t al
sreac
twithwat ert
ogiv
eMet alOx
ide+Hydrogengas
Copper+Water CopperOxi
de+Hydr o
gengas
Zi
nc+Wat er Zi
ncOxide+Hydrogengas
STATETWOFACTORSTHATCANBEUSEDTODETERMI NETHATTHEREACTI
ONI
S
TAKINGPLACE

1
. Col
ourc
hange
2
. Pr
oduct
ionofgas

STATE3FACTORSWHI
CHAFFECTTHESPEEDOFREACTI
ON

1
. Temperature
2
. Concentrat
ion
3
. Catalys
t
4
. SurfaceArea

2
6
DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEFACTORSWHI
CHAFFECTTHESPEEDOFREACTI
ON

1. Temperat
ure.Thehi
gherthetemperatur
e,thehighertheki
neti
cenergyof
parti
cl
es
-Ifthek i
net
icener
gyo fpart
icl
esinc
reasethechancesofthosepart
icl
estocol
li
de
inc
reasehencethereacti
onocc
urfaster(vi
ceversai
sv erytr
ue)

2. Co
ncentrati
on. Thehi
gherthec
o ncent
r ati
on,t
hehighert
henumberof
part
icl
espresent
-Ifthenumbero fpart
icl
esi
shighthec
hanceso fthoseparti
cl
estocol
li
dei
sals
ohigh
andthereacti
onwillo
ccuratafast
errate(
v ic
ev e
r saisv
erytrue)

3. Catal
yst. I sas ubs
tancethatspeedupreact
ion.
-Itdoesnotreactwi
thproductorreact
ants.I
tlowerst
hebindi
ngener
gy(
act
ivat
ion
energy)ofthereact
ion.

4. SurfaceArea(Particl
eSize)
. Thelargerthesurfacear
eathehi
ghert
he
numbe rofparti
cl
es,thehigherthechanc
esoft hosepart
icl
estocol
li
dehenc
ethe
higherthespeedofreac t
ion(vi
cevers
aisverytrue)
*Ifthes ur
faceareaislargeitmeansmanypar t
icl
esarepresent

5
. Pr
ess
ure.

SKETCHTHEGRAPHOFGASPRODUCEDAGAINSTTI
METOSHOWTHEEFFECTOF
CONCENTRATI
ONONSPEEDOFREACTI
ON.USEYOURGRAPHTOEXPLAI
NTHEFLAT
REGIONOFTHEGRAPH

-Nomo
rer
eac
tio
nist
aki
ngpl
aceatpo
intCt
oDbec
aus
ether
eisnomo
regaspr
oduc
ed.

STATEPROPERTI
ESOFACI
DS

1. Theyar ecorro
sive.
2. Theyunder goneutral
isati
onreaction(sal
t+waterarethepr
oduc
ts)
3. Theyr eactwit
hmet al(sal
t+hydr ogengasarepr o
duct
s)
NB.Al
lsulphatesandc hl
ori
desar eacidse.
g. Sul
phur
icaci
d
Al
loxi
desandhydr oxi
desar ebasese.g.Sodiumhydroxi
de

e.
g.Sodi
umHydro
xide+Hydro
chlo
ricAc
id SodiumChlo
ride+Water
Sul
phuri
cAc
id+SodiumHydrox
ide SodiumSulphate+Water
Magnesi
um+Hydrochl
ori
cAc
id Magnes
iumChloride+Hydrogengas

NB.Met
al+Ac
id Sal
t+Hydr
ogengas
Aci
d+Base Sal
t+Water

FRACTI
ONALDI
STI
LLATI
ONOFCOAL

STATETHEPRODUCTSOFDESTRUCTI
VEDI
STI
LLATI
ONOFCOALANDSTATETHEI
R
USES

a) Co
alt
ar - Fo
rro
ads
urfac
ing
2
7
b) Coalgas - Asafuel
c) Ammo ni
ali
quo
r - Tomanufac
tur
efer
til
is
ers
d) Coke - Asafuel

2
8
 SCI
ENCEI
NENERGYUSES
DEFI
NEELECTROSTATI
C

-I
sthes
tudyo
fst
ati
cel
ect
ric
ity

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEPRODUCTI
ONOFCHARGES

-Obj
ectsar
ec hargedbyremovaloraddi
tio
nofelec
trons
-Exc
essofelectr
onsisnegat
ivechargeanddefi
ci
encyofel
ect
ronsi
spo
sit
ivec
har
ge

DESCRI
BETHEBEHAVI
OUROFCHARGES

-Li
kec
har
gesr
epel
,unl
ik
echar
gesat
trac
t
*++
*--
*+-

DEFI
NETHEFOLLOWI
NGTERMS(
1)POLYTHENEROD(
2)PERSPEXROD

(
1) Pol
ythenerodsgai
nelectr
onsandbeco
menegativelychar
ged
(
2) Per
spexrodslos
eelec
t r
onsandbecomepo
sit
ivel
yc har
ged

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEPRODUCTI
ONOFLI
GHTNI
NG

-l
ight
ningi
sabril
li
antflashofli
ghtfo
r medwhennegati
vel
ychargesofthet
hunder
cl
oudrubagai
nstposi
ti
velychar
gesintheatmospher
e(fromtheground)

STATETHREEDANGERSOFLI
GHTNI
NG

(
1) El
ectro
cuti
on
(
2) Des
tructi
onofbuil
dings
(
3) Des
tructi
onofvegetati
on

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NHOWLI
GHTNI
NGCONDUCTORWORKS

-Thelightningc o
nductorprovi
desanal ternativ
epat hforthechargestogetint
othe
earth
-Itconsis
tso f:
(1) Me talspikes toattr
actt hec harges
(2) Co pperwi re actsasapas sageo fc hargesbecausecopperwi
reisagood
conductoro felectri
ci
ty
(3) Me talplateburi
edinthegr ound toe arththecharges
-Lightni
ngc o
nduc t
orshoul
dbet al
lert hant hebuilding

GI
VEFOURPRECAUTI
ONARYMEASURESAGAI
NSTLI
GHTNI
NG

Av
oid:

(
1) Squ
att
ingundert
rees
2
9
(
2) Cycli
ng
(
3) Bei
ngt hetal
les
tobject
(
4) Fi
shing
(
5) Bathing
(
6) Swi
mmi ngwheretherei
sli
ght
ning

DEFI
NEELECTRI
CITY

-Themo
vemento
fel
ect
ronsfr
omo
nepo
intt
oano
ther

DEFI
NEVOLTAGEANDSTATETHEUNI
TSOFVOLTAGE

-Vol
tageist
hepotenti
aldi
fferenc
eac ro
sssourceofel
ectri
calener
gy
-Theuni
tsarevol
ts(V)
-Aninst
rumentusedtomeasur
ev o
ltageisc
alledthevo
ltmeter

DEFI
NECURRENTANDSTATETHEUNI
TSOFCURRENT

-Curr
entist
heflowofc
har
gesi
nanel
ect
ricc
irc
uit
-Theuni
tsareamper
es(
A)

COPYANDCOMPLETETHEFOLLOWI
NGTABLE

Uni
ts Symbo
l

Cur
rent Amper
es I

Vo
ltage Vo
lts V

Res
ist
anc
e Ohms

STATEOHMSLAW

-Vo
ltagei
sdi
rec
tlypr
opo
rti
onalt
ocur
renti
nac
onduc
torbet
weent
wopo
int
s:V I
,
V=RI

V
IR

DESCRIBEHOWEACHOFTHEFOLLOWINGCOMPONENTSARECONNECTEDI
NA
CIRCUI
T(1)AMMETER(
2)VOLTMETER

-Ammeteralwaysconnectedins
eri
es(i
nl i
ne)
-Vo
ltmet
erisalwaysconnectedi
nparal
lel(
notinl
ine)

CALCULATETHERESI
STANCEOFFEREDBYAWI
REDRAWI
NGACURRENTOF2
A
FROMABATTERYOF12VOLTS

I=2
A
V=12V

3
0
R=?

R=V 1
2
I 2 =6Ohms

WRI
TETHREEFORMULAEUSEDTOCALCULATEPOWER

(
1) P=VI,Power=Vo l
tagexCur r
ent
2 2
(
2) P=IR,Po wer=CurrentxResist
anc
e
(
3) P=V2, Po
wer=Vo l
tage2
R Res i
stanc
e

CALCULATETHEPOWERGENERATEDBYAWI
REDRAWI
NGACURRENTOF2
AFROM
ABATTERYOF12V

I=2A P=VI
V=12V =12X2
P=? =2
4Wat
ts

STATEUNI
TSFORPOWER

-Wat
ts

STATETHEEFFECTSOFCONNECTI
NGCELLSI
N:

1
) I
nser
ies hi
ghvo
ltagesamecur
rent
2
) I
nparal
lel hi
ghcurrents
amevolt
age

WRI
TEDOWN3PI
NSFOUNDONA3PI
NPLUGANDSTATETHEI
RCOLOURS

1
) Neutr
al Bl
ue
2
) Eart
h Green/Yel
lo
w
3
) Li
ve Brown

WRI
TE2PI
NSWHI
CHAREFOUNDONA2PI
NPLUGANDSTATETHEI
RCOLOURS

1
) Neut
ral Bl
ue
2
) Li
ve Brown

STATETWOPRECAUTI
ONSTOPREVENTELECTROCUTI
ON

1
) Makes
ur eallwir
esarewellco
nnected
2
) Makes
ur ethewiresarewelli
nsul
ated
3
) Makes
ur eplugsareti
ghtl
ys cr
ewed
4
) Avo
idoverl
oading

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEFUNCTI
ONOFTHEFUSE

-Topr
eventel
ect
roc
uti
onbymel
ti
ngwhent
her
eis:(
1)afaul
t(2
)ex
ces
scur
rent

STATE2FUSERATI
NGFORMOSTDOMESTI
CAPPLI
ANCES
3
1
-1
3Aand3
A

SKETCHAGRAPHSHOWI
NGTHERELATI
ONSHI
POFCURRENTANDVOLTAGEUSI
NG
OHMSLAW

-Thegr
adi
ento
fthel
inei
sequal
stor
esi
stanc
e

DEFI
NEPOWER

-Po
weri
swo
rkdo
neperuni
tti
me

3
2
 SCI
ENCEI
NMECHANI
CALSTRUCTUTERS
DEFI
NEABEAM

Abeami
sal
oadbear
ingbars
uppo
rtedato
neendo
rmo
re

STATETWOTYPESOFBEAMSANDGI
VETWOEXAMPLESFOREACH

1
) Si
mpl
ebeam.e.
g.des
k,benc
h,br
idgeet
c

2
) Cant
il
everbeam. e.
g.bal
cony,
div
ingbo
ard

WITHFULLYLABELLEDDIAGRAMSHOWTHEFOLLOWI
NGFORCESUSI
NGARROWS(1
)
COMPRESSIONALFORCES(2
)TENSI
ONALFORCESONBOTHCANTI
LEVERBEAMAND
SI
MPLEBEAM

*
Neut
ralz
onei
snei
therunderc
ompr
ess
ionno
rtens
ion

DESCRI
BEANEXPERI
MENTTOTESTTHESTRENGTHOFDI
FFERENTBEAMS

-Usedifferenttypesofbeamsmadeo fthes
amet ypeofmater
ial
-Loadeac htypeofbeamwithmassesandrec
ordtheno .o
fmassesrequi
redt
obr
eak
eachbeam
-Thebeamwhi chrequi
rethemostno.ofmass
estobr eaki
sthes
t r
ongest
-Setupt heexperi
mentasshownbelo
w

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHESTRENGTHOFTHEHOLLOWBEAMANDTHESOLI
D
BEAMOFTHESAMETYPEOFMATERI
AL

-Hol
lo
wbeamsarest
rongert
hans
oli
dbeamsbec
aus
etheneut
ralz
onehasbeen
remov
edfro
mt heho
ll
owbeams

DEFI
NETRUSS

-Agr
oupo
fbeamsj
oinedt
oget
here.
g.r
ooft
rus
s,wi
ndo
wfr
ame,
gat
e

TABULATETHEDI
FFERENCEBETWEENTRUSSANDBEAM

TRUSS BEAM

Us
eles
smat
eri
al(
eco
nomi
c) Theyus
emo
remat
eri
al(
expens
ive)

The
yar
eli
ght
er Theyar
eheav
ier
3
3
The
yar
est
ronger Theyar
eno
tst
rong

STATETWOMETHODSOFJ
OINI
NGMATERI
ALSANDGI
VE3EXAMPLESFOREACH

1
) Pi
nni
ngmethodi.
e.s
crewi
ng,nai
li
ng,
nutandbolt,
rivet
ing
2
) Sur
facec
ontactmethodi
.
e.weldi
ng,gl
uing,
sol
deri
ng

GI
VETWOEXAMPLESOFLARGESTRUCTURES

1
) Bri
dges
2
) Damwall
s

STATEWI
THREASONMATERI
ALSUSEDI
NLARGESTRUCTURES

1
) Wood–c heap,renewable,l
ight
,easytowo r
k
2
) St
o nes–cheap, s
trong,undercompress
ion,beaut
iful
3
) Concret
e–s tr
ongunderc ompress
ion
4
) Metal–dur abl
e,strongundertensi
onandc ompressi
on

STATETHECOMPONENTSUSEDTOMAKECONCRETE

1
) Ri
versand
2
) Quarr
y
3
) Cement
4
) Water

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTWOTYPESOFDAMWALLS

1
) Co
ncr
etedamwal
l–madeupo
frei
nfo
rcedc
onc
ret
e

2
) Ear
thdamwal
l–madeupo
fmudands
tonesc
ompac
tedt
oget
her

NB. Ono
nes
ideo
fthedamwal
lveget
ati
oni
sal
lo
wedt
ogr
owt
opr
events
oiler
osi
on

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEDAMWALL

1) Damwalliswi
deratthebaset
hatatthet
opt
opr
eventt
het
oppl
ingeffec
t
bec
aus
epress
ur eofwateri
ncreas
ewithdept
h

2
) Ithasaco
nvex(
concav
e)s
hapes
oast
odi
str
ibut
ethepr
ess
ure(
for
ceo
fwat
er)
t
oei
therbank
softhedam

STATETHREETYPESOFBRI
DGES

1
) Pi
erandbeambridge–Piersar
ealwaysundercompressi
on
2
) Arc
hbridge–arc
hesarealwaysundercompressi
on
3
) Sus
pensi
onbri
dge–s t
eelcabl
esarealwaysundertens
ion

STATEFACTORSFORDETERMI
NINGCHOI
CEOFCONSTRUCTI
ONMATERI
AL

3
4
1
) Cost
2
) Avail
abil
it
y
3
) Durabil
it
y

DEFI
NETHEFOLLOWI
NGTERMS(
1)STRUT(
2)TI
E

1) St
rutisagroupofbeamsundercompres
sio
n
2) Ti
eisagroupofbeamsundertens
ion
DEFI
NEMACHI NE

-Machi
neisanins
trumentt
hatmak
eswo
rkeas
ierbyus
ings
mal
leffo
rte.
g.pai
rof
sc
iss
ors,wheel
bar
row

STATEFOURTYPESOFMACHI
NES

1) I
ncl
inedplane
a. Mec
hanicalAdvant
age=Load MA=L
Effort E

b. Vel
oci
tyRat
io=Dis
tancemov
edbyEffort VR=DE
Dis
tancemov
edbyLoad DL

c
. Effi
ci
enc
y=MA x1
00
VR

2
) Pul
ley

APULLEYSYSTEMWITHFOURWHEELSISUSEDTORAISEALOADOF1
00NUSI
NGAN
EFFORTOF50N.DRAWTHEDIAGRAMOFTHEPULLEYSYSTEM

VR=numbero
fro
pesex
ceptt
heeffo
rtr
opeo
rnumbero
fwheel
s

3) Gear
s
VR=No.ofteet
ho floadgear orDi
amet
ero
floadgear o
rRadiuso
flo
adgear
No.ofteethofeffo
rtgear Diametero
feffor
tgear Radiuso
f
effo
rtgear

4
) Lev
er

STATETHREEREASONSWHYMACHI
NESARENOT1
00% EFFI
CIENT

1
) Becaus
eoffric
tion
2
) Someoftheenergyisus
edtoover
comet hewei
ghtofthemac
hine
3
) Someoftheenergyisco
nver
tedtootherformsofener
gye.
g.sound

STATETHREEWAYSOFI
MPROVI
NGEFFI
CIENCYOFMACHI
NES

1
) Lubri
cati
on
2
) Useli
ghtermater
ial
st obui
ldthemachines
3
) Incr
easelengt
hofplaneifitsi
ncl
inedplane

3
5
DEFI
NEPRESSURE

-I
sfo
rceac
tingperuni
tar
eaF Fo
rce
A Ar
ea

WHATARETHESCI
ENTI
FICUNI
TSOFPRESSURE

-Pas
cal
s(Pa)

NAMETHEI
NSTRUMENTUSEDTOMEASUREFLUI
DPRESSURE

-Mano
met
er

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NHOWMANOMETERWORKS

-Itcons
ist
so fUs hapedtransparenttube
-Onearmo ft hetubeisconnectedtothefluids
uppl
y
-Thepressureoft heflui
dsupplywil
lforceli
qui
dins
idet
hemano
met ertomovea
cert
ainheightgiv
enbyh2–h1
-Thepressureiscalcul
atedusi
ngt heformulaP=Dxhxg+at m(at
mo spher
icpr
ess
ure
)

STATETWOPROPERTI
ESOFLI
QUI
DPRESSUREANDDRAWADI
AGRAMFOREACH
PROPERTY

1
) Li
qui
dpres
sureactsequal
lyatagiv
endept
h
2
) Pr
ess
ureoftheli
quidincr
easewi
thdept
h

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NHOWASI
PHONWORKS

-Thepi
peshoul
dbeprimedi
.e.togetri
do fairsoastoreducethepr
ess
urei
nsi
det
he
pi
pe
-Theat
mo s
pheri
cpres
surewil
lforcewatertoenteri
ntothepipe
-Theco
ntai
nerwhic
hrecei
vetheliqui
dshoul
dbeal owerlevel

STATE3TYPESOFPUMPS

1
. Bi
cycl
epump
2
. Li
ftpump
3
. Bl
airpump
4
. Fo
rcepump

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NHOWEACHOFTHEFOLLOWI
NGPUMPSWORKS

1. Bicycl
epump. Whenthepi s
tonispull
edo utthev alv
e( theleather)det
aches
i
tsel
ffromt hewall
so fthebar el
l
-Theat
mo spheri
cpressureentersinthebarelltooccupyt hes pace
-Whenthepistoni
spushedin,thev al
veattachesit
s el
ft ot hewallsofthebarel
l
ther
ebyfo r
cingthevalveonthet yretoopenandt heai renter sthetube/tyre

2
. Li
ftp
ump
3
6
Upstro
k e–Pistonmovesup,upperv al
vec l
oses
-atmospheri
cpr es
surepusheswat ertoenterthrou
ght helowervalv
ewhichopensand
waterflowsupwardsintothec yl
inder
Downstroke–Thepi s
tonmo vesdownwar dsthelo
werv al
veclosesandtheupperval
ve
opens
-Waterflowsintothespacesabov euppervalv
e
-Afterseveralupstr
okesanddo wns t
rokeswaterwil
l;star
tflo wi
ngoutofthespouto
n
eachstroke(upstr
oke)

3. Forcepump
Upstr o
k e–Thepisto
nmo vesupwardsandtheval
veonthecyli
nderopenst hereby
all
owingwat ertoenter
Downs troke-Thepisto
nmo vesdownwards
,theupperval
veopensandt helowervalv
e
clo
ses
-Wat erentersint
other e
servoi
rwheretherei
sairapacefo
rc ont
inuoussupplyofwater
throught hespout

4. Blai
rpump
Upstroke–Pi
sto
nmo vesup,l
owervalv
eopens,uppervalvecl
oses
-atmo s
pheri
cpress
urepusheswaterthr
oughthelowervalveandwat
erenter
sintothe
cyl
inder
Downs t
roke–Pis
tonmo v
esdownwards,l
owerv
alveclosesandupperv
alv
eopensther
eby
all
owingwateri
ntospout

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NHOWHYDROCHLORI
CJACKWORKS

-Effortisappl
iedo nthesmallpi
ston
-Thepressurei
st rans
mit t
edthroughfl
uidtol
argepi
sto
n
-Smalleffortl
iftsbigloadonalargepi
ston

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NHOWTHECARBRAKESYSTEMWORKS

-Whent hebrakepedali spresseddownthepis

tonint hemastercyl
inderpushesino
n
brakeflui
d
-Thebrakefl ui
dt r
ansmitthepr es
sureequal
lytoallthefourwheelcyli
ndersequal
ly
-Thewhee lcyli
nderpis
tonpus houtagai
nstthebrakes ho
es
-Thebrakes hoespushagainstthewheeldrumsandt heresul
tingfri
cti
ons l
owsdown
andstopst hecar

STATE2HYDROCHLORI
CPROPERTI
ESOFLI
QUI
DS

1
. Li
qui
dpres
surei
str
ans
mittedequal
lyi
nal
ldi
rec
tio
ns
2
. Li
qui
dsc
annotbeco
mpres
sed

3
7
 SCI
ENCEI
NCOMMUNI
TY
DEFI
NEHEALTH

-Ist
hestat
eofc
ompl
etephys
ical
,ment
alands
oci
alwel
lbei
ngno
tmer
elyt
heabs
enc
e
ofdis
eas
e

DEFI
NEDI
ET

-Refer
stoal
ldi
ffer
entk
indso
ffo
odseat
enbyaper
sono
rgr
oupo
fpeo
ple

DEFI
NEBALANCEDDI
ET

-Referst
ot hedietc
ont
aini
ngal
lthei
mpo
rtantnut
rient
srequi
redbyt
hebo
dyi
nthei
r
cor
rectpropor
tio
ns(amount
)

STATETHECOMPONENTSOFBALANCEDDI
ET

1
) Car bohydrates
2
) Prot ei
ns
3
) Fats
4
) Miner alSalts
5
) Vitami ns
6
) Wat er
7
) Fi
br e/Ro ughage

TABULATETHEFUNCTI
ONSOFTHECOMPONENTSOFTHEBALANCEDDI
ET

Co
mpo
nent Func
tio
n

1
. Car
bohydr
ates -Ener
gys
our
ce

2
. Fat
s -Ener
gys
our
ce

-I
nsul
ato
r

-mak
ingo
fcel
lmembr
ane

3
. Pr
otei
ns -Gr
owt
handr
epai
rofwo
rno
utt
iss
ues

3
8
4
. Mi
ner
als
alt
s -Met
abo
li
sm

5
. Vi
tami
ns -Met
abo
li
sm

-Pr
otec
tio
nagai
nstdi
seas
es

6
. Fi
bre/Ro
ughage -Fac
il
it
atesper
ist
als
is

7
. Wat
er -As
sis
tst
her
emo
valo
fwas
tefr
omt
hebo
dy

TABULATETHEREAGENTSANDTHERESULTSFORTHEFOLLOWI
NGFOODTESTS:
STARCH,GLUCOSE,
PROTEI
NSANDFATS

Co
mpo
nent Reagent Resulti
fnut
rienti
s Res
ulti
fnut
rienti
s
present abs
ent

1
. Car
bohydr
ates I
odi
neSo
lut
ion Changefr
ombr
ownt
o Remai
nsbr
own
bl
ue-bl
ack

2
. Gl
uco
se Benedic
ts -Changefrombl
ueto -Remai
nsbl
ue
Sol
utio
n/ orangeorbr
ickr
ed

Cl
ini
sti
x -Pi
nkt
opur
ple
-Pi
nk

3
. Pr
otei
ns Bi
uretSo
lut
ion -Changefr
ombluet
o -Remai
nsbl
ue
/ purpl
eorvi
ol
et

-Gr
eent
odar
kgr
een
-Gr
een
Al
bus
tix

4
. Fat
s Et
hano
l Whi
teemul
si
on Remai
ncl
ear

STATEFACTORSWHI
CHDETERMI
NEQUALI
TYANDQUANTI
TYOFNUTRI
ENTSI
N
ONE’SDI
ET

1
) Sex
2
) Acti
vi
ty
3
) Stat
eofheal
th

STATEOFTYPEOFNUTRI
ENTREQUI
REDBY:

1
) Buil
der–Car bo
hydrates(moreenergyisr
equir
ed)
2
) Pregnantwoman–Pr o
t ei
ns,I
ron,Cal
ci
um,Carbohydr
ates
3
) Sedentaryworker–Protei
ns,Vit
amins

STATETHEADVANTAGESOFBREASTFEEDI
NG

-Themi
lki
sger
mfr
ee

3
9
-Themilkcont
ainsanti
-bodi
esforpr o
tecti
on
-Inc
reasethebondbetweenthemot herandchi
ld
-Contai
nsalmostal
lthenutri
ent
sr equir
edbythebo
dy

DEFI
NEMALNUTRI
TION

-I
sthet
aki
ngi
nfo
odwi
thex
ces
sori
nadequat
enut
rient
s

STATETWOMALNUTRI
TIONALDI
SEASES

1
) Goit
re Lackofio
dine
2
) Kwashi
ork
or Lac
ko fprotei
ns
3
) Obesi
ty Exc
essofc ar
bohydrat
esandfat
s

STATETHESYMPTOMSOFKWASHI
ORKOR

-Abdomenswell
s
-Thehai
rtakesareddi
shco
lour
-Oedemainli
mbs(thi
nli
mbs)
-Chil
dbecomesver
yweak

WHATARETHEEFFECTSOFKWASHI
ORKOR

1
) Affectsthefunct
ioni
ngofthel
iver
2
) Thebrainfail
stodevel
optoi
tsfullpo
tent
ial
3
) Stunt
edgr owth

STATETWOCAUSESOFDENTALDECAY

1
) Bact
eri
a
2
) Pl
aque

DEFI
NEPLAQUE

-Isathi
nlayeroffoo
dwhichr
emainonthetooths
urfac
eandcontai
nsbac
teri
a
*Thebac
teriadi
gestthefo
odremai
nspr
o duc
ingaci
dswhic
hdi
ssol
veawaytheenamel
ofthetoot
h

DESCRI
BETHESTAGESI
NTOOTHDECAY

1
) Enameldi
ssol
vefi
rstandnopainbeingfel
t
2
) Fromtheenameltothedenti
newhichres
ultinext
remecol
do rheatcausi
nga
s
ens
ati
on
3
) Pul
pcavit
yresul
tsinsever
etoothac
heasar esul
tofexpo
sureofbloo
dc api
ll
ari
es

DESCRI
BETHEPROPERCAREOFTEETH

1
) Cl
eanteethdai
lyespeci
all
ybeforegoingt
obed
2
) Vi
si
tthedentis
tregular
lyo rtwi
ceayear
3
) Us
etoothpas
teorsaferalternat
ivess
uchass
alto
rso
da

4
0
DESCRI
BETHEFUNCTI
ONSOFTEETH

-Toc
hewt
hefo
od

STATETHEEFFECTSOFSMOKI
NGONHEALTH

1
) Bronc
hiti
s
2
) Lungcancer
3
) Emphysema(blo
cki
ngorwi
deni
ngorai
rsacs
)
4
) Lowbirt
hweightfo
rbabi
esbor
ntosmoki
ngmot
her
s

DESCRI
BETHEEFFECTSOFEXCESSI
VECONSUMPTI
ONOFALCOHOL

1
) Reducesthereactio
nt i
me
2
) Ithassoc
ialimpli
cati
onse.
g.fami
lynegl
ect
edfi
nanc
ial
ly
3
) Damagest heli
ver

DESCRI
BETHEEFFECTSOFMANDRAXANDCANNABI
S(MBANJ
E)

1
) Cri
minaltendenci
esl
ik
evio
lenc
eo rmur
der
2
) Hall
uci
nations
3
) Inc
reasechancesofHIVi
nfect
ions
4
) Addict
ive

DESCRI
BETHEEFFECTSOFI
NHALI
NGSOLVENTSE.
GGLUEI
NG

1
) Hall
ucinat
ions
2
) Reducedselfcontro
l
3
) Damaget onasalpassage

DESCRI
BETHESUI
TABLECONDI
TIONSFORGROWTHSOFMI
CROORGANI
SMS

1
) Warmthorfavo
urabl
etemper
atur
e
2
) Moist
ureorwat
er
3
) Oxygenorai
r
4
) Suit
ablePh

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NANEXPERI
MENTTOSHOWTHEPRESENCEOFMI
CRO
ORGANISMSI
NMI
LK

Se
ttheex
per
imentass
hownbel
ow:

A B C

Boil
edmil
kandleftat Fr
eshmi
lkl
eftat Fr
eshmi
lk
refri
ger
ated
roomtemper
ature r
oomt
emper
atur
e
4
1
-3contai
nersandtheirl
idswer
esteri
li
sed
-Equalamountsofsteri
li
sedmi
lkwasandtreat
edass
hownabo
ve

Obs
erv
ati
on

Co
ntai
ner Obs
erv
ati
ono
nmi
lk

A Tur
neds
ourbutl
esst
hanB

B Tur
nedv
erys
our

C Remai
nedfr
esh

-InAbo i
li
ngk i
lledmostofthebacteri
ainthemil
k
-Theunavoidablebac
teriaevent
uall
ycausedthesour
ing
-InBhadt hemo s
tbacteri
awhoseacti
vit
ywass t
imulatedbywarmt
hhencet
hesour
ing
ofmil
k
-InCtemper aturewastoolowhencesl
oweddownbact eri
aact
ivi
tyr
esul
ti
ngi
nthemilk
remai
ningfr eshforalongerperi
od

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEFORMATI
ONOFTHEBREADMOULDS(
MUCOR)

-Ther o
ttingbr eadisar esul
to fac ti
ono ffungicall
edmuc ororbreadmo ul
d
-Mucorfav oursmo ist
ure,warmt handfo odsourc
e( bread)
-Whenas por elandsonafav ourabl econditi
onitgerminatesaft erdrawingupnut
rient
s
andwat erfr ombr ead
-Itthendev elopsrootli
kes t
ructur eshyphae
-Thesehyphaewi l
ldevelopstructuresc al
ledsporangi
o spo
r es
-Thespo r
angi osporesdevelo
pt os porangiuminwhichs poresareproduced

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NEACHOFTHEFOLLOWI
NGFOODPRESERVATI
ON:
o o
1) Refri
gerat
ion. Foodiskeptattemper
atur
eofabout4 Co
rmi
nus4C
o
-At4Ct hegro
wth( mul
ti
pli
cati
on)o
fmi croor
gani
smssto
psresul
ti
ngi
nfo
odlasti
ng
forafewdaysi ngoodcondi
tio
n

2) Dehydrat
ion/Dryi
ng. Inv
olv
esther
emo
valo
fwat
erfr
omt
hefo
od
-Sto
psenzymes(i
nthefood)work
ing
-Pr
event
st hegro
wthofbacter
iaandfungi

3) Pi
ckl
ing. Fo
odi
spl
acedi
nvi
negar(
aci
d)t
olo
wert
hefav
our
abl
epHhenc
e
nobac
teri
algro
wth
o
4) Canni
ng. Thefoodisboi
ledtoatemperat
ur eofabo
ut90Ctoki
llt
he
bact
eri
a
-Thefo
odisplac
edi
nc answhi
lstho
tt opr
eventthere-entr
yofbac
ter
ia

5) Sal
ti
ng/Sugar
ing.Foo
disc
over
edwi
ths
alt
-Wat
erisdrawnfr
omthefo
odbyos
mosi
s

4
2
-Bac
ter
iaar
eal
sok
il
led

6) Smoking. Fo o de.
g.meati shungi
nwo o
dfiresmoke
-Thefoodi
sparti
all
ydehydratedbyt heheatandthebact
eri
aar
eaffec
tedbyt
he
chemi
calfr
omwo o
dc al
ledformaldehyde

TABULATEMETHODSTHATKI
LLANDMETHODSTHATSTOPTHEBACTERI
AL
ACTIVI
TY

Met
hodst
hatki
llt
hebac
ter
ia Met
hodst
hats
topt
hebac
ter
ia

Canni
ng Refr
iger
ati
on

Sal
ti
ng Dehydr
ati
on

Su
gar
ing Pi
ckl
ing

Smo
king

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHECI
RCULATORYSYSTEMOFAMAMMAL

-Themo vementofs ubs

t anc eswithinthebodyiscausedbythehear
t(pumpi
ngmachi
ne)
-Itco
ns i
stsof2s i
des(halv es)separ atedbysept
um
-Eachhalfisdivi
dedo rc ons i
stsof2c hambersi.
e.Upperchamber(
Atri
um)andLo
wer
chamber( Ventr
icl
e)
-Thelefts i
dedealswitho xygenat edbl o
od
-Therightsidedealswithdeo x
ygenat edbloo
d
Leftside Oxygenated Rightside Deoxygenated
-Rightatriumr eceivesdeo xygenat edbl oodfr omallpartso fthebo dy
-Rightvent ri
cl
epumpsbl o
odt ot hel ungst ocoll
ectmo reoxygent hr oughav ess
elcal
led
PulmonaryAr tery( PA)
-Oxygenatedbl oodi stransportedbac kt othehear ttheleftat ri
umt hroughthe
pul
mo naryv ei
n
-Thebloodi snowr eleasedt othel eftv ent ri
cl
et hroughav alvecalledBi c
uspidval
ve
-Theleftv entricl
epumpbl oodt oallpar tso fthebo dythroughav es s
elcall
edAo r
ta
NB. Val vepr eventt hebac kflowo fbl ood
-Theleftv entricl
eo ft hehear tist hickerthant her i
ghtvent ri
cl
ebec auseitpumps
blo
o dtoallpartso ft hebodywhi l
stt her ightventricl
epumpsbl oodt othelungsonl
y
NB. Thefunc t
iono fv al
vest herei stopr eventbac kflo
wo fbloo
d

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEHEART

-Iti
sdi v
idedin2hal vesbyt hes eptum
-Eachhalfc onsi
stsoft heAt ri
umwhi chreceiv
esbloodandventri
clewhic
hpumpsbl
ood
-Therightsidereceivesandpumpsdeo xygenatedblood
-Theleftsidereceivesandpumpso x ygenatedblood
Theleftsideisthickerthant her i
ghts idebecauseitpumpsoxygenatedblo
odt
oall
part
so fthebo dy
-Thefunc ti
onoft hev al
veist opreventbac kflo
wo fblood

4
3
THEHEARTI
SSOMETI
MESCALLEDTHEDOUBLEPUMP.
GIVEREASONS:

-Itpumpsdeo
xygenatedandox
ygenatedblo
odatthesametime
-Itcons
ist
sof(1)Pul
mo nar
yci
rcul
ati
on(betweent
heheartandthel
ungs
)(2
)
Systemati
cci
rcul
ati
on

STATETHECOMPONENTSOFBLOODANDTHEI
RFUNCTI
ONS

1
. Whi
tebloo
dcells–fightagainstdiseases
2
. Redbl
oodcel
ls–t ranspor
tatio
no fo x
ygen
3
. Pl
atel
ets–preventtoomuc hlossofbloodbyc
lot
ting
4
. Pl
asma–diss
o l
venut r
ients

STATEMAJ
ORFUNCTI
ONSOFBLOOD

1
. Trans
portati
onofsubstanc
ese.
g.nut
rient
s,oxygen
2
. Homeost
as i
s(mai
ntaini
ngandbal
anceofthings)e.
g.bo
dyt
emper
atur
e,wat
er,
s
ugar
3
. Defence

WITHFULLYLABELLEDDI
AGRAM.
TABULATETHEDI
FFERENCEBETWEENVEI
N
ANDARTERY

ARTERY VEI
N

Car
rybl
oodfr
omt
hehear
t Car
rybl
oodt
othehear
t

Smal
llumen Wi
del
umen(
lar
ge)

Thi
ckerel
ast
icwal
ls Thi
nnerel
ast
icwal
ls

Novalv
esex
ceptt
otho
sec
onnec
tedt
othe Val
vepr
esentt
opr
eventbac
kfl
owo
f
hear
t bl
ood

DEFI
NEDI
SEASE

-Anyc
hangeo
rdev
iat
ionfr
omt
heno
rmalfunc
tio
ningo
fthebo
dy

STATE4CAUSESOFDI
SEASES

1
. Bacteri
a
2
. Vir
us
3
. Fungi
4
. Proto
zoa

DEFI
NEPATHOGEN

4
4
-Di
seas
ecaus
ingo
rgani
sms

STATEWAYSOFTRANSMI
TTI
NGPATHOGENS

1
. Byvectorse.g.mal ari
a
2
. Bycontacte.g. gonor
rhoea
3
. Bydropletse.g. t
ubercul
osi
s
4
. Bycontaminat edfoode.g.cho
ler
a,t
ypho
id,
dys
ent
ery

STATESYMPTOMSOFCHOLERA

1
. Fever
2
. Vomiti
ng
3
. Diarr
hoea

DESCRI
BETHETREATMENTOFCHOLERA

1
. Oralrehydrat
ion
2
. Anti-bi
oti
cs

STATETHECOMPONENTSOFSUGARANDSALTSOLUTI
ONUSEDTOTREATCHOLERA

1
. 75
0 mlofboi
ledwater
2
. ½t easpo
onofsalt
3
. 6teaspoo
nsofsugar

DESCRI
BEWAYSOFCONTROLLI
NGCHOLERA

1
. Goods ani
tati
on
2
. Protecti
onofwaters
our
ces
3
. Is
olationofi
nfect
edper
sons
4
. Vaccinati
on

DESCRI
BETHEROLEOFHYGI
ENEI
NDI
SEASECONTROL

a) Per so
nalHygiene. Thisi
shygi
eneofthei
ndiv
idual
.Iti
nvo
lvesthecar
eoffo
od,
exer
cis
e,havi
ngenoughsleep
-Thi
stypeofhygienehel
pstoprev
enttheo
nsetofandspreadi
ngofdis
eases

b) Do mesti
cHygiene
. Thisisthehygienewi
thi
ntheho
useho
ldt
opr
event
cont
aminat
ionoffo
odandwat er
-Thi
stypeofhygi
enehelpst
opreventbreedingo
fvecto
rs

c) CommunityHygiene.Itinvol
vesproperwatertreat
ment ,
propersewer
age
dis
posalandtreatment
, properimmunisat
ionofchil
dren,cont
rolofvect
o r
s
-Thi
st ypeofhygienei
si mportanttopreventepi
demics

STATETHECAUSATI
VEAGENTOFMALARI
A

4
5
-Pl
asmo
dium(
trans
mit
tedbyfemal
eano
phel
esmo
squi
to)

DESCRI
BETHELI
FECYCLEOFANOPHELESMOSQUI
TO

ELPA

Egg

Adul
t Lar
vae

Pupa

DESCRI
BETHELI
FECYCLEOFPLASMODI
UM

-Twoho
stsar
e:
1) I
nmo s
qui
to
2) I
nhuman

Mo
squi
to Human

Bi
tes Pent
ersi
nli
verc
ell
s

Cel
lsbur
staft
er1
0days

Po
ccupymo
rewhi
tebl
oodc
ell
s Pent
ersi
nwhi
tebl
oodc
ell
sandmul
ti
ply

Bur
sto
fwhi
tebl
oodc
ell
s

DESCRI
BEMETHODSOFCONTROLLI
NGMALARI
A

1) Prev
entingbreedi
ngofmo squi
toes–t
hiscanbedo nebyi
denti
fyingplac
esi
n
whic
hmosquit
oesbreedthenel
iminatetheco
ndit
io nse.
g.avo
ids
tagnantwater
-Remov
alofvegetati
one.g.
grassaroundwaters
o urce

2) Prevent
ingmosqui
toesfrombi
ti
ngpeopl
ee.
g.us
eo fmosqui
tonet
s,mo
squi
to
repel
lents
,havingwi
remashs cr
eenso
nwindo
wsanddoorstopr
eventent
ryof
mo s
quito
es

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NBODY’
SDEFENCEMECHANI
SMSANDBARRI
ERS

Des
cri
pti
on Ex
planat
ion

Sk
in -Isabarr
ieragai
nstal
lbac
ter
iaando
ther
patho
gens

Waxandhai
rs Fo
undi
nt heear
stopr
eventi
nvas
ionby
mi
croo
rganis
ms
4
6
Muc
uosandhai
rs Fo
undi
nno
set
otr
apbac
ter
iaands
por
es

Tear
s Haveant
i-s
ept
ict
oki
llbac
ter
iai
nthe
eyes

Bl
oodc
lot
ting Clo
tsprevent
slo
sso
fbl
oodandent
ryo
f
bacter
ia

Whi
tebl
oodc
ell
s Todes
tro
ybac
ter
iabyengul
fingand
di
gest

St
omac
hac
ids Thek
il
lbac
ter
iai
nthefo
od

DEFI
NEI
MMUNI
TY

-Theabi
li
tyo
fthebo
dyt
ofi
ghtagai
nstdi
seas
eso
rres
istdi
seas
es

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTYPESOFI
MMUNI
TY

1
) Nat
ur al
lyAcqui
redI
mmuni
ty–Antigensenterthebodynatural
lyresul
ti
ngin
t
hebodybeings t
imul
atedt
opr
oduceant
ibodiesagai
nstaspeci
ficanti
genleadingt
o
r
eco
very.

2
) Ar
tifi
ci
all
yAc
qui
redI
mmuni
ty–Ant
igensi
ntr
oduc
edi
nthebo
dybymeanso
f
v
acc
ines

3) Nat
ur al
lyPassi
veImmuni
ty–Rec
eivi
ngreadymadeantibodiese.
g.wi
thi
nfant
s
whenr
ecei
vingantibo
diesfr
omthei
rmotherst
hroughbr
eastfeeding

4) Arti
fici
allyPass
iveImmunity–Obtai
nedbyi
njec
tingc
erumc
ont
aini
ng
anti
bodiesint
ot hebody
-Isgi
venwhent herei
sr i
skofinfec
tio
n
NBThec er
umi spreparedfrombloodofanani
mal

DEFI
NEANTI
GEN

-Anys
ubs
tanc
ethatc
aus
est
hei
mmunes
yst
emt
opr
oduc
eant
ibo
diesagai
nsti
t

STATEDI
SEASEFOUNDONI
MMUNI
SATI
ONSCHEDULE

1
) BCG( agai
nstTB)
2
) Tetanus
3
) Rhubell
a(Germanmeas
les
)
4
) Pol
io
5
) DPTPo l
io1
6
) DPTPo l
io2
7
) DPTPo l
io3

DESCRIBETHEEFFECTSOFHIVANDTHEBODY
-Thev
irusr
educ
esthebody’
sabi
li
tyt
ofi
ghti
nfec
tio
nbydes
tro
yingt
hebo
dy’
swhi
te
4
7
bl
oodc
ell
sres
pons
ibl
efo
rpr
oduc
ingant
ibo
dies

WHATI
STHEMEANI NGOF(a)AI
DS( b)HIV
a) AI DS–Acqui
redI
mmunoDefici
ency
b) HI V–HumanImmuno
-Defi
ciencyVi
rus

DESCRI
BETHEDI
FFERENCEBETWEENHI
VANDAI
DS

HI
V AI
DS

-Iti
sas t
agei nwhichanindiv
idualbl
oodi
s -Itisas t
agedur ingHI Vinfecti
onhas
test
edposit
ive destroyedt hebo dy’sdefenc esyst
em
causingani ndi
vidualt obecomemo re
-Theperso
nc anbel o
ok i
nghealt
hand
suscepti
blet omul ti
pleinfectio
nsand
reco
versfromi nfec
tionsnor
mally
fail
ingtor ecoverandl eadst odeath

DEFI
NEREPRODUCTI
ON

-I
sthepr
oces
swher
ebyl
iv
ingo
rgani
smsr
epr
oduc
ethei
roffs
pri
ngs

STATE2TYPESOFREPRODUCTI
ON

a) SexualRepro
duct
ion
b) AsexualRepr
oduc
tio
n(v
eget
ati
ve)

DEFI
NESEXUALREPRODUCTI
ON

-I
tinv
olv
est
hefus
iono
fthemal
eandfemal
esexc
ell
s

WHATNAMEISGIVENTOTHEMALESEXCELL(
GAMETE)ANDTHEFEMALESEX
CELL(
GAMETE)

-Males
excel
l–Sper
m
-Femal
esexcel
l–Ovum

DEFI
NEFERTI
LISATI
ONASAPPLI
EDI
NHUMANREPRODUCTI
ON

-I
sthefus
iono
fsper
mando
vumt
ofo
rmaz
ygo
te

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEMOFAMALE

1
) Testis.Fo
rt hepr o duct
iono fs permsandalsoproduc
et hemalesexhor
mone
(
tes
tos
terone)
2
) Epididymis . Fo rt hest
or ageo fsperms
3
) Spermduc t.Pas sageofs per msfr omthetest
istotheUr et
hra
4
) Seminalv esicl
e. Produc esfluidsthatl
ubri
catesperms
5
) Prostrategl and. Pr oduc enut r
ientsandenzymeswhichacti
vates
perms
6
) Urethra. I
st hepassageo fsperms
7
) Penis.Dir ectsper mstot hev agina

4
8
DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
NTHEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEMOFAFEMALE

1) Vagi
na. Thepassageo fspermsint
ot heuter usandal s
obi r
thcanal
2) Cervi
x.Isaringo fmusclesattheneckoft heuter uswhichc l
osesduri
ng
pr
egnancyanddi l
atesduringbirth
3) Uter
uso rWo mb. I tisachamberwheret hefo et usorembryodevelops
4) Ovi
ducto rFallo
pianTube. Fo rpass
ageo fovafr o mo v
ariestotheuterus
Whereferti
li
satio
nt ak esplace
5) Ovar
y. Toreleasetheo v
um

DEFI
NE(
1)OVULATI
ON(
2)I
MPLANTATI
ON

1) Ovul
ati
onisthemov
ementofovumt hro
ughtheo
viduct
2) Impl
antat
ionist
hepro
cesswherebythezygo
tei
mplantst
othewal
lso
fthe
ut
erus

DESCRI
BEANDEXPLAI
N2HORMONESPRODUCEDBYTHEUTERUS

1
) Oes
tro
gen. Pr
oduc
ethel
ini
ngo
ftheut
erus

2 Pr
oges
ter
one
.Tok
eept
hel
ini
ngo
ftheut
erusi
npo
sit
ion

WRI
TEDOWNTHEDEVELOPMENTSTAGESOFTHEFERTI
LISEDEG

Zygo
te Embr
yo Fo
etus ZEF

WITHFULLYLABELLEDDI
AGRAM.
TABULATETHEDI
FFERENCEBETWEENOVUM
ANDSPERMS

Ov
um Sper
m

Ov
alShape Tadpo
les
truc
tur
e

Nohead Headpr
esent

Cyt
opl
asm Noc
yto
plas
m

DEFI
NEMENSTRUATI
ON

-Isthebr
eak
do wnofthel
ini
ngo
ft heut
erusandr
eleas
eoft
heunfer
til
is
edegg
thro
ughthevaginai
nformofbl
ood

DESCRI
BETHEMENSTRUALCYCLE

1
) Day1–5 Menstr
uati
on
2
) Day5–10 Li
ningoftheu t
erus
3
) Day10–1
4 Ovul
ati
ontakesplace
4
) Day14–2
1 Wombisreadytor ec
eiv
efer
til
is
edegg
5
) Day21–2
8 Pr
e-menstrualphase
4
9
SKETCHTHEGRAPHTOSHOWTHELEVELOFPROGESTERONEANDOESTROGEN
AGAINSTTI
ME(DAYS)

Levelof
hor
mo nes

Days

STATETHECAUSESOFI
NFERTI
LITY

1
) Lowspermcount
2
) Poorqual
it
yofs pe
rms
3
) Physi
calco
ndit
ions
4
) Cancer
5
) DamagebySTDs
6
) Block
ageofOv i
ductsands
per
mduc
ts

DESCRI
BETHEGROWTHOFANEMBRYO

-Afterfertili
sat i
ont hez ygoteisformedandmo vesalongt hefall
opi
ant ubet othe
uter
us
-Intheuterusitat tachesitselftothel i
ningo ft heuter usbyt heproces
sc al
led
impl
antation
-Afterimplantat i
ont hepl ac
ent aisformed
-Theplacentafac ili
tat estheex c
hangeo fs ubst ancese.g.o x
ygenfromt hemo therto
theembryo ,antibodiesfr omt hemo thertot heembr yo,nut r
ientsfro
mt hemo thert
o
theembryo ,carbondi ox i
defr omtheembr yot ot hemo t
her ,wasteproductsfromt he
embryotot hemo ther
-Theplacentas eparat esmo t
her ’
sbloodfr omt heembr yo ’
sblood
-Theembr yodev elopsi nafluidfill
eds acc al
ledamni o
tics ac
-Theflui
di scalledamni on

STATETHEFUNCTI
ONSOFTHEPLACENTA

1
) Faci
li
tat
esexc
hangeofs ubs
tanc
es
2
) Separ
atesmater
ialbl
oodfromtheembr
yosbl
ood

STATETHEFUNCTI
ONOFTHEAMNI
ON

1
) Supportst
heembryo
2
) Protec
tstheembr
yofro
mmec
hani
calo
rphys
icaldamage

STATE2VESSELSFOUNDI
NSI
DETHEUMBI
LICALANDTHEI
RFUNCTI
ONS

5
0
1) Umbi
li
calVein–transports
ubstancestotheembryo
2) Umbi
li
calArtery–transpor
tsubstancesfromtheembryot
othemo
ther
E.
g.(
1)Oxygen,nut
rient
s ( 2)Wasteproducts
,carbo
ndiox
ide

DEFI
NECONTRACEPTI
ON

-I
sthepr
oces
sofpr
event
ingfer
til
is
ati
on?

STATEMETHODSOFCONTRACEPTI
ONANDTHEI
REFFECTI
VENESS

1
) Naturalfamil
yplanni
nge.g.us
eofcalendar60
-90%
2
) Hormonalmethode.g.pi
ll9
9,6to99
, 8%
3
) Barri
ermet hode.
g.maleandfemalecondoms99,
6–99
,8%
4
) Spermici
des60-95%
5
) Absti
nence1 0
0%

STATETHE3SEXUALLYTRANSMI
TTEDDI
SEASESANDTHEI
RCAUSATI
VEAGENTS

1
) HIV/AIDS Vi
rus Nocure
2
) Syphi
li
s Bact
eri
um Ant
i-bi
oti
cs
3
) Chancr
o i
d Bact
eri
um Ant
i-bi
oti
cs

DEFI
NEPOPULATI
ON

-Thenoo
for
gani
smso
fthes
amek
indl
iv
ingi
nanar
eaato
net
ime

DEFI
NEDEMOGRAPHY

-I
sthes
tudyo
fchangesi
napo
pul
ati
on?

STATEFACTORSAFFECTI
NGPOPULATI
ONCHANGE

1
) Birt
hrate
2
) Deathrate
3
) Growthrate
4
) Migrat
ion

DEFI
NEDOUBLI
NGTI
MEASREFERREDTOPOPULATI
ON

-I
sthet
imet
akenfo
rapo
pul
ati
ont
odo
ubl
e?

STATETHEEFFECTSOFPOPULATI
ONGROWTHONNATURALRESOURCES

1
) Envi
ronmentaleffects–l anddegradati
on,soi
leros
ion
2
) Soci
aleffec
t s–cri
mi nalactiv
iti
es,i
mmo ral
it
y,over
crowdi
ng
3
) Educati
onaleffects–lower i
ngofqualit
yo feducati
on
4
) Heal
theffec ts–poorqual i
tyofhealthservi
ces

DEFI
NETHEFOLLOWI
NGTERMS(
a)SEWAGE(
b)REFUSEANDGARBAGE(
c)BI
O-
5
1
DEGRADABLE(
d)NONBI
O-DEGRADABLEREFUSE(
e)RECYCLI
NG

1) Sewage. Referst
othehumanuri
neandfaec
eswhenc
oll
ect
edt
oget
her
.It
al
soi
ncludesor
gani
cwas tefr
omthekit
chen

2) Refuseandgarbage.
Refer
stosol
idwas
tet
hatac
cumul
atesasar
esul
tof
domes
ticandindus
tri
alacti
vi
tye.
g.t
ins
,paper
s

3) Bi
o-degr
adabl
erefuse.Refer
stotherefusethatcanbedec
ompo
sedby
bac
ter
iaandfungie.
g.l
efto
v er
soffrui
ts,v
egetableset
c

4) Nonbi
o-degradabl
erefuse.
Referst
orefus
ethatc
anno
tbeac
tedupo
nby
bac
ter
iaandfungie.g.pl
ast
ics
,metalc
an

5
) Rec
ycl
ing. I
nvo
lvest
hepo
sit
iveus
eofwas
te

DESCRI
BETHEI
MPORTANCEOFRECYCLI
NG

1
) Savesrawmateri
alsi
nmanufact
uri
ng
2
) Contro
lsvec
torshenc
espr
eadingofdi
seas
esi
spr
event
ed

DESCRI
BETHEI
MPORTANCEOFMI
NIMI
SINGI
NDUSTRI
ALPOLLUTI
ON

1
) Co
stofwaterpuri
fic
ationr
educed
2
) Di
seas
esl
ik
es l
aincancerar
ereduced

STATEMETHODSOFSEWAGEDI
SPOSAL

1
) Pi
tlat
rine
2
) Bl
airto
ilet
3
) Fl
ushtoil
etorWat
erc
los
et

STATEPROCESSESOFSEWAGETREATMENT

a) Cesspit
b) Septictank
c) Biol
ogicalfi
lt
ers

a) Ces s
pit. Hasas i
ngleundergr
oundtankwhi c
hcoll
ect
srawsewagefr
omt
he
flus
ht o
il
ets.Waterseepst hr
ought hewal
lsofthepitintot
heground
-Bacteri
aint hetankbreakdo wnwas t
e(decomposi
ti
on)
-Thepitfil
lsupandempt iedbywas teremovalco
mpanies
s
t
b) Sept i
ct ank.Itc onsist
so f2c hambers,
int
he1 c
hamberanaer obi
cbacter
ia
nd
areinv
o l
ved,i
nt he2 chamberwas t
ei sspri
nkl
edoverstones,jell
yfor
m, c
il
iat
esand
aero
bicbac t
er i
aareinvol
v ed
nd
-Whenwat erleavethe2 t ankslagissafeandisremovedr egularl
y
-Theslagcanbeus edasfer ti
li
sers

c
) Biol
ogi
calfil
ter
s. Flui
dfro
mt hesedi
me nt
ati
ontanki
spumpedands
pri
nkl
ed
o
verabedofporousroc
ksc
over
edbybacter
iathatdec
omposeso
li
dwaste
5
2
-Thefl
uidl
eav
ingt
hro
ught
hebo
tto
miss
afet
ober
eleas
edi
ntowat
erbo
dies

EXPLAI
NTHEI
MPORTANCEOFCLEANSAFEWATER

-Safewatermeansabsenceofpatho
gensanddi
seas
ecaus
ingo
rgani
smshenc
ethe
onseto
rspreadofdiseasesi
sprev
ented

DESCRI
BEMETHODSOFPURI
FYI
NGWATERFOR:SI
NGLEFAMI
LY,
VILLAGE,
TOWN

-Bo
il
ing,
fil
trat
ion,
chl
ori
nat
ion,
useo
fwat
erguar
d

DRAWADI
AGRAMTOSHOWFI
LTRATI
ONASAMETHODOFPURI
FYI
NGWATER

DESCRI
BEREASONSFORPROTECTI
NGWATERSUPPLY

1
) Topr
eventc
ont
aminat
ionofwat
er
2
) Toav
oidwat
erbor
nediseas
es

STATEWATERBORNEDI
SEASES

-Cho
ler
a,Typho
id,
Dys
ent
eryandBi
lhar
zia

DESCRI
BETHECARBONCYCLEANDTHENI
TROGENCYCLE

CarbonCyc l
e
-Duringpho tosynt hesi
sp lantstakeincarbonascarbondioxidetoformcarbohydrates
-Thec arbohydr atesar eus edtomak efatsandpr o
teinsinplants
-Carbo hydratesandfat sar ealsousedforenergydur i
ngr espi
ratio
nrel
easi
ngc arbon
dio
xidei ntotheat mo spher e
-Carbo ndioxi
dei sal s
or eleasedintotheatmospherewhenpl antsandani
malsdieand
decay
-Fossilfuelsli
keo il,c
o alandgasar eformedfr omplantsandr eleas
edduri
ng
combus tio
no rburni ng

Nitr
ogenCyc l
e
-Nitr
ogenfr o
mtheat mosphereisaddedtothesoi
lasnitrat
esduri
nglightening
-Denitr
ifyi
ngbacter
iar educenit
ratesi
ntonit
rogenwhichpass
esfromt hes oi
lint
ot he
atmosphere
-Nitr
ogenfixi
ngbacteriafoundinthesoi
landrootnodul
eso fl
egumino
uspl antsuse
ni
trogenintheatmospheretosynthesi
zeni
trogencompounds
-Theprotei
nsfro
mt heani malremai
nsarebrokendownbydec ompo
sersintoammo ni
um
compounds

5
3
5
4