HI

GHWAYFAI
LUREANDTHEI
RMAI
NTENANCE
1.INTRODUCTI ON
Highwaymai nt enancecanbedef i
nedaspr eservingandkeepi ngeachcomponentoft he
hi
ghwaysuchasr oadway ,str
uctur e, andot hercomponent sasf araspossi bleint hei
ror iginal
conditionandpr ov idesuchaddi tional wor kwhi chi snecessar yt okeept het raf
f i
cmov ingsaf ely
.Thus
maintenanceofhi ghwaycompr isesoft hef ol
lowi ngmai ntenancewor ks.
1.Mai ntenanceofr oadsur face
2.Mai ntenanceofshoul der s
3.Mai ntenanceofr oadwaydr ai
nage
4.Mai ntenanceofbr idgesandot herst r
uct ures
5.Mai ntenanceofr oadsi deset c.
 Thel ocat ion, desi gnandconst ruct i
onofahi ghwayhav edi rectbear i
ngoni tsmai nt enancecost
andcondi t i
on.
 I tisessent ial t
oknow, thepossi bili
tyofdev elopingv ari
ousdef ectsdur i
ngt hedesi gnand
distractionst age.Att het i
meofal ignment ,thedr ai
nagepr oblems, stream cr ossings, landslide
condi ti
ons, suitabi l
ityofsoi l
s, anddi rect nessofr out eetc.mustbei nvest i
gatedi ndet ai l
.
 I nsuf fi
cientt hicknessofpav ementorbaseori mpr operconst r
uctionr esultsi nseriousdamages
verysoon, whi chent ai
lsexpensi ver epai randmai ntenance.
 Atpl aceswher ear rowl anesorsmal l
roadwaywi dthf orcet heheav yt r
af fi
ct otravel onshoul ders,
theshoul dermai ntenancebecomesaser iouspr oblem,
 Ther efore, properdesi gnandqual it
ycont rolatthet i
meofconst ructionisv er yessent ialforproper
andeconomi cal mai ntenanceofahi ghwaysy stem.
 I tisessent ial t
odi scusst hecausesoff ailuresofhi ghway s.Thesubj ectofpav ementf ai
lur
eisa
compl expr obl em assev eralfact orscont r
ibutet othedet eriorati
onandf ail
ureofpav ement s.
Thesef act orswi l
l bedi scussedi ndet ailundert heirsub- heads.
Wear i
ngcour se

FAILUREOFFLEXI BLEPAVEMENTS
 Thef ailur
eoft hef l
exi blepav ement sisdef inedast helocalizeddepressionandheav ingupinits
vicinity.
 Thesequenceofdepr essionandheav ingupdev elopsawav ysurf
aceoft hepavement .The
set t
lementofanyoft hecomponentl ay eroft hef l
exiblepav ementdev el
opswav esand
cor rugat i
onsorl ongitudi nalrutsandshov ingont hepav ementsur f
ace.
 Theexcessi v eunev ennessoft hepav ementsur facemayi tselfbeconsideredasaf ail
ure.Thusto
makeapav ementdur abl eandmai ntai nitsst abi
lity,eachlay ershouldbestable.
 Fi g.15. 1i l
lust r
atest heabov econceptoff ai l
ureinf lexi
blepav ement .
 Fi g.15. 1( a)showst hef ailureduet osubgr adesoi l,
 15. 1i)showsf ailur
eduet obasecour seand
 Fi g.15. 1( c)showsf ailureduet owear ingcour se

Thef ailureofsubgr ademaybeat tri
butedduet ot hef oll
owingcauses.
1.Inadequat est abil
ity
.Thei nadequat est abil
ityoft hesub- grademaybeat tri
butedduet othe
fol
lowi ngf actor s:
(a)Inher entweaknessoft hesoi li
tself
.
(b)Excessi vemoi stureint hesubgr ade.
(c)Inadequat ecompact ionoft hesubgr ade.
2.Excessi vest ressappl i
cat ion.Theexcessi v est r
essappl i
cationisduet otheappli
cationofmor e
l
oadt handesi gnedorpr ov isionofi nadequat ethicknessofpav ement.Thedef ormati
onofsubgr ade
soilincreaseswi thincreasei nnumberofl oadr epet i
tions.
FAILUREOFSUBBASEORBASECOURSE
Fai
lureofsubbaseorbasecour setakespl
aceduet
othef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:
1.Inadequat
est r
engthorst abil
it
y
2.Lossofcohesionorbi ndingaction
3.Lossofmat eri
al
4.Inadequat
et hi
cknessofwear i
ngcourse
5.Useofi mproperorinf
eriormat eri
al
6.Crushingofbasecourse
7.Lackoflateralsuppor
tfort hebasecourse.

FAI
LUREOFBI TUMINOUSWEARI NGCOURSE
Thefai
lureofwear i
ngcour semaybeat t
ri
butedduet
othefol
l
owingfact
ors;
1.I mpropermi xdesign
2.I nadequatebindermat erial
3.I nfer
iorquali
tyofbindermat eri
al
4.Poorqual i
tycontr
ol duringconst r
ucti
on
5.Oxi dationofbit
umi nousbi nders.
6.Oxi dationsandvolatil
izationofbi ndersmaket
hebit
uminoussurf
acebri
tt
leandcausesit
s
crackingThesecracksal l
owr ai
nwat ert
oseepdownwardwhichdamageunderl
yinglay
ers.

TYPI
CALFAILUREOFFLEXI BLEPAVEMENTS
Someofthet
ypi
cal f
ail
uresofflexi
blepav
ement
sar
e:
i) MaporAll
igatorcracki
ng

Mapcr ackingisat t
ribut edduet othef ol
lowing
a)Har deningoft heasphal t
b)Lowt emper atur eoft hesurroundingregion
c)Lackofasphal t
d)Pl asti
cdef ormat ionsoft hesuppor ti
nglay er
s
e)Lackofdr ainage.
Mapcr ackingmaybecor rectedbypat chingintheaf fect
edareaswit
hbi
tuminousmat eri
alandsand.
Rapidcur i
ngormedi um cur ingcutbackoremul sif
iedbit
umenshouldbeusedsot hatitmay
thoroughlypenetratei ntothecr acks.Thepai ntpatchingshouldext
endali
tt
lebeyondtheaf f
ect
ed
area.

i
i)Consol
idati
onofpavementl
ayer
s.Rut
sfor
mat
ionar
emai
nlyat
tr
ibut
edt
otheconsol
i
dat
ionof
oneorl
ay er
sofpavement

Fi
g.15.
3.Rut
 f
ormat
iononar
oad

Therepeat
edappl
icati
onofloadsont
hesamelocat
ionoft
her
oadcausesconsol
i
dat
ion
de-
formati
on,
causingdepr
essionont
heroad.

i
ii
)Shearfail
ure.
Shearf
ail
ureisatt
ri
but
edthei
nher
entweaknessofpav
ementmi xt
ure.Theshearf
ail
urecauses
upheav
alofthepavementmat
eri
alfor
mingacracki
ngorf
ract
ure.

i
v)Longit
udinalcracking.
Duetodi
ffer
ential
v olumechangesorotherreasonssuchasfr
ostact
ion,
set
tl
ementof
embankmentorslidingofsidesl
opes,
longit
udinalcr
acki
nginthepav
ementiscaused.

v)Lackofcohesioni ndiff
erentlayers.
Thisty
peoffail
ureoccurswhent her
ei snopr
operbondbetweentheweari
ngcourseand
underl
yi
ngbasecour seetc.Thisresul
tsinopeni
ngupandlossofmaterial
for
mingpotholes.Thi
s
typeoffai
l
uregenerall
ytakesplacewhent hebit
uminoussurf
aci
ngisprovi
dedovertheexi
sti
ng
cementconcret
ebasecour seet c.

vi
)For mat
ionofwav esandCorr
ugati
on.
Thisty
peoffail
ureoccursduet
olocal
izeddepr
essi
onsfol
l
owedbyheav i
ngupinthevi
cini
ty.The
sequenceofsuchdepressi
onsandheavingupr
esul
tsi
nwav esandcor
rugat
ionsonthepavement
surf
ace.

TYPICALFAI LUREOFRI GI
DPAVEMENTS
Fol
lowingfai
luresaregener all
yobser vedinr
igi
dpavement s:
i
. Scal li
ngofcementconcr ete.Scall
ingofcementconcretegenerall
yoccursduetothepresenceof
chemi cali
mpur i
tiesinthemi xorduet othepoormi xdesign.Furt
herduri
ngconstr
uctionperi
odif
excessivevibrat
ioni sgi
v entot hecementconcr
ete,themat ri
xormor t
arcomestot hesurf
ace
whichget sabradeddur ingthel onguseofthepavement sleavi
ngtheaggregat
esurfaceexposed.
Thismakest hepav ementsur faceroughandunsightl
yinappearance.

i
i. Dev
elopmentofshri
nkagecr
ack.Duri
ngthecuri
ngperi
odshr
inkagecracksgener
all
ydevel
op
i
ncementconcret
epavementsinl
ongit
udi
nalaswellasi
ntr
ansversedir
ecti
on.Thesecr
acks
mayall
owseepingwatert
oenteri
nsi
detheroadwhichmaydisi
ntegr
atetheconcret
e.

i
ii
. Developmentofwar pingcracks.Ifthej
oint
sarenotwelldesi
gnedtoaccommodat et
he
warpi
ngoft heslabatedges, t
hesl abwil
ldevel
opcracksduetothedevelopmentofexcessi
ve
str
essesinit.I
flongi
tudinal«
:-transver
sereinf
orcementi
sprovi
dedatt hejoi
nts,
itwi
llt
ake
careofall
structur
aldefects.

i
v. Str
uctur
alcracks.St
ruct
ural
cracksar
edev
elopedduet
othei
nadequat
ethi
cknessoft
he
pavement.

v
. Spoi
li
ngofj
oint
s.Dur
ingconst
ruct
ionofcementconcr
etepav
ement
s,somet
imespr
epar
ed
 fi
ll
ermat eri
alsareusedatjoint
s.Somet i
mesthesefi
ll
ersgetdi
sturbedandgettil
ted.I
f
concreti
ngi sdoneont hesefi
ll
ersi
nt hi
sposit
ion,
anoverhangl
ay erofconcr
etetakesplace
ont hetopoft hefi
ll
er,
latt
eron,thi
sresult
sinsubsi
denceofsoi
lundert hej
ointandexcessi
ve
crackingtakesplacenearthejoi
nt.

v
i. Mudpumpi ng.Ifundertheinfluenceofwheel l
oadt hecementconcr et
epav ementmov es
downwardand; :r
acked,theejectionofsoilsl
urryinsuchacondi t
ionisknownasmud
pumping.General
lysuchphenomenonoccur sinpav ementspl
acedoncl ayeysoilsubgrades.
Duetotherepeatedapplicati
onsofl oads,t
hepav ementget svi
brati
on,duetowhi chthesoil
bel
owconcr et
eslabgetscompact edandsomespacei slef
tunder¬neaththepavementsl ab.
Watermayseept hroughjointsandcr acksint
ot hi
sspaceandmayf orm soilsl
urr
y .The
subsequentappli
cati
onofheav ywheel l
oadsdef l
ectthepavementslabatcr i
ti
calf>.

MAINTENANCEOFHI GHWAYS
Asabasi cprincipl
e,itmaybeassumedt hatanypavementdesignedandconst
ruct
edonsci
ent
if
ic
basi
sshoul dneedt hemi nimum mai ntenance.
Fact
or saff
ect i
ngmai nt
enance
Generall
yfoll
owi ngfourfactor
saf fectthemai ntenanceofpav
ement s:
1.I
ncreaseint heintensit
yoftraff
ic.
2.I
nadequat ethicknessofpav ement s.
3.No.oflanesorwi dthofthepavement .
4.I
ncreaseinl abouraswel lasmat erialcost.

TYPESOFMAI NTENANCE
General
lyf
ollowingt
ypesofmai nt
enanceoper
ati
onsar
eadopt
ed:
1.Routi
neorper i
odi
cmaintenance.
2.Speci
alrepair
s.
3.Resur
facing.

1.Peri
odi cmai ntenance.Sinceall
typesofhi ghway sareexposedtotheadv er
seCli
maticcondi
ti
ons
andmov i
ngt raff
ic,theywouldposit
ivelywearout .Thusforeconomy ,
theyneedmaintenancebefor
e
furt
herdet er
iorati
on.Undert hi
scategoryofmai ntenancegeneral
lyfol
lowingworksarecarr
iedout:
(a)Upkeepofcar r
iageway .
(b)Maintenanceofshoul der
sandsubgr ade.
(c)Maintenanceofsi dedrai
nsasclear i
ngofsiltandmai nt
aini
ngproperslope.
(d)Maintenanceofot herancil
l
arywor kssuchasbr i
dgesetc.
(e)Improvementofhi ghwaygeomet ri
esandt raff
iccontrol
setc.

2.Speci
alrepai
rs.Specialr
epair
sarecarr
iedoutforspeci
alprobl
emsasandwhenoccurduetothe
fai
l
ureofpavement s.Sometimesspeci
alrepai
rsareneededforsomesub-
sur
facedr
ainagesy
stem
andcrossdrai
nagest r
uctur
es.

3.Resurf
aci
ng.Af
tert
heusef
ull
i
feoft
hepav
ementorduet
othesur
facebei
ngbadl
ydamaged,
resur
faci
ngi
sdone.

MAINTENANCEOPERATI ONS
Thescheduleofmaintenanceoperat
ionsindicatesthemonthi
nwhichdif
fer
entmai
ntenance
operat
ionsshouldbecarri
edout.General
l
yt heseschedulesar
edr
awnt osui
tthel
ocalcondi
ti
ons.A
ty
picalschedul
eofhighwaymaintenanceisgi venbelow.
ApriltoJune
I
nt hisperiodgener al
lyfol l
owi ngwor ksarecar r
iedout:
(
a) Renewal ofwear i
ngcoatasperpl an.
(
b) Repai rsofbr okenedges, bl eedingandpat chwor krepai rsetc.
(
c) Col lect ionofmat erial suchasgr avelneededf orstabilizati
onofber ms.
(
d) Wher ev erpossible, i
mpr ov ementofber msbymechani calstabil
i
zation.
(
e) Det ai l
edi nspectionsofcul verts,bri
dgesandt heirrepairswher eevernecessar y
(
f) Remov al ofsandf r
om t hecar r
iageway
(
g) Si l
tcl ear anceet c.ofsi dedr ainsandconst r
ucti
onofnewdr ai
nswher evernecessar
y.
(
h) Mai ntenanceofr oadsi det rees.
Jul
yt oSept ember
(a) At tendi ngtopat hr epai r
s.
(b) At tendi ngtocut sdev elopedbyr ains.
(c) Dr ai ningofwat erfrom r oadwher ev ernecessarybycut t
ingtheber ms.
(d) At tendi ngtodr ai
nsandot herdamagescausedbyr ain.
Octobert oDecember
(a) Pat chwor krepai r
.
(b) Renewal ofcoat s.
(c) Repai rsofdamagescausedbyr ains.
(d) At tendi ngkil
omet erst ones, Roadsi gnboards,vill
agenameboar ds,dir
ecti
onboardset
c..
(e) Repai rofscour sincul ver t
sandbr idges,andclearingofsi l
tetc.
Januar yToMar ch
(a) Pat chwor krepai r
.
(b) Repai rsandInspect ion
(c) Renewal andimpr ov ementwor ks.

MAINTENANCEOFEARTHROADS
I
neart
hr oadsusual l
yfollowingdamagesneedmai ntenance:
1.For mat ionofdustdur ingdr yweat her.
2.For mat ionoflongi tudinalrutsalongwheel pathoft hevehicles.
3.For mat ionofcr ossr utsduet orai
nwat er.
4.For mat ionofgul l
iesi nsidesl opes.
5.Gr owi ngofv egetationi nsidedrainsandt heirsil
tingupet c.
Remedy
1.Thedustnui sancemayber emedi edeit
herbyf r
equentshr inkingofwat erorbyt r
eati
ngt
he
surfacewi thcertainchemi calssuchascal cium chloride.
2.For mat ionofr utsmaybemai ntai
nedbyspr eadingmoi stsoi l
al ongtherutsandcompacti
ngi
t
proper l
y.Ifneedbe, t
hecambermayber eshaped.
3.Cr ossr utsmayei t
herber epairedaf t
ermonsoonorst abil
izedl ayermaybepr ov
ided.
4.For mat ionofgul l
iesi nsidesl opesmaybet r
eatedbydr essi ngt hesi
desl opes.
5.Si dedr ainsmaybemai ntainedbysi l
tclearanceandr emov i
ngv eget
ati
onf rom t
hem.

MAINTENANCEOFGRAVELROADS
 Maintenanceofgravelr
oadsshoul
dbedoneont hesamelinesasthatofear
throads,
butinno
caselocalsoi
lshouldbespreadovert
hegr
avelsurf
ace.Onlygr
avelshoul
dbeused.
 Thevolumeofgr avelst
ackedcoul
dbesuff
ici
enttobespreadovertheful
lwi
dthoftheroadina
thi
cknessof5cms.

MAI
NTENANCEOFWATERBOUNDMACADAM ROAD
 W.B.
M.i
sthebasi
cst
ageoft
hepl
annedi
mpr
ovementofr
oadsur
faci
ng.W.
B.M.r
oadsar
e
 damagedr apidlyduet otheheav ymixedt raffi
candadv er
secl i
mat i
ccondi ti
ons.
 I ndryweat herdustandi nrainyseasonmudi sformed.
 Thef astmov ingv ehicl
essuckupt hef i
nepar t
icl
esf rom t
her oadsur facer esul
ti
ngi nl
ossof
bindingmat erial
sint hesurface.
 I nrainyseasont heraini
ssoakedbyt hesur facewhi chmakest hesur facesof t
.Insuch
condi t
ionst hemov ementofv ehicl
esmakest helay erofsurfacel oose.
 I nthissi t
uationsomeaggr egategetpl acedf rom thei rposit
ioncausi ngr utsandpotholeson
thesur face.
Remedies
1.Topr eventaggr egat efrom gettingloosef rom thesur facecour se,at hi
nl ayerofmoi stsoil
shoul
d
bespr eadov ert hesur f
aceper iodicall
y,parti
cularlyaftert herai
nyseason.
2.Thedustnui sancecanbeef fectiv
elyeliminatedbypr ov i
dingasur facedr essingofbi t
uminous
mater i
als.

DEFECTSI NROADS
Ruts
Thesear el ongi tudi nal depressi onsi nthesur f
ace.Rut sar eformedduet ot hef ol
l
owi ngr easons:
1.I fvehi clesuset her oadagai nandagai n,depr essionsar ef ormed.I nsuchdepr essionsat hi n
l
ay erofmar rum shoul dbespr eadov ert hesur face.
2.Rut sar eal sof ormedi ft hesubgr adei sofi nadequat esuppor tingpower .I
nsuchcasesei ther
subgr adeshoul dbest rengt henedort hicknessofr oadcr ustshoul dbei ncreased,
3.I fthecamberi nt hepav ementi sexcessi v e, thet endencyoft r
af f
icr emai nstouset hecent ral
partoft hepav ementf ormi ngapai rsofr utsi nt hemi ddlehal foft hepav ement .I
nsuchcases
ther ut sshoul dber epairedassoonaspossi bleandcamberal soshoul dber ect i
fi
ed.
4.Rut scanal sobedev elopedduet oinsuff i
ci entcompact ion.Insuchcasesi tcanber ecti
fiedby
scar if
y i
ngandr e-compact i
ngt hesur face.
Potholes
Thesear ei solat eddepr essi
onsi nar oadsur face.Pothol esmaydev elopduet othef oll
owi ngreasons:
1.Si nkingofaggr egat esi nr elativelysof tpat chesi nthesub- grade.
2.Sur f
acei rregul ar i
ti
esar ecov eredwi thoutpr opercompact i
on.
3.Bymet alli
ngov erunev enst onesol ing.
Remedy
1.Pothol esshoul dbecuti nr ect angul arorsquar eshapeupt ot hedef ectivedept handt he
excavat edmat er i
al remov ed.Thencoar seaggr egat eoft hesamesi zei sf i
ll
edupi nthepothol eor
thepat chwor kandcompact edwel lbyr ammi ng.Thel evelofpat chedar eaiskept1cm abov et he
general sur faceoft hepav ement .Thi sal l
owsf ur thercompact ionoft hepat chedar eaundert raffi
c.
Thesoi l binderi sappl iedtot hispat chedar eat of il
lupt heintersticesandt hesurfacei srammed
again.
2.I nsuchcasest her ecompact ionshoul dbedonepr ovidingpr opergr adeandsect i
on.Al i
tt
le
additi
onal mat erialshoul dbel eftforf uturecompact i
on.
3.I nsuchcondi t
ionst heunev ensol ingshoul dbecompl etelyremov ed, repackedandcompact ed
conformi ngt ot henor mal lineofgr adeandsect i
onandpothol epat chedup.

Corrugati
on.
Corrugati
onsarel
ongit
udinalwav i
ngintheroadsurface.Corrugati
onsareformedunderfoll
owing
conditi
ons:
1.Duet oini
ti
alwavingproducedwhi l
erolli
ng.Whil
ecompact i
ngtherenewalcoat
,thesurf
ace
shoul
dbefini
shedt otherequi
redlineandgrade.
2.Duet otheuseofv erysandymurrum.Att heti
meofr emet al
li
ngbetterqual
it
ymur r
um shoul
d
beused.
3.Duet otheprovi
si
onofv er
ythi
ncr ust.Pr
opercrustshouldbebuiltupbysuccessiv
erenewal
 coat s.
Rav elli
ng
Ther emov al ofmateriali
scal l
edr ev el
li
ng.I tisgenerall
ycausedby
i. Useoft oosandybi nder,
i
i. I nsuf fi
ci
entcompact ion.
Inear lystagesofpav ementconst ructi
onr avell
ingcanbedet ectedbyt hepresenceofhai rcracks
alongt hei nterst
ices.Atthisstagei tcanbear restedbyblindi
ngt hesurfacewithgoodmur rum.Ifthe
def ectprogr essedtoof ar
,allfl
oat i
ngmet alshouldber emov edandagoodbl indingwithbetter
qual i
tymur rum shouldbegi ven.
Fray i
ngEdges
Damaget oedgesi sknownasf raying.Fr ay i
ngofedgesi scausedbyl ackofshoul dersupportwhich
mayr esultbywear i
ngdownbyt rafficorgul lyi
ngbyr ainwater.
Firstofal l
,theshoul dersuppor tshoul dbei mpr ovedandthenf r
ay ededgespat chedup.Wher e
shoul dersar emai ntai
nedinagoodandst ablecondi t
ion,smoothandf l
ushwi t
ht hepav ement
throughoutt heyear,thechancesofbr eakingpav ementedgesar everyremote.

RENEWALOFSURFACE
Af t
ertheusef ul
lif
eoft hepavementorwhent hesur
facefailsextensiv
el yt
osuchanext ent,t
hatit
cannol ongerbemai ntai
nedbyrouti
nemai nt
enanceoperations,thenrenewal ofsurfacei sadopted.
Nor mall
yagoodW. B.M.sur
facewill
requir
erenewalaft
erev ery3t o5y ear
sdependi ngupont he
traff
icandweat herconditi
ons.General
ly8cm thi
cknessinloosest ageoft herenewal layeris
suffici
entifthethi
cknessoftheW. B.M.isadj
udgedtobel ess,thenitcanbei ncreasedatt heti
meof
renewal orresurf
acing.

MAI NTENANCEOFBI TUMI NOUSSURFACE

Inbitumi noussur facesgener allyfol l
owi ngr epairsar ecarri
edout :1.Pat chr epai rs.2.Pothol esand
theirr epai rs.
3.Sur f acet reatment .4.Resur f
aci ng.
1.Pat chr epairs.Pat chr epai rsmaybecar riedoutont hedamagedori mpr operpor tionoft her oad
surface.Local i
zeddepr essi onscausepothol esformat i
oni nt
her oadsur face.I nadequat eor
defect iv ebi ndingr .ater i
al causesr emov alofaggr egatesfrom theroadsur facedur ingr ai
nyseason.
Thuspat chingmaybedone: naf fectedl ocal i
zedar easorsect i
onsf orr emov ingi nequal i
ti
esi nshape
andsur faceandal sor emov ing■aav inessinor dertohav easmoot hr idingsur face.
2.Pothol esandt hei rrepai rs.Pothol esaregener al
lyformedduet ot hef ollowi ngcauses: (a)
Non- uni form di str
ibut ionofasphal t,result
ingi nlackofasphalti nsmal lpocket s.
(/?)Mov ementofbaseduet oi nadequat ethi ckness.
(c)Yi eldi ngofsubgr ade.
(d)Lackofpr opermai ntenanceoft hesur face.
Remady
Pothol esmayber ect ifi
edbyf ollowi ngmet hods;
1.Pai ntpat ching.Thi smet hodcanbeadopt edt ohol dupt hepothol ef or mat i
oni nit sini
tialstagei.
e.,
whent hesur f
acest artsr evel l
ing.
2.Penet rationpat chi ng
Premi xPat ching.I nt hismet hod, thepothol esar ecuti nasquar eorr ect angul arshapeandexcav ated
upt ot hedept hunt i
llthesoundmat er i
alsareencount er
ed.Theaf fectedmat eri
al isr emov ed.The
excav at edhol esar ecl eanedofal llooseaggr egat e,dust,f
orei
gnmat terandwat eret c.Thesi desand
bottom oft hecutpor ti
onsl ight lypr imedwi thapr imer.Whent hehol ei sr eady ,apr emi xedmat er
ial
orpat chi ngmi xturei spl acedi ni tassoonaspossi bleandcompact edwel lbyr ammai ng.Pat chi
ng
mix tur egener al l
yconsi stsofcutbackemul si onasabi nderandwel l gradedmi ner al aggregat eof
maxsi ze20t o12. 5mm.
Ifthedept hoft hehol eisl esst han8cm, t
hewhol edept hmaybef il
ledi noneoper ationand
compact edwel l.Whi l
ef i
lli
ngdepr essi onanal l
owanceof20%compact ionshoul dbemade.Fort his
all
owancegener al
lycompact edmat er i
al i
skept1cm hi ghert hanexi stingsur faceoft hepav ement .I
f
thedept hi smor ethan8cm t henpat chmat er i
al shoul dbel aidi nl ay ers.Gener all
ythet hicknessof
onel ay ershoul dnotbemor et han6cms.
15.17.SURFACETREATMENT
Ifthebi ndi ngmat erial orbi ndersuchasbi tumeni si nexcessi nt hesur face, i
twi llcomeupont he
surf acedur ingsummer .Thepr ocessofcommi ngupt osur faceofbi tumeni sknownasbl eedi ng.Due
tot hebl eedi ngoft hebi tumen, thepav ementsur facebecomespat chyandsl ipper ycausi ng
corr ugat ionsorr utsorshov i
ngi nt hesur face.I nsuchci rcumst ancesi tiscust omar yt ospr ead
coar sesandoraggr egat echi psofmaxi mum si z eof1. 25cm dur ingsummer .Af terspr eadi ngsandor
aggr egat el ightr oll
ingi sdonet odev el opbondbet weent heexist ingsur faceandt hemat erial spr ead.
Duet oconst antcont actwi tht heat mospher i
cchanges, thebi nderoft hebl acksur faceget soxi dized.
Inthi spr ocess, thebi nderbecomesst i
ff,for mi ngmi nut ecr acksont hepav ementsur face.I nsuch
cir
cumst ancesanewseal coatorr enewal coati sappl iedont hepav ementsur face.Ift hesur face
getsdamagedser iousl yduet ooxi dat ionorv olatil
izat i
onofbi ndermat er ials, t
hesur facemaybe
prov idedwi thmor et hanonel ay erofsur facet reat ment .
15.18.WAVESANDCORRUGATI ONS
Followi ngf act or scont ri
but etot hef ormat ionofcor rugat ionandwav es;
1.Def ect iver ol li
ng.Dur i
ngconst r
uct ionst agei frollingi sdef ect ivei twi llcausef ormat ionofwav es,
and' itwi l
l cont inuei ndef initely.Thi swi llf
ur therbeaggr av atedbyt het raf ficmov ementi fther ol l
ingi s
i
mpr operdur ingconst ruct ionst age.I nt hiscasesmal laggr egat est oget herwi thanexcessof
bit
umenorasphal tbui ldupamat .
1.9
2.Poorsubgr ade.I ft hesubgr adei sconsi st edofpoorsoi l
ssuchasor gani csoi lsorhi ghl ypl ast i
c
soilsandhi ghwat ert abl eexi stscl oset ot hesubgr adet heni tmaycauset hesubgr adesur facenon
unifor m andofi nadequat est abi li
ty.I fboul der sar eusedassol ingcour sei nsuchsubgr ades, a
dif
f er ential set tlementofst oneswi l
l takepl ace.I twi llalsocont ribut et ot hef or mat i
onof
corr upgat i
onandwav es.
3.Inadequat esur f
acecour se.I nadequat esur facecour set ot aket hei nt ensi tyoft het raf fi
cwi l
l cause
wav esandcor rugat ionoft hepav ement .
4.Poorgr adat i
onorpoormi x.Def ect ivegr adat ionandpoormi xusedf ort hesur faceal soi sacause
forf or mat ionofcor rugat ionandwav es.
5.Compact iont emper atur e.Thev iscouspr oper tyofbi tumengr eat lydependsupont emper at ur e.
Hight emper at ur e,dur ingmi xingandcompact i
onofbi tumenmi x,woul dr esul tinv erylowst abl e
pav ementsur face.
6.Weakorunst ableunder lyingl ayer s.Weakunder l
y ingl ayersal socausef or mat ionofwav esduet o
repeat edpl yingofv ehi clesont hem.
15.19.REMEDI ALMEASURES
Cor rugat i
onsmayber ect i
fiedupt odesi gnsect i
onsbycut ti
ngoft hehi ghr idges.Thei nequal iti
esand
wav i
nessmayber emov edbyf ill
ingt hedepr essi onswi thpr emi xedmat erial afterappl yingt ackcoat
overt hecl eanedsur face.
Baser epai rs.St ructur al failuresofbasecour sei nf lexiblepav ement smayr esul tduet ot hef ollowi ng
factor s:
1.Inadequat ebaset hickness
2.Inadequat esubgr adesuppor t
3.Ex cessmoi st urei nbaseorsub- grade.
4.Acombi nat ionoft woormor ef act or sst atedabov e.
Thef ai l
ur emayr esul tduet oconsol i
dat ionordev elopi ngsheari nsubgr adeorbasecour seorsur face.
Incase, failurei sduet oconsol idat ionofr oadl ayers, r
utwi l
lnotdev elopbyanyupheav al oft he
surf ace, wher eassubgr adeshearf ailurewi llexhi bitsur faceupheav el atsomedi stancef rom t he
depr essedr ut.
(a)Shearf ailur eofsur f
acecour sewi lldev el opupheav el relativ elycl oset ot yret rack.Hencepr oper
i
nv est igat ionsoft hecausesshoul dbedonebef orecar ryi
ngoutanyr epai rwor k.
(b)I fthef ai l
ur ei sduet oexcessi vemoi stur e,thenpr operdr ainageshoul dbepr ov i
ded.
(c)I fthef ailur ei st ot al andi thasbeendeci dedt oi ncr easet hebaset hicknesst henol dsur faceand
baseshoul dbel oosenedbyscar ifyingt ot hef ulldept handsubgr ader emov edupt ot hedept h
necessar yt ogi v et heneededaddi tional thicknesst ot henewbase.Nowr oadi sbr oughtt ot hepr oper
cross- sect ionandcompact ed.
Resur faci ng.Whent her oadbasei sst ruct ur al
lysoundbutt hebi tumi nousmat swor noutr esulti
ngi n
poorr idingsur face, t
hent opr ov ideanaddi t
ional matont heexi st ingsur facei seconomi cal.Af t
er
repai ringt heexi st ingsur facebysui tabl epat chwor k, al i
ghtt ackcoati sappl iedandnewsur f
acei s
l
aidandf inished.
15. 20.MAI NTENANCEOFSHOULDERS
Shoul deri sapor ti
onoft her oadwayoneachsi deoft hepav ementbet weent hepav ementedgesand
thet opoft hei nnerdi tchsl opei ncut sandoft het opoft hef il
l sl opei ncaseofembankment .
Bef or eat tempt ingt omai nt enanceofshoul dersorber msweshoul dunder standt heirfunct i
ons.The
mosti mpor tantf unct ionsofshoul der sar easf oll
ows:
1.Theypr ov idespacef orpar kingv ehiclesi nemer gencyandov er taki ngmov ingv ehicles.
2.Theyf acilitatedr ainingwat erf rom pav ementsur f ace.
3.Theysuppor tt heedgesoft hepav ement .
4.Theypr ov idel ater al suppor tt ot hepav ement .
Henceshoul dershoul dbekeptst abl e,strong, smoot handwi thpr operel ev ationandcr osssl ope.
15. 20. 1.Def ect si nShoul der s
Def ect si nshoul der sar easf ollows:
HIGHWAYFAI LURESANDTHEI RMAI NTENANCE
1.11
1.Themosti mpor t antdef ectofshoul der si st hedepr essi oni nt heshoul deral ongt heedgeoft he
pav e¬ment .Itcr eat est raf fichazar d, Itcol lectsandhol dswat er , andcausesl ossofsuppor ttothe
pav ement .
2.Dev elopmentofdeepr ut s, holesandsl ipper ysur faceofshoul der s.
3.Dev elopmentofcut sandgul li
es.
1520. 2.Remedi al measur es
{a)Shoul der sshoul dbemai nt ainedf ort hei rfullwi dt hi nsmoot hcondi tionf lushwi t
hedgesof
pav ement .
(b)Todr ainof ft hepav ementsur facewat ershoul der sshoul dbegi venpr opercr osssl ope.Gener al
ly
forear thr oadsacr osssl opeof1i n24andf orgr av el road1i n35sl opei ssuf f
icient .
(c)Tor ect ifydef ect s2and3abov eshoul der sshoul dbedr essedf r
equent l
yanddepr essionsand
cut sr ect ifi
edbyf ill
ingwi thgoodsoi l.
.
5- 203.I mpr ov ementofshoul der s
Wher et r
af ficcondi ti
onsdemandshoul der sofst abi lizedsoi l
, gr av elorW. B.M.shoul dbepr ovidedfor
a-i thof40t o60cm f rom t hepav ementedgewi t
h10t o20cm dept h.
Gener al l
ynat ur al soi lshoul der sar epr ov i
dedont heexi sti
nghi ghway s.Butt hei rmai ntenancei s
difficul tisi heybecomesl i
pper yi nr ainyseasonanddust ydur ingdr yweat her .Theyal sogeter oded
dur ingheav y:aj is.Tomi nimi set hesedef ect sofsoi lshoul der st heyshoul dbet ur f
ed.
MAI NTENANCEOFSI DEDRAI NS
Sidedi tchesdr awawaywat erf rom pav ementsur faceandsub- gr ade.Sosi dedi tchesshoul dbekept
clear .Theyshoul dbecl ear edannual l
ybef or etheonsetofmonsoonofanysi ltandv egetationsot hat
theyf unct ion: "cient lydur ingmonsoonper iod.
.
5. 22.MAI NTENANCEOFCEMENTCONCRETEROADS
Gener al l
ycementconcr et er oadneedv er yl it
tlemai nt enance.Mai ndef ect si nt hi st ypeofpav ementi s
the.mat ionofcr acks.Gener al l
yf inecr acksar enothar mf ul t
ot hepav ement .Ifcr acksar ewi de
enought oal lowKr facewat ert oi nf il
tratei nsi de, thent heyshoul dbeat tendedi mmedi atelyt oavoid
furtherdamaget ot he: -
vement .
Thecr acksshoul dbecl eanedofal ldi
rt,sandoranyot herloosepar ti
clesbyshar ptoolandai r
blowi ngbybl ower .Tof acil
it
atet hebondbet weent heol dsur faceandseal li
ngmat eri
al,
thecl eaned
surfacei sgivena
:
:jiofker oseneoi l.Thent hecracksar efill
edwi thsuitablegr adeofbi tumeni nliquidform.Theseal ing
nrerialifprovided3mm ext r
at hant herequiredheight .Thent hetreatedsurfacei scoveredwi thsand.
Thespot satt heconst ructi
onj ointaretheweakesti ncement sconcr etepav ement s.Thust omai ntain
a
orientconcr eter oadi tisessent ialt
hatthef il
lerandseal ingmat eri
alsareintactinthejoints.Vertical
edgesof
rejointsar ealsov er yessent i
al asincli
nedf acesgetdamagedser i
ously.
QUESTI ONS
1.Descr i
bethei mpor tanceofhi ghwaymai ntenancei nbr ief.
2.Ex plainthev arioust ypesoff ail
ureandt heircausesoff lexiblepavement s.
3.Ex plainthef ail
ur esofcementconcr eteroads.
4.Wr i
teshor tnot esont hefollowing:
(a)Al i
gatororMapcr acking(b)Mudpumpi ng
(c)Ski ddingofpav ementsur face (d)Ref l
ectioncr acking
(e)Spal li
ngofj oint s( /)Pothol es.
5.Ex plainhowt hemai ntenanceoft hefoll
owi ngpav ement sar ecarri
edout .(a)Earthroads( b)
Bitumi nousr oads
6.Whatar ethecausesofwav esandcor rugationformat ioni nflexi
blepavement s.Suggestremedi al
measur es.