‘

O’LEVELMATHS

STUDYPACK

1STEDI
TION

TURN-UPCOLLEGE

1
Publ
i
cat
ionSt
aff

Publ
ishi
ngDir
ector
Sam Madzi
ngir
a

Copyproofreader
Curr
icul
um DevelopmentUni
tZi
mbabwe

Gener
alEdi
tor
C.
K.Mhuri

Cont
ri
but
or
Z.Mguni

TextPri
nters
Cryst
abel
l Mudzi
ngwa

Publi
sher
Turn-
UpCollegeZi
mbabwe
Offi
ce28,No.131TradeCent
reBui
l
ding
13th/
14thAv
eBulawayo.

I
SBN 9780797445543

2
Copyri
ght©2010,byTur
n-UpCol
l
ege
Fi
rstpri
nted2008
Re-pr
int
ed2009,2010

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v ed;Print
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nar etri
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For
ewor
d

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unityofdi scussingt hisbookwi thsev eraleducat i
oni st
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student swheni twasi nt hepr ocessofmaki ng,andIf eltatoncet hati twasl ikel
yt o
proveunusual l
yusef ul.Itgat her st oget
heragr eatdealofi nfor
mat i
onwhi chmust
otherwi sebedel vedf ori nmanybooksandal lthisi sar rangedj udi ciouslyandon
practi
call ines.Theaut hor s’outlookmi ghtbedescr i
bedasoneofl i
ber alcommonsense
clar
ity,simpl icityofexpr essi on,andexami nat i
on-skil
l
s-f ocused.Ourst udypacksar e
theretoof feracanv asforZi mbabweanst oshowcaset heirbestideast ohel ptransform
thecount ryi ntoaknowl edge-basedsoci et
ywher eci ti
zensar efreet oexpr esst heir
creati
v i
ty,knowl edgeandi ngenuity.Wehav esetchal lengingobj ecti
v es,butwebel ieve
thatonl ybyst ri
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canweel evateoursel v
esabov etheel ement s
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hingwher ey ouf eelwe
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edoni ssuessuchascont ent,
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i
ty,pleasel etusknow byusi ngt hecont actnumber s(09)
61226/ 61247,Wear eher et olistenandi mprov e.0773247358;orBox2759By o;emai l
atturnupcol l
ege@y ahoo.com.

I
nmyday sasat eacherandasast udentIshoul dhav ewelcomedt hi
sbookwar mly
because:
(i
) I tapproachest hesy l
labuswhol i
stical
l
y
(i
i
) I tusessimpl i
fiedexpr essi
on
(i
i
i) I thasani n-
dept hcov erageofcont ent
(i
v) I tprovi
desexami nati
onski l
lsattheearlieststageofstudy ing
(v) I tprovi
desint ell
igentquest ionsandanswer soft heexami nati
ontypeonachapter
bychapterbasi s
(v
i) Lastbutnotl east ,i
tpr ovi
desacl earplatfor
mf orsel
f-evaluat
ionasoneprepares
fort
hefinalexami nati
ons.

Ihavenodoubtthatlear
ner
sandeducat or
swoul daswel
lfindt
hisbookt
obeoneofthe
best.I
tiscer
tai
nlyamanualf orsuccess.Everyonewoul
df i
ndi
twor t
hyt
ohavehi
sown
copy.Ishallnotbesur pr
isedi ftheTur n-
upCol l
egeStudyPackbecomesthebest
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ceinschoolandoutofschool .

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ngi
ra

4
Acknowl
edgement
s

TheDirectorofTurn-UpCol l
egewoul dli
ket oexpresshisgr at
itudetomember sofTur
n-
UpEnterprisesandotheroutsiders,whom t hrought hei
reffort
,madet hepubli
cat i
onof
thi
sstudypackasuccess.Al sonott obef orgott
eni smysecr etari
esSenzokuhl eDube
andCrystabellMudzingwawhot ypedt hemanuscr ipt.Mygr at
it
udealsogoest ot he
edit
ori
alteam whoat temptedtoper fectthemodul e.Ialsoextendmyt hankf
ulnesstoall
thewri
terswhoser esourceshav ebeenusedasabasi sfortheproductionofthismodule.

Wehavetakeneveryeffor
ttot
ryandgetholdofthecopyri
ghtholder
sofanyi nf
ormat i
on
wehaverepr
oducedwi t
houtacknowledgement
.Wewi l
lappreci
atethehelpfrom anyone
t
oenableuscontactthecopyr
ighthol
derswhosepermissi
onwehav enotyetobtai
ned.

5
Tabl
eofcont
ent
s

Chapt
er Page

Acknowl
edgement
s 5
Acknowl
edgement
s 13
CHAPTER1 14

GENERALARI
THMETI
C 14

Decimals 14
Si
gnifi
cantf
igur
es(
SF) 15
Fract
ions 16
Approximat
ions 17
EXAMI NATI
ONQUESTI
ON 17
CHAPTER2 19

NUMBERBASES 19

Baset
enorDenar
ysy
stem 19
EXAMINATI
ONQUESTION 23
CHAPTER3 24

STANDARDFORM 24

Standardf ormforsci
ent i
fi
cnotat
ion 24
Multipli
cationandDivi
sion 26
Reciprocalsofnumbers 27
Calculati
onsusingreci
pr ocal 29
CHAPTER4 31

SET 31

6
 Uni
ver
sal set‫ﻍ‬ 32
VennDiagrams 32
COMPLEMENT 33
VENNDI AGRAMSWI THTHREESUBSETS 36
EXAMINATI ONQUESTI
ONS 39
CHAPTER5 41

LOGARI
THI
MS 41

Lawoflogarit
hms 41
Fi
ndingtheintegerpar
t 43
Anti
l
ogarit
hm 45
Tryt
hese 45
Uselogari
thms 45
POWERSANDROOTS 47
EXAMINATI ONQUESTI ONS 48
CHAPTER6 49

BASI
CALGEBRAANDI
RRATI
ONALNUMBERS 49

Simplif
icati
on 49
Remov ingbr acket
s 49
Factori
zation 53
Diff
erenceofsquar es 54
Factori
zationoft r
inomial
s 55
I
rrati
onal number s 56
Surds 57
EXAMI NATI ONQUESTI ON 59
CHAPTER7
60

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS 70
CHAPTER8 72

Thesi
ner
uleandCosi
ner
ule 72

ObtuseAngl
es 72
TheCosineFor
mul
a 77
EXAMINATIONQUESTI
ONS 84
CHAPTER9 86

Var
iat
ion 86

Dir
ectvariation 86
Dir
ectvariationbet
weennonl
i
nearquant
it
ies 88
I
nversevar i
at i
on 90
Joi
ntvariation 93
Part
ialVariation 95
EXAMINATI ONQUESTIONS 96

7
CHAPTER10 98

Di
stance-
TimeGr
aphs 98

Drawi
ngDistancet
imeGr
aphs 101
EXAMINATIONQUESTION 101
CHAPTER11 103

SPEED-
TIMEGRAPHSANDAREASUNDERCURVES 103

Descri
bingdi
ff
erentst
agesofaspeed-
ti
meGr
aph 103
Speed-t
imecurves 108
Examinati
onQuesti
ons 111
CHAPTER12 114

Si
mil
ari
ty 114

Vol
umeofsimi
l
arsol
i
ds 118
EXAMI
NATIONQUESTIONS 119
CHAPTER13 120

Quadr
ati
cEquat
ions 120

Methodoffact
ori
zati
on 121
COMPLETINGINTHESQUARE 122
THEFORMULAFORSOLVI NGQUADRATI
CEQUATI
ONS 124
Graphi
cal
solut
ionforQuadr
ati
c 126
CHAPTER14 129

Mat
ri
ces 129

Syst
emat i
calstorageofinf
ormati
on 129
Speci
al matr
ices 129
Equalmatri
ces 131
Addit
ionandsubt ract
ionofmatr
ices 131
MATRI XMULTI PLICATION 133
MULTI PLI
CATIONOFTWOMATRI CES 134
EXAMI NATIONQUESTI ONS 140
CHAPTER15 142

Vect
or 142

ColumnVect or 143
Vectorrotat
ion 143
Additi
onofv ect
ors 145
Subtract
ion 148

8
 Multi
pli
cationbyascal
ar 149
Paral
lell
ines 152
Propert
iesofshapes 155
CHAPTER16 162

Rat
io,
Rat
e,Pr
opor
ti
on 162

Rati
on 162
PROPORTI ON 163
Rate165
Examinat
ionquest
ions 166
CHAPTER17 168

Mensur
ati
onofpl
aneshapes 168

Peri
met er 168
Rectangle Er
ror
!Bookmar
knotdef
ined.
Area171
AreaofCircl
e 176
CHAPTER18 182

MENSURATI
ONOFSOLI
DSHAPE 182

SURFACEAREA 182
Vol
umeofapri
sm 187
CHAPTER19 190

Angl
ePr
oper
ti
es 190

Angles 190
Typesofangles 190
Propert
iesofangles 190
Anglesinparall
ell
ines 190
Anglepropert
iesoftri
angles 191
Furt
herproporti
ons 192
Exerci
se1,1 192
Anglepropert
iesofpolygons 193
EXAMI NATIONQUESTI ONS 195
CHAPTER20 196

PERCENTAGES 196

Changingpercentaget
ofract
ionsordeci
mal
s 196
Percentagei
ncreaseanddecrease 197
SI
MPLEI NTEREST 199
I
NTEREST 199
Pri
ncipal 199
EXAMI NATIONQUESTI ONS 201

9
CHAPTER21 203

Pr
obabi
l
ity 203

Experi
ment al
probabil
ity 203
Theoreticalprobabi
li
ty 205
Mutuallyexclusiveevents 206
Outcomet abl
es 209
Treediagr ams 210
Examinat i
onQuest i
on 212
CHAPTER22 214

St
ati
sti
cs 214

Syl
labusObj ecti
ves 214
Mean, MedianandMode 214
Mean 214
Pi
eChar t 217
Hi
stogr am 220
Quarti
les 224
I
nterquarti
lerange 224
CHAPTER23 227

NUMBER PATTERNS 227

Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions 228
CHAPTER24 231

ConsumerAr
it
hmet
ic 231

PersonalIncome 231
a) Sal ary 231
i
i) Wage 231
i
ii
) Commi ssi
onrel
atedpay 231
PAYE 231
BuyingandSel l
i
ng 233
Hir
epur chase 233
VALUEADDEDTAX ( VAT) 233
BI
LLS 234
PASTEXAMI NATIONQUESTIONS 236
CHAPTER25 237

GRAPHS:
GRADI
ENT 237

Examinat
ionQuesti
ons 247
Li
nearProgramming 248
Examinat
ionQuesti
ons 250

10
CHAPTER26 252

CI
RCLEGEOMETRY 252

Theorem 1 254
Theorem 2 255
Cycl
icQuadri
l
ater
al 257
Theorem 4 258
CHAPTER27 267

I
NDI
CES,
SQUARES,
SQUARE,
CUBESANDCUBEROOTS 267

Multi
pli
cat
ionanddi
vi
sionusi
ngi
ndi
ces 267
SquaresandSquar
eRoots 271
CHAPTER28 274

SI
MULTANEOUSEQUATI
ONS 274

Methodofeli
minat
ion 275
Gr
aphicalmethodofsol
vi
ngsimult
aneousequati
on 276
WordProblemsinv
olvi
ngSimul
taneousEquat
ions 278
CHAPTER29 280

I
nequal
i
ties 280

Thenumberli
ne 280
Sol
vi
nginequal
it
ies 282
GRAPHINCLINEARI NEQUALI
TIES(
CARTESI
ANPLANE) 283
CHAPTER30 292

Li
nearequat
ionsf
ormul
ateandsubst
it
uti
on 292

Solvi
nglinearequati
ons 292
Equati
onsWi t
hFracti
ons 293
WordPr oblems 294
ChangeofSubj ect 295
Probl
emsi nv
olvi
ngSquaresandSquareRoots 297
Probl
emsi nv
olvi
ngSquareandSquareRoots 297
Substi
tution 299
ExaminationQuesti
ons 300
CHAPTER31 301

Const
ruct
ion 301

CHAPTER32 312

11
Tr
ansf
ormat
ions:
Isomet
ri
c 312

CHAPTER33 321

Non-
Isomet
ri
cTr
ansf
ormat
ion 321

Enlar
gement 321
Str
etch 322
Onewayst r
etch 322
Twowayst ret
ch 323
Shear 324
Examinat
ionQuest
ions 329
CHAPTER34 331

SYMMETRY 331

CHAPTER35 336

Py
thagor
as’
sTheor
em 336

12
Acknowl
edgement
s

Iwoul dl i
ke t
o express mygr ati
tude tot he members ofstaf
fand otheroutsi
de
i
ndividualswhor esearchedont hecont entofthisbook. Iam alsogratef
ultomy
SecretaryMissConci l
i
a.MandaMkokor a andCr yst
abellMudzi
ngwawhot ypedthe
manuscr i
pt.Regretf
ull
yt hough unexpected,we acceptany errort
hatmi ghthave
escapedourattenti
on.Thanky ouverymuchf oryoursupport
.

S.Madzi
ngi
ra
Dir
ect
or
12May2010

13
 CHAPTER1
GENERALARI
THMETI
C
SYLLABUSOBJECTIVES
Lear
nershoul
dbeableto:
a) Stat
ewithexamplethevari
ouscategori
esofthenumbersy
stem
b) Carr
youtoperat
ionsi
nvolv
ingdecimals
c) Roundoffnumber st
orequir
edsigni
fi
cantfi
gures

Deci
mal
s
Theval
ueofafigur
edependsuponwhatplacei
toccupi
esi
nthenumbersy
stem.Thedeci
malcomma
di
vi
desthewhol
enumberfr
om t
hefract
ion.
.
Hundr
eds Tens Uni
ts Tent
hs Hundr
eds Thousands
4 1 9 , 8 7 5

Deci
mal
fract
ionsr
epr
esentf
ract
ionswhosedenomi
nat
orsar
epower
sof10

e.
g.8t
ent
h = 8t
ent
h 7hundr
edt
hs =

= =

Adecimalmaybeapproximat
edtofewerdeci
malplacesbyroundi
ngupi
fthenextdi
giti
sgr
eat
ert
hanor
equal
to5.Al
sobyroundingdownift
henextdi
giti
slessthan5.

Example1
Simpl
i
fythef
oll
owi
ngcor
rectt
o3deci
mal
places

21,
059+0,
4031+0,
009–19,
83741

21,
059
0,
4031 onaddit
ionandsubt
ract
ionthedeci
malcommas
+0,009 shoul
dbei naver
ti
calst
rai
ghtli
nedownward
21,
4711

21,
4711
19,
83741
3,
18369

21,
059+0,
4031+0,
009–19,
83741 = 1,
63369
= 1,
634to3d.
p
Exampl
e2

Si
mpl
y

14
 Wor
king

= 20,
4

x2,8
4080

= +1632

57,
12

= 5,
95

EXERCI
SE1.1
1. Si
mpli
fyt
hefol
lowi
ngto3deci
mal
places
a). 2,
634+0,
0051+0,009
b) 5,
098–0,32
c) 0,
065+0,
403+0,998–0,21
d) 16,
5–17,431+12,
34

2) Simpl ifythefol
l
owi
ng
a) 1,64 60, 4
b) 0,05 0, 36
c) 18,19
0,17
d) 0,072÷0. 9
e) 26,4x0, 1
0,296
2
f
) (0,3) x30
2
(0,
9)
g) 3,6x3, 24
0,72
h) 0,93+0, 53
0,93–0, 9

3. Wr
it
e3,
62817cor
rectt
otwodeci
mal
places

Si
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es(
SF)
Thesear
eal
lnon-
zer
odi
git
sinanumber

Azerobetweennon-zer
odigi
tsissigni
fi
cante.g302;401
Zer
osaftert
helastnonzerodigi
taresigni
fi
cante.g300;3,
420
Zer
osbeforethefi
rstnon-
zer
odigitarenonsigni
fi
cante.
g.0,0052;0,
1

Example3
Writ
ethefoll
owingcorr
ectto3s.f
a) 7285 b)71,
82365 c)0,
0026792
a) 7285cor r
ectto3s.fis7290
b) 71,82365corr
ectto3s.fi
s71,
8
c) 0,
0026792cor r
ectto3s.fi
s0,
00268

Fr
act
ions
Oper
ati
onsonfract
ions
Whenmorethanoneoperat
iont
oapr
obl
emsi
sgi
vent
hemnemoni
cBODMASmustbeappl
i

15
Exampl
e4

Si
mpl
i
fy of

= 5of br
acket
sfi
rstf
oll
owedbyof

Exampl
e5

Si
mpl
i
fy (
whenchangi
ngf
rom di
vi
si
ont
omul
ti
pli
cat
ioni
nver
t)

EXERCI
SE1,
2

1. Wr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngcor
rectt
otwosi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es

a) 8,
369 b) 238470 c) 0,
058964
d) 0,
000851 e) 401,
25 f
) 2,
081

2. Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ng

a) b) c)

d) e) f
)

g) h) i
)

j
) k) l
)

16
3. Ar
rangei
nascendingor
der
Hi
ntputunderacommondenomi
nat
or

a) b)

4. Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ngHi
nt:
UseBODMAS

a) b) (

c) d)

e) f
)

Appr
oxi
mat
ions
Approxi
mati
onar edonei
npr act
icef
orallmeasurementsofquali
ti
essuchasl
ength,
timemassetc.
Trueval
uesneedt obesti
pul at
edinordertomakeav i
sualpict
ureoftheor
igi
naldataasspeci
fi
edtoa
cert
aindegr
eeofaccuracy.Forcont
inuousvari
ablesl
ikelengt
h,ther
eisnotr
ueoractualval
uehencet
he
needtoapproxi
mate.

Example4
Thelengt
hofarectangl
eis8,5cm andt
hebr eadt
his6,5cm.Eachmeasur
ementhasbeengi
vent
othe
near
estcm.Cal
cul
atethelar
gestandsmal
lestpossi
blear
easoft
hisr
ect
angl
e.

Lar
gestpossi
blear
ea – useupperli
mit
s(L W)
=8,54 6, 54
=55,8516cm2
=55,85cm2

Smal
l
estpossi
blear
ea–uselowerl
imit
s
=8,45 6, 45
50cm2
54,

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ON

1. a) b)

c)

2. a) Fi
ndt
hev
alueof gi
vi
ngy
ouranswerasaf
ract
ioni
nit
s

l
owestt
erm
b) Evaluate5,
4+4 0,3
c) Calculat
e6%of5450

17
 d) Expr
ess42cm asaper
cent
ageof1,
05m (
c1984)

3. Wri
te0,
4997cor
rectto
a) 3Signi
fi
cantfigur
es
b) 2decimalplaces

4. Ar
ranget
hesef
ract
ionsi
nascendi
ngor
der

5. Wr
it
etot
henear
estwhol
enumber
,thev
alueof√549

6. Themeasur
ement
soft
hel
engt
handbr
eadt
hofar
ect
angl
ear
egi
venasshowni
nthedi
agr
am.
4,
3

2,
7

a) Cal
cul
atetheleastar
eaoftherect
angl
e
b) Thegr
eatestareaofther
ectangl
e

7) Showi
ngtheanswerasadeci
mal
,fi
ndt
heexactv
alueof
a) 0.
36 0,02
b) 9,
15÷3
c) 8,
6–8,9

18
 CHAPTER2
NUMBERBASES

Thi
ssystem r
epresent
snumberi
ngwheretheplaceval
uesar
eint
ermsofpowerofgi
venbase.Or
dinar
y,
number
sarewr i
tt
eninthebaset
enordenarysy
stem

Sy
ll
abusObj
ect
ives

Lear
nershouldbeableto:
a) Expandnumberi nt
hepowersoftheirbases
b) Convertbasetennumberst
ootherbasesandv i
ce-
ver
sa
c) Carr
youtoperati
onsofnumber
sint hei
rbases

Baset
enorDenar
ysy
stem
Al
lcount
ingnumber
sar
einbaset
en.Thepl
aci
ngoft
hedi
gitshowst
hei
rval
ue.

Forexampl
e23and548

t
ens
Uni
ts mean2t
ens,
3uni
ts

23 23=2 10+3 1
=2 10 3 1

Hundreds
tens 5hundr
eds,
4tens,
8uni
ts
Uni
ts

548 548=5 100+4 10+8 1

=5 102+4 10+8 1

General
lyt
hepl
aceval
ueoft
hedi
git
sisshownbyt heascendi
ngpower
soft
hebase.
101100 103102101100
2 3=2 101+3 100 5 4 8 2=5 103+4 102+8 101+2 100
1
=2 10 +3 1
Val
ueof2i s2x101=20 Valueof5is5 103
=5000

Ot
herBases

Thesameappl
iest
onumbersinotherbases
Forexampl
ebasef
ivesy
stem i
sbasedonpower soff
ive525150
234=2 52+3 51+4 50
but50=1t
( went
y,3
fi
ves,
4units

Baset
woi
sbasedonpowert
wo

19
 222120
110= 1 22+1 21+0 20(but20=1
two
1f
our
s,1t
wos,
0uni t
s

Takenotethatalldigit
sfor
mingbasefi
vearelessthanfi
vee.g.234,al
soal
ldigi
tsf
ormi
nganumberi
n
basetwoarelesst hantwoe.
g10112
Thenotat
ion234fivemeans234inbasef
ive,
also10012mean1011inbasetwo.

Example1
Expanda) 521 b) 6728 c) 1101

102 101 100

a) 521 = 5 2 1
10 = 5 102+2 101+1 10
= 5 102+2 101+1

83828180

b) 6728eight = 6 728
= 6 83+7 82+2 81+8 80
= 6 83 +7 82+2 81 8

c) 1101two = 1101
= 1 23+1 22+0 21+1 20
= 1 23+1 22+1

EXERCI
SE2.
1

Expandthefoll
owi
ngi
nthepower
soft
hegivenbases
a) 314ten b)344five c)7642eight
d) 11two e)2344five f)10112
g) 71405 h)21123 i
)2678
j
) xy2 k)abc5

Changi
ngt
oot
herbasesf
rom baset
en

Conv
ert342toanumberi
n
a) base5 b)Base2

a) 5 342 2 342
5 68r2 2 171r0
5 13r3taker
emainder
s 2 85r1
5 2r3 upwar ds 2 42r1
5 0r2 2 21r0

2 10r1
2
5r0
2 2r1
2 1r0
2 0r1

20
32410=23325 34210=1010101102

Tochangefrom basetent oanotherbase

a) Div
idet henumberi nbasetennumberbytherequi
redbase.
b) Continuedivi
dingunti
lOi sreached,
wri
ti
ngdowntheremaindereacht
ime.
c) Taket heremaindersupwards,

Example3
Conver
tthef
oll
owi
ngt
obaset
en

a) 3425 b) 11012

525150

a) 3 4 2 =3 52+4 51+2 50
=75+20+2
=9710
23222120

b) 11012 = 1 23+1 22+0 21+1 20

= 8+4+1
= 1310
Tochangef
rom ot
herbasestobaset en
a) Expandthegivennumber
b) Solve

Exer
cise2,
2

1. Conv
ertthefol
l
owingf
rom base10t
ogi
venbase
a) 13tobase5 b) 68t
obase2

c) 161t
obase8 d) 64t
obase2

e) 570t
obase5 f
) 671t
obase8

g) 69t
obase3 h) 1056t
obase8

i
) 1130t
obase8

2. Conv
ertthefol
l
owi
ngt
obaset
en.
a) 3458 b) 12358 c) 124458

d) 1125 e) 1012 f
) 1110125

g) 101125 h) 26789 i
) 77689

j
) 264389

Conv
ert12235t
oanumberi
nbaset
wo.Hi
ntf
ir
stchanget
obaset
en

Addi
ngandsubt
ract
ingnumberbases

288

21
 +979
1267

Thef
oll
owi
ngst
epswer
efol
l
owedi
naddi
ngt
henumber
sinbaset
en.

St
ep1:9+8=17 (
1r7)Putdownt
heremainderandcar
ry1
St
ep2:8+7+1=16(1r6)putdown6andcarr
y1
St
ep3:2+9+1=12(1r 2)putdown2andcarry1
St
ep4:1+0=1putdown1andcar r
y0

Thesamemet
hodappl
i
esf
oraddi
ngi
not
herbase.

3445
4445
13435

St
ep1 4+4=8(
i.
e.1f
ive+3)Putdownr
emai
nder3andcar
ry1

St
ep2 4+4+1=9(
Ifi
ve+4or1r
4)Putdownr
emai
nder4andcar
ry1

St
ep3 3+4+1=8(
fi
ve+3or1r
3)

Example4
Addthefol
lowi
ng.

a) 435 1101
+415 +1112
1345 101002

Exer
cise
Addthef ol
l
owi
ngnumber
s
a) 125 b) 3435 c) 2345
+189 +3215 3305

d) 4325 e) 1325 f
) 11
4445 2335 12

g) 1012 h) 11112 i
) 10012
1112 112 1112
_
___
__ _
___
___
___
__ _
___
___
___
__

j
) 2123 k) 3134
2113 2134
___
_ ¬¬¬¬__
___

Subt
ract
ion
Thesamerulesf
orsubt
ract
ioni
nbaset
enal
soappl
yinot
herbasese.
g.

9 1+102+10 4 1+5 2+5

-4+13+18 2+14+135
-
4 7 410 1 1 45

22
Whensubtr
act
ingy
ougiv
ethebaseofnumber
sbei
ngsubt
ract
ed.I
nbase10,
10i
sgi
ven,
inbase5,
fiv
eis
gi
ven,i
nbaset
wo,twoi
sgiv
enetc
Exampl
e5

subt
ractt
hef
oll
owi
ng

a) 3 3+5 2+5 b) 10+2 0+2 12

2+1 4+1 45 - 1+1 1 12
+1
-
3 35__ 0 1 0_ _ _
=102

Exer
cise2.
4

Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ng

a) 1225 b) 4015 c) 2113

-445 - 2345 1223
_
___
___
_____ _
___
___
____ ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬_
___
___
___
__

d) 1002 e) 10012 f
) 10112
-112 -1112 -1002
_
___
___ _
___
___
__ _
___
___
__

g) 2015 h) 6518 g) 6758

-445 1768
- - 78
__
___ ___
___
_ __
___

SUMMARY
Al
lor
dinar
ynumber sar
einbaseten.
Al
ldi
git
sforminganumberinacertai
nbaseshoul
dbel
esst
hant
hatbasee.
g.al
ldi
git
sfor
minganumber
i
nbase2arelessthan2(i
.e.1or0).

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ON
a)
. ess24+23+2asanumberi
Expr nbasetwo
b) Conver
t21toanumberinbasetwo
c) Eval
uat
e4325+4145giv
ingyouransweri
nbasef
ive

2i) Conver
t110012t
oanumberinbase10
i
i) Eval
uat
e2045+2435-215’
giv
ingyouransweri
ngi
venbases

3a) Expr
ess46388asanumberinbase10
b) Eval
uat
e
i
) 2113+1023,
giv
ingy
ouransweri
nbase3

4a) I
f2210=34m,f
indt
hev
alueofm
b) i
f2710=123xf
indt
hev
alueofx

5.
i) Wr
it
edown1 24+1 22+1 22+1 21+1asanumberi
nbase2

i
i
) I
f103x=67,
findt
hev
alueofx

6 Sol
vet
heequat
ion
22n-1=64 ZI
MSECNOV2005

23
 CHAPTER3
STANDARDFORM
St
andar
dfor
mref
erst
oanumberwi
thonedi
gitbef
oret
hecommae.
g.2,
51;
3,87;
9,38et
c.

Syl
labusObjecti
ves
Leanershouldbeableto
a) Expr
essnumber sinstandardform
b) Carr
youtoperati
onsofnumber si
nstandar
dform
c) Fi
ndrecipr
ocal
susi ngcalcul
ati
onsandreci
procalt
abl
es
d) Carr
youtcal
culat
ionsusingrecipr
ocal
s

St
andar
dfor
mforsci
ent
if
icnot
ati
on
I
ngener
alanynumberinstandar
dfor
miswrit
teninthef m Ax10nwher
or eI≤A<10wher
eni
sani
nteger
(
i.
eanyposi
ti
veornegati
vewholenumberi
ncl
udingzero)

Exampl
e1
Expr
essthefol
l
owi
ngi
nstandar
dform
a) 709 b) 6318,
2 c) 0,
00356

a) 709 = 7,
09 100
= 09 102
7,

b) 6318,
2= 6,
3182 1000
= 6,
3182 103

c) 0,
00356=

= 3,
56 10-3

Fornumber
slesst
hanzer
othev
alueofni
sal
way
snegat
iveasi
nexampl
ec

Exampl
e2
Expr
essthef
oll
owi
ngnumber
sasdeci
mal
fract
ions

a) 3,
041 102 b) 5 10-3 c)8,
2 10-4

a) 3,
041 102 =3,
041 100 b)5 10-3 = c)8,
2 10-4 =

=304,
1
=0,
005 =0,
00082

Exer
cise3,
1

24
1. Expr
essthef
oll
owi
ngi
nstandar
df or
m
a) 20 b) 301 c) 1255

d) 3 c) 65,
2 d) 452,
2

e) 0,
1 f
) 0,
543 g) 0,
00893

j
) 0000987 k) 0,
0000895 l
) 0,
011

Expr
esst
hef
oll
owi
ngasadeci
mal
fract
ions

a) 54101
6, b) 582 102
4, c) 3 10-2

c) 3 10-2 d) 43 10-2
5, e) 9,
87 10-6

f
) 1 10-4
5, g) 2,
8 10-1

Addit
ionandsubt ract
ioni
nstandar
dform
Bothoperationscanbecarri
edouteit
herbyt
hemet
hodofchangi
ngt
oor
dinar
yfor
m orbyt
hemet
hodof
fact
orizat
ion.

Exampl
e3

Fi
ndthevalueoft hef
oll
owi
nggiv
ingtheanswerinstandar
dform.
43 103+5,
3, 27 104=3430+52700
=56130
613 104
=5,
Orbyfact
orizati
on
43 103+5,
3, 27 104 = 103(
3,43+5,
27 10)
3
= 10 (3,
43+52,7)
= 103(56,
13)
= 103 56, 13)
= 103 5, 613 101 (56,
13=5,
613 101)
= 613 104
5,
b) Bychangi ngt
oordi
nar
yform

-
3 -
4
3,
7 10 –5,
2 10 = -

= 0,
0037–0,
00052

= 0,
00318

= 3,
18 10-3

Orbyf
actori
sat
ion
7 10-3-5,
3, 2 10-4 = 10-3(3,
7- 2 10-1)
5,
-3
= 10 ( 3,
7- 2 10-1)
5,
-3
= 10 ( 3,
18)
= 18 10-3
3,

25
Exer
cise3,
2

Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ngusi
ng a) t
hemet
hodofchargi
ngtoor
dinar
yfor
m
b) t
hemet
hodoffact
ori
zing
Gi
veal
lanswer
sinst
andar
dfor
m

a) 4,
5 103+3,
2 102 b) 6,
8 104+5,
1 105

c) 4,
8 102–3,
2 102 d) 9,
85 104–9,
75 103

e) 403,
2+520,
4 f
) 2,
76 10-2+8,
72 10-1

g) 6,
7 10-2–8,
53 103 h) 4,
16 10-2+8,
72 10-1

j
) 2,
2 10-3-7,
8 10-4 k) 6,
8 10-4-
3,1 10-5

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionandDi
vi
sion
Example4
Simpl
i
fy a) 8 104 7 105 b) 1 104÷4 10-3
c) 5 103 3,
3, 4 10-5

a) 8x104x7x105 = 8 7 104 105(

byl
awsofi ces104
ndi 105=104+5
= 56 104+5
= 56 109
= 6 101 109
5,
= 6 1010
5,

b) 1x104÷4x10-3 = 1x104 (
bylawsofi
ndi
ceswhendi
vi
dingsubt
ract
= 4 10-3
= 25 104--3
0,
= 25 107
0,
= 5 10-1 107
2,
= 5 10-1+7
2,
= 5 106
2,

c) 5x103x3,
3, 4x10-5 = 3,
5 3,4 103 10-5
= 90 103+(
11, -
5)
= 9 10-2
11,
= 19 101 10-2
1,
= 19 101+(-2)
1,
= 19 10-1
1,

EXERCI
SE3,
3

1. Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ng,
giv
ingy
ouransweri
nst
andar
dfor
m.

a) 4 105) (
( 7 102) b) 8 105)÷(
( 4 103)

3 10-3) (
6 10-2) 9 10-3) ( 4
c) ( d) ( 3 10-)

e) 3 10-3) (
( 6 10-2) f
) (
3,5 10-2)÷5 10-1

g) (
1,44 105) (
5 103) h) (
1,21 10-3)÷(
1,1 10-2)

26
i
) (1,404 104) 2,
6 10-3) j
) 6 102– 1,
5, 3 10-1
3
3 10-1 4
k) 7,28 10 ÷1, l
) 5, 4 102
52 10 ÷2,

2. Giv hatE=mc2expr
ent esst
hev
alueoft
heEi
nst
andar
dfor
m gi
v hatm=3x10-3and
ent
9
c=2x10

3) At
obaccosal
esr
oom measur
es24m 20m 15,
75m.Cal
cul
atei
tsv
ol ncm2i
umei nst
andar
d
for
m
4) Afi
eldofmai eaof37500m2.What
zehasonar
(
a) I
sit
sar eai
nhect
ers
(
b) I
f6tonnesofmaizewer
egat
hered,
whati
sthey
iel
dperhect
ersofmai
ze.

5. 950met
alsheetsarestakedt
ogetheri
nawarehouse.(
Answersi
nst
andar
dfor
m)
(a) Ifeachisofthi
cknessof6,5mm.Cal
cul
atethehei
ghtoft
hepi
lei
nmm
(b) Expressthehei
ghtofthepilei
nkm.

Reci
procal
sofnumber
s
Ther
eci
procal
ofanynumberx=

Exampl
es

Fi
ndt
her
eci
procal
oft
hef
oll
owi
ng

a) 2 b) 20 C) d) 0,
05

a) Reci
procal
of2 =

= 0,
5

b) Reci
procalof20 =

= 0,
05

c) Reci
procal
of4½ =

= 1x

27
 =

d) Reci
procal
of0,
05 = (
change0,
05t
oaf
ract
ion)

= 1x100
5

= 20
Exer
cise3.
4

Fi
ndt
her
eci
procal
oft
hef
oll
owi
ng.Gi
veeachanswerasadeci
mal
cor
rectt
o3s.f

a) 4 b) 5 c) 0,
05 d) 0,
3

e) 900 f
) g) g)

h) i
) 0,
225 j
) 0,
48 k) 0,
018

Usetherecipr
ocalt
ables
Thetabl
esgi v
etherecipr
ocalscor
rectt
o4.s.
f.
Thediff
erencesinther i
ght
-handcolumnsmustbesubt
ract
ed.Thedeci
malcommamustbepl
acedby
i
nspecti
on.

EXAMPLE6

Uset
hereci
procal
tabl
estof
indt
hereci
procal
sof
a) 2,
51 b) 251 c) 0,
418

a) Reci
procal
of2,
51 =

= 0,
3984 (
acr
oss2,
5andunder6)

b) Reci
procal
of251 =

= 1 (i
nst
andar
dfor
m)
51x102
2,
1
= 0,
3984 (/ 51i
2, sar
eci
procal
of2,
51)

28
 =

= 0,
003984

c) Reci
procal
of0,
418 =

Cal
cul
ati
onsusi
ngr
eci
procal
Exampl
e7

Fi
ndt
hev
alueof

= 4x (
but i
sther
eci
procal
of2,
25

= 4 0,4444
= 1,
778to4s.f

EXERCI
SE3.
5

1 a) Uset
abl
etof
indt
her
eci
procal
sof

s) 1,
5 b) 4,
9 c) 1,
52 d) 4,
98

f
) 2,
556 g) 9,
83 h) 3,
065 e) 3329

2. Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ng

a) b) c) d)

29
 e) f
) g)

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS

1) Si
mpl
ythef
oll
owi
ng.Expr
esst
heanswer
sinst
andar
dfor
m.

a) 8 10-4) (2 10-5)
3,

b) (
9,53 103)–(
7,9 102)

c) 4 10-3) (
( 9 105)

d) 2 10-5)÷(
8, 4,1 10-3)

2) I 2x102 and
fU=3, v 56 101f
=2, indt
hev
aluesof

a) U+V b) UV c) d)

3) Cal
cul
atet
hef
oll
owi
ngusi
ngt
abl
esl
eav
etheanswert
o3.
s.f
.

a) b)

4. Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
f

5 Gi
venthaty=a
a+b,i 1x10-2andb=1,
fa=2, 8x10-1.Cal
cul
atet
hev
alueofyandl
eav
etheanswer
i
nst
andar
dfor
m

6. Gi
v hatm =3 102andn=5 10-4expr
ent essi
nst
andar
dfor
m

i
) mn i
i
)

7a)

I
nt hedi
agr
am, t
hesun,
Ear
thandMar
sarei
nast rai
ghtl
ine.I
tisgi
vent
hatt
heear
thi
s1,
496x
108km f
rom t
hesunandmarsi 279x108 km f
s2, rom t
hesun

30
i
) Wri
tedown1,496 108i
nor
dinar
yfrom
Fi
nd,t
hestandar
dfor
m,t
hedi
ffer
enceofMar
sfr
om t
heEar
th.
(
ZIMSECNOV2008)

CHAPTER4
SET

Aseti
sacol
l
ect
ionofwel
ldef
inedobj
ect
s

di
agr
am

Pi
ctur
eshowsasetofschool
pupi
l
s

SYLLABUSOBJECTI
VES

Lear
nershouldbeableto:
a) Defi
neaset
b) I
dentif
yalltherequi
redsetnotat
ionsandst
atet
hei
rmeani
ng
c) Representgiv
eninformati
oninav enndi
agr
am
d) Applytheconceptofsetstosolv
epr obl
ems

Ther
ear
e3way sofwr i
ti
ngdownsets.
a) Byli
sti
ngi tsel
ementse.
g.A{ 1;
3;
5;
7;9}
b) Bydescripti
one,gA={oddnumber slessthan10}
c) Byusingt hesetbui
l
dernot
ation
IfA={1;2;3;
4},t
henA={ : 1≤ ≤4} .Insetbui
ldernot
ati
on.

Symbols Meaning
Fi
nit
eSet Thesetislargehenceitsel
ementcanbepl
acedi
nchr
onol
ogi
cal
order
A={a,b,c,
d.,
.,
.
,y,
z} Wit
hthef i
rstfewandl astf
ewel
ements
I
nfi
nit
eset Set
swhichnev erend
A={2,
4,6.,
.
,.
}
A=B SetAandsetBhav eequalnumberofelementswhi
charesi
mil
ar
e.
g.A{1,2,
3}andB{ 1;
3;
2}
Øor{
} Emptysetmeanst hesethasnoelement se.
g.(oddnumber
sdivi
sibl
eby
2}
Є Memberofmeanst heelementsbelongstoaset
Є Notamembermeansdoesnotbel ongt oaset
A B AisapropersubsetofB
A B AisasubsetofB
A B Acontai
nsB

AuB AunionBmeansal lel

ementsi
nset
AandsetBgr oupedtoget
her
AnB Aint
er sect
ionBmeansonl yel
ement
swhi
char
ecommont
obot
hset
s
ar
egr oupedtogether.
n(
A) Numberofel ementsinset

31
 A.Repeat
edel
ement
sar
ecount
edonce.

Uni
ver
sal
set‫ﻍ‬
Theuni
ver
sal
seti
sthemot
herofal
lel
ement
sbei
ngconsi
der
ed.I
tisshownbyt
hesy
mbol
‫ﻍ‬

Othersmallsetcanbef or
medbydr awingel ementsfr
om theuniver
salset.Forexample,i
fthewhol
e
numbersfr
om 1t o9ar
ebeingconsi
dered,then‫{=ﻍ‬ 1,
2,
3,4…,
9},
thenasmal l
erset
A={evennumbers}isrestr
ict
edto{
2;4,
6,8},B={ oddnumbers}isrestr
ict
edto{1;3,
5,
7,
9}.Manyset
scan
beformedfrom t
heuni
versalset
.

VennDi
agr
ams
Thev enndiagramsisahelpfulmeansofi l
lustr
ati
ngthemotherset(
uni
ver
salset)andthesmal
l
erset
s
for
medf rom i
t.InaVenndiagram t
heuniv
ersalsetisusual
l
yrepr
esent
edbyarect
angle.
Forexampleif ‫{=ﻍ‬1;2;3;
4;.
;.
;9},
A={1,2,
3,4,}
B={2;
4;6;
8;}

Thev
enndi
agr
am wi
l
lil
l
ust
rat
etheseset
s

A B

Eachoft
her
egi
onsi
ntheVenndi
agr
am canexpl
ainedbyshadi
ngasf
oll
ows.
a)

AnB

32
(
c)

El
ement
sfoundi
nsetAonl
y

d)

El
ement
sfoundi
nsetBonl
y

e)

El
ement
sint
heuni
ver
sal
setbutnoti
nbot
hAandB

COMPLEMENT
Acomplementofasetcont
ainsal
ltheel
ement soft
heuni
ver
sal
set
,whi
char
enoti
nther
efer
redset
.For
eA1i
exampl sthecomplementofsetA,i
.e.al
ltheel
ement
sof‫ﻍ‬whichar
enoti
nA.

33
Example1
Givent
hat ‫{=ﻍ‬
1;2;3;4.;
.
;.
;9}
A={1;2;3;4;
}
B={2;
4;6;8}

Fi
nd i
) AnB i
i
) AuB i
i
i) A1
A1uB1 1
i
v) v
) (AuB) v
i) n(
AuB)

i
) AnB ={ 2, 4} i
i
) AuB={
1;2;
3;
4;
6;
8}
i
i
i) A1={5,
6,7,
8,9}
(
iv) A1={5;
6;7;
8;9}B1={
, 1;
3;
5;7;
9}
1 1
thenA uB ={ 1;
3;
5;
6;
7;8;
9}

v
) A uB={
1;2;
3;4;
5;
6;8;
}
1
t
hen(AuB) ={5;7;
9}

v
i) (AuB)={1;
2;3;
4;
6;
8}
Thenn(AuB)=6

Example2
50student
swer easkedwhi chmodeoftr
ansportt
heyusedtoschool
.Thir
tysai
dtheyusedbusand25
sai
dtheyusedmot orvehi
cles.Dr
awavenndiagr
am toi
l
lust
rat
ethi
sandfindhowmanyusebothbusand
motorvehi
cle.
Let ‫=ﻍ‬ {
allt
hestudents}
M= {
student
swhousemot orv
ehicl
e}
B= {
student
swhousebuses}

I
tisr
equi
redt
ofi
ndn(
MnB)
.Si
ncei
tsunknown;
leti
tbexi
nVenndi
agr
am.

REVI
SITTHEDI
AGRAM

(
25- )+ +(30– )=50
(
25- )+ +30- = 50
55– =50
55–50=
=5

:
-St
udentwhousemot
orv
ehi
cl
eandbuses=5.

34
Commonl yusedter
m
“Nei
thernor”meansnoneofthest
ated.Forexampleif10student
susednei
therbusnormot
orvehi
cle,
it.
meanst heyusedothermodeoftr
ansportli
kewalking.Thi
swouldbeil
lust
rat
edintheVenndi
agram as
shownbel ow.

Ei
ther..ormeansfrom thetwoopti
onpersonusesoneorbot h.Forexampl e,i
f40st udentsuseei
ther
motorvehi
cleorbustoschooli
tmeansa) Student
swhodonotusemot orvehi
clesusebuses.
b) Thosewhodonotusebusesusemot orvehi
cles.
c) Someusebot hmodesoftr
ansportandarefoundi nthe
i
ntersect
ion.
Exer
cise1.1

1. Li
stt
heel
ementsofthefol
l
owingset
s
a) A={ ; <10; xisafact
orof20}
b) B={I
nterger :5< <10}
c) C={ : 0< <9, i seven}
d) D={I
nteger:
y>0}
e) E={ : -
4¾< <3½}

2. I
f‫{=ﻍ‬1;2;
3;4,…9}
P={2,
4,6,8}
Q={
1;2;3;
4}

Fi
nda i
) PnQ i
i
) PuQ i
i
i) P1 iv
) Q1
1
P1uB1 1
v
) (
PnQ) v
i) v
ii
) (PuQ)vi
ii
) P1nQ1

b) I
ll
ust
rat
etheseti
nav
enndi
agr
am.

3. Drawv
enndiagramst
oil
l
ustr
atethef
oll
owi
ngbyshadi
ngtherequi
redr
egi
ons
1
i
) PuQ i
i) PnQ i
i
i) (PnQ)
P1uQ1 1
i
v) v) (
PuQ) v
i) P1nQ1

4. If‫{=ﻍ‬
1;2;
3;
4;
.;
.
;.;
20}Li
stt
hemember
soft
hef
oll
owi
ngset
s.
a){x:
xisanevennumber, Є‫}ﻍ‬

b){ : i
saf
act
orof30, Є‫}ﻍ‬

c){ : +110,xЄ‫}ﻍ‬

d){ :
y:y
= +1, Є‫ﻍ‬,
yЄ‫}ﻍ‬
2
e){ :
y:y
= +1, Є‫ﻍ‬,
yЄ‫}ﻍ‬

5. I
f‫; {=ﻍ‬
1< <20, i
sani
nteger
},A={ :
: i
saper
fectsquar
e}andB={ : i
saf
act
orof
40}
B1) 1
a) f
Ind i
)n(
B) i
i
) n( b) n(
AUB)

b) Li
stt
henumber hesetA1nB1
soft

6. 50pupil
stookexaminati
onsinhistor
yandcommerce.44passedt
hehi
stor
yexami
nat
ion,
41
passedthecommerceexami nat
ionand39passedboth
i
) Showtheinfor
mati
ononav enndiagramm
i
i
) Howmanypassednei therexaminati
on.

35
7. I
naclass,
40pupi
lspl
ayeit
hersoccerortennis.I
f19pupi
lspl
aytenni
sand21pupi
l
splaysoccer
.
f
indt
henumberofpupi
lswhoplaybothsportsgivent
hatt
her
eare45pupil
sint
hecl
ass.

VENNDI
AGRAMSWI
THTHREESUBSETS
Exampl
es3

Everyfami
l
yinavil
l
ageownsatl eastawheelbarr
ow,
ar adi
oorabicy
cle.30ownawheel
bar
row,
25owna
radi
oand18ownabi cy
cle.14ownawheel barr
owonly,
10ownar adi
oonl y
,8ownwheel
bar
rowandr
adi
o
onlyand4ownradi
oandbi cy
cleonly
.Howmanyown

a) Al
lthethr
ee b) bi
cycl
eandwheel
bar
rowonl
y
c) bi
cycl
eonly

Let‫{ﻍ‬all
student
s},
w={thosewhoownwheel
barrow}
R={thosewhoownr adi
os},
B={t
hosewhoownradios}

a) Sincen(
R)=25
Letxfamil
i
esownal
lthr
ee
+8+4+10=25
+22=25
=3
:
.3f
ami
l
iesownallthr
ee

b) Si
ncen(w)=30
l
etyfamil
iesownbi
cycl
eandwheel
bar
rowonl
y
14+8+ +y=30
Butx=3
14+8+3+y=30
25+y=30
y=5

c) Sincen(B)=18
LetVf amil
i
esusebi
cycl
esonl
y
y+v+x+4=18
butx=3andy =5
5+v+3+4=18
v=6
:
.6ownbi cycl
esonl
y.

36
Summar y
Giventhr
eeseti
navenndi
agr
am.Thedi
agr
am bel
owshowst
hemeaningofther
egi
on.
All
t hr
eeW,RandB R={Radios}
B={bi
cycles}
W ={
wheel
burrows}

W andBonl
y

Exer
cise 1,
2

Fr
om t
heVenndi
agr
am i
nfi
g1,
01l
i
stt
hef
oll
owi
ngset
s.

37
a) A b) AnB c) BUC d) AnBnC
AnCnB1 1
e) f) (AuB) g) Cu(AnB) h) A1nB1
j
) AnB1n1
3. Fr
om theVenni
nfi
g1,
01Find
a) n(A) 1 b) n(
BUC) n(
AnBnC)

d) n(
AnBnC) e) A1nB1nc)
n(

4. Uset
hesetnot
ati
ont
odescr
ibet
heshader
egi
oni
neachoft
heVenndi
agr
am bel
ow.

REVI
SITTHEDI
AGRAM
a) b)

5.

38
Fi
g1,
03

Copyf
ig,1,
07foreachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngandshadein.
a) PnQnR b) QnR c) PuR
d) AnBnC e) AnB1nc1 f) A1uB1
g) An(BuC) h) Au( BnC)

6. 30peopl
ewereeachaskedtoindi
catewhi
chfrui
ttr
eestheyhadi
nthei
rorchardfr
om amongst
mango,
peachesandappl
e.23peoplehadmango,27hadpeaches,and19hadapples.20peopl
ehadboth
mangoandpeaches,
18hadbothpeachesandappleand17hadmangoandappl e.
Howmanypeoplehadallt
hefrui
ttr
eesint
heiror
chard?

7. 25%ofthepupil
susecarst
ocomet oschool
,35%usetrai
nand40%walkt
oschool
.5%usebot
h
car
sandtrai
n,3%walksandusecar
sand2%wal ksandusetrai
n.I
f1%uset
hreemodes,
what
per
cent
ageofthepupil
susenoneofthet
hreemodeoftranspor
t.

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS
1a) I
nagr
oupof25st
udent
s,15st
udyMat
hemat
ics,
12Phy
sicsand18chemi
str
y.I
tisgi
vent
hat

8 St
udyMat hemati
csandPhy si
cs
5 St
udyPhysicsandchemistr
y
10 St
udychemi st
ryandmathemati
csand
xstudyal
lthethr
eesubj
ects

Eachst
udent
sst
udi
esatl
eastoneoft
hesesubj
ect
s

i
) Copyandcompl
etet
hev
enndi
agr
am t
oshowt
henumberofel
ement
sineachsubsesti
n
ter
msofx

REVI
SITTHEDI
AGRAM
M
P

39
i
i
) Fr
om anequati
oninxandsolveit
.Henceorot
her
wisef
indthenumberofst
udent
swhost
udy
mathemat
icsandchemist
ryonly
. (
ZIMSEC:JUNE2006)
.

2a) ‫{=ﻍ‬1;
3;
5;
7;
9,
11}
, x={
1;5;
9}andY={
3,9,
11}
)x1nY 1
Li
stt
heel
ement
sofi
) i i
i
) (XuY)

b) InFi
g6.22isthesetofchi
ldr
eninacer
tai
nchosengroup.A={chi
ldr
eninyout
hcl
ubA}andB=
{chi
l
dreninyout
hclubB}.Thelet
ter
sp,
q,xandyinthefigur
erepr
esentt
henumberofchi
l
dreni
n
eachsubset
.

Giventhatn(‫=)ﻍ‬200, n(A)=75andn(
B)=35,
i
) Expresspintermsofx
i
i
) Fi
ndt hesmall
estpossibl
evalueofy
i
i
i) Fi
ndt helar
gestpossibl
evalueofx
i
v) Fi
ndt heval
ueofqi fp=45(C1981)

3.
a) ‫{ =ﻍ‬
x:xi
saninteger10<x<100}
A={x:
xisamultipl
eof17}
B={x;
xdivi
dedby15l eav
esaremai
nder7}

Fi
nd
(i
) n(
A) i
i
) t
hel
argestnumberofB i
i
i) n(
AuB)

b)

Thevenndiagr
am showssetsRandSsuchthatRuS=‫ﻍ‬
Onseparat
ecopiesofthedi
agr
am,shade
i
) R1uS i
i)R1uS
ZI
MSECNOV2002

40
 CHAPTER5
LOGARI
THI
MS
nnumber102,
I 10i
sthebaseand2i
sthepower

i
) 102=100 l
og10100=2

i
i
) 23=8 Log2 8=3

From t
heabov
eexamples,
thel
ogar
it
hm ofanumber(e.
g.100)i
sthepowert
owhi
chagi
venbase(
i.
e.10)
canberai
sedtogi
vet
hatnumber.I
nGener xy=at
al henlogxa=y

Syl
labusobjecti
ves
Learnershoul
dbeabl et o
a) Stat
eandappl yalltherequi
redlawsoflogari
thms
b) Usetablestofindthelogari
thmsofnumber
c) Uselogari
thmst ables
d) Carr
youtmul t
ipli
cationanddivi
sionusi
nglogari
thms
e) Carr
youtcalculat
ionofpower sandrootsusi
ngl ogar
it
hms

Lawofl
ogar
it
hms
1. Loga( y
)=Loga +l
ogay

2. Loga(
¬ /
y)=Loga -l
ogay
n
3. Loga =nl
oga

4. l
ogaa=1

Exampl
e1
Expr
essthef
oll
owi
ngasl
ogar
it
hmsofsi
ngl
enumber
s

i
) l
og5+l og4 i
i
) l
og27=log3
i
i
i) 1-
log2 i
v) ¾log64

i
) Log5+l
og4 = l
og(5 4) LawI
= Log20

41
i
i
) Log27-
Log3 = Log Law2

= Log9

i
i
i) 1–Log2 = Log10-
Log2

= Log

= Log5

i
v) ¾Log164 = Log16

Log(4√16)
3
=

3
= l
og(
2)

= Log8

Exampl
e2
a) Givenlog2=0,3010andl
og3=0,
4771,
evaluat
elog5
b) Solvethef
oll
owingfor Log10 =- 1
c) Evaluat
e,l
og264

a) Log5=l
og

= l
og1010–l
og2 butl
og1010=1

= l
og1-
0,3010

= 0,
6990

b) Log10 =-
1
10-1=

c)Log264
LetN=l og264
Then2N =64
2N =26
:
-N=6
Log264=6

Rememberthef
oll
owi
ng
Log101=0

Log1010=1

Log10100=2

42
Log101000=3

et
c
Xy=xz
Meansy=z
Log0,001=1/ 100
Log1–l og100
=0-2
=-2

Exer
cise1,
1

1) Si
mpl
i
fy
a) Log1020+Log104 b) Log10100–l
og1030

c) Log575–l
og55 d) 2l
og5

e) ½Log81 f
) l
og9-
Log3

g) 1+l
og81 h) 2-2l
og2

2. Gi
vent
hatl
og2=0,3010andl
og3=0,
4771,
findt
hev al
ueof:
a) Log0,
002 b) Log6 c) Log27

3. Giventhatl
og109=0,
9542ev
aluat
e
a) Log1081

b) Log1090

c) Log10

4. Fi
ndthevaluesofaorb
Log10a=log108+log105 b) 3l
ogb=l
og27

5) If27ax9(2a-3)=34showthatt
heval
uesof,
aar
egivenbytheequat
ion2a2+3a-
10=0.Hence,
calcul
atetheposi t
iveval
ueofa,
corr
ectt
o2deci
mal pl
aces.

Logar
it
hmsasanaidtocal
cul
ati
ons+++++++
Logar
it
hmsar
everyuseful
inmakingcumber
somecal
cul
ati
onse.
g.2,
385x0,
9879
2,
7890

I
nteger f
ract
ional
par
t

Useofl
ogari
thm t
ables
Thel
ogari
thm ofanumberhast
wopar
ts,
thei
ntegerpar
tandt
hef
ract
ional
par
t.

Fi
ndi
ngt
hei
ntegerpar
t
Theinterparti
sfoundbyexpr
essi
ngt
henumberi
nst
andar
dfor
m,t
hent
hepoweroft
enbecomest
he
i
ntegerpart.

Forexampl
eonf indi
ngi
ntegerpar
tsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
s.
i
) Log104200 ii
)log100,
0310

43
l
og104200=3, (
4200=4,2x103i
nst
andar
dform,t
her
efor
e3f
ormst
hei
ntegerpar
tsi
ncei
tis
t
hepoweroft
eninst
andar
dfor
m.

Log0,
0310=2 0,
0310=3,10x10-2i
nstandardf
orm,
ther
efor
e.-
2for
mst
hei
ntegerpar
titi
s
wri
tt
enas2r eadsbar2.

Fi
ndi
ngt
hef
ract
ionalpar
t

Taki
ngacr
oss-
sect
ionoft
het
abl
es

Di
ff
erences
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 123456789
35 7404 7412 7419 7427 7435 7443 7451 7459 7466 7474123456789

Tof i
ndthef r
acti
onalpartthefir
sttwodigi
tsofyournumbergi
vesyout
herowacr
osswhi chtol
ookunder
thefi
rstcolumnx.Thet hir
ddi gi
tgivesy
outhecolumnsti
llont
hatr
ow.Thenthel
astdi
gitundert
he
dif
ferencescolumninthatr awgivesyouthedi
ff
erencewhichi
sadded.

ForExampl
e

Log103,
533 Fr acti
onal par
tisf
oundacross
35under3(7427)dif
ference3whichis2.Then2i
sadded,
7427+2=7429so,
7429i
sthef
ract
ional
par
t

:
-log3,
533=0,7429
Al
solog0,
3533=1,74279(
3,533x10-
1inst
andar
dfor
m)

Exampl
e3
Writ
edownthei
ntegerpar
tsoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
i
) 4,
008 i
i) 4960 i
i
i) 0,
064 i
v) 0,
000047

i
) 4,
008=0, 4, 008 100i
008=4, nst
andar
dfor
m

i
i
) 4960=3, 960 103i
4960=4, nst
andar
dfor
m

i
i
i) 0,
064=2, 0, 2 10-2i
064=6, nst
andar
dfor
m

i
v) 0,
00047=5, 000047=10-5i
0, nst
andar
dfor
m

Exampl
e4
Fi
ndthel
ogar
it
hmsoft
hef
oll
owi
ng

i
) 6,
51 i
i
) 0,
0824

i
) Log6,
51 = 0,
8326
i
i
) Log0,
0824 = 2,
9731

Br
iefSummar
y

44
Whenfi
ndingl
ogar
it
hmsf
ir
stf
indt
hei
nter
gerpar
tandt
hent
hef
ract
ional
par
t.Ont
hef
ract
ional
par
tadd
t
hedif
fer
ences.

Tr
ythese
Fi
ndthelogari
thmsoft
hefol
l
owi
ng
a) 3,071 b) 30,
71 c) 0,
03071

d) 7,
89 e) 0,
789 f
) 0,
00789

g) 3248 h) 0,
3248 i
) 0,
0003248

j
) 83,
51 k) 0,
008351 l
) 0,
0008351

Ant
il
ogar
it
hm
Whengi
venthatl
oga=0,
8326.Howdoy ouf
indt
henumbera?
Fr
om t
heor
ylogari
thm l
og10a=0, 8326
a=100,
8326

y100, 8326
Sinceit
sdi f
fi
cul
ttosi mpl
if thesoluti
oncanbeeasi lybefoundbyl ookingfort
heantil
ogari
thm on
suchtables.
Whenf i
ndinganant il
og,welookupt hefracti
onalpartonl
yinant i
l
ogt abl
es.Thenuset heint
egertoplace
thedecimalcorrect
lyinthefinalnumber .How?Wesi mplyadd1t otheintegertogetthenumberofdi gi
t
beforethecommat hus1+1=2di git
sbef orecomma.Whent heintegerisforexample2.Al lbarsare
treat
edasnegat ivenumber sthus- 2+1=- 1thus0, 0non-zerodigit
,-3means0, 00non-zer
odigitwhich
couldbe0,01250,0,00125and0, 000125r espectivel
y.

Li
kei
nfi
ndi
ngl
ogar
it
hmsaddt
hedi
ff
erence.

Exampl
e5

Fi
ndt
heanti
l
ogar
it
hmsoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
i
) 1,
5638 i
i
) 0,
4623 i
i
i) 1,
2113

i
) Ant
il
og1,
5638=36,
63 (
1+1=2di
gitbef
oret
hecomma)

4623=100,
4623
i
i
) ant
il
og0,
=2,900 (
0+1=1di
gitbef
oret
hecomma

2113=101,
2113
i
i
i) ant
il
og1, (
1+1=0)
=0,
1627

Tr
ythese
Wr
it
edownt
hev
aluesoft
hef
oll
owi
ng

102,
9517
102,
8572
103,
8575
a) b) c)

100,
2340
101,
2348
101,
2654
d) e) f
)

102,
5672
103,
7271
104,
5672
g) h) i
)

Mult
ipl
i
cati
onanddi
vi
sion
Example6

45
Usel
ogar
it
hms
i
) 307 7,
83 i
i
)

i
i
i)

i
i
) 307x7,
83

No Log
307 2,4871
7,
83 +0, 8938
2404 3,
3809

(
Findanti
l
ogof3,
3809)
:
- 303 7,83=2404

i
i
)

No Log
0,
3426 1,
5348
0,
09235 2,
9655
3,
710 0,
5693

:
- =3,
710

i
i
i)

No Log
3,
07 0,
4871
0,
783 +1,8938 si
mpl
i
fyt
henumer
ator
Numerator 0,
3809
9,
235 -0,
9655 changet
hedenomi
nat
ort
ologar
it
hms
0,
2602 1,
4154

=0,
2603

NB. Whenmul t
ipl
yi
ngaddt
hel
ogar
it
hmswhendi
vi
dingsubt
ractt
hel
ogar
it
hms
Exer
cise1,
2

1. Eval
uat
ethefl
owi
ng
a) 29,
34 4,432 b) 4934÷37,
92

c) 0,
6343 0,
03482 d) 3,
42÷35,
94

46
 e) 0,
0561÷0,
00342 f
)

g) h)

i
) j
)

POWERSANDROOTS
Exampl
e7

Eval
uat
e
2 3
i
) (0,
06827) i
i
) √0,
06827

i
) 5 0,
6827
√ 0,4351
2
i
) (
0,06827)

No Log
0,
06827 2,
8342 2 (
rememberbari
str
eat
edasanegat
ive)

0,
004660 3,
6684
2
(0,
06827)=0,
004660

i
i
) √0,
06827=(
0,06827)½

No Log
1
0.
06827 2,
8342 /
2
8,
786 0,
9447
1/
5
√0,
06827=8,
786

i
i
) √0,
6827 = 0,
6827
0,
4351 0,
4351

No Log

0,
6827 1,
8342
0,
4351 1,
6386 (
subt
ract
)
1956 1/
0, 5
1,
094
0,
03912

47
5
√0,6827 = 1,
094
0,4351

Exer
cise1,3
Eval
uatethefol
l
owi
ng

543 4
a) 1, b) √243,
4 c) 4125
3,

d) 56233
0, e) 06322
0, f
) 0213
0,

5)2 h) 3 4
g) √26,
8 (
3, √587,
5 i
) √0,
06354

4833- 3
j
) 1, 1 k) 26,
7 l
) √349
¬ 4873+1
1, 9,
562 2608

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS
1) Eval
uat
e
i
) 0,
358 1,
26 i
i
) 0,
0762 0,
98
0,328

2. Acubeofedge6cm i
ssmel
tedt
oform ari
ghtcy
li
nderofheight4,
2.Cal
cul
atetheradi
usoft
he
cyl
i
nder
.
2
(
Vol
umeofacyli
nderi
sgi
venbyV=πr h,
whererist
heradiusandhistheheight
.Use π 0=3,
12.

3. Theval
ueofYoung’
smodul
es,ameasureoftheel
ast
ici
tyofamateri
almaycal
cul
atedf
rom t
he
for
mul
a
4W L3
3πda4
Fi
ndYoung’
smodulusf
orabeam f
orwhichW=35,
6 L=14,
2 a=0,
40d=4,37

4. Gi
vent
hat94x152=14288
a) Fi
ndtheval
ueofNi
f95x152=14288+N

b) Wr
it
edownt
heexactv
alueof

i
) 0,
094 1520

i
i
) 0,
14288÷0,
0094
(
ZIMSECNOV2008)
5. Gi
venthatl
og52 =0,
431andl
og53=0,
683
Fi
ndtheval
ueof

a) Log1½ b) l
og5√3

c) Ev
aluat
e l og8-
log9
l
og64-l
og81

48
 CHAPTER6
BASI
CALGEBRAANDI
RRATI
ONALNUMBERS

Al
gebr
ausesl
ett
ersoft
heal
phabett
orepr
esentgener
alnumber
s.

Syl
labusobject
ives
Leanershouldbeableto
a) Simpl
if
ygivenalgebrai
cterms
b) Fact
ori
segivenalgebrai
cterms
c) Simpl
if
yandsolv ei
rrati
onalnumber
s

Si
mpl
i
ficat
ion
Li
keter
ms( Groupi
ng)
4 or2 2,
3 2, 2
Ter
msoft hesamedegr eeint
hesamev ar
iabl
esar
ecall
edli
ketermse.
g.2 ,
3 ,
- -
4
or2 y,-3 y,-4 y
Li
keter
mscanbegr ouptoget
herandcanbeaddedandsubt
racted.

Example1
Simpl
i
fy i
) 10 -7 –3 +2
i
i
) -5y+6 +6y–8

i
) 10x-
7x—3x+2x=10 +2 -
7 -
3 (
bygr
oupi
ngposi
ti
veandnegat
ivet
ermst
oget
her
)
=12 -
10
=2

i
i
) -
5y+6 +6y–8 =-5y+6y
+6 -
8 (
bygr
oupi
ngt
oget
herl
i
ket
erms)
=y
-2
Remov
ingbr
acket
s
I
fanyquanti
tymul
ti
pli
estheter
msinsi
deabracketev
eryt
ermi
nsi
det
hebr
acketmustbemul
ti
pli
edby
t
hatquant
it
ywhenthebracketi
sremoved.
.
I
ngeneral
,a( +y )=a +ay

49
 Anda( -y
)=a - ay
Whent hesetwobr
acket
smul t
ipl
yeachot
hert
het
ermsi
nthef
ir
stbr
acketmul
ti
plyeacht
ermi
nthe
secondbracket
.

(
a+b)( +y) =a +ay+b +by
(
a+b)( -
y) ax-ay
+b -
by

Exampl
e2

Si
mpl
i
fy i
) 2(2y+3 -1) i
i
) 2(
a-3b)+3(
3a+b)
i
i
i) (6m+n)(
5m-n)

i
) 2(2y
+3 - 1)=4y+6 -2
i
i
) 2(a-
3b)+3(3a+b)=2a-6b+9a+3b (
Col
l
ect
ingl
i
ket
ermst
oget
her
)
=2a+9a- 6b+3b
=11a-
3b
i
i
i) (5m- 6m+n)=30m2-
n)( 6mn+5mn-n2
2 2
=30m -mn-n

Exer
cise1,
1
Simpl
ify
2
1) a) 6(
a+2) b) 4( -
3y) c) y
(y +3)

d) 5( -
2)-
2( +3) e) 3(
2 -
3y-
1) f
) ¼(
8u-
4)+3

f
) 4(
2-3a-
1)-
3a(
2a-
5) g) 5d-(
e+2d)

h) 4( -
3y-
3t)
-2(
2 -
5y-
4t)

i
) a2-
4( 3a-
1)-
3a(
2a-
5)

j
) 4 (
3 +2y
)+3y( +y
)-2 y

2) Expandandsi
mpl
i
fy
a) (a-
b)(a+b) b) (
5+a)(
5+z)

c) (
4z+1)(
3z-
1) d) (
5 -
2)( +4)

e) (-
5)( +6) f
) (
3c+4)(
c-2)
2 2
g) (
2 +1) h) (
2 -
5y)

i
) (
2k-
7)(
4k+5) j
) (
3n+t
)(n+3t
)
2
k) (
K+2/
3)(
K-2/
3) l
) (
t+2)
5
Addi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ionofal
gebr
aicf
ract
ions

Exampl
e3

Si
mpl
i
fy

50
i
) i
i
)

i
i
i) i
v)

v
)

Sol
uti
ons.

i
)

i
i
)

Fi
ndt
heLCM of3,
4andwhi
chi
s12

2 2
i
i
) Fi
ndt
heL.
C.M of ,
3 and3 whi
chi
s9

Di
vi
deev
eryt
erm by3

51
 =

i
i
i) Fi
ndt
heL.
C.M of( -
1)and( +4)

whi
chi
n( -
1)( +4)

v
) Fi
ndt
heL.
C.M of( -
1)( +4)

and
+4whi
chi
s( -
1)( +4)

Exer
cise1,
2

Expr
esseachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngasasi
ngl
efr
act
ion.

a) b) c)

d) e) f
)

g) h)

52
i
) j
)

2) Si
mpl
i
fyeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng

a) b) c)

d) e) f
)

g) h)

3. Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ng

a) b) c)

d) e) f
)

g) h) i
)

j
)

Fact
ori
zat
ion
Commonf
act
ors
2( +y
)=2 +2y

Si
nce,
whenx+yismul
ti
pli
edby2ther
esulti
s2 +2y
,itmeanst
hat2and( +y
)ar
ebot
hfact
orsof2
+2y
Wecanfact
ori
se2 +2ybytaki
ngoutthecommonf
actor
.

53
Byt
aki
ngoutorf
act
ori
ng2meansev
eryt
ermi
nsi
det
hebr
acketi
sbei
ngdi
vi
dedby2

Exampl
e4
2 2
Fact
ori
se i
) 2m +6n i
i
) p – -
qx
i
i
i) 12a2bc2+4a2c2-8a3c

i
) 2(
m +3n)
2
i
i
) p - 2-
p = (
p --
q)

i
i
i) 12a2bc2+4a2c2-
8a3c =2a2c(
6bc+2c -
4a )

Exer
cise1,3
Fact
orisethef
oll
owi
ng
a) 3a+3b b) ab+ca c) 6 –6y
2
d) 10+2y e) 4 – f
) 4c2-
2ce
2
g) 3 +3y-
6Z h) 3 -9 +3 i
) 6n3-
2n2 +n

5ab+4a2b-
6ab2 2
j
) k) t-t
m+3t l
) eq-
ef-
eh

Di
ff
erenceoft
wosquar
es
Thi
sappl
i
est
oexpr
essi
onsoft
hef
orm a2-
b2.Onf
act
ori
sat
ionanyexpr ona2-
essi b2=(
a-b)(
a+b)

Exampl
es5
Fact
ori
zet
hefol
l
owi
ng
2 2
i
) -
y =( -y)( +y
)

i
i
) a2-
( 4) =(
a-2)(
a+2)
2
i
i
i) 16- =42– 2
=(4- )(
4+ )

i
v) 4h2–9=22h2-
32
(
2h-3)(
2h+3)

Exampl
e5

Fact
ori
se
2 2
21/ 6
i
) 6y -
54 i
i
) - 4 i
i
i) -
81

i
v) 112-
72

54
 2 2
i
) 6y -
54 =6(
y -9)
2 2
=6(
y -3)
=6(
y-3)(
y+3)
2
21/
4 2 9
i
i
) - = -/
4

2
= -32
22
=( -
3/2)( +3/
2)

6
=( 3)2 2
(
ii
i) -
81 -9
3 3
=( - 9)( +9)

(
iv) 112-
72 =(11-
7)(
11+7)
=(4)(
18)
=72

Exer
cise1,
4

Fact
ori
set
hef
oll
owi
ng

a2- 2
a) 4 b) y-1 c) 64b2-
1
4
R2-2
d) -
1 e) r f
) 25 2-
9

z2 - b2 4 2- 2
g) 100- h) y i
) 9y
2
3 2- 2
j
) 2-
8y k) 12y l
) 16 2-
1
2 1
m) f-
2/ 4 n) g2-
25 p) h2-
0,09

2. Sol
ve
a) 22-
12 b) 832-
192 c) 1022-
132

d) 82-
0, 0,72 e) 32-
4, 2,32 f
) 22-
5, 4,82

Fact
ori
zat
ionoft
ri
nomi
als
2 2
Expr
essi
onswit
hthr
eeter
ms, l
i
ke5t +5t-10,
y -y
-42arecall
edt
ri
nomi
als
Tofact
ori
zet
hem i
tisadv
isabl
etosepar
atethem int
otypes.

Type1Coef
fi entofa2i
ci sone
Thesear
etr
inomial
softhef m x2+bx+cwher
or ebandcar
enumber
s

Exampl
e7
2 2
Fact
ori
ze i
) +8 +15 i
i
) -
7 -
18

I
ngener
alwhenfact
orizi
ngtri
nomialsoft
hef orm 2+b +c
1. Findthef
actorsof+c,whoseproductis+candwhosesum i
sb
2. Replacebwiththesum ofthosef
actorsandfact
ori
ze
3. Takenoteofthesigns.

55
 2
i
) +8 +15= +5 +3 +15 Fact
orsof15ar
e+3and+5
= ( +5) +3( +5)
=( +3)( +5)
Check =( +3)( +5)
2
= +8 +15
2
i
i
) -7 -
18 = 2- 9 +2 -
18 Fact
orsof-
18ar
e-9and12
= (- 9)+2( -9)
=( -+2)( -9)
Check( +2)( - = 2-
9) 9 +2 -
18
2
= - 7 -
18

I
fthepr
oductoft
hef
act
orsgi
vest
heor
igi
nal
expr
essi
ononexpansi
on.i
tmeanst
hef
act
orsar
ecor
rect
.

Exer
cise1,5
Fact
orisecompl
etel
y

a2- 2
a) 5a+4 b) -
3 -
108

c) d) p2+5p-
84
2 2
e) y -4y-
12 f) y +2y
-8
2
g) 6-y-y h) 7+6d-d2

i
) n2+4nm+3m2

Type2coef fi
cientof 2i snotone.
Thesearetrinomialsofthef orm.a 2+b +c
I
nt hegeneralwhenf actor
izingtri
nomi al
soft hef
orm a 2+b +c
2
1. Fi
rstmul t
ipl
ycoefficientof ( i
.e.a)byc
2. Fi
ndt hefactorsofy ourproduct(ac)whoseproducti
sacandwhosesum i
sb

Exampl
e8
2
Fact
ori
se i
) 3 +16 +5 i
i
) 3d2-
5d-
2
i
i
i) m-
7 -
5m+35

3 2+16 +5 =3 2+15+1 +5 3 5=15factor

s
=3 ( +5)+1( +5) of15whoseproductar
e15andsum +16ar
e15and+1
=(
3 +1)( +5)

i
i
) 3d2-
5d-
2 =3d2-6d+1d-2 3 -2=6.Fact
orsof-
18whosepr
oducti
s-6andt
hei
r
=3d(d-2)+(d-
2) sum i
s-5are-6and+1
=(3d+1)(d-
2)
m-
7 -
5m+35 = ( m-
7)-
5(m-
7)
=( -5)(m-7)

Exer
cise1,
6

Fact
ori
secompletel
y
a) 2a2-
9a+5 b) 4 2-
7 +3

c) 7 2+13 -
2 d) 12 2-
28 -
5

56
 2
e) 2+13 -
7 f
) 2 2-
9 -
5

g) 10 2-
21+9 h) 7d2+2d+5

i
) 3c2+7c+2 j
) 3p2+p-
10
2
k) ab+3a+2b+6 l
) 7v
+7y
-vy
-y

m) 15-
5c+3d-
cd n) 2gh-
12g+3h-
18

I
rr
ati
onal
number
s
I
rrat
ional number sarenumber st hatcannotbeexpr essedinthefrom a/bwher eaandbar einteger
sand
b≠0
Theirval
uescannotbef oundexact ly,hencetheirapproxi
mat i
onsar eacceptede.g√3
Thenumberi nirrat
ionalnumber sar enont er
mi nati
ngdeci malsandnon- r
epeating.
Rati
onal number sarenumber swhi char edonatedbyQandar ei
nt heform a/
b(fracti
onswhereb=).They
2
i
ncludeint egerl
ike /1.Therational numberisanont erminati
ngdecimal e.
g1/ 3=0,333
Alli
ntegers, t
erminati
ngorr ecurri
ngdeci malsar erati
onal numbers.

Sur
ds
Asurdi
sarootwhi
chwil
lgi
veat er
mi nat
ingorr
ecur
ri
ngdeci
mal
whent
her
ooti
sext
ract
ede.
g√2sur
ds
ar
ether
efor
eexampl
esofir
rat
ionalnumbers.

Exampl
e9
Solv
e i
)√36 i
i
)√144

i
) √36 =√9 4 expr
essaspr
oductofper
fectsquar
es
=√9 √4
=3 2
=6

i
i
) √144 =√9 16
=√9 √16
=3 4
=12

Example10
Simpl
ythefol
l
owi
ngl
eav
ingt
heansweri
nsur
dfor
m.

a) √63 b)√27 -√18 +√63 c) √12+√27

a) √63 =√9 7 Expr

essthenumberasaproductsothatoneoft
he
=√9 √7 numbersi
saperf
ectsquare
=3√7
b) √27-√18+√63=√9 3-√9 2+√9 7

=√9 √3-√9 √2+√9 √7

=3√3-3√2+3√7

d) √12+√27=√4 3+√9 3

=√4 √3+√9 √3

57
 =2√3+3√3

=5√3
Exampl
e11
Expr
esseachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngast
hesquar
erootofasi
ngl
enumber
.

i
) 7√2 = √72 √2
= √49 √2
= √49 2 put
ti
ngunderonesquar
erootsi
gn
= 98

13√2 =√132 √2
=√169 2
=√383

Exer
cise1,
7
Simpl
ify

1 a) √27 b) √45 c) √100

2
e) √245 f
) √243 g) (
√3)
2 2
√¬3/ 2
h) (
3√7) i
) 2(
2√3) j
) ( 4)

2) Expr
essasasquar
erootofasi
ngl
enumber
a) 2√3 b) 3√5 c) 2√7
2
d) √75 √12 e) √3 √5 √75 g) (
1+2√3)

3) Si
mpl
i
fythef
oll
owi
ng
a) √50+√18 b) √27+√12-√3 c) √45+√20

d) √75-√12+√48 e) √28+√63+√112 f
)√112-
√567

Rat
ional
izi
ngtheDenominator
Thi
sistheprocessofmakingthedenomi
nat
orar
ati
onal
numberwhendi
vi
ding

Example12
Rati
onal
izethedenomi
nat
or

i
) 5 i
i
) 3
√2 7+√2

i
) 5 =5 √2 Tomake√2r
ati
onal
wesi
mpl
ymul
ti
plyby√2
√2 =√2 √2
=5√2
2

i
i
) 3 =3 7-√2 Mul
ti
plybot
hnumer
atoranddenomi
nat
orby7-
√2
7+√2 (
7+√2) 7-√2
=3(7-
√2)

58
 2
49-
7√2+7√2-
(√2)

=3(7-
√2)
49-
2

=3(7-
√2)
47
Note-i
ngener
al,
asurdofthefor
m ata+b√ci
nthedenomi
nat
ori
srat
ional
i
zedbymul
ti
ply
ingi
tby
a-
b√c.(not
echangeofsi
gn).

Exer
cise1,
8

1. Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ngbyr
ati
onal
i
zingt
hedenomi
nat
or

a) b) c)

d) e) f
)

g) h) c)

j
) k)

Summar
yofsur
dsi
nvol
vi
ngt
ri
gonomet
ri
crat
iosof30o,
45oand60o

n30o=Cos60o=
Si

n60o=Cos30o=
Si

n45o=Cos45o
Si

Tan30o=

Tan45o=1

Tan60o=√3

59
EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ON
1. Si
mpl
i
fy
(i
) √648 i
i
) √11445

se 2-2
2) (
a) Factor
i y
2 2
(
b) Giventhat -
y=4and -
y=20,
findt
hev
alueofxandt
hev
alueofy

(
ZIMSECNOV2008)
3) Fact
ori
secompl
etel
y
49 2–y2
a)
b) 3m2-
7m-
6

4) Fact
ori
secomplet
ely
i
) 2 2+a - 2b -
ab
2
i
i) 3-
12y
(
ZIMSECNOV2008)
Si
mpl
i
fy
1
3√5)2 √x/y)
2
i
) (/ i
i
) (

CHAPTER7

TRI
GONOMETRI
CRATI
OS

Si
ne,CosineandTangentofangl
esareknownast
ri
gonomet
ri
cal
rat
ios.Tr
igonomet
rymeanst
he
measurementofl
engthsandangles.

Syl
labusobjecti
ves
Leanershouldbeablet o
a) Usetablestof i
ndthesi
ne,cosineandtangent
sofangles.
b) Usetabletofindtheangl
eswhosev al
uesofsi
ne,cosi
neoftangent
sar
egi
ven.
c) Changef r
om degreestominutes
d) Cal
culat
eusi ngtri
gonometri
crati
os

Gi
venar
ightangl
etr
iangl
eABCwi
thangl
eC=⊖.Thesi
desoft
het
ri
angl
ear
easf
oll
ows
a) A

60
Usi
ngdiagram (a)
ACthehypotenuseisthelongestsi
deandisidenti
fi
edbybeingopposi
tet
her i
ghtangl
e.
ABtheopposite.I
tisopposit
etoangle⊖.
BCtheadjacent.I
tisadj
acenttoangle⊖.I
tisidenti
fi
edbyformi
ngpartoftheri
ghtangl
eandt
heangl
e⊖.

Whentheposi
ti
onof⊖mov
etoAasshowni
ndi
agr
am (
b)t
heopposi
teandt
headj
acental
sochange.
Usi
ngdiagr
am A

Ther
ati
o i
scal
l
edt
het
angentofangl
e⊖

Ther
ati
o i
scal
l
edt
heSi
neofangl
e⊖

Ther
ati
o i
scal
l
edt
hecosi
neofangl
e⊖

Wr
it
ingi
nshor
t.

t
an⊖ = Opposi
te ABi
sopposi
te
adj
acent BCisadj
acent

Si
n⊖ = Opposi
te
Hypot
enuse.

Cos⊖ = Adj
acent
Hypot
enuse

Shor
teni
ngf
urt
her
.

Tan⊖ = Si
n⊖= cos⊖ =

Themnemoni
cSOHCAHTOAt
oassi
sti
nrecal
l
.

Degr
eesandmi
nuet
s

I
nt heprevi
ousexplanat
ion⊖i sanunknownf
oranangl
e.Anglesareusual
lymeasur
edtothenear
est
degree.However
,itispossi
bletocal
culat
ewi
thangl
eswhichcontai
nfract
ionsofadegr
ee.

10=601

Exampl
e1

a) Conv
ertthef ol
l
owingtodegreesandminut
es
i
) 0,70 ii
) 70
20,
b) Conv
ert,t
hef ol
lowingt
odegreesonly
i
) 201 ii
) 1000 201

a) i
) 10=601 ii
) 70=200+0,
20, 70
70=0,70 1 0
0, 60 = 20 +(
0,70 601)

61
 =421 =200+421
=200421

b) )201=
i )1000201=1000+
i
i

= 330
0, = 1000+0,
330

= 30
100,

Br
iefSummar
y

a) Tochangedegreest
ominutes,
multi
plyby60:
b) Tochangeminutest
odegrees,
div
ideby60

Exer
cise1,
1

a) Changethefollowi
ngt
omi nut
es
a) 30 b)51/20 c)400

2) Changethef
oll
owingi
ntodegr
eesandmi
nut
es
a) 201 b) 301 c) 6001

3) Changet
hef
oll
owingi
ntodegr
eesandmi
nut
es
a) 40 b)
50, 80 c)
100, 4½ 0

4) Expr
essasadeci
mal
numberofdegr
eesl
eav
ingt
heanswert
othenear
est0,
1ofadegr
ee.

a) 400301 b) 90451 c) 750341

Usi
ngt
angentt
abl
esandsi
ncet
abl
es

Si
mil
armanner

a) Thetablegivesthet
angentorsi
neofanyanglef rom 00to900ini
nterv
alsof0,10or61.
0
b) Asanglesincreaset
owards90, thesi
zesoftheirtangentsorsi
neincreaser
apidly
.
c) Thediff
erencecolumngivesi
ncrementini
ntervalsof1.Theseareadded.

Cr
osssect
ionofasi
net
abl
e

01 61 121 181 241 301 361…. Add

Di
fferences
⊖ 00
0, 10
0, 20
0, 30
0, 40
0, 50
0, 60….
0, . 21,
1, 31,
41,
51
46 0,
7193 7206 7218 7230 7242 7254 7266…..

Exampl
e

Fi n460261
nda)Si b) 50
46,

a) Si
n 460 261 = 0,
7246

62
 (
i.
e.0,
7242+4)

1) Lookacr oss460under241sincei
tisnear o261.Thatgi
estt veusadi
ff
erenceof
1 1 1
26- 24 =2
2) Lookunder21ondi ff
erencesandadd

b) Si
n46,
50=0,
7254

Usi
ngCosi
net
abl
es

1) I
nthesinetabl
e,asanglesincreasefom 00t
r o900,t
heirsinei
ncreasef
rom 0to1.
2) I
nthecosinetabl
e,asanglesincreasefom 00t
r o900,t
heircosi
nesdecreasefr
om 1t o0.
3) I
nthecosinetabl
e,becausecosinesofacuteangel
sdecr easeastheanglesi
ncrease,t
he
di
ff
erencesaresubtr
acted.

Exer
cise1,
2

Foreachoft
hef
oll
owi
nguset
ablesorcal
cul
atortofindt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
)tangenti
i
)Si
nei
i
i0cosi
ne
a)150 b) 440 c) 24,10 d) 3761

10
e)45, f
) 321/20 g) 570121 h) 60
48,

)850 361
i j 80
)71, k)
4,20 L)450541

Usi
ngt
abl
est
ofi
ndt
heangl
eswhoset
angent
s,si
neorcosi
nesar
egi
ven

1) Int
het
ablesf
orgiv
entri
grat
io.I
dentif
ytherowandcol umnunderwhi cht
hegivenval
ueli
es.
Whent
heparti
cul
arval
ueisabsentfi
ndt henear
estfi
ndthediff
erenceandunderthedi
ff
erence
col
umnaddtheval
ueforsi
neandt angentandsubtr
actforcosi
ne.

Exampl
e3

(uset
abl
es)
a) Fi
ndtheangl
eswhoset
angent
sar
e0,
4452

b) Fi
ndt
heangl
eswhosesi
near
e0,
4067

c) Fi
ndt
heangl
eswhosecosi
near
e0,
4067

a) Lett
heangl
ebeA

COSA = 0,
4452 Comparing
A = 630341 4452-4446=6
I
nthediffer
encecolumnt hev
alue5(
i he21
nt
Columnisclosestto6.
Subtact21f
r rom 630361
Lett
heangl
ebeA
b) SinA = 0,
4067
A = 240

c) Lett
heangl
ebeA comparing
tanA = 0,
4067 4067-4061=6
A = 22081

Exer
cise1,
3

63
1) Usetabl
esorcal
cul
atort
ofi
ndt
heangl
eswhoset
angent
sar
easf
oll
ows:
a) 0,
7325 b) 0,
8947 c) 0,
5543

d) 0,
3581 e) 5/
8 f
) 2/
5

Hintf
orfr
act
ionsreducetoadecimalf
irst.
2) Usetabl
esorcal
culatort
ofindt
heangleswhose
i
) Si
ne i i) Cosine areasf ol
l
ows
a) 0,
6878 b) 0,
5299 c) 0,
4747

d) 2/
3 e) ½ f
) 0,
2000.

Cal
cul
ati
onsi
nvol
vi
ngtr
igomet
ri
calr
ati
os
Ri
ghtangl
edt
ri
angl
escanbesolv
edbyusi
ngPy
thagor
a’st
heor
em andt
het
ri
gonomet
ri
cal
l
yrat
ios.

i
) c2=b2+a2

i
i
) Si
nA= Opposite
Hypotenuse

CosA= t
anA Fi
ndSi
nB,
CosBandt
anB

Remembert
hemnemoni
cSOHCAHTOA.

Angl
esofel
evat
ionandDepr
essi
on

Anangleofelev
ati
oni
sanangl
emeasur
edupwar
dsf
rom t
hehor
izont
al.Forexampl
e200i
stheangl
eof
el
evat
ionbelow:

64
 hor
izont
al

Angl
eofdepr
essi
onisanangl
emeasur
eddownwar
dsf
rom t
hehor
izont
al.I
nthedi
agr ow200i
am bel san
angl
eofdepr
essi
on.

Bear
ing
Bear
ingisacl
ockwi
semeasur
efr
om t
henor
th.

Bear
ingofPf
r s0700
om Ai

Bear
ingofPf
r s1000
om Ai

65
Bear
ing

Bear
ingofQf
r s3500
om Pi

Example4
Calcul
atet
hel
engt
hsmar
kedxi
nthet
ri
angl
esshownbel
ow.

REVI
ST

66
a)
b)

F
a) Usi
ngt
an b) usi
ngcosi
ne
TanØ=o/
A CosØ=A/H

Tan35o=

Cos19o=f _
x=21tan35 390
=21(0,
7002) f=390Cos19o
=14,
7042 =390(0,9455)
=14,
70to2.d.
p =368,75t
o2d.
p

c) Usi
ng
TanØ=o/
A

Tan27o=

b=1,2
an27o
t

Wheny ougett
heabov esi
tuat
ioncal
cul
atet
het
hir
dangl
einy
ourt
ri
angl
eandusei
t
i
. 90+27o)=63o
e.180-(

an630=
t

67
b =1,
2tan63
=1,
2(1,
9626)
=2,
36to3.s.
f

Exampl
e5

1) Fi
ndt
heangl
eofel
evat
ionoft
het
opofaf
lagpol
e81,
9m hi
ghf
rom apoi
nt55m awayonl
evel
gr
ound

2. Ashi
psai
l
s8km dueeastandt
hen13km duenor
th.Fi
ndt
hebear
ingoft
henewposi
ti
onf
rom t
he
ol
d.

ø
1)

TanØ=

TanØ=0,58
Ø=30o71
Angl
eofel
evat
i s30o71
oni

2) Lett
heol
dposit
ionbeO
Lett
henewposi
tionbeN

Tof
indt
hebear
ingweneedt
ofi exof
ndangl ir
st.

Tanxo =

68
 Tanxo=1,
625

=580241

Bear
ingofNf
rom O =90o–Ø
=90o-
58o241

=31o361

Exer
cise1,
5

1. Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hsmar
kedwi
thl
ett
ers.Gi
veal
lyouranswer
scor
rectt
o2s.
f.Al
ll
engt
hsar
einmet
res.

69
2. Fi
ndt
heangl
esmar
kedwi
thl
ett
ersi
nthedi
agr
amsbel
ow:

3) Amanstandi
ngsomedist
ancefr
om thef
ootofatr
eenoti
cest
hattheangl
eofel
evat
ionofthetop
ofthetr s180.I
eei fthehei
ghtoft
hetreei
s15m,howfari
sthemanf r
om t
hefootofthe
t
ree.

70
4) Ahel i
copt erhov ersverti
call
yaboveaboatwhi chis750m f r
om thest ore.Theangleofel evationof
thehelicopt erf
rom t hestoreis25O.Calcul
atethehei ghtoftheheli
copt er.
5) From acl iff80m highPet erlooksdownonaboatatsea.Hi sangledepr essionis9o.Howf aristhe
boatfrom t hecl i
ff.
6. Awi ndowcl eanerleanshi sl
adderagainstthewal latanangl eof70ot othehorizontal
.Ifitreaches
6,5m upt hewal l,howl ongistheladder.
7. Anexpedi ti
onv ehicl
ecar r
iessomest outplanks4,5m longwhi chcanbepl acedtoform ar ampt o
enablet hev ehi
clet osurmountobst acl
es.Ifthevehicleclmba120sl
i ope.Whati sthehighest
obstaclei tcansur mount .
8. Astov er oll
s200m downasl ope.Asitfall
sitdrops100m v erti
cal
ly.Calculatetheangleoft he
sl
ope.

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS
1) Fi
ndt
hev
alueofxi
neachoft
hedi
agr
am bel
ow

2) I
nthediagram bel
ow,ADispar
all
eltoBC,B AD=BDC=90o, BDA=300andBD=7cm.Usi
ngas
muchoftheinformat
iongi
venbelowasisnecessary
,cal
cul
atei
)AD i
i)CD
n30o=0,
Si 5Cos30o,Cos30o=0,8660,
tan30=0,5774
(
Cambri
dge1988)
REVI
SIT

Q
71
Int
hedi
agram PQR=90o,PR=17cm,QR=15cm andQRSi
sast
rai
ghtl
i
ne.
a) Calculat
ePQ
b) Find,giv
ingt
heanswerasacommonf ract
ion
i) cosPRQ
ii
) tanPRS

(
ZIMECNOV2004)

CHAPTER8
Thesi
ner
uleandCosi
ner
ule
Tofindt
hel
engt
hsandangl
esoft
ri
angl
eswhi
char
enotr
ightangl
edweuset
hesi
ner
uleandt
hecosi
ne
rul
e.

Sy
ll
abusObj
ect
ives

Lear
nershoul
dbeabl eto
a) Fi
ndt hesineandcosineofobtuseangl
es.
b) Stat
et hesinerul
eanduseittosolveprobl
ems
c) Stat
et hecosinesrul
eanduseittosolv
eproblems
d) Usesineruleand,orcosiner
uletosolveprobl
emsinv
olv
ingbear
ing.

Obt
useAngl
es
Anobt
useangl
eisanangl
egr
eat han90O butl
ert han180o.I
esst tcannotoccuri
nar
ightangl
est
ri
angl
e.

72
 ø

Inthedi
agr
am abov
eOPmakeanobt useangl
eØwi ththeposi
ti
ve -
axi
s.PNi
sper
pendi
cul
art
oON.
LetPN=+bandON=- a.OPi
stakenasposi
ti
ve.Thendefi
ne

Si
nØ= soSi
nØi
sposi
ti
ve

CosØ= soCosØi
snegat
ive

*CosØ(
obt
useangl
e)i
snegat
ive.

NOW NOP=180–Øf
rom t
hedi
agr
am

Si
nNOP=Si
n(180-Ø)= =Si
nØ

Al
soCosNOP=(
180-Ø)= =-
cosØ

Thus,
ifØisobtuse
Si
nØ=Si n(180o-Ø)
CosØ=Cos( 180o-Ø)
TanØ=-tan(180-Ø)

Example1
Calcul
atethef
oll
owi
ng
i
) n100o
Si i
i
) Cos120o i
i
i) Tan147o311

i
) WhenØobtuse
Si
nØ=(180-Ø)
Si
n100=Sin( 100o)
180-
=Sin80
=0,9848

i
i
) WhenØi
sobtuse
CosØ=-Cos(180o-Ø)
=-
Cos(180o-120)

73
 Cos60o
=-
=-
0,5

i
i
i) WhenØisobtuse
t
anØ=-tan(180o-Ø) Wor
king
an147o311=t
t an(180o-
147o311) 180o-00+60
0 1
=-tan32 29 147+1__
____
=- 0,
6369 32 211

Exampl
e2
Fi
ndØif a) Si
nØ=0,7660 b) CosØ=0,
5000
c) Cos=-
0,7071 c) TanØ=-
0,6367

a) Si
nØ=0,7660
Ø =50O
Ø=50o–or130o (
Øcoul
dbeei
therobt
useoracut
e)

b) CosØ=0,5000 Si
ncev
alueofCosi
sposi
ti
vei
tmeansØi
snotobt
use
Ø=60o

c) Cos=- 0,
7071 (
Sincet
hev
alv
eofCosØi
snegat
ivei
tmeansØi
sobt
use
ignor
ingthenegati
ve
CosØ=0, 7071
Ø=45o
butØmustbeobt use
Ø=180- 45o
=135o

e) TanØ=- 0,6367
TanØ=0, 6367
Ø=32291
ButØmustbeobt use
=Ø-180o-32o291
=147o31

Br
iefSummary
Tofi
ndSinorCosofonobtuseangl
e.
i
) Subt
ractt
heangl
efrom 1800
i
i) Fi
ndthecosi
neorSinoftheresul
t
i
ii
) Makethecosi
nenegat
ive

Exer
cise1.
1

Withsi
deoflengt
haast
hebase
Area=½abSi nC
Equal
it
ytheAreas

½bcSi nA=½acSi
nB=½absi
nC
Di
vidi
ngby½abc
Si
nA=Si nB=SinC
a b c

Wet
her
efor
ehav
ethi
ssi
nef
ormul
a

74
 Anal
ter
nat
ivef
ormi
s

Example3
I
nt r
iangl
eKLM bel LKM=45o,
ow, KLM=100andLM=200.Fi
ndKM.

Accor
dingt
osi
neRul
e

Butt
oSol
vey
ouneedt
wor
ati
os

n45o=20Si
KM Si n105o

75
 =

worki
ng
N0 Log
19,
318 1,2860
= 20(0,
9659) 0,
7071 -1,8495
0,
7071
27,
45 1,
4395
= 19,
3180
0,
7071

= 27,
45m

KM = 27,
45m

Example4
Calcul
atet
heangl
emar
kedxont
hedi
agr
am bel
ow.

Wor
king

= No Log

9,
781 0,
9903

= 14 -
1,1461

0,
6979 1,
8442

76
Exer
cise1,
2

1. Cal
cul
atet
heunknownl
engt
horangl
eint
hegi
vendi
agr
ams.

REVI
SIT

xo
xo
e) 4,
2
f
) 930m

30o 1110

2,
8 560m

eA=540121 eB=71030,
1
2. I
ntri
angl
eABC,
angl ,
angl a=12,
4cm
Fi
ndb

3. I
ntri
angl
eABC, angl 20,
eC=92, b=11,
2cm,c=39,
4cm
Sol
vethetr
iangl
ecompl
etel
y

TheCosi
neFor
mul
a
Consi
deranyt
ri
anglesayABC.Pl
acet
het
ri
angl
eonapai
rofco-
ordi
nat
eaxi
sasshownont
hedi
agr
am
wit
hangleCbeingobt
use.

77
Thesideopposit
evertexAhasl engt
haunit
s
Thesideopposit
evertexBhasl engt
hbunit
s
Thesideopposit
evertexchaslengthcunit
s
Thecoordinat
eofBar e(a:
o).Si
nceangleCisi
nstandar
dposi
ti
onandAisbunit
sfr
om t
heor
igi
n,t
he
coor
dinatesofAintr
igonomet r
icfor
m are(
bcosC,bsinC)
,cisthel
engt
hofAB.

Nowusi
ngt
hedi
stancef
ormul
aorPy
thagor
as’
stheor
em

d2=( 2- 1)2+(2 2
y -
y)

LetArepr
esent( 2,y
2) andBr epr
esent( 1:
y1)bysubtr
act
ion
C2=( 2 2
bCosc-a) +(bsinC-0)
=b2Cos2-2abCosC+a2+b2Si n2C
2 2 2
=b (Cos C+Si nC)+a - 2abCos
C2=a2+b2–2abCosC (Cos2c+Si
n2C=1)

Si
ncethetr
ianglecoul
dhav
ebeenposi
tionedwi
thanyofi
tssi
desal
ongt
hex-
axi
sther
ear
etwoot
her
si
mil
arfor
mul asknownasthecosi
nef
ormulagi
venbel
ow.

a2=b2+c2-2bcCosA Bymaki
ngdif
fer
entunknowns,
thesubj
ectot
her
for
mul
arscanbederi
ved.

Example5
I
nt hedi
agr
am t
ri
angl
eABChassi AC=7m andBAC=45o.Fi
deAB=5m, ndBC.

78
 a2=b2+c2-
2bcCosA

BC2=72+52-2(5)(
7)Cos45
=49+25- 70Cos45
=74-70(0,7071)
=74-49,
497
BC2=24,503
BC=√24,503
=5,0tot henear
estt
ent
h

Exampl
e6

I
ntr
iangl
eABC,
BC=9m,
AC=10m.Fi
nd,
tot
henear
estdegr
ee,
thesi
zeoft
hegr
eat
estangl
e.

Fr
om t
hecosi
nef
ormul
a

79
 Negat
ivesi
gnmeanst
heangl
eisanobt
useangl
e

CosB=-0,185
B=180o-79o
0
=101

Br
iefSummar
y

Cosi
neRule
a2=b2+c2-2bcCosA

ai
sthesi
deopposi
tet
heangl
eA:
bandCar
ethesi
desf
ormi
ngt
heangl
eA

Exer
cise1,
3

i
) I
nthedi
agr
am bel
owcal
cul
atet
hemar
kedsi
deandorangl
e.

80
Bear
ing
Rememberbear
ingi
saclockwi
semeasurefrom t
he nor
th.I
tisst
atedr
elat
ivet
oagi
venf
ixed
poi
nt.Fr
om t
hefi
xedpoi
nt,t
hei
nit
ial
ref
erenceistheNor
th-
sout
hli
ne.

Exampl
e7
Thedi
agram bel
owshowst
hreet
ri
angul
arpoi
ntswi
thangl
esasi
ndi
cat
ed.Cal
cul
atet
hebear
ingof
.

81
Rev
isi
t

i
) Rf
rom P i
i
) Qf
rom R i
i
i)Rf
rom Q

i
) Bear
ingofRf
rom P

82
 Bear
ingRf
rom P=1800-
280
0
=152

Thet
wonorthpol
esf
orm par
all
ell
i
ne.
Wegetzangl
es

:
-Bear
ingofQf
rom R=1800-350+280)
(
0
=117

i
i
)

:
-Bear
ingofRf
rom Q=520+6

=1170

83
Exampl
e8

Twoboysleav
epointA.Thefi
rstmov esonabearingof0430for10km topointBandthesecondboy
o
movesonabeari
ngof345 untilhereachescandhisbeari
ngf r
om pointBis257o.Fi
nda)thedi
stance
bet
weenthetwoboysatthisi
nstant b)thedi
stanceofpointCfrom A.

St
ep1 St
ep2

Usi
ngSi
neRul
e

Wor
king

= No Log

8,
480 0,
9284
0,
99941,
9998

= 8,
46 0,
9286

CB=8,
46m

Di
stancebet
weent
heboy
sis8,
46m

84
b) f
indi
ngCAusesi
ner
uleorcosi
ner
ule

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS

I
nthedi
agram abov
eGHKandLar
efourpoi
ntsonl
evel
groundGK=4km,
KL=5m, HGK=470and
GL=7m,
o
GKH=70

i
) Cal
cul
at e a)HK b)GKL
i
i
) Avert
icalpol
ewhoset
opi
sT,
iser
ect
edatthemi
dpoi
ntofGL.Gi
vent
hatt
heheightoft
hepol
e
i
s2,
87m,Cal
culateTGL
(CAMBRIDGE1983)

2) Rev
isi
t

CAMBRI
DGE1983

I
nthedi
agr
am Ais5km dueNort AB=3km andCAB=120o,
hofC, Cal
cul
ate
i
) Thebeari
ngofBandA
i
i
) Thedi
stancethati
seastofB
i
i
i) Thedi
stanceBC

85
Thedi
agram showthr
eevi
ll
agesP,
QandR.Thebear
ingofQf
rom Pi
s328oandt
hebear
ingofRf
rom Q
s191o,
i PQ=3km andQR=km

a) Cal
cul
ate
i
) PQR
i
i) thedi
stanceQi
snor
thofP
i
ii
) PR

b) Fi
ndt
hebear
ingofRf
rom P,
giv
ingy
ouranswercor
rectt
othenearestdegr
ee
(ZimsecJune2005)

I
nthedi
agr
am,
Ais10m duet
onor
thofC; BC=xandCAB=70o
AB=5m,

(
i) Cal
cul
atet
hebear
ingofAt
oB
(
ii
) Cal
cul
atet
hev ueof 2
al

86
 CHAPTER9
Var
iat
ion
Vari
ati
onisconcernedwi t
hthewaysinwhi
chonev
ari
abl
edependsononeormor
evar
iabl
es
Ther
ear e4typesofv ar
iat
ionnamel
y
1) Dir
ectVar i
ati
on
2) Inver
sev ar
iat
ion
3) Jointvar
iati
on
4) Parti
alvari
ati
on

Syl
labusobjecti
ves
Leanershouldbeableto
a) I
denti
fydir
ectv ari
ati
oneithergraphicall
y.Orbycalculati
on
b) Cal
culat
ev ar
iablesindir
ectv ari
ati
on
c) I
denti
fyinv
ersev ari
ati
onei t
hergraphicall
y ,
orbycalculat
ion
d) Cal
culat
ethev aluesofvariablesini
nv er
sev ari
ati
on
e) Cal
culat
ethev aluesofvariablesinj
ointv ari
ati
onandpar ti
alv
ari
ati
on.

Di
rectv
ari
ati
on
Occurswhent wov ar
iabl
esxandyar erel
atedinsuchawaythatt
herati
oofthecorrespondencev
alues
r
epresentedbyy /xisconstantf
orall
pair
sofv ar
iabl
esxandy.
Whenxi ncreasesthecorr
espondingyval
uealsoincr
easesf
orexamplethedi
stanceandt i
me.

Ti
me( minut
es)(t
) 0 4 6 8
Di
stance(km)(D) 0 12 18 24

Rat
ios

Si
ncetherat
ioDistance(D)st
ayaconst ant3,itmeansDist
anceisdir
ectlypr
opor
ti
onalt
otime
Time( t)
Thesy
mbol ∝isusedandmeans‘ Var
ieswith”dist
ancei
sshortl
yproport
ionalt
oti
me.orispropor
ti
onal
to.
Thest
atementistherefor
ewrit
tenas
D∝t
o D/ D
I
fD∝t ,whenther
ati Tist
hesamef
oral
lval
uesofDandt,
thati
s, /t=K,aconst
antwhi
chi
sequal
to
3inourcase

So,
D=ktbutk=3
D=3t

Al
sot
hegr
aphofDagai
nsti
sast
rai
ghtl
i
net
hrought
heor
igi
n.

87
D

T
Otherexamplesofdir
ectvari
ati
on
i
) Astr
etchedstri
nganditst
ension
i
i) Thecir
cumferenceofacir
cleandradi
us

Exampl
e1
I
fy∝Xandy=8when =10
i
) Fi
ndt
heequat
iont
hatconnect
syandx

i
i
) Fi
ndywhen =

Y∝
Y=k
Y=8when =10

8=10K

K=

K=

Equat
ion y
=

i
i
) Whenx=

y
=

88
= 4( )

= y=6

Di
rectv
ari
ati
onbet
weennonl
i
nearquant
it
ies
Somequant i
ti
eswhichvarydi
rectl
yarenoti
nlinearf
orm
2
Forexamplethear
ea( A)ofacir
clevar
iesdi
rectl
yasthesquar
eoft
her
adius(
r), A∝r
2
A=πr (πi
saconst
ant
).showi
ng
therel
ati
onshi
pgraphi
call
y.

Exampl
e2
I
fV∝ Qandv
=6whenQ=25.Fi
ndt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenVandQ i
i
)Fi
ndVwhenQ=150

i
) V∝√Q
V=K√Q

6=K√25

K=6/
5

V=6/
5√Q

i
i
) WhenQ=150

v=6√150
5

=6√25x√6
5

89
 =6√6

Exer
cise1,
1

1) I
fV∝QandV=15whenQ=6,
findt
hef
ormul
aconnect
ingVandQ

2. I
fD∝andtandD=400whent
=8,
findf
ormul
aconnect
ingDandt
Fi
ndtwhenD=310

3 Aveget
ablevendorissel
li
ngthreeorangesfor12cents
i
) Fi
ndt hecostof7oranges(ii
)17or anges
i
i) Writ
edownaf or
mulaforthecostincents,C,
andofnumberofor
anges,
n.

4. Whati
sther
elat
ioni
l
lust
rat
edbyt
hesket
chgr
aphbel
ow

5) Sket
chgr
aphofm ∝n

6) Theexchanger
ateoft
heUS$t
other
and(
R)onapar
ti
cul
ardaywasasshownbel
ow.

US$ 2 3 4 5
R 12,
60 18,
90 25,
20 31,
50

a) ShowthatUS$∝R
Fi
ndthelawconnecti
ngUS$andR
b) Fi
ndthevalueofR100,
80i
nUS$
c) Fi
ndthevalueofUS$12inRands
7. Thetabl
ebelowshowsthecostofpar
aff
ini
ndol
l
arsandt
henumberofgal
l
onsatMr
.DubeSt
ores

Numberof Gal
l
ons(n) 2 7 11 13
Costi
n Dol
l
ars(
c) 1,18 4,
13 6,
49 7,
67

a) Showthatc∝n
b) Fi
ndthelawconnect
ingcandn
c) Fi
ndcwhenn=27
d) Fi
ndnwhenc=$10, 03

90
8) Thev ol
tage(V)invol
tsacr
osst her
esi
storv
ari
esdi
rect
lyasthecurr
ent
,I,
inamper es(
A)f
lowi
ng
thr
ought heresi
stor
.Acurr
entof0,15Afl
owswhenthevolt
ageacrosst
her esi
stori
s2,
5v,
what
curr
entwi l
lfl
owwhent hevol
tageis4,
7v.

9. Gi
v hatq∝p2,
ent p=5whenq=50
i
) Fi
ndtherel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenpandq
i
i) Fi
ndqwhenp=4
i
ii
) Fi
ndpwhenq=100

10. V∝h3andv=40whenh=2
i
) St
atethef
ormul
aforVi
nter
msofh.
i
i
) Fi
ndvwhenh=3

11. Sket
cht
hefol
l
owi
ngcur
ves,
showi
ngbot
hpositi
veandnegat
ivev
aluesof
2 3
a) m ∝n b) ∝y c) c∝√d

I
nver
sev
ari
ati
on
Ifv
ari
abl
esarei
nversel
ypr
oport
ional
,whenonev
ariabl
eincreaset
hecorr
espondi
ngv ar
iabl
esdecr
eases
andvi
cever
sa.Forexampl
e,t
henumberofmen( N)doi
ngt askandthet
imetaken(t
)tocompletet
hetask.

Numberofmen(N) 1 2 3
Ti
me(inhour
s)(
T) 4 2 1

I
tcanbeseenonthetabl
ethatasthenumberofmanpoweri
sincr
easedt
het
imet
akent
ocompl
etet
he
t
askisr
educed.
WesaythatNisi
nver
selypr
oporti
onalt
oTwr i
tt
en

Wr
it
ten N∝

1/
N= T

91
I
ngener
al,
ify∝ t
hen

i
) Y=

i
i
) Thegr nst1/
aphofyagai xisast
rai
ghtl
i
net
hrought
heor
igi
n

Si
mil
ari
ty,
ify∝1
2
(
ifyv
ar i
esi
nver
sel
yast
hesquar
eofx)t
heny=kal
sothegr
aphofyagai
nst1
2 2
i
sast
rai
ghtl
i
net
hrought
heorigi
n.

Example3
I
fx∝1and =9wheny =4
y
i
) Fi
ndt
heequati
onconnect
ingxandy
i
i) Fi
ndt
heval
ueofxwheny=3
i
ii
) Fi
ndt
heval
ueofywhen =6

Exampl
e4
I
fx∝1andx=9wheny
=4
y

i
v) Fi
ndt
heequat
ionconnect
ingxandy
v
) Fi
ndt
heval
ueof wheny=3
v
i) Fi
ndt
heval
ueofywhen =6

i
) ∝

:
-k=36

:
- =

i
i
) Wheny=3

92
 =

y=12

i
i
i) Whenx=6

6=

Y=6

Example5
I
fV∝1andv =18whenw=2.Fi
ndt
heequat
ionconnect
ingVandW
2
W
i
i) Fi
ndW whenv=2

i
) V∝ i
i
) Whenv
=2

v=

V= 2=

18=

W2=72

K=18 4 w2=36
=72 w=√36

V= W =+6

Exer
cise1,
2
1. Giv
ent
hatfvari
esinver
sel
yasq
a) Fi
ndt heequati
onofpandqi
ntermsofK.
b) Calcul
atetheval
ueofKwhenp=2½andq=10
c) Fi
ndqwhenp=3

2. I
ff∝1/w, f=15whenw=5
i
) Wri
tedownonequat
ionconnect
ingfandW

93
i
i
) Fi
ndW whenP=10,
5

3. I
fy∝ showgr
aphi
cal
l
ythef
oll
owi
ng

i
) Gr
aphofyagai
nst

i
i
) Gr
aphofyagai
nst

4. fy∝1/ 2,
I showgraphical
l
ythefol
l
owi
ng
2
i
) Graphofyagainst
i
i
) Graphofyagainst1/ 2
5. fy∝1/ 2,
I y=18when =2.Find
i
) ThevalueofK
i
i) wheny =8
6. Gi
vent
hatpisinver
sel
ypr
opor
ti
onal
toq2andt
hatp=100,
whenq=2Fi
ndt
hev
alueofpwhen
q=5

7. Thehei
ghtofacone, ofconst
antv
olume,var
iesi
nver
sel
yasthesquar
eofi
tsradi
us.Aconeof
radi
us4cm hasaheightof9cm.Findther
adiusofaconeofequal
vol
umewhoseheighti
s4cm.

8. I
fy∝ ,
y=21when =3

i
) Cal
culatet
hevalueofk
i
i
) Hence,cal
cul
atetheval
ueof wheny=11

9. Whenagiv
enmassofgasiskeptataconst
anttemperat
ure,
itspr
essur
e,PPascal
’
s,v
ari
es
i
nver
sel
yasit
svol
ume,vcm3,p=200whenv=1,
2.Findpwhenv =2,
2FindpwhenV=2,2andfi
ndv
whenp=40.

Joi
ntv
ari
ati
on
Occurswhenonev ar
iabledependsonacombi nati
onofot hervar
iabl
esli
nkedbyamul t
ipl
icat
ionsi
gn.For
2
examplethev ol
umeofcy l
i
nderisv =πr h.Thef or
mul ashowsthatthevol
umeofacy l
inderdependsonthe
radi
usandt heheight
.Thev olumev ariesasthehei ghtandthesquareoftheradi
us(
r)
2
V ∝r h
2
V=krh
Example5
IfZvari
esdirectl
yas andi nversel
yasy ,
z=7½whenx=3andy =5
i
) Fi
ndr el
ati
onshipbetween , yandz
i
i) ndZwhen =14/
Fi 5a ndy=4½

z∝x/
y

z=

94
i
i
) When = andy=

:
-
Exer
cise1,
3

1) I
fpv
ari
esdi
rect
lyastandi
nver yasw2andi
sel fp= ,whent= ,
andw=3.Fi
ndt
hev
alue

ofp whent
= andw=4.

2) Themassofaspher
evar
iesj
oint
lyast
hecubeoft
her
adi
usandt
hespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyoft
he

mat
eri
al.Aspher
eofr
adi
us cm andt
hespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyof117/ cm3,
9kg/ hast
hemassof

3kg.Fi
ndt
hemassofaspher
eofr
adi
us cm andofspeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyof cm3
kg/

95
3. I
fpv
ari
esdi
rect
lyast
hesquar
e,m,
andi
nver
sel
yast
hesquar
erootofn,
p=3whenm= and

n=16.

Fi
ndpi
fm= andn=

4. Thecurvedsurf
acearea,Aofacyl
indervar
iesdi
rect
lyast
her
adi
us,
randt
hehei
ghth,
when
r=3cm,
h=3,5cm andthear
eais60cm2
i
) Findtheequati
onconnect
ingA,handr
i
i) Findtheareawhenh=5cm andr=4,
5cm

5. Wri
teequat
ionswi t
hthenecessaryconstantsf
orthesestat
ements
i
) Thevolume( v
)ofaspher ev ar
iesasthecubeofi t
sradi
us(r
)
i
i) Thecurvedsurfaceare(A)ofacy l
i
ndervari
esdir
ectl
yastheradi
usandheight(
h)
i
ii
) Thekineti
cenergy(E)ofabodyv ari
esjoi
ntl
yasitsmass(m)andthesquar
eofits
vel
oci
ty (
V).

6. Thevol
umeofaconev ar
iesdi
rectl
yasthehei
ght
,andinv
erselyast hesquar
eoft
her
adi
usr
.
WhenV=20m3,
h=2cm andr
=2cm
i) Fi
ndthefor
mulaconnecti
ngv,handr
ii
) Fi
ndthevol
umewhent heheightandt
heradi
usareincreasedby50%

Par
ti
alVar
iat
ion
Thi
sty
peofv
ari
ati
oni
susual
l
yref
err
edt
oast
hesum oft
wopar
ts

Afuncti
onofavari
ablemayconsistoft
womor eter
m.Thi
sisbesti
ll
ust
rat
edbyconsi
deri
ngthef
ormul
a.
y=a +b 2
Whereaandbar econstants.
Yisthesum oft
wot er
ms, onewhi
chvar
iesdi
rect
lyas andtheotherwhi
chvar
iesdi
rect
lyas 2.Asa
2
r
esultyvar
iesas andpar tl
y .

Exampl
e6

Yi
spar
tl
yconst
antandpar
tl
yvar
iesast
hesquar
eofx,
wheny
=11, =3andwheny
=121/
2, = ,

Fi
ndywhen =3.
2
y=a+b

Wheny=11, =2
11=a+22b
11=a+4b (
1)

Wheny=12½, =2½
y=a+b 2
12½=a+b(21/2)2

50=4a+25(2)Mult
ipl
yingever
yter
m byL.C.
M(2)
Sol
vi
ngthesimul
taneousequati
on.
11=a+4b( 1) 4 (1)
50=4a+25b( 2) 1 20

96
 44=4a+16b
50=4a+25b

-
6=9b

b=

b=

Substi
tut
ingforbi
n(1)
11=a+4b
11=a+4( 2/3)
11=a+8/ 3
a=11–8/ 3
=33-8
3

a=25
3

=81/
3

Exer
cise1,4
1. yispartl
yconstantandpar t
lyvar
iesast
hesquar
eof .Wheny
=107, =-
5andwheny
=71,
x=4
i)Findt
herelat
ionshipbetween andy .
ii
)Findywhen =11
2. Vi spar
tl
yconstantandpar tl
yvari
eswit
hq
WhenV=40 q=150,andwhenv=54, q=192
a) Findthefor
mulaconnect ingVandq
b) FindqwhenV=65

3. Thecostofmakingasuiteispar
tl
yconstantandpart
yv ar
iesastheti
metakentomakethesui
te.
Whent
hecosti
s$20, thetimetakenis2hours.Whenthecostis$35t heti
metakenis5hour
s.
i) Fi
ndthef or
mulaconnecti
ngthecost(c)andtheti
me( t
)
ii
) Fi
ndthecostwhent imetakenis2½hour s

4. Thecostofhousehol
delect
ri
cit
yispart
lyconstantandpart
lyvar
iesasthenumberofuni
ts
consumed.I
tcost$14,50toconsume10unitsofelectr
ici
ty.4uni
tsofel
ectr
ici
tycost$7.
i
) Findf
ormulaconnecti
ngthecost(c)andthenumberofunitsconsumed.

5. Thecostoffeedi
ngdel
egat
esatatr
ainingcentr
eispar
tl
yconst
antandpar
tl
yvar
iesatt
henumber
ofdel
egates.I
tcost
s$90tofeed8delegates.

i
) Fi
ndt
herel
ati
onshipbet
weent
hecostandt
henumberofdel
egat
es
i
i
) Fi
ndt
hecostoffeedi
ng50del
egat
es

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS
1. Gi
vent
hatyisdi
rect
lypropor
ti
onal
to 2andt
haty
=100when =5,
find
i
) theval
ueofywhen =1
i
i) theposi
ti
vevalueof wheny=36

2. Thecostofpr
oducingaradi
ocomponenti
spart
lyconst
antandpart
lyv
ariesi
nver
sel
ywit
hthe
numbermadeperday.If100ar
emadeperdaythecosti
s$2perar t
icl
e,i
f200aremadeperdaythecost

97
i
sreducedt
o$1,
50.Whatwoul
dbet
hecostofacomponenti
f500wer
emadeperday
?

3. I
tisgi
venthatFvari
esjoi
ntl
yasthesquareofPandt hei
nver
seofQ
i
) Wri
tedownt heequat
ionconnect
ingf,
p,qandaconst
antk
i
i
) Fi
ndthev al
ueofKwhenF=3, P=2andQ=6
i
i
i) Hence,f
indval
ueofPwhenF=12, 1andQ=5

4. Thecost
,cdollar
s,off
eedingpeopl
eataconfer
encei
spart
lyconst
antandpar
tl
yvar
iesast
he
numberofpeopl
epresent
i
) Wri
tedownt heequati
onconnect
ingc, andconst
antshandk

5. Thecostoff
eedi
ng5peopl
eis$4300whi
l
ethecostoff
eedi
ng3peopl
eis$2800.

i
) Calcul
ate
a) theval
uesofhandk
b) thecostoff
eedi
ng9peopl
e
c) thenumberofpeopl
ewhower
efedi
f$12550waschar
gedf
orf
eedi
ngt
hem.

98
 CHAPTER10
Di
stance-
TimeGr
aphs

Exampl
e1

Di
stancei
saquant
it
ywi
thmagni
tude(
size)onl
y.I
tisascal
arquant
it
y

Syl
labusobj ecti
ves
Learnershouldbeabl eto
a) Descr i
bedifferentstagesofadi st
ance–timegr aph
b) Calculatethedi st
ancet r
aveled,
timetaken,speedetcf
rom t
hedi
stancet
imegr
aph
c) Compar et wodi ff
erentgraphs
d) Drawadi st
ance–t i
megr aph

Di
stancet
imegr
aphs

Exampl
e1REVI
STGRAPH

99
Thediagram abov eisagr aphr epr esenti
ngt hej ourneysofapedest rianP andacy cl
istC.Pwalkssteadil
y
towar
dst hev i
llagestore18km away .Ccy clestot hestore.
i
) Describethejour neyoft hepedest rian,Pusi ngstagesAB, BCandCD
i
i) Describethejour neyoft hecy cli
st.Cusi ngst agesAB, BCandCD
i
ii) Explai
nwhati shappeni ngi npoints andpar tofyoft hegraph.
i
) InpartABt hepedest r
ianl eavesforhi sjourneyat1pm atast eadyspeedandby2pm hadcov ered
a dist
anceof10km
InpartBCt hepedest r
ianr estedfrom 2pm t o2:20pm i
npar tCDt hepedestri
anproceedsinhis
j
ourneyatast eadyspeedandar rivesat3pm hav ingcov er
edt ot
aldist
anceof18km.
i
i) InpartABt hecy clistl
eav esforhisj ourneyat1: 30pm atast eadyspeedby2pm hadar ri
ved
coveredadi stanceof18km
InpartBCt hecy clistrestedf rom 2pm t o2: 20pmi npartCDt hecycli
stret
urnsfrom t
hestoresand
arri
vesat3pm
i
ii) AtpointXt hecy clistpassest hepedest r i
anonhi swayt othest oreatabout1:40pm
Atpointyt hecy cli
stpassest hepedest rianonhi swaybackf rom t
hestoreatabout2:32pm

Example2
Usingthedi
agr
am i
nexampl e1toanswert hefol
lowing.
i
) Atwhatspeeddidthecycli
sttr
aveltothestore
i
i
) Whatwast hepedest
ri
an’saveragewalking
i
i
i) Howfarfrom t
hestorewast hepedestri
anwhenhemett
hecy
cli
statpoi
nty

100
 i
v) Howfardidt
hepedestri
anwalkbetweenthet
wopoi
ntst
hatt
hecy
cli
stpassedhi
m.
i
. Speedi
sgivenbythegradi
entofdist
anceti
megraph
Speedal
ongAB=Changei ndist
ance
Changeinti
me

(
2:00pm -
130pm)30mi
nut
es

=18

=36km/
h

i
i
) Averagespeed=totaldistancetravel
ed
tot
altimet aken
pedestr
ianaver
agespeed=18km
2h
=9km/h
i
i
i) Atpointythepedestri
anhadt ravel
edabout12,
4km
Dist
ancefrom t
hestore =18- 12,
4km
=5,6km
i
v) Dist
ancewalkedbyt hepedest ri
an=Di st
ancemovedf
rom xt
oB+di
stancemov
edf
rom
Ctoy
=3+2, 5
=5, 5km
Fur
thernot
esonsol
vingdistancel
inegraphs
i
) Understandthescal
ebei ngusedineachoft heaxi
s
i
i
) I
ndi st
ancet i
megraphs,timeisalwaysgiveninthehori
zont
alaxi
s
i
i
i) Someanswer smaynotbeexactbutappr oximated
i
v) Oncalculati
ngtheaveragespeedt hest
oppaget i
meisalsoincl
udedi
nthet
otal
time
v
) Thespeedi sgiv
enbyt hegradientoft
hegr aphi
nadi st
ance

Exer
cise1,
1

1. Fig1i
sagraphrepr
esent
ingt
hejour
ney
sofacy
cli
stCandmot
ori
stM.Ccy
clesst
eadi
l
ytowar
ds
townD.Ydr
ivestot
ownandretur
ns.
GRAPH
a) i
) Atwhatt
imedidt hemotori
stl
eavef ortownD
i
i
) Howmanymi nutesdidthemotoriststayintownD
i
v) Cal
cul
atetheaveragespeedofthemot or
ist
v
) Cal
cul
atethespeedofthemotoristonhi swaytotownB

b)i
) Howl ongdi
ditt
akethecycli
sttogettotownD.
(
ii
) Calcul
atet
heaveragespeedofthecycl
ist.
i
i
i) Cal
cul
atet
hespeedofthecycli
staft
errest

c)i
) Atwhatt
imedidt
hecy cl
istandthemotori
stmeetf orthefi
rstt
ime
ii
) Whatwasthedi
stancebetweenthecycl
istandthemot ori
stat11am
i
ii
) Howfarfr
om t
ownDwast hecycli
stwhent hemotori
starri
vedbackhome
i
v) Howfardi
dthecycli
sttr
avelbet
weenthet wopoint
st hatt
hemot or
istpassedxandy

101
2. Fi
g2i
sagr
aphr
epr
esent
ingt
hej
our
neyoft
wocar
s,

1a) Cal
culatethespeedofcarY.
i
ii
) Calcul
atetheinit
ial speedofcarX.
i
v) Fi
ndt heaveragespeedofcarX.
v) Atwhatt i
medi dt hecarXandcarYmeet .
vi
) Howf arweret het wocar sf
rom t
heirdesti
nationwhentheymeet
.
vi
i
) Howf arapartwer et hetwocarsat2:24pm
vi
i
i) Howmanymi nutesl at
terdi
dcarXar ri
veaftercarY
i
x) Atwhatt i
medi dcarXchangespeed?
x) Whichcarwasaheadf oral
ongerti
me
xi
) Howf araheadwascarXofcarwheni tchangeditsspeed

3. Fi
g3showstheout
comeofa100km carr
acebet
weencarAandCarB.CarAst
opped
moment
ari
l
ytor
efuel
.

GRAPH
a) Calcul
atecarB’sspeed
b) WhatwascarA’ sspeedbefor
ei tst
opped
c) Howf araheadofcarBwascarAwheni tstopped
d) Forhowl ongdidcarAt oovert
akecarBf r
om
e) Howl ongdi di
ttakecarAtoov ert
akecarBf r
om thet
imeitwasovert
aken.
f) Whichcarwont herace?
g) Byhowmanymi nutesdi
ditwint herace?
h) Whatwast hedist
ancefrom t
hef i
nishi
ngwhencarAov er
takencarB.

102
Dr
awi
ngDi
stancet
imeGr
aphs
Thef
oll
owi
ngpoi
ntsshoul
dbef
oll
owedwhendr
awi
nggr
aphs

a) Chooseasui
tabl
escale.Alar
gerscal
eincr
easesaccuracy
b) Drawthegr
aphbystages.Usethefor
mulaDistance=speedxt
ime,
tof
indt
heunknown.

EXERCI
SE1,
2

1. Amot
ori
stbeganajourneyat10:45pm.Hetr
avel
edadi
stanceof200km f
or2hour
s15mi
nut
es
i
) Atwhatti
medidhear ri
ve
i
i) Cal
culat
ehisspeedforthewholej
ourney

2. Amanl eav
eshomef oravi
ll
age20km awayat8am.Hewalkssteadi
l
yat5km/
haf
terev
ery45
minutesunt
ilhear
ri
ved.Dr
awat r
avel
graphandhence,
findt
heti
mewhenhecompl
etehis
j
ourney

3. Amot ori
stsetoutajourneyof100km.Het rav
elsatasteadyspeedof120km/ hfor60km t
hen
stopstoref
uelfor15mi nutes.Hethenproceedswi t
hhisjourneyataspeedof100km/hunti
lhe
arri
vestohi
sdestinat
ion.Dr awatravelgr
aphf orhi
sjourneyandhencefindt
hetimewhenhe
completeshisj
ourney.i i
) Calcul
atetheaveragespeedf ort
hejour
ney

4. Alorr
ysetoutforajourney20km awayat10: 30am.Het r
av elsatast
eadyspeedof30km/ hunt
il
hegetst
ohi sdest
inati
on.Hel oadshislorr
yforthe30mi nutesand,t
henret
urnsatasteadyspeed
of25km/h.Drawat r
avel graphforthej
ourney.
i
) Calcul
atet
het otal t
imetakenforthewholejour
ney
i
i) Calcul
atet
heav er agespeedforthejour
ney.

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ON
1. Abusl
eavesBul awayoat9:
36am andarr
ivesatBeitbr
idgebust
erminusat11:
27pm
a) Express9:36am asati
meona24hourcl ock
b) Howl ongdoesthejour
neytake?
c) Giventhatthebuswastrav
eli
ngatanav eragespeedof80km/h.Cal
cul
atei
nkm t
he
di
stancet r
avel
edduri
ngthejour
ney.

2.

Thef i
gur eaboveshowsadi stancechar
tforfi
vetowns.Thedistancesi
nakil
omet
res.Fr
om t
hechar
tthe
di
stancebet weenGwer uandVi ct
ori
aFall
sis604kil
ometres.
a)i
)Writedownt hedi stancesbetweenHarareandVict
ori
aFall
s.
i
i)Cal culat
e,x,thedistancesbetweenKadomaandBul awayo
b)Amot ori
sttr
av el
sfrom BulawayotoVictor
iaFal
lsatanaveragespeedof80km/
h

Cal
cul
ate
i
) t
het
imethemotor
istt
akest
ocompl et
ethej
ourney
i
i) t
hef
uelt
hemotori
stneedsi
fthecaruses6,
5li
tr
esforev
ery100ki
l
omet
rest
rav
eled.

(
ZIMSECJUNE2006)

103
3) Tenpeoplewanttogetfrom AtoB, 60km apart
.Theyhireataxi
butthiscanonl
ytake5ofthem at
atime.Thetaxi
star
tsfrom Aat0900, wi
th5oft hepeopleandtravel
stowardsBatanaverage
speedof50km/h,whil
et heremai
ning5peopl estartt
owalktowardsBandi mmediat
elyt
het axi
ret
urnstomeettheremai ni
ng5peopleandt akethem toB.

Showthesej
our
neysonatr
avel
graph,i
gnor
inganyti
mespentot herthant
rav
ell
i
ng.
Fi
ndapproxi
mat
elyt
heti
mebetweenthetwosetsofpassenger
sar r
ivi
ngatB

4) Express12: 44am asti

meona24-hourcl
ock.
b) Fungai embar ksona30km j
our
ney.Herunsthefi
rst20km i
n1¼hour sandtakesarestfor
30mi nutes.Het henwal
kst
heremaini
ngdist
ancein2hours.Cal
cul
atehisav
er agespeedfort
he
wholej ourney.

CHAPTER11
SPEED-
TIMEGRAPHSANDAREASUNDERCURVES

Speed,
unl
i
kedi
stancei
sav
ect
orqual
i
ty.I
thasbot
hmagni
tude(
size)anddi
rect
ion.

Sy
ll
abusobj
ect
ives

Lear
nershouldbeabl
e
a) Descri
bethedi
fferentstagesofspeed-t
imegraphs
b) Drawaspeed-t
imegr aphf r
om giveni
nformat
ion
c) Calcul
atet
hedistance,accel
erat
ion,t
imeetcfrom speedti
megr
aph
d) Esti
matetheareaundert hecurv
eusingthetr
apezium rul
e.

104
Descr
ibi
ngdi
ff
erentst
agesofaspeed-
ti
meGr
aph
Example1
Fig1belowshowst
hespeedtimegraphofacar
.Descr
ibet
hest
agesOA,
ABandBCoft
hegr
aph.Howdo
youcal
culat
ethedi
stancet
rav
ell
edbythecar
.

StageOA
Inthi
sstagethecari ssaidt
obeaccelerati
ng.Accel
erati
onistherateofchangeofspeedwit
ht i
me.Since
OAdescr i
besastraightitmeansthecarwasaccelerat
ingatauniform speed.I
tsspeedst
art
edfrom t
he
restatOandchangesbyt hesamequant i
tyever
ysecondunt i
li
treachedaspeedofVm/ saf
tert1,
seconds.ThegradientofOA,ther
efor
e,givestheacceler
ati
on.

Accel
erat
ion=changei
nspeed
Changei
nti
me

Theuni
tsofaccel
erat
ionar s2
em/

StageAB
InstageABoft hegraphthecarismovingataconstantspeedVm/ s.Itmeansitsspeedisnolonger
changing,bet
weent1a ndt2,
hence,t
heacceler
ati
oniszero.(noaccelerat
ion)Pr
acti
call
y,t
hedr
iveri
sjust
control
li
ngthesteer
ingwithoutappl
yi
ngtheacceler
ator.

StageBC
InstageBCoft hegr
apht her
eisdecelerati
onorr et
ardati
on.Thedri
veri
sslowingdownf r
om aspeedof
vm/ suntil t
hecarwasst oppedatt 3(
i.
e.speedisequal t
ozero).Pr
acti
call
y,bet
weent2andt3t
hedr i
ver
appliesthebr akestost
opt hecar.Thegr adi
entofBCi snegati
vesincether
eisnegat
iveaccel
erat
ion,or
deceleration.
Distance
Thear eaunderaspeedgr aphgiv
est het ot
aldi
stancet r
avel
ed.Int
hediagram i
tcanbefoundby
recognizingt hetr
apezi
um shapef ormedandusi ngitsarea.

Areaofat
rapezi
um=½( sum ofpar
all
elsi
des)xheight
½( AB+OC)V
Thear
eacanal
sobef
oundbydi
vi
dingt
hewholeshapei
ntotr
iangl
eT,rect
angleandanothert
ri
angl
eT2

105
andaddi
ngt
oget
heral
lthet
hreear
east
ogett
hedi
stance.

Example2
Thespeed-
ti
megr
aphbel
owr
epr
esent
sthemov
ementofapar
ti
clebet
weent
wopoi
nts.

a) Calcul
atetheacceler
ati
onduri
ngthefi
rst30seconds
b) Calcul
atethedist
ancethecartr
avel
sfrom r estbef
oreitbegi
nstodecel
erat
e
c) Giv
ent hatthecardecel
erat
esat2½m/ s2,
calculat
ethetotal
timef
orthejour
ney
.

a) accel
erat
ion =gradi
entofaspeedt
imegr
aph
=changeinspeed
Changeinti
me

=1, sm s2
67/

106
Si
ncear eaunderaspeedt
imegr
aphi
sequal
tot
hedi
stancecov
ered.Theshadedar
ear
epr
esent
sthe
di
stance.

Di
stance=½(
70+40)50.

=½(110)50
=2750m
c)

Thegradi
entofl
aststager
epresentt
her et
ardat
ionaccelerati
on=gradi
ent
Si
ncedeceler
ati
onisnegat
iveaccel
erat
ion.rememberr etardati
onanddecel
erat
ioncanbeused
i
nter
changeabl
y.

= Changei
nspeed

Changei
nti
me

-5(
70-T)=50x2

-350+5T=100

T=90s
Tot
alt
imef
ort
hej
our
neyi
s90seconds

Example3
Thespeedti
mebel
owr
epr
esent
sthemov
ementofadi
ff
erentpar
ti
clebet
weent
wopoi
nts.

107
 10

Gi
vent
hatt
hedi
stancet
rav
ell
edf
rom t
her
estbef
orer
etar
dat
ioni
s250m,
findt
hespeedV

Di
stance=areaunderthegraph
250=½( sum ofparal
l
el si
de)xhei
ght
250=½( 20+30)V
250=½( 50)V

V=10m/
s

Br
iefSummar
y

1. Thegradi
entofaspeedt i
megr aphgivestheaccel
eration
2. Whenabodyi smov i
ngataconst antspeed,i
tsacceler
ati
oni szer
o.Thisisshownbyahor
izont
al
l
ineonthegraph
3. Decel
erat
ionorret
ardat
ionindicat
enegat i
veaccel
erati
on
4. Theareaunderaspeed-t
imegr aphgivethedist
ancet r
avell
edbytheobject
5 Vel
ocit
yisspeedinagivendirecti
on.Thetwocanbeusedi nter
changeabl
y

Exer
cise1,1
Descr
ibethefol
l
owi
ngst
agesoft
hej
our
neyshowni
nthespeed-
ti
megr
aphbel
ow.

i
) OA i
i
) AB i
i
i) BC i
v) CD

2) Thedi
agr
am bel
owi
sthespeed-
ti
megr
aphofcar
.

108
a) I
ftheacceler
ati
onoft hecarduri
ngthefi
rst20secondsi
s1½m/ s2,
findthespeedV
b) Hence,cal
cul
atethetotal
timetakenfort
hejour
neyifadi
stanceof1,4km wastrav
ell
ed
Hi
nt:Changekil
ometerstometres

3. Thedi
agram bel
owisthespeed-
ti
megr aphofcar.Thecari
str
avel
i
ngataconst
antspeedof
25m/5fort
s,thenbr
akesareappl
iedunti
litst
ops.

a) I
fthedi
stancetrav
elledfrom aspeedof25m/
stor
estwas150m.Fi
ndt
hev
alueoft
.
b) Cal
cul
atetheretar
dat i
onoft hecar
.
c) Cal
cul
atethestoppingdistanceofthecar
.

4. Thedi
agr
am bel
owshowt
hespeedt
imeandgr
aphofagoodst
rai
n

109
a) Giv
ent hattheini
tialacceler
ationofthetr
ainwas1,
5m/ s2,
findt
hev
alueoft
hespeedV
b) Hence,fi
ndt hedistancetravelleddur
ingt
hefir
st15seconds
c) Calcul
atetheaccel er
ationafter30seconds.

5) Thediagram belowshowsthespeed-
ti
megraphofat rai
nwhichdeceler
atesunifor
mlyfr
om a
speedof70m/ st oaspeedof40m/sin20seconds.Thetrai
nfur
therdeceler
atesat0,
4m/ sunt
ili
t
comest orest.

Cal
cul
ate
i
) the decel
erat
ion
duri
ngthef i
rst20seconds
i
i) thetot
al t
imet hatt
hetrai
ntakestocometorest
i
ii
) Hence,thedistancetr
avel
ledaft
er20seconds
Speed-
ti
mecur
ves
Vel
oci
tyspeed-t
imecur
vesar
ecommonl
yusedt
oshowt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
imeandt
hev
eloci
tyof
movi
ngobjects.

Remembert hatontheworkongradientitwaspointedthatt
hegradientchangesfrom poi
nttopointal
ong
thecurve.I
nspeedtimegraphthegradientr
epresentst
heaccelerat
ionoftheobject.Thefactt
hatthe
acceler
ati
onkeepschangingshowthatitisnotunif
orm hence,i
tdescri
besacur v
e.Thegradientatany
pointal
ongthecurv
ei sf
oundbydrawi ngatangenttothecurve.

110
Tangentatpoi
ntAshowt hegr
adi
entatthatpoi
nt
Hencetheaccel
erat
ion.Att
hetur
ningpoi
nttheaccel
erat
ioni
sZer
o

Area underv
eloci
ty-t
imecurves
Thedist
anceundert
he v
eloci
tyt
imegr
aphgivesthedistancet
ravel
l
ed.

Sincetheareaundert
hecurvei
snotregul
arandcannotbedivi
dedint
odi
sti
nctshapeswhosear
eacanbe
calcul
atedandadded,i
tsar
eaisest
imatedusi
ngthetrapezi
um rul
e.

Theareabetweentheboundari
esisdi
vi
dedintostri
psandusi
ngt
hefor
mulafort
hear
eaofat
rapezi
um t
o
est
imatetheareaofeachstr
ip.Themorest
ripstakent
hebett
ert
heest
imat
eofthear
ea.

REVI
ST

111
I
nthedi
agr
am t
hehei
ght
sofeacht
rapezi
um hav
ebeenl
abel
edh.

Ar
eaoft
rapezi
um =½(Sum ofpar al
l
el si
de)xhei
ght
=½h(y0+y1) +½h(y1+y2)+½(y
2+y3)+
½h( y3+y4) +½h(y4+y5)+½h(y
5+y6)+
½h(y 6+y 7)
Example4
2
Thetabl
ebel
owshowst
hev
eloci
tyofapar
ti
cl
ewhi
chi
sgi
venbel
owbyv
=3+2t
-t
1 wher
eti
sti
mei
n
seconds

T 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,
5 3
V 3 3,75 a 3,75 3 B 0
a) Calcul
atet hev aluesofaandb
b) Drawagr apht oshowt her
elati
onship
c) Fr
om y ourgr aphdet ermine
i
) theaccel er
ati
onofthepar t
icl
e.Whent =1,
5
i
i) thedi stancetravel
l
edbyt hepar t
icl
einthei
nter
val
t=1t
ot=2,
5
2 2
a) v=3+2t–t V=3+2t -
t
Whent =1 whent =2,5
2 2
V=3+2(
1)–(
1) v
=3+2(2,
5)–(2,
5)
V=4 =3+5,
0—6,25
a=4 v=1,
75.
Gr
aph

REVI
SITTHEGRAPH

112
 i
) Accel
erati
on=gradi
ent
=4,
2-3,
4
1-
2
=- 0,
8
i
i
) Di
stance=Areaundert
hecur
ve

Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions
1. Apart
icl
emov esalongast r
aightl
i
neABsot hataf
tertseconds,
thev
eloci
tyVm/
sint
hedi
rect
ion
2
ABisgivenbyV=2t -9t+5.
Cor
respondingv
aluesoftandVar egi
venbelow

t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V 5 -
5 -
4 1 10 23

113
Calculat
ethev alueofVwhent =1andt hev al
ueofVwhent =7
Taking2cm t or epresent1secondont hehorizontalaxi
s,and2cm t
orepr
esent5m/
sont
hev
ert
ical
axi
s,
drawt hegraphofv =2t2- 9t+5fortherange0≤t ≤7
Usey ourgrapht oestimate
i
) thev aluesoftwhent heveloci
tyi
szer o
i
i) thet imeatwhi cht
heaccelerat
ioni sZero
i
ii
) Theaccel erati
onafter6seconds
i
v) Findt hedistancet
ravel
ledbetweent =1andt =4

2) Apar ti
clePt ravel
si nsstraightli
nef r
om afi
xedpointOsothatit
sveloci
tym/si
sgiv
enbyV=10+3t–
2
t wher etisthetimei nsecondsaf terl
eavi
ngO.Dr awagraphforval
uesoftfr
om t
=0t ot
=5
Calculate
a) I
tsv el
ocitywhent =0
b) thetimetwhent heparticl
eisinstant
aneouslyatr
est
c) therangeofv aluesoftwhent heacceler
ati
onisnegat
ive
d) Estimatethedistancecov eredfrom t
=1tot=3
e) theaccelerati
onwhent =3,5seconds

3. Answert
hewhol
eoft
hisquest
iononasheetofgr
aphpaper
.

Apar
ti
clemov
esal
ongast
rai
ghtl
i
nesot
hataf
tertsecondsi
tsv
eloci
tyi
sgi
venbyt
hef
ormul
a
2
V=5t+7t-
2t
Apar
ticl
emov esal
ongast
rai
ghtl
i
nesot
hataf
tertsecondsi
tsv
eloci
ty,
vm/
sisgi
venbyt
he
f
ormul
a
2
V=5+7t
-2t
Cor
respondi
ngval
uesoftandvar
egi
veni
nthet
abl
ebel
ow.

tcs 0 1 2 3 4 5
V(m(s) 5 10 11 8 P -
10

Taki
ng2cm tor
epresent1secondonthehor
izont
alaxi
sand2cm t
orepr
esent4m/
sont
hev
ert
ical
axi
s,
2
drawthegr
aphforv=5+7t-
2t foro<t<5.

c) usethegr aphtoest
imate
i
) themaxi mum vel
ocityoft
heparti
cle
i
i) thevalueoftwhent hepart
icl
eisstat
ionar
y
i
ii
) theaccelerat
ionoft
heparticl
ewhent =5
i
v) thedistancethepar
ticl
ebetweent=2andt=4
(
ZIMSECJUNE2006)

114
Thedi
agram i
st heveloci
ty-t
imegraphofthemot i
onofapar ti
cle.
a) Wri
tedownt heacceler
ati
onofthepar t
icl
eduringt
hef i
rst10seconds
b) Fi
ndthedi st
ancethepar ti
cl
etr
avell
eddur i
ngthefi
rst30seconds
c) Giventhatthedistancethepar
ti
cletravel
ledfr
om t=30t ot=ni
s27cm,fi
ndt
hev
alueofn(
ZIMSEC
2004)

115
 CHAPTER12
Si
mil
ari
ty
Shapesaresaidt
obesimi
larwhenev
eryt
hingaboutthem i
sthesameexceptthesi
ze.Forexampl
ean
enl
argedphotogr
aphi
ssimil
art
othesimi
laror
igi
nalone.Bothpl
aneshapesandsoli
dshapescanbe
si
milar
.

Syl
labusObj ecti
ves
Learnershouldbeabl eto
a) I
dent i
fysimi l
arshapes
b) Calculat
et hescalef actor
c) Calculat
et heareaf actor
d) Fi
ndt hev olumef actor
e) Usesi mil
aritytosolvepr obl
ems

Simil
arplaneshapes
Twopl aneshapesaresi
milari
fonei sacopyoft heotherbutonadi ff
erentscale(
i.
e.si
ze)
Oneshapei sanenlar
gementoft heother.Therati
oofcorrespondi
ngsi desisthescal
efact
oroft
he
enlar
gement.Forexampleconsidersimil
arrect
angleandsimi l
artr
iangl
es.

Theshapesbel
owar
esi
mil
arr
ect
angl
esonei
s20mm 40mm,
andt
heot
her40mm 80mm

Sincet
hetworect
angl
esar
esi
mil
ar,
ther
ati
ooft
hecor
respondi
ngsi
desshoul
dbet
hesameandgi
vet
he
scalef
act
or.

Thus =

=2 = 2

2i
sthescal
efact
or.Thesmal
l
err
ect
angl
ehasbeenenl
argedt
wot
imest
ofor
mthebi
ggerr
ect
angl
e.

Areaisdefi
nedasthespaceoccupi
edbyanobj
ect
.Bycount
ingt
hesmal
lsquar
esi
neachshapewecan
gettheareaofeachshapei
nsquareuni
ts.

Areaofbiggerrectangle= 800units2
Areaofsmallerrectangle=200units2
=4
Therati
ooft hetwoar easgivetheareaf
act
or
Theareafactoroft hetworectangl
esis4

116
I
tshoul
dbenot
edt
hatbysquar
ingt
hescal
e(i
.e22)wegett
hear
eaf
act
or4.

Therati
oofthetwoareasgivetheareaf
act
or.
Theareafact
orofthetworectangl
esis4

* I
ngener
al,
ther
ati
ofort
hear
easoft
hesi
mil
arf
igur
esi
sthesquar
eoft
hescal
efact
oroft
het
wo
f
igur
es.

Si
mil
art
ri
angl
es

Tr
iangl
esar
esi
mil
ari
ftheyar
eequi
angul
ar,
thati
sift
hecor
respondi
ngangl
esar
eequal
.

Infi
g1,thetri
anglesABCandXYZaresimil
arbecauseangl
eABC=angleXYZ,
angl
eBCA=angl
eYZXThe
thi
rdpairofanglemustal
sobeequalasthesum ofangl
esinat
ri
angl
eaddupto180,
sot
wopair
sof
equalanglesareenought
ostat
ethesimil
ari
tyoftwoangl
es.

I
tal
sof
oll
owst
hatt
her
ati
osoft
hecor
respondi
ngsi
desar
eequal
andgi
vesust
hescal
efact
or.
.

Thus =t
hest
atef
act
or

Al
soi
fthescal
efact
oroft
wosi
mil
art
ri
angl
esi
sk,
thent
her
ati
ooft
hei eas=k2
rar

Example1
I
nt hedi
agr
am bel
owMAi
spar
all
elt
oBN,
AXBandMXNar
est
rai
ghtl
i
nes.AM=7cm,
MX=4,
2cm and
BN=2cm

a) Nameat r
iangl
esimilartoXAM gi
vi
ngreasons
b) Cal
cul
atethelengthofXN
c) Fi
ndthearearati
osoft wosi
mil
artri
angl
es

117
d) I
fthear
eaoft
hel
argert
ri
angl
eis21cm2,
findt
hear
eaoft
hebi
ggerone.
Solut
ion

a) Tri
angleXAM i
ssi
mil
artotri
angl
eXBN
Reasonsangl
eXAM =angleXBN( angl
esf
orm Zangl
eswit
hpar
all
ell
i
nes)
angl
eMXA=angl eNXB(vert
ical
l
yapposit
eanglesar
eequal
)

Usi
ng

7xN=4,
2x2

XN=1,
2cm

c) Scal
efact
or=7/
2

Ar
eaf
act
or=

d) Ar
eaf
act
or=

=49:
4

=49:4
21:l
ess

=21x4

118
 497

714cm2
=1,

Ar
eaoft
hesmal
l 71cm2
erone=1,

Exampl
e2
AmapofBulawayoisdrawntoascaleof1:50000.OnthemaptheTr
adeFai
rcov
er eaof8cm2.
sonar
2
Fi
ndthetr
ueareaoftheTradeFai
rinhect
ares(1ha=10000m .

Scal
efact
or=

2
=(
50000)
2
Ar
eaf
act
or=(
50000)

=2500000000

Ar
eaofTr
adeFai
r=

=200hect
ares

Br
iefSummar y
1) Theareaf actorisfoundbysquaringthescalefact
or.
2) Whenf indi
ngt hebiggerareaoractualareagi
venthesmall
erareorar
eaonthemap,mul
ti
plyt
he
gi
v enareabyt heareafactor.
3) Whenf indi
ngt hesmal l
areaorareaont hemap, gi
venthel
argerar
eaoract
ualar
eadi
vi
debythe
areafactor.
4) Takenot eoft hefol
lowingconver
sions
a) 1ha=1000m2

b) 1m =100cm

1m2=( 2
100cm)

1m2=( cm2
100x100)
2 2
1m =10000cm

Exer
cise1,
1
REVIST
5

119
a) Statethetr
iangl
ewhi chissimil
artoBAN
b) Statethescalefact
orofsimilart
ri
angl
es
c) Calcul
atethelengthofCD
d) Fi
ndt heareafactor
e) Giventhattheareaoft r
iangl
eBANi 7cm 2,
s2, findt
hear
eaoft
het
ri
angl
esi
mil
art
oit
.

2 Twosi
mil
arr
ect
angl
eshav
ecor
respondi
ngsi
desi
nther
ati
o5:
2.Fi
ndt
her
ati
ooft
hei
rar
eas.

3 Twosimil
artr
iangl
eshavecorrespondi
ngsidesofl
engt
h5cm and12cm.Findr
ati
ooft
hei
rown
ar
eas.
4. Tr
iangl
eXYZi ssimil
art
otri
anglePQR.GiventhatXY=5cm andPQ=2cm andar
eaoft
ri
angl
ePQR
s12cm2,
i fi
ndt hear
eaoftr
iangleXYZ

5. Twoci
rcleswhichar esimilarhav
ear eaof81cm2and16m2 r
espectiv
ely
a) Calcul
atetheratioofcorrespondi
ngradi
i
b) Giventhattheradiusofthesmal l
erci
rcl
eis8cm,f
indtheradiusoft
hebi
ggerci
rcl
e

6. Amapofaci
tyi
sdr
awntoscal
e1:
50000ont hemapthespor
tsst
adi
um cov
er eaof12m2.
sanar
Fi
ndt
heact
ual
areaoft
hestadi
um i
nhectar
es.

7. Amapofschool
isdrawntoascal
eof1:
500,ont
hemapt
heschool
cov
er eaof8cm2.Fi
sanar nd
t
heact
ualar
eaoftheschool
insquar
emetr
es.

Vol
umeofsi
mil
arsol
i
ds
Soli
dsrefert
othr
eedimensi
onalshapesli
kecyl
i
nder
s,cubes,
spher
es,
coneet
c.Theyar
eal
sosi
mil
ari
fal
l
thei
rcorr
espondi
ngl
ineardi
mensionsareint
hesamerati
on.

Forexampl
e,ift
her
ati
oofthecor
respondi
ngwidths,l
engt
hsandheightoftwocuboi
dareequalthenthe
twosoli
dshapesar
easai
dtobesimilar
.Agai
n,t
her at
ioofthev
olumesisthecubeofthescal
efactorof
thetwosol
ids.

Example3
Twocuboidsaresi
mil
ar.Ther
ati
ooft
hei
rlengt
hsis3:
2gi
vent
hatt
hev
olumeoft
hesmal
l
ercuboi
dis
64cm3.Calcul
atet
hevolumeoft
hebi
ggercuboi
d.

Scal
efactor=3
2
3
Vol
umef act
or=( /2)3

=33
23

120
 =

Vol
umeoft
hel
argercuboi
d =

=216cm3
Example4
Thecy l
i
ndricalcont
ainer
sofmai
zemeal ar
esimil
arandcont
ain27kgand125kgofmaizemeal
respect
ivel
y.Ifther
adiusoft
hebi
ggercontai
neri
s25cm,fi
ndtheradi
usofthesmal
lerone.

Vol
umer
ati
o =Massr
ati
o

5 3
=(/3)

Scal
efact
or=

Radi
usofsmal
l
ercy
li
nder=25÷

=25x3/
5

=15cm

Fur
therpoi
nts
Themassesandcapaci
ti
esar
eequal
tot
hev
olumef
act
or.

Exer
cise1,
2
1 Twocyl
inder
saresi
milar.Ther
atiooft
hei
rradi
ii
s4:
9.Thev
olumeoft
hebi
ggercy
li
nderi
s
9cm3.Whati
27, sthevolumeoft hesmall
erone.

2. Twosimil
arbr
icksmassesof729,and1342gr
espect
ivel
y.Whati
sther
ati
ooft
hei
rlengt
hswhen
thel
engt
hofthesmall
erbri
ckis18,9cm

3. Twosi
mil
arbr
ickshav
ecor
respondi
ngedgesofl
engt
h10cm and20cm Fi
ndt
her
ati
ooft
hei
r
masses.

4. Twosi mil
arcyl
indr
ical
cooki
ngoil
contai
nerbottl
eshol
d8l
itr
esand27l
it
resofcooki
ngoil
respect
ivel
y.I
ftheradi
usofthebi
ggercont
aineri
s15cm,f
indther
adi
usofthesmall
ercont
ainer
.

5. Thehei
ghtofamodel coca-
col
acontai
nerbottl
eis30cm,whil
etheheightoft
heactualbot
tl
eis
10cm.I
fthecapaci
tyofthemodeli
s36ml ,
findthecapaci
tyoft
heactualbott
lei
nli
tres.

6. Apyrami
dis4cm hi
ghandhasav
olumeof45cm3.Whati
sthehei
ghtofasi
mil
arpy
rami
dwhose
3
vol
umeis2880cm

7. Twosol
i
dswhicharesi
mi l
arhavev umesof1343cm3and532cm3r
ol espect
ivel
y
a) Findt
herat
iooftheirsi
des

121
 b) Gi
venthati
tcosts$1,
80topaintt
hesurf
aceofthesmall
ersol
i
d.Findhowmuchi twoul
d
2
costt
opai
ntthelar
gersoli
dusi
ngthesametypeofpoi
nt.Hi
ntsurf
acearea=(scal
efact
or)

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS
1. Refertoor i
ginal
lyTwokeyboat saregeomet r
ical
l
ysimil
arandoneis2½t i
mesasl ongasthe
ot
her
.
2. Giventhatthehei ghtofthemastoft hesmal l
erboati
s14cm,calcul
atetheheightofthemastof
thelargerboat.ii
)Wr it
edownt heratioofthesurf
aceareaofthesmall
erboattothatofthelar
ger
boat,expressingy ouranswerasaf ract
ion.
(Cambridge1982)

3. Ageogr aphicalgl
obehasadi ameterof48cm.Aminiat
uremodelofthegl
obehasadi
amet erof
8cm.
i
) Calcul
atethesur f
aceareaoft hemodel
i
i) Ont heglobe,themapofZi mbabweoccupiesanareaof23,04cm2.Cal
cul
atet
hecor
responding
areaont hemodel .
c) Ifthegl
obesar esimil
ar,cal
culatet
hevolumeoft
hemodel .

3
Volumeofsphere=4/3πr
2
Surfacear
eaofasphere=4πr
Takeπt obe3,
142

3) Thepl
anofabui
l
dingi
sdr
awnt
oscal
eof1:
250

a) Fi
ndthelength,
inmetr
esofawall
whi
chisrepr
esent
edbyali
ne11,7cm ont
hepl
an
b) Theareaofthefl
oorofar s25m2.Fi
oom i ndinsquar
ecent
imet
ers,
theareaont
heplanwhi
ch
repr
esent
sthi
sfloor
.

REVI
SIT

4)

I
nthediagram,
ABCDisaquadr
il
ater
alwi
thABpar
all
elt
oDC.Di
agonal
sACandBDmeetE.AB=6cm,
BE=3cm andDC=15cm.

a) Name,
int
hecor
rector
der
,thet
ri
angl
ethati
ssi
mil
art
otr
iangl
eABE

b) Cal
cul
ateDE

c) I
fthear
eaoft
ri
angl
eBECi 5cm2cal
s22, cul
ate
i) thear
eaof

i
i
) t
her
ati
oofar
eaof i
nit
ssi
mpl
estf
orm

122
 CHAPTER13
Quadr
ati
cEquat
ions
2
Aequationoft
hef
orma +b +c=0wher
ea,
bandcar
ereal
number
sanda≠0,
isaquadr
ati
c
equat
ion.

Syl
labusObjecti
ves
Learnershouldbeabl
eto
a) Solv
equadrat
icequat
ionbythemethodoff actor
izati
on
b) Solv
equadrat
icequat
ionsbythemethodofcompl et
ingthesquar
e
c) Solv
equadrat
icequat
ionsusi
ngtheformula
d) Solv
ingquadr
ati
cequati
onsusingt
hegr aphicalmethod.

Met
hodoff
act
ori
zat
ion
Thi
smet
hodi
nvol
veexpr
essi
ngt
hequadr
ati
cexpr
essi
onasapr
oductofi
tsf
act
ors.

Example1
Solv
ethefol
l
owi
ngquadr
ati
cequat
ions

i
) (
3 +7)( 4 -
1)=0
2
i
i
) - -6=0
i
i
i) 2m2-5m+3=0

i
) (3 +7)(
4 -1)=0
ei
ther3 +7=0or4 -
1=0
3 =- 7or4 =1

= or =

x=-
2½or¼
2
i
i
) --6=0
2
-
3 +2 - 6=0
(-3)
+2( -3)
=0

123
 ( +2)( -3)
=0
Ei
ther +2=0or -
3=0
=- 2or =+3
=- 2or3

i
i
) 2m2-5m +3=0
2m2-3m-2m+3=0
m(2m-3)–1(2m-3)
=0
(m-1)(
2m-3)=0

Ei
therm-
1=0 or2m -
3=0
m=1orm=3/2

Exer
cise1

1. Sol
vethef
oll
owingquadr
ati
cequat
ions
a) ( +1)( -
1)=0 b) (
a-3)(
a+5)=0

c) (-
3)=0 d) y
(y-
1)(
y+2)
=0
2
e) ( +2)( -
2)=0 f
) (
5-n)
(4+n)
=0
2
g) ( +2)( -
2)=0 h) a(
2-a)
(1+a)=0

i
) (
2y+1)(
y+4)
=0 j
) (
4h-
1)(
2h-
3)=0

2. Solvet
hefol
lowi
ngequat
ions
2
a) -2 -
3=0 b) a2+2a-
15=0
2 2
c) 6y-13y
-6 d) -9=0

2 2
e) y-4=0 f
) y-5y
+4=0

g) U2+2U-
35=0 h) n2+n=90
2
i
) 16 –1=0 j
) 9m2=0
4-

k) 6 2-13 -
5=0 l
) 2 2-
11 +12=0

31 +14 2=0 2
m) 15- n) 9y-12y
+4=0

COMPLETI
NGI
NTHESQUARE
Thismethodi
nvol
vesmani
pul
ati
ngt
heequat
ionsoast
ogener
ateaper
fectsquar
eononesi
deoft
he
equat
ion.

Gi
vent
hegener
alquadr
ati
cequat
ion.
2
a +b +c=0

Thef
oll
owi
ngst
epsshoul
dbef
oll
owedt
ocompl
etet
hesquar
e.

124
1) maket
hecoef
fi
cientofx2uni
tyi
.e)bydi
vi
dingt
hroughoutt
heequat
ionbya

2
2) Taket
heconst
antt
ermt
other
ighthandsi
del
eav
ingt
het
ermsi
n and ont
hel
eft
.

2
3) Compl
etethesquar
ebyaddi
ng(
1/2co-
eff
ici
entof t
obot
hsi
desl
eav
ingt
het
ermsi
n and
ont
heleft
.

4) Fact
ori
zet
hel
efthandsi
de.

5) Taket
hesquar
eroot
sbot
hsi
des

6) Obt
aint
hev
aluesofx

Exampl
e2

Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ionbycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e.
2
i
) -
6 +3=0 i
i
) 5 2-
3 -
3=0
2
i
) –6 +3=0
2
–6 =0-
3

2
-6 +32=-
3+32
2
( -3) =6
2
( -3) =6

-3= √6

=√6+3 or -
√6+3

125
i
i
)
2
- – =0

compl
ete

EXERCI
SE1,
2

Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngbycompl
eti
ngt
hesquar
e
2 2
a) -
2 -
5=0 b) y+6y
3=0

c2- 2
c) 4c-
2=0 d) +4 +4=0

e) z2-
5z+6=0 f
) h2-
5h+4=0

i
) 3 2+6 -
2=0 j
) 5 2-
3 -
3=0

k) 2 2-
6 -
1=0 l
) 5 2-
2 -
4=0
2 2
m) 15-
31 +14 =0 n) 9y-12y
+4=0

THEFORMULAFORSOLVI
NGQUADRATI
CEQUATI
ONS
Thegener
alf
orm ofaquadr
ati
cequat
i sa 2+b +c=0.Ther
oni oot
soft
hisar
efoundbycompl
etet
he
squar
e,
a 2+b +c=0

126
 2
+ + =0

2
+ =

Example3
Solv
ethefol
l
owi
ngequat
ion.Gi
vey
ouranswercor
rectt
o2deci
mal
places.

2x2-
3x-
4=0

a=2 b=-
3 c=-
4

=0,
850 or -
2,350

127
X=0,
85 or 2,
35t
o2.
d.p

TAKENOTE
Someti
mesaquadrati
cequat
iondoesnothaveanyr
ealroot
s.Whenthi
shappenedtherei
sanegat
ive
numberundert
hesquarer
ootsi
gninthefor
mula.Wethensayroot
sareimagi
naryorther
ear
enoreal
sol
uti
ons.

Exer
cise1,
3
2 2
a) + -
56=0 b) 5 -13 –6=0

2 2
c) 6 –5 +4=0 d) 3 -
8 -
4=0

e) 4 2-
2 -
1=0 f
) 5 2-
8 +2=0

2 2+3 - 2
g) 4=0 h) 2 +7 -
3=0

i
) 4 2+7 -
2=0 j
) 3 2-8 +2=0

Gr
aphi
cal
sol
uti
onf
orQuadr
ati
c
Graphsofquadr
aticequat
ionsareparabol
a.Whenthecoeff
ici
entofxisposi
ti
vetheparabolafaces
upwardsandwheni ti
snegati
vetheparabolaf
acesdownwards.Aparabol
afaci
ngupwar dsforma
maximaattheturni
ngpointwhil
ethatfaci
ngdownwardsformsamaxi ma.Atal
ltur
ningpointsthe
gradi
enti
szero.

Ther
oot
soft
hequadr
ati
cequat
ionar
efoundwer
ethegr
aphcr
ossest
heaxi
s

Al
i
neofsy
mmet
rydi
vi
dest
hecur
vei
ntot
woequal
par
ts.

Whenastr
aightli
negraphisdr
awnacr
osst
hecur
ve,
themeet
ingpoi
ntsoft
het
wogr
aphsf
ormst
he
sol
uti
ont
othet woequati
ons.

Rev
isi
t

r
oot

-
2

r
ootofequat
ion =-2or2
mini
maoccursaty=-
3

128
Li
neofsy
mmet
ry =0

Dr
awi
ngaquadr
ati
ccur
ve

1) Fi
ndt
hescal
ethatwil
lfi
l
lthewholegraph
2) Dr
awasmoothcurveusi
ngv er
ysharppenci
l

Exampl
e5

Thevari
abl
esxandyareconnect
edbyt
heequat
i =1+2 - 2andsomecor
ony respondi
ngv
aluesar
e
gi
veninthefol
l
owi
ngtabl
e.

X -
3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Y -
14 -7 a 1 b 1 -
2 -7 -
14
a) Calculatethev al
uesofaandb
b) Usingt hescaleof2cm t or epresent1uni tont he - axi
sand2cm t or
epresent5uni
tsont
hey
2
axi
s dr awthegr aphofy =1+2 - f or- 3<5. <5.
c) Uset hegr aphtowr it
edown
i
) thecoordinatesoft hemaxi mum t ur ni
ngpointofthecurv
e
i
i) therootsoftheequat ion1+2x- x2=0
d) Theequat i
onoft heli
neofsy mmet ry
i
) Bydrawingasui tablest r
aightlineont hesameaxes, sol
vetheequati
on.
1+2 + 2=- 5
f) Ont hegr aphshadet hear eabyt hecur vey x2andt
=1+2x- heli
nesy=0andx=1
2
a) y=1+2 – y=1+2- 2
whenx=- 1 when =1
2
y=1+2( -
1)–( -
1) y=1+2(1)–(1)
=1-2-1 =1+2-1
y=-
2 =2

:
- a=-
2 :
- b=2

129
 ci)Maxi mum tur
ningpoi
nt(
1;2)
ii)X=-
0,4or2,
3
d)Lineofsymmetryx=1
i
i)x=-1,
6or2,6

Exer
cise1,
3
1. Drawthegr
aphoftheequati
ony= 2- -
5for3< <4
2
b) Solv
etheequat
ion - - 5=0
c) Writ
edowntheequati
onofthel
i
neofsummitr
y

2) Drawt hegr
aphoft heequationy= 2+ -2for-
4< <3
b) Fi
ndt hemaximum coordinatesofthegr
aph
c) Solv
et heequat
ion 2+ - 2=0
2
d) Bydrawingasuitablest
raightli
neonthesomeaxes,
sol
vet
heequat
ion + -
2

Exami
nat
ionquest
ions

1. Acy cl
istmadeadist
anceof50km atanaveragespeedofxkm/h.Wr
it
e downonexpr essionfor
thetimeinhour
sthathetookfort
hejour
ney.Her et
urnedbyt
hesomer out
ebuthi
sav erage
speedwas3km/ hless.Wri
tedownanexpressionoftheti
me,i
nhour
sthathetookfortheretur
n
j
ourney .

Gi
vent hatt
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenhi
stwot
imesi
s1½hour
s,f
orm anequat
ioni
nxandshowt
hat
i
treducesto 2-3 -100=0

Solv
ethisequat
iongiv
ingy
ouranswercorr
ectt
o1deci
mal
place.Hencef
indt
het
ime,
cor
rectt
o
thenear
est5minutes,f
ort
heret
urnjour
ney.

2. Answert
hewhol
eoft
hisquest
iononasheetofgr
aphpaper
2
Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sincompl
etet
abl
eofv
aluesf
ory
=3- -
2

-
2 -
1 -½ 0 ½ 1 1½

y -
3 2 m 3 2 0 -
3

a) Cal
cul
atet
hev
alueofm

b) Usi
ngascaleof2cm t
orepr
esent1/2uni
tont
hexaxi
sand2cm t
orepr
esent1uni
tont
heyaxi
s,
dr
awthegraphofy=3- -2 2for-2< <1½

c) Uset
hegraphtoesti
mate
i
) themaximum valueofy
i
i) thegradi
entoft
hecurveat =½
i
ii
) therangeofval
uesof f orwhi
chyi
sposi
ti
ve

d) Bydr
awi
ngasui
tabl
est
rai
ghtl
i
neont
hesameaxes,
sol
vet
heequat
ion.
2 2=-
3- - 1

3. Sol
vet
heequat
ion2 2,
+3 -
1=0,
giv
ingt
heanswert
otwodeci
mal
places

4. Fact
orisecompl
ete
a) 3( -2)+4y( -2)

130
b) 6 2- -
12

5. Sol
vet
heequat
ion ,
giv
inganswer
scor
rectt
otwosi
gni
fi
cantf
igur
es.

(
ZIMSECNOV2005)

CHAPTER14
Mat
ri
ces
AMatri
xisarect
angul
arar
rayofnumber
sar
rangedi
nrowandcol
umn.Mat
ri
cesar
eusef
ulf
orst
ori
ng
i
nfor
mation.

Syl
labusobjectives
Learnershouldbeabl et o
a) I
nterpretamat r
ixasast or
eofinf
ormati
on
b) Stat
et heorderofamat ri
x
c) Addandsubt ractmatri
ces
d) Multi
plymat r
iceswi theachot
herandorwithascalar
e) Fi
ndt hedetermi nantofa2 2mat ri
x
f) Fi
ndt heinverseofa2 2mat ri
x
g) Usethemat r
ixmet hodofsolv
ingsimult
aneousequat
ions

Sy
stemat
ical
stor
ageofi
nfor
mat
ion
ABClimit
edisalargecompanyt hatsuppl
ieshousehol
dsfurni
tur
etoit
scustomer
sX,YandZr espect
ivel
y.
Thecompanysupplieswardr
obes,bedsandsof a.Tokeepcheckonit
sfact
oryandaccount
s,t
hereisneed
toar
rangethi
sinf
ormationsyst
emat i
call
y.

Mont
hofMay
Beds Sof
as Wardr
obes
Or
der
sfr
om x 50 30 40
Or
der
sfr
om y 40 40 30
Or
der
sfr
om Z 30 0 40

Thi
sinf
ormat
ioni
nmat
ri
xcanwr
it
tenasf
oll
ows.

131
Eachhori
zont
all
i
neofquant
it
iesr
epr
esental
ltheor
der
sbyonecust
omere.
g.(
50 40 40)andi
tis
cal
ledt
herowofmatr
ix.Sot
heabovematri
xhas3row.

Eachver
ti
call
i
neofquant
it
iesr
epresent
edt
hequant
it
iesofeachi
tem or
der
edbyeachcust
omerandi
tis
ref
err
edtoasacol
umnofamat ri
x

 The“numberofrowsbythenumberofcol
umns”gi
vest
heorderofamat
ri
xint
heabovematr
ixt
he
orderi
s3by3( or3 3).Gener
all
yamatri
xwit
harr
owsandcolumnsi
ssai
dtohav
eordermxn.

Speci
almat
ri
ces
a) Rowmatri
ces
Thesear
ematr
icesmadeupofasi
ngl
erawe.
g(234)

b) Col
umnmat
ri
ces

Thesear
emat
ri
cesmadeupofasi
ngl
ecol
umne.
g et
c

c) Squar
ematri
ces
Thesear
eartemat
ri
cesmadeupoft
hesamenumberofr
owsandcol
umn

e.
g

Exer
cise1

Thei
nfor
mat
ionbel
owshowst
hesoccerl
ogst
andi
ngaf
tert
hef
ir
st5mat
ches

Team Won Drew Lost

A 4 1 0
B 2 2 1
C 0 2 3
a) Wri
tei
nformationinmatri
xform?
b) Howmanyr owsf ormthemat r
ix?
c) Howmanycol umnsf or
mt hemat r
ix?
d) St
atet
heor derforthematri
x

2. Gi
vet
heor
deroft
hef
oll
owi
ngmat
ri
ces

a) b) (
1 4 3) c)

132
 d) e) (
5) f
)

3) Gi
veanexampl
eofamat
ri
xoft
hef
oll
owi
ngor
der

a) 2 2 b) 2 3 c) 1 4
d) 1 1

4. Gi
vent
hemat
ri
x

St
atet
heel ementoneachoftheposit
ionsbel
ow
a) Fir
strow,t
hir
dcol umn
b) Fir
strow,f
ir
stcolumn
c) Secondrow,secondcolumn
d) thi
rdrow,l
astcolumn

Equal
mat
ri
ces
Twomat r
icesar
eequal
ift
her
ear
eoft
hesameor
derandt
hecor
respondenceel
ement
sofonemat
ri
xar
e
equal
thoseoftheot
her
.

Exampl
e1
Saywhet
hert
hef
oll
owi
ngmat
ri
cesar
eequal
,andi
fequal
findt
hev
aluesoft
heunknown.

i
) and

i
i
) (
12 3) and

i
) Thet
womat
ri
cesar
eequal

x=-
1 y
=1

133
i
i
) Thet
womat
ri
cesar
enotequal
ast
heyar
enotoft
hesameor
der
.

Addi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ionofmat
ri
ces
Matri
cescanbeaddedandorsubtr
actedonl
yift
herear
eofthesameorder
,Cor
respondi
ngel
ementsar
e
added(orsubt
ract
ed)t
oobt
aintheresul
ti
ngmatri
cewhichwil
lbeoft
hesameorderastheor
igi
nal
matri
ces.

Exampl
e1

Gi
ven A= B =, C=

Fi
nd a) A+B b) A+C c) B-
A

a) A+B =

b) A+C =

Addi
ti
oni
snotpossi
blesi
ncesomeelement
softhesecondmat
ri
xhav enopar
tner
stocombi
newi
th.
Rememberaddi
ti
onandsubt
ract
ioni
spossi
bleonl
ywhenthematr
icesareoft
hesameorder
.

134
c)

Exer
cise1.
2

1. Ev
aluat
ethef
oll
owi
ng,
indi
cat
ingwher
eiti
snotpossi
ble.

a) b)

c) d)

e) f
)

2) Gi
vent
hat A= B= c=

Si
mpl
i
fy
a) A+A b) A–B c) A+C
d) A+(
B-C) e) (
A+B)–(
B+C)

3a) ,
findt
hev
alueofxandy

b) i
f

v
alueofxandy

135
MATRI
XMULTI
PLI
CATI
ON
Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionbyascal
ar

Amatr
ixcanbemul
ti
pli
edbyascal
ark,
(i.
e.anumber
)wher
ethescal
armul
ti
pli
esev
eryel
ementi
nthe
mat
ri
x

Forexampl
e

Exampl
e2

Sol
ve i
) i
i
)

i
) =

i
i
) =

MULTI
PLI
CATI
ONOFTWOMATRI
CES
Matricescanonlymulti
plyeachot heri
fthenumberofcolumnsi
nthef
ir
stmatr
ixisequalt
othenumber
ofrowsi nthesecondmat r
ix.Theeasierwayofdet
ermi
ningwhet
hermult
ipl
i
cat
ionispossi
blei
sbyfi
rst
fi
ndingtheorderofthemat r
ices.Thenwhat?Supposefi
rst

m xn nx

Si
ncet
hesear
ethesamei
tmeansmul
ti
pli
cat
ioni
spossi
ble.

Theout
sidecombi
nat
ionofm x pr
edi
ctst
heor
deroft
heansweraf
termul
ti
pli
cat
ion.

136
Tobespeci
fi
c
derof1stmat
or ri
x Or
derofsecondmat
ri
x
3 2 2 1

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ioni
spossi
ble

Theanswerwi
l
lbeofor
der3 1

2 3 2 1

Mult
ipl
i
cat
ion
Mult
ipl
i
cat
ionisdonebymul
ti
ply
ingther
owbythecol
umn.Thef
ir
str
owi
nthemat
ri
xmul
ti
pli
esal
lthe
col
umnsinthesecondmat
ri
xandotherr
owfol
l
ows.

Thus

2 3 3 3

Possi
ble =

Example2
Ev
aluat
e

i
) i
i
)

i
)

2 3 3 3
= 19 9 10
4 24 10
Possi
ble

Resul
t

137
 2 3

i
i
)

3 2 3 2

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionnotpossi
ble

Fur
thernotes
I
nmul t
ipl
icat
ion,mat
ri
cesar
enotcommuni
cat
ive,
thati
stosayAxB≠BxA

Exer
cise1,
3

1) ev
aluat
ewher
epossi
ble

a) b)

c) d)

e) (
13) f
) (
13 4)

g) h) (
13 4)

2. Gi
vent
hat A= B,
=

138
 And c=

a) -
2A b) AB c) ½C

d) 3B

3. Fi
ndxi
f

4) Fi
ndyi
f

5) I
fL= M= AndN=

Fi
nd
a) L(
MN) b) i
sitt
ruet
hat(
LM)N=L(
MN)

I
dent
if
yMat
ri
x

Thi
sisamat
ri
xwhi
chbehav
esl
i
keonei
nor
dinar
ymul
ti
pli
cat
ion.Thi
smat
ri
xiscal
l
edt
hei
dent
it
ymat
ri
x.

I
nor
dinar
ymul
ti
pli
cat
ion Onexanymat
ri
x=t
hatmat
ri
x

i
.e.1 K =K

I
nmat
ri
cemul
ti
pli
cat
ion I
dent
if
ymat
ri
xxanymat
ri
x=t
hatmat
ri
x

i
.e.

Thei
dent
if
ymat
ri
x,I=

Det
ermi
nant

Gi
venany2x2mat
ri
x

,t
hedeter
minat
e
oft
hemat
ri
xisdef
inedasad-
bc.I
tssymboli
sdet

139
Forexampl
eGi
ven

Det
=(2x4)–(
3x1)
=8-
3
=5
I
nver
se
I
nordi
nar
ymult
ipl
i
cati
onanumberk it, K
K(1/
K)=1
Al
so,i
nmatr
ixmul
tipl
i
cat
ion,
mat
ri
xAxi t
sinv
er A-1= i
se, dent
if
y,I

A A-1=I
Howdowef
indt
hei
nver
seofamatr
ix

Gi
ven

1) Fi
ndfi
rstt
hedet
ermi
nant
Det=ad–bc

Whendet
ermi
nanti
szer
o,st
op.I
tmeanst
hemat
ri
xhasnoi
nver
se.

2) I
nter
changet
heel
ement
sint
hef
ir
stdi
agonal d
a

3) Changet
hesi
gnsoft
heot
hert
woel
ement
swi
thoutchangi
ngt
hei
rposi
ti
ons.

4) Mul
ti
plyt
her
esul
toft
hest
ep3by (
i.
e. Rememberwhendet
ermi
nanti
sZer
o

t
her
eisnoi
nver
se.

Gener
all
yifA

A-1 =

Whenad-
bc=0,
thent
her
eisnoi
nver
se

Amat
ri
xwi
thnoi
nver
sei
scal
l
edasi
ngul
armat
ri
x.

140
RememberAA-1=I

Exampl
e3

Fi
ndt
hei
nver
seoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmat
ri
ces

i
) i
i
)

i
)

Det = (2 3)–1 -
3)
= 6–(-
3)
= 9

I
nver
se=

i
i
)

Det = (-
4 -
3)–(1 -
3)
= 12–(
-3)
= 15

I
nver
se

Summar
y

i
) Asi
ngul
armat
ri
xhasnoi
nver
se

i
i
) Thei
dent
if
ymat
ri
x,I=

i
i
i) Mat
ri
x,Axi
tsi
nv seA-1=I
er dent
if
ymat
ri
x,I

ci
i
) I
nver
seof

Wher
ead-
bc 0

141
 ci
i
i)

ci
v)

Exer
cise1,
4
Stat
emat r
iceswhi
char
esi
ngul
ar(
i.
e.det=0

a) b) c)

d) e) f
)

2) Fi
ndt
hei
nver
sesoft
hef
oll
owi
ng

a) b) c)

d) e) d)

3.

hasdet
ermi
nantzer
o,f
indx

Thet
wopossi
blev
aluesofk

4. Gi
vent
hat hasdet
ermi
nant-
4,f
indt
het
wopossi
blev
aluesofK

142
b) Hence,
wri
tedownt
hei
nver
seoft
hemat
ri
xusi
ngoneoft
hev
alues

5. Fi
ndt
hev
alueofywhi
cht
hemat
ri
x doesnothav
eani
nver
se

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS

1. A= B= and c=

a) Eval eA2
uat
b) Eval
uat
etheval
ueofkwhi
chmakesABthei
dent
it
ymatri
x
b) Fi
ndtheval
ueofm whi
chmakest
hedet
ermi
nantofAequal
tot
hedet
erminantofC
(
CAMBRI DGE)

2) Gi
ven

i
fthedet
ermi
nantoft
hemat
ri
xis-
14,
find2possi
blev
aluesofK

3) Expr
essassi
ngl
emat
ri
ces

i
) 14-
3 i
i
)

4a) Gi
vent
hatM = N= and

L= f
ind

i
) M +2N
i
i
) MN
i
i
i) t
heval
ueofdwhi
chmakesLsi
ngul
ar
[
ZIMSECNOV2006]

143
5) Gi
vent
hatP= andQ

i
) Fi
ndP+2Q

i
i
) Cal
cul
atet
hev
aluesofxandyi
fP

[
ZIMSECNOV2004]

CHAPTER15
Vect
or
Avectori
sanyquanti
tywithmagni
tude(si
ze)anddi
rect
ion.Di
spl
acement(
ort
ransl
ati
on,
vel
oci
tyf
orce
andaccel
erat
ionar
eallexampl
esofv ect
ors.

Syl
labusobject
ives
Learnershoul
dbeabl et
o
a) Writ
eav ect
orasar
epr
esent
ati
onoft
ransl
ati
on

b) Uset
heappr
opr
iat
evect
ornot
ati
on, ;
ABora

c) Addandsubtractv
ectors
d) Car
ryoutscal
armulti
pli
cati
onofv ect
ors
e) Fi
ndthemagni t
udeofav ector
f) Usevector
stoproveanddi scov
erproper
ti
esofshapes

Vect
orsasar
epr
esent
ati
onofat
ransl
ati
onordi
spl
acementREVI
SIT

144
Diagr
am aboveshows ABCbeingmov edupwardswit
houttur
ningtonewposi t
ionsA1B1 andC1. ABC
1 1 1 1, 1 1
hasbeentransl
atedordi
spl
acedto ABC.Li nesAA BB anCC r epr
esentt
ransl
ationvectors.
Tomov efr
om At oA3unitsweremovedtot heri
ght(
thexdir
ecti
on)and4unitsupwar ds(t
heydi rect
ion,

wecanwr
ieAA1=
t Thi
siscal
l
edacol
umnv
ect
or.

Col
umnVect
or

Not
i hatBB1andCC1ar
cet eal
so

AA1,
BB1andCC1ar
eequi
val
ent
.ItmeansAA1=BB1=CC1

I
ngener
al,
anyt
ransl
ati
onoft
heCar
tesi
anpl
anecanbewr
it
tenasacol
umnv
ect
or wher
ex

145
repr
esent
samov ementparal
l
elt
othexaxisandyrepr
esentsmovementpar
all
eltotheyaxi
s
Movementstotheri
ghtandmovementupwardsar
eposit
ive.Mov
ementstothelef
tandmov ement
downwardsarenegat
ive.

Vect
orr
otat
ion
Av ect
orrepr
esentsatransl
ati
onoradispl
acementwhi
chhasdi
rect
ionandmagnitude.
Av ect
orcanbedr awnasanar r
ouedli
nesegmentpoi
nti
ngi
naspecifi
cdir
ect
ion.Thelengt
hoft
hel
i
ne
segmentrepresentst
hemagnitudeofthevect
or.

Av
ect
orcanbenamedi
nthef
orm ;
aorAB.

Not
ethatABi
snott
hesameasBA

Example1
I
nt hedi
agr
am bel
owt
hel
i
nesegment
srepr
esentv
ect
orsAB,
CD,
ef,
ghhi
andi
jWr
it
ethesei
nthef
orm

GRAPH

y
6-

5-

4- B

i 3-

g h 2- A

1-
J
-
8 -
7 -
6 -
5 -
4 -
3 -
2 -
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-
1-
E
-
2-
D
-
3-

C f -
4-

AB= CD= EF= GH= HI= I

J=

Exer
cise1,
1 REVI
SIT

146
Int
hedi
agr
am bel
owt
hel
i
nesegment
srepr
esentv
ect
orsAB,CD ,
EF,GHandHi
.Wr
it
ethesev
ect
orsi
n
col
umnfor
m

2 Usi
ngt
hedi
agr
am i
nQuest
ion1,
wri
tet
hecol
umnv
ect
ort
hatr
epr
esentt
hef
oll
owi
ng.

a) BA b) DC c)FE d)i
H

3. Usi
ngascaleof1cm t
o1uni
tbot
haxi
sint
hegr
aphpaper
.Dr
awl
i
nesegmentt
orepr
esentt
hese
l
inesegment
s.

a) b) c) d)

e) f
) g) h)

147
Addi
ti
onofv
ect
ors
rev
isi
t
Addit
ionoft
wov
ect
orsi
sat
ransl
ati
onf
oll
owedbyanot
hert
ransl
ati
on

Fr
om t
hedi
agr
am abov
e,at
ransl
ati
onofABf
oll
owedbyat
ransl
ati
onBCi
sequi
val
entt
othesi
ngl
e

t
ransl
ati
onAC

AB+BC=AC

Or

a+b=c

Bycount
ingsquar
es

a= b= and c=

a+b=c

148
 =

=c

I
ngener
ali
fa= andb=

t
hea+b=

Vect
orsi
nopposi
tedi
rect
ion

I
fa=

REVI
SIT

149
Diagr
am il
l
ust r
atesvect
oraandanot
herv
ect
orV,
wit
hthesamemagni
tudeasaandpar
all
elt
oabuti
nthe
opposit
edirecti
on.

Bycount
ingt
hesquar
e

V= a=

Not
icet
hatVi
sav
ect
orwhi
chhast
hesamemagni
tudeasabutwhi
chi
ntheopposi
tedi
rect
ionwesay
t
hatV=-a

I
ngener
al,
ifa= t
hen–a=

Basi
cal
l
y,negat
ingav
ect
ori
mpl
i
edchangi
ngi
tsor
igi
nal
dir
ect
ion.

150
Subt
ract
ion
Tosubt
ractv
ect
orbf
rom v
ect
ora,
weadd–bt
oa

Thusa-
b=a+(
-b)

Exampl
e2

Gi
vena= andb= f
ind

a) a+b b) a-
b

a) a+b= +

b) a-
b=

151
Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionbyascal
ar

Ascal
ari
ssi
mpl
yamul
ti
pli
cat
ion.Av
ect
ormul
ti
pli
edbyascal
ari
ncr
easesi
tssi
ze3t
imee.
g3 =

I
favectori
smulti
pli
edbyascal
arK,
ther
esul
tisanewv
ect
orkawhi
chi
sint
hesamedi
rect
ionasabut
whi
chisktimesasbig.

Magni
tudeofavect
orormodul
esofavect
or
Magni
tuderef
erst
othesi
zeofavect
or.

r
evi
sit

I
nthedi
agr
am abov
ethesi
zeofav
ect
oracanbecal
cul
atedbyt
hePy
thagor
ast
heor
em

Thusmagni
tudeofawri
tt
en I aI= x2+y2

Wherexi
sthenumberofuni
tsmovedhori
zont
all
y,andyi
sthenumberofuni
tsv
ert
ical
l
y.

a = 52+42

= 25+16

= 41

Thismodul
esofv ora,a = x2+y
ect 2

Exampl
e3

152
Gi
vent
hata= ,
andb= f
ind

i
) b i
i
)

2 2
i
) = (
-1)+(
-2) i
i
) a–b= -

= 1+4
=5 b = 42+72
a-

= 65
Exer
cise1,
2

1 Expr
essi
nthef
orm

a) b) c)

d) e) f
)

2) Fi
ndt
hemagni
tudeoft
hef
oll
owi
ngv
ect
ors

a) b) c)

d) e)

153
3) Gi
vent
hata= andb= andc=

Fi
nd

a) a–b b) a+b c) a+b-

c

d) a+c–b e) a+b

4) I
fBC= + ,
findBC

5) Fi
ndv
ect
orasucht
hat

+ a=

Hi
nt:
leta=

Posi
ti
onVect
ors

I
nse:
rtGRAPH

I
nthedi
agr
am abov
e,posi
ti
onv
ect
ori
nthex-
ypl
acei
sthedi
spl
acementv
ect
orf
rom t
heor
igi
nOt
oA.OP

= i
scal
l
edt
heposi
ti
onv
ect
or.

I
tiscal
l
edt
heposi
ti
onv
ect
orofAr
elat
ivet
oO.

154
Posi
ti
onv
ect
orscanbeusedt
ofi
nddi
spl
acement
sbet
weenpoi
nts.

I
nthedi
agr
am,
tomov
efr
om Bt
oAy
ouhav
etomov
efr
om Bt
oO,
thenf
rom OA

ThusBA=BO=-
OA

butBO=-OB

soBA -OB+OA

=OA–OB

Bycount
inguni
tsBA=

Foranypoi
ntwi
thcoor
dinat
es,
A(x,
y)andB(
x1,
y1)

AB =OB–OA

2 2
AB =√(
x1-
x) +(
y1–y
)
Par
all
ell
i
nes
I
fAB=KCD,
thent
hel
i
nesABandCDar
epar
all
elandt
hel
engt
hofABi
sKt
imes,
thel
engt
hofCD.

155
r
evi
sit

AB=2CD

AB=2 CD=

AB = 42+42 CD= 22+22

= 32 =8

=4 2 =2 2

I
tcanbeseent
hatt
hesi
zeofABi
stwi
cet
hatofCD

I
nconcl
usi
onf
orpar
all
elv
ect
ors

I
fa=kb,
then,I
aI=kI
BIandai
spar
all
elt
ob

Exampl
e4

Gi
venpoi
ntA(
6;7)andB(
2;-
1),
find

a) AB b) BP c) PB

a) AB =OB–OP b) BA=OA-
OB

= =

156
 = =

2 2
c) PB= (
2-6)+(
-1-
7)

2 2
=(
-4)+(
-8)

= 16+64

= 80

=4 5

Example5
Whichoft
hef
oll
owi
ngar
epar
all
el

a= b= c= d=

e=

Vect
orai
spar
all
elt
ovect
orb b=3a

Vect
ordispar
all
elt
ovect
ore=½d
Exer
cise1,
3

1) Gi
venOA= OB=

Fi
ndi
) AB i
i
) BA i
i
i) 2OA

2) I
fa= ,
whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngar
epar
all
elt
o

i
) i
i
) i
i
i) i
v)

157
v
)

3. Gi
venpointP(
5:8)andQ(2;
-1)
,fi
nd
a) PQ b) QP

4. Gi
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
nts.Ex
presseachoft
hef
oll
owi
ngasasi
ngl
ecol
umnv
ect
or.

I
nser
t:
REVI
SIT

i
)OP

i
i
)OR

i
i
i)OP+PQ

i
v)OR+RQ
P
vr
o
)p
Oer
ti
e
Q+Qsofshape
R
Proper
ti
esofShapes
Theappli
cat
ionofvect
orsi
snotonl
yrest
ri
ctedf
orusei
nthecar
tesi
onpl
ane.Theycanal
sobeusedi
n
geometry
.

Consi
dert
hequadr
il
ater
alABCDwi
thv
ect
orsa,
b,
c,
dasshown

158
Tomov
eAt
oConecanmov
etoBf
ir
stt
henf
rom Bt
oC.Al
so,
onecanmov
etoDf
ir
stt
hent
oC.

ThusAC=AB+BC orAC=AD+DC

=a+b butAD=–DA DC=-

CD

AC=DA -CD
=-
d-c

I
tshoul
dal
sobenot
edt
hatt
het
otal
sum ofv
ect
orofacl
osedpol
ygoni
sZer
o.

Pr
oof
AC=AB+BC
=a+b

Si
nceAC=-CA
AC+CA=0

a+b+c+d=0shown

 Thet ot
alf
inal
displ
acementf
rom t
hest
art
ingpoi
ntAi
szer
owhent
hev
ect
orsf
rom t
hesi
desofa
cl
osedpol
ygon
Exampl
es6

Inf
ig1OACBi
sat
rapezi
um wi
thOA par
all
elBCandBC=2a.I
fOA=aandOB=bexpr
ess,
int
ermsofa
andb.

i
) BC i
i
) OC i
i
i) AB AC

i
) BC=2OA i
i
) OC =OB+BC
butOA=a =b+2a

159
 BC=2a
i
i
i) AB=AO+OB i
v) AC=AO+OC
butAO=-
OA butAO=-OA

=-a+b =-a+(
b+2a)
=b-a =a+b+2a
=a+b
Exampl
e7

I
nFig2ABCDisapar
all
elogram.M i
sthemidpoi
ntofBCandLisapoi
ntonADsuchthat3AL=LD.Gi
ven
t
hatAB=pandBM=2q,expressassi
mplyaspossi
ble,
int
ermsofpandorqi)MD.i
i
)DL i i
i)LM

REVI
SIT

Consi
der
ingsi
deBC.I
fm i
sthemi
dpoi
nt,
thent
her
ati
onofBM:
MC=1:
1

i
) MD=MC+CD

Si
nceBM=2q,t
henMC=2q
DC=AB=p(opposi
tesi
desofapar
all
elogr
am ar
eequal
i
i) MD=2q+( -
(-
DC)
=2q-p

i
i
) DL=?

AD=BC(
opposi
tesi
desofapar
all
elogr
am ar
eequal
.

butBC=BM +MC
=2q+2q

=4q

=AD=4q

Si
nceDLliesi
ntheAD
Consi
der
ingAD,if3AL=LDt
henr
ati
oofAC:
LD=1:
3

A 1L 3 D

160
 LD= AD

= (
4q)

= 3q

DL=-LD
= -3q

Exampl
e8

Fig3OP=aandOS=b
i
) ExpressSPi nt
ermsofaandb
i
i
) GiventhatSX=hSP, showt hatOX=ha+( 1-h)b
i
i
i) GiventhatOQ=3aandQR=2b, wri
tedownanexpressi
onf
orORi
nter
msofaandb
i
v) GiventhatOX=kORuset heresul
tsofpoi
nts(i
i)
and( i
i
i)tofi
ndthevaluesofhandk
v
) Fi
ndt hevalueoft
her ati
oPX
XS

i
) SP=-OS+OP i
i
) SX=hSP
=-b+a butSP=a-
b
=a-b SX=h(a-
b)
OX=OS+SS
OX=b+h( a-
b)
=b+ha–hb

=ha-
hb+b

=ha+b-
hb

=ha+b-
hb

=ha+b(
1-h)

ox =ha+(
I-
h)bShown(
ii
)
i
i
i) OR=OQ+OR
=3a+2b
i
v) OX=k(3a+2b)
=3ak+2bk

161
Equat
ingOX
3ak+2bk=ha+(1-
h)b
Equat
ingt
hosewit
hbanda

3k =h (
i)
2k =1-
h (
ii
)

Subst
it
uti
ng3kf
orh

2k=1-3k h=3k
5k=1 =3( 1/
5)

k= h=

v
)

PX=-OP+OX XS =-OX+OS
=-a+ha+(1-h)
b =OS-OX
=-a+3a+(1-
3)b =b-[
ha+( 1-
h) b]
3 3
5 5 =b-[ /
5a +(1- /5)b]
3 2
=-a+3a+2b =b-[ /
5a+ / 5) b]
3 2
5 5 =b-[ /
5a+ / 5b ]
=-2a+2b =b-3a- 3b
5 5 5 5
=-
2(a-
b) =-3(a-b)
5 5

PX -2(a-
b)
XS = 5¬¬¬¬
-
3(a-b)
5
=2
3

EXAMINATI
ONQUESTI
ONS
REVISI
T

I
nthedi
agr
am,
PRTandOQTar
est
rai
ghtl
i
nesOP=2p,
OQ=3qandPR=3p-
q

i
) Expr
essRQassi
mpl
yaspossi
blei
nter
msofpand/
orq

162
 i
i
) Giv
enthatPT=m, PR,
expr
essPTintermsofp,qandm
i
i
i) Giv
enalsothatOT=nOQform anequat
ionconnect
ingp,
q,m andn.Hencet
hev
aluesofm andt
he
val
ueofn.
(
ZIMSECNOV2006)

2) Oist
heor i
ginandAandBaret
hepoints(5;
12)and(
1;4)r
espect
ivel
y.Fi
nd
a) AB
b) Gi
venthatBP=OA++20B,fi
ndtheco-or
dinat
esofP

3) I
nthedi
agr
am bel
owpoi
ntXl
i
esonast
rai
ghtl
i
neABandAX:
AX=1:
3OA=4pandOB=4q.

REVI
SIT

4p

Expr
essi
nter
msofpand/
orq

i
i
) AB ` i
i
) AX i
i
i) OX

I
nthedi
agr
am,
OXYZi
saquadr
il
ater
alNi
sapoi
ntonXZsucht
hatXN:
NZ=3:
1OX=p+2qandON=4p

a) Expr
essassi
mpl
yaspossi
blei
nter
msofpoi
nt

i
) XN i
i
) XZ i
i
i)OZ

163
b) Gi
vent
hatZYi
spar
all
elt
oOX,
expr
essOYi
nter
msofp,
qandaconst
antK

c) I
fOY=4ON
3
i
) Fi
ndtheval
ueofK
i
i
) Expr
essZYint
ermsofpandq

a) Fi
ndt
her
ati
on ar
eaof YZN (
hintscal
efact
or)
ar
eaof OXN
(
ZIMSECNOV2004)

REVI
SIT

Fig1
Infi
g1,
OAABCi sat r
apezi
um inwhichABisparall
eltoOC.
a) GiventhatOA=3p,AB=3qandm i sapointonOBsucht hatOM:MB=1:3,
expresst
hefol
l
owi
ng
vector
si nt
ermsofpandq.
i
) OB i
i)OM i
ii
)AM
b) GiventhatOC=hABwher ehi sascal
ar,expressOCintermsofhandq
i
i) GiventhatBCis=KAM, wherekisascalar,showthatOC=( 3-
2k)
p+(3+k)q
i
ii) Useoft hetwoexpressi
onforOCt of
indthenumer i
calval
uesofhandk
c) AM producedmeet sOCatN, fi
ndinter
msofpandq
i
) AN ii
) MN
(Cambri
dge1989)

164
 CHAPTER16
Rat
io,
Rat
e,Pr
opor
ti
on

Syl
labusobj ecti
ves
Learnershouldbeabl eto
a) Solvethepr obl
emsi nvol
vi
ngrati
o
b) Solveproblemsi nvol
vi
ngrate
c) Calculateusingtheconceptofpr
opor
ti
on

Rat
ion
Arat
ioinv
olvescomparisonoftwoormor
equali
ti
eswhicharei
nthesameunit
s.I
tcanbewri
ttenasa
f
ract
ionorwithdot
s(:)separat
ingt
hequant
it
y.Forexampl
e,Pet
erhas50candJohnhas$1,
50.Whati
s
t
herati
ooftheirmoney.

Rat
ioPet
ert
oJohn=50c:
150c
1: 3

Rat
ioJohnPet
er=150c:
50c
3 1

Exampl
e1

Share$60i
nt herat
io3:
4:8
Fi
rstdi
vi
dei
tinto15part
s(i.
e.3+4+8=15)

Shar
ing

Takenot
e$12+$16+$32=$60

Exampl
e2

165
(
a) I
ncrease40m i
nt herati
o3:5
(
b) Decrease40m i
nt herat
io5:
8

a) Newl
engt
h=

b) NewLengt
h=

Br
iefSummary
a) Thequant
it
iesi
nther
ati
oshoul
dbei
nthesameuni
tsandshoul
dbesi
mpl
i
fied

b) Ar
ati
ox:
ycanbewr
it
tenasaf
ract
ion

Exer
cise1,
1

1) Expr
essthef
oll
owi
ngr
atiosi
ntheirsi
mpl estfor
m.
a) 3:
9 b) 4to12 c) 5kg:
15kg
d) 10m:40m e) 25cm :1m f) 30cm:0,
9m
e) 50c:$2.
25 f) 50min:1¼hr s g) ¼: ½
h) 4½: 1½ i
) 25mm2: 2,5cm2 j
) 0,
96:1,
2g
k) 0,
24m:9,
6m l
) 1,
6m :880cm

2) Fi
ndt heresultofincr easingordecreasi
ngthef
oll
owi
ngquant
it
ies
a) I
ncreasing10cm i nther ati
o5:4
b) Decreasing3,5m int her ati
o5:7
c) I
ncreasing0,05m int her atio6:5
d) Decreasing24cm i nt her ati
o3:4
e) I
ncreasing3i ntherat io5:3
4
f) Decreasing2½day si nther at
io2:
5
3) Expressthef oll
owingscal esinthef
orm 1:
n
a) 1mm r epresents10cm
b) 1cm represents100m
c) 10m represents2km
d) 7cm represents630m

4) Fi
ndt hevalueofxi
f
i
) :
15=3: 5
i
i) :
2,5=3:
5
i
ii
) 7: =0,56:0,72

5) Amanshar
es$2,
40amonghi
schi
l
dreni
nther
ati
o1:
4:5.Howdoeseachchi
l
dget

6) Onasal
espr
omot
iont
het
raderdecr
easedt
hepr
iceofhi
sshoesbyar
ati
oof4:
5.I
ftheor
igi
nal

166
 pr
icewas$75,
50.Whatwast
henewpr
ice.

7) Mr.Si
bandabusi
nessr
ecordedanetpr
ofi
tof$10750in2007.Thenetpr
ofi
trecor
dedi
n2008
was$9250.Expresst
herati
oofthepr
evi
ousprof
itt
othe2008prof
it
.

8) Amapi sdrawnonascal eof1cm to10km

a) Fi
ndthescaleofthemapi nthefor
m 1:n
b) I
ftheactualdi
stancebetweentwotownsis50km.Fi
ndi
ncenti
meter
s,t
heirdi
stancesont
hemap.
a) Aphotographintherati
o1:3.Whatisthenewsi
zeofabui
l
ding0,
27cm hi
gh.

PROPORTI
ON
I
tisi
mport
anttorecogni
zet hatpr
opor
ti
oncanbedi rectpr
oporti
onorinv
ersepr oport
ion
I
ndir
ectpr
oporti
onanincreaseinonequant
it
yr esul
tsinaincr
easeinanotherviceversa.
I
ninv
ersepropor
ti
onanincreaseinonequanti
tyresult
sinadecreasei
nanot herviceverse.

Exampl
e1

1a) 6eggscost54c.Whati
st hecostof15eggs
b) Itt
akes2hoursfor8ment ocompleteacertai
ntask.Howl
ongwi
l
litt
ake3ment
ocompl
etet
he
sametask.
a) 6eggs:54c (sincei
tsdir
ectproport
ion
15egg:more 15eggswi l
lcostmor e)

I
fitcost
smor
emul
ti
ply54cbyani
mpr
operf
ract
iont
ogetmor
e.(
than54c)

= 54

=153c
=$1,35

b) Compar
ing

2hour
s:5men(
sincei
tinverseproport
ion
Less:
8men 8menwi l
ltakelesstimetodot
hej
ob

I
ftheyt
akel
esst
imemul
ti
ply2hour
sbyapr
operf
ract
iont
ogetl
esshour
s(t
han2hour
s)

=2

=1¼

TakeNot
e

167
a) Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionbyani
mproperf
ract
ioni
ncreasest
hequanti
ty,hencemult
ipl
ybyitwheni
ts
“mor
e”
b) Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionbyapr
operfr
act
iondecr
easesthequant
it
y,hencemulti
plybyitwheni
ts“
less”

Exer
cise1,2
1) Av endorsel
lsthr
eeorangesat12c
a) Findthecostofi ) 7oranges i
i
) 17or
anges
b) Howmanyor angescoul
dbeboughtfor
i) 36c i
i
) $1,
12

2) Acaruses9,
5li
ter
sofpetroli
nt r
avell
i
ng100ki
l
omet
res
Howmuchpetrolwil
li
tuseintravel
li
ng
a) 300km b) 270km

3) Aboxcancarr
y450booksofthicknessof1,5cm each.Fi
nd;
i
) t
henumberofbooksitcancar
ryofat hi
cknessofdoublethesize.
i
i) t
hethi
cknessofeachbookint
heboxwhen75booksar ecarr
ied.

4. Acart
ravel
l
ingataspeedof100km/ht
akes1hour10minutestotr
avelacer
tai
ndi
stance.Fi
nd.
i
) t
heti
meitwill
taket
otravel
thesamedi
stancewhentrav
ell
ingataspeedof80km/
h.
i
i) t
hespeedatwhichi
twill
betrav
ell
i
ngwhenittakes50minutes.

5) Acirclei
sdi
videdi
ntoequal
par
tsbydrawingit
slinesofsymmet
ryandmeasuringthe
corr
espondi
nganglesfor
medatthecent
re.I
f2linesofsymmetr
yfor e90oeachatt
m angl he
centre.

Find
i
) thenumberoflineswhichfor esof30oeach
m angl
i
i
) thesizesofanglesby8li
nesofsymmetr
y

6) Aspri
ngstret
cheswhenal oadisappli
ed.Iti
sthoughtt
hatt
heext
ensi
onoft
hespr
ingi
s
pr
oport
ionalt
otheloadappli
ed.
a) Howmuchwi llt
hespringstr
etchforl
oads i)60N i i
)15N
b) Whatwouldtheload,
ifthestr
ingstr
etched i)64mm ii
)72mm

Rat
e
Thiscomparesquant
it
iesofdi
ff
erentki
ndforexamplet
heexchangerat
eoft
wodif
fer
entquant
it
ies,wage
rat
eperday ,
speedet
c.
Asar esul
tofcompar
ingtwoquantit
iesofdi
ffer
entuni
ts,
rat
eisexpr
essedi
ntwouni
tsegkm/h, $/
hetc

168
Exampl
e3
a) Acartr
avel
sadi
stanceof100km i
n1¼hour
s.Whati
sit
sav
eragespeedi
n
a) km/h b) km/min

100km :
1¼
Less:1hour

100

100

=80km/
h 80km/
hmeans80km i
str
avel
l
edi
nonehour

b) 100km :
1¼hours
100km:75minut
es
Less:1minut
e

100

1,
33km/
min1,
33km/
minadi
stanceof1,
33km wascov
eredi
nev
erymi
nut
e.

Exampl
e4
Amanispai
d$150f
oraweek.Cal
cul
atehi
shour
lyr
ateofpay
.

40hr
s:$150
1hr :
less
3,
75

$3,
75/
h

Exer
cise1,
3

1) Atr
aintakes66minut
estot
rav
el91km.Whati
sitsav
eragespeedi
n
a) km/min b) km/
h c) m/s

2. AbankexchangedUS$70f
orP500.Whatwast
heexchanger
ate
a) I
nPulaperUS$ b)I
nUS$perpul
a

3)
. Ref
erIf150li
tr
esofpetrol
cost$300,howmuchthecost
4) Acit
yhasanar eaof36km2 andapopul
ati
onof60000peopl
e.Cal
cul
atet
hepopul
ati
ondensi
ty
oft
hecityperkm2corr
ectto2.s.
f.

5) Wor
ker
sataf
act
oryar
epai
d$98f
ora40hourwor
kingweek.Fi
ndt
hei
rweekl
yrat
eofpay

169
6) Ast
eel
beam 5,
2m l
onghasamassof137,
8kg.Fi
ndi
tsmassi
nkg/
m

7) Theexchanger
ateof2June2009was$USt
oZAR8,
5.HowmanyUScanbeboughtf
orZAR765

8) Amani spai
datar
ateof$4,
74perhour
.Ifhewor
ksf
or4hour
sev
eryweek.Cal
cul
atehi
s
mont
hlyperpay
.

9) Thedensi
tyofal
i
qui
dis0,
12g/
mc3.Whati
sthemassoft
hel
i
qui
dwhent
hev
olumei 1cm3.
s43,

10) Ashopreducest
hepri
ceofit
sstockofcl
othest
ocl
earatar
ateof10cf
orev
ery$.Cal
cul
atet
he
newpri
ceforasui
tewhichwasmarked$42,50.

Exami
nat
ionquest
ions
1. Sand,cementandwat
erweremixedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngpr
opor
ti
onsbymasst
omakemor
tarf
or
bui
ldi
ngbr i
cks
Sand 112kg
Cement 64kg
Water 24kg

i
) Expressinit
ssimplestfor
m, t
herat
iosand:cementt
owater
i
i
)a) Calcul
atethepercentageofcementi
nt hemort
ar
b) Calcul
atethemassofcementi nafreshlymoul
dedbri
ckofmass12,
5g

2. Atacertai
nschoolt
her ati
oofgir
lstoboysi
s6:5.I
fther
ear
e105boy
s.Cal
cul
ate
i
) thenumberofgir
lsi
nt heschool
i
i) thetot
alst
udentpopulati
onintheschool
3.
a) A mapofat ownisdrawt oascaleof1cm:5km

i
) Aroadont
hemapis8cm l
ong.Cal
cul
atet
heactual
lengt
hoftheroad,gi
vingt
heansweri
n
kil
omet
res.
i
i) Theact
ual
areaoft
het s150km2.Cal
owni cul
ateinsquar
ecenti
meters,t
heareaoft
hetownon
the map
ZIMSECNOV2004

4) AbankexchangesSout
hAf
ri
canr
andsf
orZi
mbabweandol
l
arsatt
her
ateofR1t
o$6,
25

Cal
cul
ate
i
) t
heamountr
ecei
vedi
nrandsfor$2250,00
i
i) t
heamountr
ecei
vedi
ndoll
arsforR150

5) Tapi
waandNetsai
shar
esomemoneyi
nther
ati
o2:
5.Gi
vent
hatTapi
wa’
sshar
eis$620000,
Cal
cul
ate Netsai
’
s shar
e

(
ZIMSECNOV2008)

170
 CHAPTER17
Mensur
ati
onofpl
aneshapes
Planeshapesaret
wodi
mensi
onal
shapesl
i
ket
ri
angl
e,squar
e,r
ect
angl
eet
c.Mensur
ati
oni
nvol
vesl
ooki
ng
atthei
rperi
meter

Syl
labusobj ecti
ves
Learnershouldbeabl eto
a) Definetheterm peri
meter
b) Fi
ndt heperimeterofplaneshapes
c) Definetheterm area
d) Calculat
etheareoft heplaneshapes

Per
imet
er
Per
imet
eri
sthedi
stancear
oundt
heshape.I
tist
heout
sideboundar
ythatdef
inest
hest
age.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
etheper
imet
ersofsomepl
aneshapes

171
 =b+b+l
+l
=2b+2l
=2(l
+b)

Per
imeter=L+L+L+L
=4L
Par
all
elogram

Per
imet
er=a+a+b+b
=2a+2b
=2( a+b)

172
Ci
rcl
e

Ci
rcumf
erence=2πrorπd

Exer
cise1,
1(useπ=22)
7

1) Calcul
atet
heper
imet
erofarect
angl
ewit
ht hefol
l
owingl=l
engt
h b=br
eadt
h
a) l=4cm b=3cm b) l=5,2cm b=3,4
c) l=0,5m b=0,3m d) l
=7cm b=4cm

2) Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hofar
ect
angl
ewi
t eaof63cm3andbr
hanar eadt
hof7cm

3) Alengt
hofwir
eisbentt
omakeasquareofside4,
7cm.Whati
sthel
engthofwir
einthesquar
e?.I
f
t
hewi r
eist
obepaint
edatcostof23cpercent
imet
er.Howwoul
dbethetot
alcost
.

4) Apar
all
elogr
am hassi
desofl
engt
h13cm and7cm.Whati
stheper
imet
eroft
hepar
all
elogr
am

5) Fi
ndtheci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us
i) 7cm ii
) 3,
5cm i
i
i) 3,
5cm

REVIST
Lengthofar
c

173
 ø

Thedi
agr
am showami
norar
cABbei
ngsubt
endedbyt eø
heangl att
hecent
reO.

Sincetheangl
esatthecentr o360O,
eOaddupt t eøcov
heangl eredanar chø oft
cwhi hewhol
e
ci
rcumf er
enceofacircl
e. 360
ThuslengthofarcAB= ø x2πr
360
Lengthofarc= ø x2πr
360

Lengt c=ø
hofar x2πr
360

Exampl
e1

a) Cal
cul
atethelengthofthear
cofci
rcl
eradi
us7subt eof900
endedbyanangl
b) Fi
ndtheperi
met eroft
hesector

174
a) Lengt c=øx2π
hofar
360
1
=90x2x22x7
360 7
=11cm

b) t
heshadedpar
trepr
esent
sthesect
or

Per
imet
er=11cm +7cm +7cm
=25cm

Exerci
se1,
2
Calcul
atet
hemi
ssi
ngi
tem t
ocompl
etet
het
abl
e

1) Cal
cul
atet
hemi
ssi
ngi
tem t
ocor
rectt
het
abl
e

Radi
us Angle Lengt
hofar
c
a) 5cm 100o
b) 7cm 75o
c) 110o 12cm
d) 108o 132o
e) 19cm 21cm

2. Fi
ndt
heper
imet
eroft
heshapesgi
venbel
ow.Al
lmeasur
ement
sar
eincm.Use

3) Thear
cofaci
rcleofr
adius30cm subt eof110O att
endsanangl hecent
re.Uset
hev
alueof3,
142
forπt
ocal
cul
atethel
engthofthearc.

4) Whatangl
edoesonar
cof12cm subt
endal
lthecent
reofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us12cm

Ar
ea
Areaisdef
inedast
hespaceoccupi
ed
REVISIT

175
Theareaofrect
angl
eabov
ecanbef
oundbycount
ingt
het
otal
numberofsquar
ethatmakeupt
he
rect
angl
ethusArea=18unit
s

Alt
ernat
ivel
yar
eacanbeeasi
lyfoundbymul
ti
ply
ingt
henumberofsquar
esmaki
ngupt
hel
engt
handt
he
numberofsquaresmaki
ngupthewidt
h.

ThusAr
ea=lengt
hxbreadt
h
=3x6
=18unis2
t

Ar
eaofar
ect
angl
e=l
b

Thet
ri
angl
e

Basi
cal
l
ywhent
heper
pendi
cul
arhei
ghti
sgi
ven.

Ar
eaoft
ri
angl
e=½ basexhei
ght
=½bh

Di
agram i
nFi
gshowat
ri
angl
ewi
thsi
deaandbaseb.Theper
pendi
cul
arhei
ghtcanbedr
oppedasshown
byt
ri
gonometr
y.

Di
agr
am i
nFi
g.1showat
ri
angl
ewi
thsi
deaandbaseb.Theper
pendi
cul
arhei
ghtcanbedr
oppedas

176
shownbyt
ri
gonomet
ry.Si
n⊖=h
a

h=aSi
n⊖

Subst
it
uti
ngintofor
mul
a
Areaofatr
iangl
e=½b( asi
no)

Exampl
e2
Fi
ndthear
eaoft
het
ri
angl
ebel
ow

Ar
ea=½bxh
=½(
10)
h

n700
Buth=6Si

n70o
=16x10Si
2

=30Sin70o
=30(0,9397)
=28,
20t o2.
d.p

Areaofaparall
elogr
am.
Aparal
lel
ogram isaspecialty
peofarect
angl
e.Si
ncet
hear
eaofar
ect
angl
e=l
engt
hxbr
eadt
h,t
heni
n
gener
altheareaofparal
lelogr
am =basexheight
=b h

Whent
hehei
ghti
snotgi
venonat
ri
angl
etr
igonomet
ryi
susedt
ocal
cul
atet
hehei
ght
.

177
Ar
eaofpar
all
elogr
am =base hei
ght
=b h

Buth=asi
no

I
ngener
alar
eaofpar
all
elogr
am wi
thoutt
hegi
venhei
ght=abSi
no.Wher
ebi
sthebaseandai
sthesi
de
f
ormi
ngtheangl
ewit
hthebase.

Ar
eaofatrapezi
um
Atr
apezi
um isashapewi
thonepai
rofpar
all
elsi
des.

Ar
eaofat
rapezi
um=½ ( sum ofpar
all
elsi
desxhei
ght
)
=½(8+5)h
=½13xh

Buth=6sin500
=½ 13 6si n500
=29,
87
9cm2t
=29, o3.S.F

Exer
cise1,
3
1. Cal
cul
atet
hear
eaofeachoft
heshapes.Al
ldi
mensi
onsar
eincm.Use3,
14f
orπ

REVI
SIT

178
2) Thear
eaofat
rapezi s52cm2.I
um i tspar
all
elsi
desar
eofl
engt
h11cm and5cm.Cal
cul
atet
he
hei
ght

179
3) Thewi
dthofrect
angl
eishal
fit
slengt
h.I
fthear
eaoftherect
angl
eis72mc2Cal
cul
atei
ts
i
) Width ii
) it
slengt
h

4) Theareaofatrapezi
um i 5cm2.I
s71, ft
hepar
all
elsi
desar
e9,
25and3,
75cm l
ong.Fi
ndt
he
per
pendicul
ardist
ancebet
weenthem.

5) I
fthear
eaofat
ri
angl
eABCi fBA=6cm andABC=34o.Fi
s12cm.I ndt
hebaseBC

Ar
eaofCi
rcl
e
2
Thear
eaofaci
rcl
eofr
adi
us,
r,i
sπr.

Ar
eaofasect
or

Di
agr
am showacir
clewit
hsectorAOBformedbyangl
e,⊖,
atthecentr
e
Li
ket
heperimet
erofanarc,
theareaoft
hesect
orispr
opor
ti
onalt
ot heangl
eatt
hecent
re,
2
Sincet
heareaoft
hewholeci
rcl
eisπr .
2
Areaofsect
orAOB=O πr
360
Example4
Asector70oi
sshadedonaci
rcl
eofradius3cm.Cal
cul
atei
tsar
ea.
2
Ar
eaofasect
or=O πr
360
0,
78
=70 3, 12 3 3
360

46cm2
=5,

Example5
Calcul
atet
heshadedpar
t.Gi
vent
hatal
lar
car
eci
rcul
aranddi
mensi
onsar
eincm.

180
Ar
eaofsquar
e=10 10
=100mc2

Ar
eaofonet
ri e=½ 100cm2
angl
=50cm2

Ar
eaofsect
or=90 3, 12 10 10
360
=78cm2

Areaofonesegment=Areaof
Sector–Areaoft
ri
angl
e

=78m2–50cm2
=28cm2

Shadedar
ear
epr
esent
sar
eaofasegment

181
 Theshadedpar
tint
heori
ginalshar
erepr
esent
sthesum oft
het
wosegment
s.
Tot
alareaoft
heshadedpart=28+28
=\56cm2

Exer
ci 4 useπ22
se1,
7

1a) Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
owf
orar
easofsect
orsofci
rcl
esshowwor
kingi
neachcase.

Radi
us Angleofsect
or Ar
eaofSect
or
a) 7,
5cm 81o
b) 4,
7cm 1430
c) 13,
7 31o
d) 35o 3cm2
8,
e 47cm 71cm2
7,

2. I
nthedi
agr
am,
thear
eaoft
hesect
orandt
hear
eat
hesquar
eisequal
.Fi
ndt
heangl
eoft
he
sect
or

3) Cal
cul
ateshadedi
npar
tsbel
ow.Al
ldi
mensi
onsar
eincm al
lar
eci
rcul
ar

REVI
ST

4.Thear
eaofsect
orf
or eof60oi
medbyanangl 62cm2.Cal
s3, cul
atet
hear
eaoft
heci
rcl
e.

5) Themi nut
ehandofradius1,
5cm l
ongmov es10mi
nut
es
i
) Cal
culatetheangl
eitf
ormsin10mi nutes
i
i) Hence,cal
culat
etheareaofthesectoriff
orms

6)

182
Fi
g1

I
nFig1calcul
atetheareaof
h) thesectorboundedbyar
cAB,
radi
usOBandOA
i
i) tri
angleAOB
i
ii
) theunshadedsegment

EXAMI
NATI ONQUESTIONS
1) Thecircumfer
enceofaci r
cle, cent
reO,i s99cm
a) Takingπtobe22/7,calculat
et hediamet eroftheci
rcl
e
b) GiventhatAandBar epointsont hecircumf er
enceoftheci
rcl
esucht eAOB=800,
hatangl
calcul
ate t
helengthoft hemi norar cAB.
2) Thet r
apezi
um ABCDhasAB=20cm, BC=13cm andDC=15cm.Theangl eDAB=90oandAB
isparal
lelt
oDC.Calcul
atea)t helengthAD b)Thear eaofthetr
apezi
um ABCD.

183
 obe22
Takeπt
7

I
nthedi
agr
am,
OAPBi
sasect
orofaci
rcl
ecent
reOandr
adi
us28mm,
AB=43mm

Cal
cul
ate
a) theangleAOB
b) Theareaof
i
) SectorOAPB
i
i) tri
angl
eAOB
i
ii
) thesegmentAPB

Thediagram aboveshowsthecross-sect
ionofaci
rcul
armet
aldi
scofr
adius14mm.Thedischasa
cont
rolholewhichisasquareofside4mm
i
) Calcul
atea)theci
rcumferenceofthedi
sc
b) theshadedar nmm2
eai
CAMBRIDGE1985

184
a) I
nthediagr
am,theshadedsect
orAOBis7/
15oftheci
rcl
ecent
reO
Cal
cul
ateAOB
b) Cal
cul
atether
adiusofacir
clewhosear s154cm2
eai

( o22)
Takeπt
7

ZI
MSECNOV2008

185
 CHAPTER18
MENSURATI
ONOFSOLI
DSHAPE
Sol
i
dshapesar
ethr
eedi
mensi
onal
shapesl
i
kecy
li
nder
,cuboi
ds,
conespher
eet
c

SYLLABUSOBJECTI VES
Lear
nershoul
dbeabl eto
a) Calcul
atethesur
facear
eaoft
heshape

b) Cal
cul
atet
hev
olumeofsol
i
dshapesusi
ngt
hei
rfor
mul
a

c) Appl
yvol
umet
ofi
ndsol
uti
onst
ogi
venpr
obl
ems

SURFACEAREA

Thediagram showsaboxofmatcheswhichhasashapeofacuboi
d.Theshapei
smadeupofacuboi
d.
Theshapeismadeupofr ect
angul
arpl
aneshapes.
Whent heboxiscutopeni
ngthef
oll
owingplaneshapewoul
dbefor
med.

Onfoldingbackeit
her(a)or(
b)wegetbacktotheori
ginal
box
Thetotalsurf
aceareaofthematchboxcanbefoundbyaddingal
lthear
easofr
ect
angul
arf
acesAt
of
TheTot alsur
facearea=AreaofA+Ar eaofB+AreaC+Ar eaofD+Ar eaofE+Ar
eaofF.

186
Foracyl
inder
,thecurvedsurf
acecanbeopenedoutt
ogi
vear
ect
angl
eofhei
ghthandl
engt
h2πr
(2i
sthecir
cumferenceofthecir
cul
art
op)

Thuscur
vedsur
facear
ea=2πrxh
=2πrh

Thetotalsur
facear
eaofsol
i
dshapei
sbasi
cal
l
ythesum oft
hear
easofpl
aneshapes(
orf
aces)maki
ng
upthatsoli
dshape.

Sur
faceAr
eaandvol
umeofsoli
ds
Bel
owarethef
ormul
aeofsur
facear
eaandv
olumeofcommonsol
i
dshapes.

Cuboi
d
REVISI
T

Vol
ume=1/ 3
Vol
ume=(1bh) Cur
vedsurfacearea=
Sur
facear
ea=2(1b+1h+bh) Tot
alsur
facearea=

ume= 1/3xbasear
Vol eaxhei
ght
= 1/3Ah
2
Vol
ume=πr h
2
CurvedSur
facear
ea=2πrh+2πr
=2πr
(h+r
)

187
Cy
li
nder Py
rami
d

spher
e

ume=4/ 3
Vol 3πr
2
Sur
facear
ea=4πr

Exer
cise1,
1
1) Acyli
nderhasaheightof9m andadi
amet
erof6m.Fi
nd.
i
) it
svolume
i
i) it
scurvedsur
facearea

2) Cal
culat
ethevolumesofcones
a) ofbaseradi
us1,7andheight5,
5cm
b) ofbaseradi
us3,4height11,
0cm
c) Whatistherat
ioofthevolumesoft
het
wocones

3) Aconehasav ol
umeof39,
7cm.Giv
ent
hati
tsbaser
adi
usi
s3,
2cm.Fi
ndi
tshei
ght
i
i)Cal
cul
atei
tscurv
edsur
facear
ea.

4) Thebaseofapy r
amidi sasquareofsi
de8,
3cm
Theotheredgesar eoflength9,
7cm
Cal
cul
ate
a) Theareaofat r
iangularface’

b) Thehei
ghtoft
hepy
rami
d

c) Thev
olumeoft
hepy
rami
d

Example1
Ametaldrai
nagehasext
ernaldi
ameterof15,
0cm andi
nter
nal
diamet
erof13,
5cm.Cal
cul
atet
hev
olume
ofmetali
napieceofpi
pe7,2cm l
ong.Useπ=3,142

2
Vol
ume =πrh
2
Ext
ernal
vol
ume= 3,
142 (
15/
2) 7,
2

= 3,142 225 1,
8
= 51cm3
1272,
2
I
nter
nal
vol
ume=3,
142 (
13,
5/2) 7,
2

188
 2
=3,142 ( 13,
5:-2) 7,
2
3
1030,73cm

Vol
umeofmet
al 51cm3-
=1272, 73cm3
1030,
3
=241,
78cm

Exampl
e2
Ametalst
oragebi
n,wi
thal
i
d,i
sshapedasshowni
nthedi
agr
am bel
owandi
smadeofsheetmet
al.

i
) Cal
cul
atet
heareaofsheetmet
alneeded
i
i
) Cal
cul
atet
hecapaci
tyofthebi
n.

Ar
eaofsheetmet
alneeded= cur
v edsurfaceareaofa
Cyl
inder+cur vedsur
facear
eaofcone
=2πr(h+r)+πr l
=πr(2(h+r)+l)
=3,
142( 1,
5)( 2)(
2+1,5)+L)
=4,713(7+L)

Fr
om cone

L2=1,
52+32
=2,
25+9
=11,25
=11,
25
=3,
35

Subst
it
uti
ngL
Area=4,713( 7+3,
35)
=4,713( 10,
25)
=48,312

189
i
i
) Capaci
ty=v
olume

=v olumeofcy linder+v
ol umeofcone
2 2
=πr hcy+1πr hco wherehcy=hei
ghtofcy
li
nder
3 hco=hei
ghtofcone
2
=πr (hcy+1hco)
3
2
=3,
142( 1,5) (2+3)
3
=35,35m

Example3
Diagr
am showfr
ust
um ofacone,topandbot
tom di
amet
ersbei
ng6cm and10cm r
espect
ivel
yanddept
h
i
s2cm.Fi ndt
hevol
umeofthefrustum.

3x+6=5x

6=2x

x=3

Vol
umeoff
rust
rum =Volumelargercone–volumeofsmal
l
ercone
2 2
=1/3π(5) 5-
1/3π(2) 3
=1/3Iπ(
125-12)
=1/3π(113)
=37,
33πcm3

EXERCI
SE1,
2

190
2,

Thediagram showashadeofhei ght3,

11m atthebackand2, 20m atthefr
ont.It
slengthi
s3,9m andi
ts
dept
hf r
om t hef ronttobackis2,67m.Calculate
a) thear eaofasi dewall
b) thevol umeoft heshed
Hint:shadef ormedbyacuboi dandat r
iangularpri
sm
2) Aswi mmi ngpool i
s25,0m longand15,0wi de.Thebot tom sl
opessteadil
yandattheshall
owend
thepool i
s1,00m deepandatt hedeependi tsdepthis2,75m.Howmanyl i
tr
esofwaterdoest
he
pool hold.(1m3=1Li tre)
3) Awoodenbox, withoutalidhasalengthof48cm, widthof40cm andheightof20cm.Ifthe
cardboar dmaki ngtheboxi s1cm t
hick.Calculat
e
a) thevol umeoft hebox
b) thevol umeofcar dboardusedt omaket hebox

4) Awaterl
eveli
naswimmingpool25m l
ongand9,15m wi
deis12,5cm bel
owmaxi
mum.I
fwat
eri
s
bei
ngsuppl
iedatar
ateof116m3perminut
e,howlongwil
li
ttaketofi
ll.

5) Apet r
olstoragetankisacyl
i
nderofadi
amet
er7,
3m and4,
1m.Cal
cul
atet
hemassofpet
rol
that
i
twi l
lhold.Densi
tyofpetr
olthati
twi
l
lhol
d
Densityofpetrol
=895kg/ m3
Hint:Density=___mass_
_
Vol
ume

Vol
umeofapr
ism
Apr
ism isasoli
dwhichhasauni
form cross-
sect
ion
Acr
oss-sect
ionref
erstot
heendviewfrom anydirect
ion.

I
nt hediagram (a)and(b)theshadedpartsr
epresentthei
rcrosssect
ions
Thev ol
umeofpr i
sm isfoundbymultipl
yi
ngthecrosssectionalar
eabythehei
ght(
i.
ethedi
stancet
othe
otheroppositesimil
arface)
Thus,volumeofapr i
sm =crosssecti
onalar
eaxhei ght
Whent hepr i
sm ishori
zontall
i
keont heaboveexampl e

Vol
umeofapr
ism =cr
oss–sect
ional
areaxl
engt
h

Exampl
e4
Fi
ndthevol
umeoft
hedi
agr
am bel
ow.Gi
vent
hati
tsl
engt
his9m

191
Vol
ume =Crosssect
ional
Areaxhei
ght
=½( 5+7)3 9 Cr
osssect
ioni
sat
rapezi
um)
=18x9
=162cm2

Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions

1) Fi
ndt
hev
olumeoft
hesol
i
ds

2)
a) Cyl
inderAhasbaser adi
us3,
5cm andhei
ght10cm.Cal
cul
atethevolumeofA.Takeπt obe22
7
b) Asol i
dmet alcyl
i
nderBhasvolume216cm3.
i
) Calculatethev ol
umeofacy l
i
nderwhichhasthesamehei
ghtasBbutbaser adi
ustwicethatofB
i
i) Giv
ent hatthecyli
nderBismelt
eddownandmadei nt
oacube, cal
culat
ethel
engthofanedgeof
thecube

192
 C.
S.C
3. I
nthi
squest
iont
aket
obe3,
142

Thediagram represent
sawoodenbl ockint
heshapeofapri
sm.ThefacesABCDandEFGHar ehori
zont
al
andalltheothersarevert
ical
.ACandEGar ethedi
ameter
softhesemi-
cir
clesandEFGr
espect
ivel
y.
Giv
ent hatEH=GH=10cm, andHD=20cm,EG=16cm Cal
cul
ate
i) Thear eaofthesemi-
cir
cleEFG

i
i
) Thear
eaoft
het
ri
angl
e

i
i
i) Thev
olumeoft
hebl
ock

i
v) Themassoft
hebl
ocki
nki
l
ogr
ams,
giv
ent
hatt
hedensi
tyoft
hewoodi
s0,
8g

v
) Thear
eaoft
hecur
vedsur
face

Cambr
idge,
Nov
ember1990

Thediagram aboverepresent
sthecr
osssect
ionofabarn.Thewidt
his10m,t
hev
ert
ical
sidesPTandRS
areeach15m andt heroofPQRisanarcofacir
cle,
cent
reO, wi
thPOR=90o
a) Calcul
ate
i
) theradi
usofthesectorPQRO

193
i
i
) t
hear
eaoft
hecr
oss-
sect
ion

b) Gi
venthatt
hebarnis30m l
ong,
cal
cul
ate
i
) t
hevol
umeoft hebarn
i
i) t
hecostofpai
nti
ngtheoutsi
deoft
heroofcor
rectt
othenear
est$10at$250persquar
emet
re

CHAPTER19
Angl
ePr
oper
ti
es
Syl
labusObjecti
ves
Leanershouldbeableto
a) st
ateallt
herequi
redpr
oper
ti
esofangl
es
b) St
atetheproper
ti
esofpol
ygons

Angl
es
Aangl
eisatur
nmeasuredf
rom aref
erencepoint
Aful
ltur eof360o.Ast
nmakesanangl r
aightl
i
neorhal
ftur eof1800
nmakesanangl
Ty
pesofangl
es
 Acut
eangl
es–Thesear
eangl
esl han90o
esst

 Obt
useangl
es–angl
esgr
eat han900butl
ert han1800
esst

 Ref
lexangl
e–angl
esgr
eat han180oandl
ert han3600
esst

Pr
oper
ti
esofangl
es
Anglesonast
rai
ghtl
i
neaddupt
o
1800

Whent
wost
rai
ghtl
i
nescuteachot
herv
ert
ical
l
yopposi
teangl
esar
efor
med.Ver
ti
cal
l
yopposi
teangl
esar
e

194
equal

Al ea0,
soangl b0c0andd0angl
esatapoi
nt,
t o3600
heyaddupt
0
Angl
esatapoi
ntaddupto360

Angl
esi
npar
all
ell
i
nes
Whent
wopar
all
ell
i
near
ecutbyat
hir
dli
necal
l
edt
het
ransv
ersal
,8angl
esar
efor
med

a)Alli
ed/co-i
nter
ior
(addupt o1800 c+d=180o,+d=180
f
b)Alternateangl
es(Zangles)
e=d,c=f
g h
c)Cor r
espondingangles
a=e,b=f ,
h=d,c=g

Angl
epr
oper
ti
esoft
ri
angl
es
Tr
iangl
esar
e3si
dedshapeswhoseangl o180o
esaddupt

195
 Al
lthr
eeangl
esar
eequal

Addi
ti
onaltypesoftri
angles
Ari
ghtangledtri
anglehasoneright
Anacute-
angledtri
anglehaseachangl
el han900
esst
Anobtuse-
angledtri
anglehasoneangl
egreat han900
ert

Fur
therpr
opor
ti
ons
a0+b0+c0=1800
1. Thesum oft
hei
nter
iorangl
esar
eequal

I
fonesideisproduced(
ext
ended,
theext
eri
orangl
efor
medi
sequal
tot
hesum oft
heopposi
teangl
es.
Thati
s,e0=a0+b0

Exer
cise1,
1
1) Namet
hreet
ypesofangl
eswi
thexampl
es

2) Fi
ndx

a) 1000 b) 1000 x0

196
 x0 800
1000

3) Fi
ndt
hev
aluesoft
heunknownl
ett
erswi
thr
easons

1200 a

f g

d b
c e

4. Cal
cul
atet
hev
alueofx

6) Fi
ndt
hev
alueoft
hel
ett
ers

Angl
epr
oper
ti
esofpol
ygons
Apol
ygoni
sanycl
osedpl
aneshapewi
thst
rai
ghtsi
dese.
g.at
ri
angl
e,quadr
il
ater
alet
c

197
Di
ff
erentt
ypesofpol
ygons

TypeofPolugon Number
Tri
angles 3si
des
Quadril
ater
al 4si
des
Pentagon 5si
des
Hexagon 6si
des
Heptagon 7si
des
Octagon 8si
des
Nonagon 9si
des
Decagon 10si
des

I
nter
iorangl
esofpol
ygons

Consi
dert
hepol
ygonsbel
owwi
thi
ncr
easi
ngnumber

Eachpol
ygonhasbeendi
vi
dedi
ntopossi
blenumberoft
ri
angl
est
oai
dinf
indi
ngt
hem someofi
nter
ior
angl
es.

I
temergesfr
om t
hepat
ter
nthatt
ofi
ndt
hesum ofi
nter
iorangl
esofann-
sidedpol
ygon=(
n-2)
180
or=(
2n-4)
90

I
nar
ect
angul
arpol
ygont
hesi
desar
eequal
inl
engt
h,t
heangl
esar
eal
soequal
.

Si
zeofeachangl
e=(
n-2)180o
n

Ext
eri
orangl
espol
ygons

Consi
deronequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
ewi
thi
nter
iorangl ze60o.Eachi
esofsi spr
oducedt
ofr
om ext
eri
orangl
es
asshown

198
a0=600+600 b=60o+60o
c0=60o+600
a0+b+c=60o+60o+60o+60o+60o
=3600
Sincea+b+c=360,
iti
sshownthatthesum ofext
eri
orangl s3600.
esi

Thesum oft
heext
eri
orangl
esofanypol
y s360o.
goni

Example1
Calcul
atet
hesum ofi
nter
iorangl
esofar
egul
aroct
agon(
8si
des)

Sum ofi
nter
iorangles=( n=2)180o
Butn=8
=(8-2)180
=6 180o
=1080o
Example2
Howmanysi deshasar ectangularpol
ygoni
feachi
nter
i s1080
ori

Si
zeofrect
angl
e=(
n-2)1800
n
108=(n-2)108
1 n

108n=180(n-2)
108n=180n-360
360=180n-
108n
360=72n
72 72

n=5si
des
t
hepol
ygonhas5si
des

19.
1.1Exer
cise1,
2
1) Cal
cul
atet
hei
nter
iorofr
egul
arpoly
gonswi
th
a) 6si
des b)10si
des c)15si
des

2) Fi
ndt henumberofsi
dest
hatar egul
arpol
ygonhasi
fit
sinteri
orangl
esar
e
a) 1080 b)1560 c)1200 d)1500

3) I
nthedi
agr
amsbel
ow,
cal
cul
atex

199
4) Ref
ert
oquest
ion3.Fi
ndt
hev
aluesofeachoft
hei
ndi
cat
edangl
esi
neachdi
agr
am

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS
1) ABCDEisapentagon.Theangl esatA,
B,C,
D,Earexo,
4xo,
5xor
espect
ivel
y.Fi
ndt
hevalueofx
andpr
ovethatABispar al
l
el t
oED
2) Thei
nter
iorangl
eofar egularpoly
gonis162o.Fi
ndthenumberofsi
desofthepol
ygon.

3) Apol ygonhas8equal si
des
a) Statethespecialnameofthepol
ygon
b) Calculatethespeci
alnameofthepol
ygon
4) Thei nter
iorofapoly
gonisfourt
imesasbi
gast
heext
eri
orangl
eCal
cul
atet
hesi
zeofi
nter
ior
angle.

CHAPTER20
PERCENTAGES
Aper
cent
agei
saf
ract
ionwi
thadenomi
nat
orof100e. s13/
g.13%i 100

Syl
labusobject
ives
Learnershoul
dbeabl et
o:
a) Changepercent
aget
ofr
act
ionsordeci
mal
s,v
icev
ersa

200
b) Expressonequant i
tyasaper centageoft heother
c) Calcul
atepercentageincreaseandper centagedecreases.
d) Calcul
atetherequiredinf
ormationinbuy i
ngandsel li
ng
e) Solveprobl
emsi nvolvi
ngsimpleinterest

Changi
ngper
cent
aget
ofr
act
ionsordeci
mal
s
Tochangeaper
cent
aget
oaf
ract
iondi
vi
deby100

Exampl
e1

Change30%t
o i
) af
ract
ion i
i
)adeci
mal

i
) 30% = i
i
) 30%=

= =0,
3

Changi
ngfr
act
ionordeci
malst
opercentages
Tochangeafr
acti
onordeci
maltoapercentagey
oumul
ti
plyi
tby100

Example2
Changethef
oll
owi
ngt
oper
cent
ages

i
) i
i
) 0,
45

i
) 100 i
i
) 0,
45 100

45%
=60%

Expr
essi
ngonequant
it
yasaper
cent
ageofanot
her

Exampl
e3

Expr
ess$50asaper
cent
ageof$200

$50 100
200

=25%

Exer
cise1,
1

201
1) Changethef
oll
owi
ngper cent
ages
i
) tofr
act
ionsi
nthei
rlowestter
ms
i
i) todeci
mals

a) 20% b) 30% c) 38% d) 80%

e) 75% f) 5% g) 331/3% e)

2) ChangeThef
oll
owi
ngt
oper
cent
ages

a) b) c) d) 0,
5 e) 0,
33 f
) 0,
22

g) 0,
275 h)

3) Expr
esst
hef
ir
stquant
it
yasaper
cent
ageoft
hesecond

a) $9:$100 b) 75:
$200 c) 30:
$150 d) 300m:
1,5km
e) 1,
2li
tr
es:2l
i
tres
h) 3mm:1cm
f) 70:
$2

4) Cal
culat
e
a) 5%of20c b) 20%of$1
c) 30%of$1, 50 d) 75%of250g
e) 94%of1000 f) 331/
3of$21
g) 662/
3%o f24

5) Thepassmarki
nanexaminat
ioni
s40%
I
ftheexami
nati
oni
smarkedoutof120whati
sthepassmar
k.

6) Kudzai
scor
es35mar
ksoutofpossi
ble50mar
ksi
nat
est
.Whatper
cent
agedi
dsheget
.

7) Api
eceofel
ast
ic48cm l
ongi
sst
ret
chedt
o60cm.Whatper
cent
ageoft
heor
igi
nal
lengt
hist
he
i
ncrease

8) At
raderal
l
owsa20%deposi
tonast
ovet
hatcost$500.Howmuchi
sthedeposi
t

Per
cent
agei
ncr
easeanddecr
ease
Exampl
e
a) I
ncrease$50by10%
b) Decrease$20by5%

a) Thenewpr
icei
s110%oftheori
ginalpri
ce
110%of$50=110 $50
100
=$55
b) Thenewpr
icei
s95%oftheori
ginalpri
ce
95%of$20= 95 20
1005

=$19

202
BUYI
NGANDSELLI
NG

Commonl yusedter
ms
Costpri
ce -Thisist
hepri
cepaidf
oranarti
cl
esellingpr
ice
Sell
i
ngprice - Thisthepri
ceatwhi
chthear
ti
cleissold.
Profi
t -Theexcessofsel
li
ngpri
ceoverthecostpri
ce(i.
esel
l
ingpr
ice-costpr
ice)

Loss -
Theexcessofcostpr
iceov
ert
hesel
l
ingpr
ice(
i.
ecostpr
ice-
sel
l
ingpr
ice)

Thepr
ofi
torl
ossi
sof
tenexpr
essedasaper
cent
ageoft
hecostpr
ice.

Per
cent
agepr
ofi
t(orl
oss)= (
orl
oss)x

Example5
Aretai
l
erbuyasuitfrom awhol
esal
erat$20.Hesel
l
sthesui
tat$25.Cal
cul
ate.
i
) Theprofi
tmade
i
i) theper
centageprofi
t

i
) Pr
ofi
t =sel
l
ingpr
ice–costpr
ice
=$25-$20
=$5

i
i
) %pr
ofi
t=Profi
t 100
costpri
ce
5
=5 100
20

=25%

Example6
Atradermakea10%pr
ofi
tbysel
l
ingat
woplat
estove$60.Whati
sthecostpr
iceofthest
ove
110%:$60 usepr
oporti
on
100%:l
ess

60

=$54,
54
OTHERTERMSUSED

Hi
repur
chasemet
hodofbuy
ing

Exer
cise1,
3

1) $75by5% b) 60cby2% c) $1,

50by10%

203
d) 0,
25cm by4% e) 65cm by75% f
) $38by61%

2) Decreaset
hef
oll
owi
ngquant
it
iesbythegi
venper
cent
age
a) $50by4% b) 20cby75% c) $14by12%
d) 7m by5% f) 0,
08by2% g) $25by4%

3. Thepr
icei
s$60af
terani
ncr
easeof10%.Fi
ndt
heor
igi
nal
pri
ce

4) Thepr
icei
s$150af
terani
ncr
easeof25%.Fi
ndt
heor
igi
nal
pri
ce.

5) Thepr
icei
s$42af
teradecr
easeof5%.Fi
ndt
heor
igi
nal
pri
ce

7) Anar
ti
clei
sbought$1,
50andsol
data10%pr
ofi
t.Howmuchwast
hesel
l
ingpr
ice?

8) Ast
ovei
sboughtat$230andsol
datal
essof6%.Whati
sthesel
l
ingpr
ice?

9) Fi
ndt
hecostpr
iceofanar
ti
cl
ewhi
chi
ssol
dfor$21,
25atapr
ofi
tof5%

10) Fi
ndt
hecostpr
iceanar
ti
cl
ewhi
chi
ssol
dfor$15,
25al
essof3%

11) Aman’
sweekl
ywagei
sincr
easedf
rom $125t
o$140.Cal
cul
atet
heper
cent
agei
ncr
ease

12) Ar et
ail
erboughtsomehat
sfr
om $1,
90eachandsol
dthem at30%pr
ofi
t.Whatwast
hesel
l
ing
pr
iceof eacht hat?

13) Bysel l
i
ngabicy
clef
or$78,
ashopkeepermakesaprofi
tof30%ofhi
scostpr
ice.Atwhatpr
ice
shoul
dhesel
li
ttomakeapr
ofi
tof25%ofhiscostpr
ice?

14) I
nabat
chof150ar
ti
cl
es6%wer
edef
ect
ive.Cal
cul
atet
henumberwhi
chwer
enotdef
ect
ive

15) Av endorbuy
s150or
angesf
or$3,
75andsel
l
sthem al
lat3cent
s.Whatper
cent
agepr
ofi
tdi
dthe
make?

SI
MPLEI
NTEREST

I
NTEREST
Thi
sisthepri
cepaidf
orusingbor
rowedmoneysi
milar
ly,
whenf ori
nstanceapersonsaveshi
s/hermoney
wit
hthebank,he/
sherecei
vespayment
softhei
nter
estpropor
ti
onaltohisorhersavi
ngs.

Pr
inci
pal
Thisref
erst
othemoneybor
rowedorsav
ed.Thei
nter
esti
susual
l
yaper
cent
ageoft
hepr
inci
pal
foreach
yearofthel
oan.

I
ftheinteresti
swit
hdr
awn(orpaid)eachy ear
,thepri
nci
pal
remainst
hesameandthi
siscal
l
edsimpl
e
i
nter
est.Perannum meansperyear.
I
faprincipalof$Pi
sdeposi
tedf
orTy ear
satar ateofR%perannum,t
hesi
mplei
nter
est,
$1isgi
venbyt
he
f
ormula.

Thefor
mulacanber
e-ar
rangedt
ochanget
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
atof
indt
hepr
inci
pal
(P)
,ort
her
ati
oR,
ort
hetime(T)
.

204
- I
tisadv
isabl
etocal
cul
ateusi
ngt
het
imei
nyear
s.

Example7
Calcul
atet
hesi
mpl
eint
erestan$100f
or2½y
ear
sat5%p.
a

I=

=$12,
50

Exampl
e5
Atwhatr
ateperannum i
ssi
mpl
eint
erestpai
dwhen$720y
iel
dsani
nter
estof$216i
n6y
ear
s.

I=

216=

216=

MakeRt
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
ar

2 160=432R
540
R=2160
4321
108
135
=540
108
27
45
=35
27
9

R=5%

Exer
cise

1) Calcul
atethesi mplei
nter
estont
hefol
l
owi
ng
a) $50f or1yearat5%pa.
b) $75f or1½y earsat5%p.a
c) $110f or10mont hsat6%
d) $120for1y ear6mont hsat3½ p.
a

205
2) Cal
cul
atet
hepr
inci
pal
thatwi
l
lear
nani
nter
estof

a) $54in1year6mont hsat8%p.
a
b) $252in5y earsat9%p.a
c) $374in4y earsat11%p.a
d) $12,
96in3y earsat9%p.a

3) Fi
ndthet
imewhich
a) $240wil
lear
n$120at5%p. a
b) $200wil
lear
n$75at8%p. a
c) $245wil
learn$137,
20at14%p.
a

4) Cal
cul
atet herat
epercent ,perannum ofwhich
a) $162willearn$43,20i n4years
b) $70wil
l earn$216iny ears
c) $225willearn$54i n4y ears
5) Abanklends$6000t oacompanyf or8months.Attheendoft
hatper
iod$6048i
srepai
red.
Cal
cul
atet heannualrateofint
erestwhichwascharged.

6) Fi
ndt
heamountaf
ter2y
ear
sinwhi
ch$840wi
l
lear
n$157,
50at12½%perannum,
simpl
e
i
nter
est
.

7) Cal
cul
atet
hesi
mpl
eint
ereston$480i
nvest
edf
or5y
ear
sat9%perannum

8) Abankcharges$28simplei
nter
estonasum ofmoneywhichisbor
rowedf
orf
ourmont
hs.Gi
ven
t
hatther
ateofint
eresti
s15%perannum,Cal
culat
ethesum ofmoney.

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS
1) Amanbr oughtapict
urefor$325andsolditataprofi
tof12%.Calcul
atethesell
ingprice
b) Adealermadeapr of
itof20%bysell
ingacarf or$630.Cal
cul
atethepricehepaidfort hecar.
Cambr i
dge
2) Ashopmar ksanarti
clesoastomakeapr ofitof30%ont hecostpri
ce.Inasalediscountof10%
wasal l
owedoffthemarkedpri
ce.I
fthear t
icl
ewassoldinthesale,st
atetheact ual
per
centagepr ofi
tmadebyt heshop.

3) Cal
cul
atet
hepr
inci
pal
thatear
ns$1520si
mpl
eint
erestat12%perannum.

4)
a) Duri
ngadr
ought
,af
armerl
ost20%ofhi
sher
dofcat
tl
eandwasl
eftwi
th40onl
y.Cal
cul
atehi
s
or
igi
nal
her
d.

b)
Speci
alOf
fer!
!
40%OFF
ONALLMARKEDPRI
CES

Ashopdi
spl
ayedt
heabov
eadv
ert
isementoni
tswi
ndows

Cal
cul
ate
i
) Thesel
l
ingpri
ceofanart
icl
emar ked$2500ont
hisshape
i
i) Theamountbybuyi
ngtheart
icl
einthi
sshop

5) Aagr
icul
tur
ecl
asskeeps100br
oil
erchi
ckensatat
ime.Thebasi
ccost
sofi
nput
sar
eshowni
n
the t
abl
ebelow.

206
Costof100Chi
ckens Costof50kgbr
oil
erst
art
er Costof50kgFi
nishermash
mash
$4800 $2180 $2118

Thecl
assneeds20kgofboilerstar
termashand100kgoff i
nishermasht ofeedthechi
ckensf
orsi
xweeks.
a) Cal
culatet
hebasi
ccostofbuy ingandkeepi
ng100chi ckensforsixweeks.
b) Aft
ersixweeksal
lthechickensar esol
dat$300each.Cal cul
atetheprofi
tmade
c) Asecondbatchofchickenswasboughtwhent hepriceoffeedshadgoneupby15%
i
) Cal
culatet
hecapi
talneededt obuyandr ai
sethisbatch
i
i) Aft
ersixweeks55oft hechickenswerestol
enandt herestweresoldat$375each

Cal
cul
atet
heper
cent
agepr
ofi
tmade.

207
 CHAPTER21
Pr
obabi
l
ity
Probabi
li
tyi
sachancethataneventwill
occur
.Iti
safract
ionwhichl
iesbetween0and1,whi
chgivesus
anideaofli
kel
ihoodofaneventhappeni
ngornothappeni
ng.
Ift
heprobabil
i
tyofaneventi
sone( 1)i
tmeanstheeventwil
lcer
tai
nlyhappen.I
fit
szer
o(0)
,theni
twil
l
cert
ainl
ynothappen.

Syl
labusObjecti
ves
Leanershouldbeabl eto
a) Expl
ainexperimentalprobabili
tyandcalcul
atet heprobabili
ty
b) Expl
aintheoreti
calprobabili
tyandmaker elat
edcont ributi
ons
c) Expl
ainmut uall
yexclusiveeventsinprobabil
i
t yandmaker el
atedcal
cul
ati
on
d) Expl
aini
ndependentev entsinprobabi
li
tyandsol ver elat
edproblems
e) Solv
eprobabi l
i
tyusingout comet abl
esandt reediagrams

Exper
iment
alpr
obabi
l
ity
Thi
sisaform ofpr
obabil
it
ythatusesrecordofpastev
ent st
opredi
ctthef
uture.Forexampl
e,I
fPeter
managedtopass4outoft hefi
vetest
st hathehaswri
tten,t
henbasedonthatrecor
dwecanpr edi
ctt
hat
Pet
erwil
lpassthesixt
htest.

Pract
ical
l
y, exper
ienti
alprobabi
li
tyi
susedinmanysit
uat
ionslikepredi
cti
ngthel
ikel
yrai
nfal
lpat
ter
nofthe
comingseason, t
opr edi
ctoutcomesbasedonprev
ioussurveyresult
s,t
opredi
cttheout
comeofamat ch
basedont hepreviousresult
softhetwoteamst
hatareplay
ing.

BasicFor
mularforprobabi
li
ty
Probabi
li
tymeasurestheli
kel
ihoodofar
equi
redout
come.I
tisusual
l
ygi
venasaf
ract
ion

Pr
obabi
l
ity=numberofrequi
redout
comes
Numberofpossi
bleout
come

Usi
ngt hepreviousexampleofPeterwherehepassed4outoft
he5testwrit
tensof
ar.
Theprobabil
ityofPeterpassi
ngthenexttest
,
Wri
ttenas
P(passing)=numberofr equi
redoutcomes(i.
enumbertest
shehaspassed)
Numberofpossibleoutcomesarei.
ethenumbert
est
swrit
ten)

P(
fai
l
ing)=numberofr
equi
redoutcomes(
i.
etheu\numbert
est
sfai
l
ed)
Numberofpossi
bleout
comes(i
.ethenumberoft
est
swri
tten)

Taki
ngP( f
ail
i
ng)asP(notpassi
ng)
P(Passi
ng)+P(notpassi
ng)=4/5+1/
5

=1

P(
Passi
ng) =1-P(
notpassi
ng)

208
Also
P( notpassi
ng) =1-P(Passing)
Generall
yift
heprobabi
l
ityofsomethinghappeni
ngi
sx,t
hent
heprobabi
li
tyofitnothappeni
ngis1-x
Thesum oft hepr
obabi
li
tyofsomethinghappeni
ngandt
hepr
obabil
i
tyofthatsomethingnothappeni
ngi
s
equal t
o1.

Example1
Inaschool ,i
tisknownthat20student
soutofever
y50adv ancedlev
elstudent
s,makeitt
ouni
versi
ty.Fi
nd
i
) theprobabil
i
tyofstudent
swhowi l
lgotouni
versit
ynexty ear
i
i) theprobabil
i
tyofstudentswhowill
notgotouniversit
y
i
ii) Thenumberofst udentswhowill
got ouni
ver
sityif75studentssitf
orthei
radv
ancedl
evel
examinations

i
) P(
student
sgoi
ngt
ouni
ver
sit
y)= numberofr equi
red
numberofpossi
bleoutcome

i
i
) P(
Studentnotgoi
ngt
ouni
ver
sit
y)=1–P(
student
swhowi
l
lgo)
.

=1-

i
i
i) Numberofst
udent
s=P(
student
sgoi
ngt
ouni
ver
sit
y)x75goi
ngt
ouni
ver
sit
y.

= x75

=30student
s
Exampl
e2
Ther
earesixsl
icesofbreadinaplat
e.Foursl
icesar
espreadwit
hj am whi
letwoslicesar
espr
eadwi
th
margar
ine.
i
) Whatistheprobabi
li
tyt
hatasli
cechosenatrandom i
sspr
eadwi thjam
i
i) Whatistheprobabi
li
tyt
hatasli
cechosenofrandom i
sspreadmar gar
ine.

i
) P(
Jam) = i
i
) P(
mar
gar
ine)=

= =

Atr
andom meanswi
thoutchoosi
ngcar
eful
l
y!

Exer
cise1,1
1) Aboxcontainssevenr
edandt
hreebl
uebal
l
-poi
ntpens.Mar
yrandoml
ypi
ckapenatr
andoml
y
from t
hebox,fi
nd

209
 i
)P( red) ii
)P( blue) i
ii
)P( neitherbluenorr ed)
Hint–nei ther,normeansnoneoft heabov ement ioned
2) Ther earetwent ygirl
sandf i
fteenboy sinformf ourA.Apupi li
schosenatrandom f
rom t
he
classes.Find.
i
) P(girl
) ii
)P( boy )
3) Onahospi taltwoi never
y100babi esborndie.Fi ndt hepr obabili
tythat
a) abor nbabywi l
ldie
b) abor nbabywi l
lnotdi e
c) i
f75babi esareborn,howmaywoul dy ouexpectt o
i
)die i
i)li
ve
4) Mi ddaytemper at ur
eduri
ngaweekwer e21o, 21o,20o, 19o, 18o.Whatisthepr
obabil
i
tyt
hatthe
middaytemper atureinthenextdaywi l
lbe
a) 21o b) 20o c) 30o
5) Team AandTeam Bhav epl ayedeachot her10t i
mes.Team Ahas5games.Team Bhaswon3
ti
mesandt heyhav edrawnt wice.Whatist hepr obabili
tyt hatont henextmatch
a) Team Awi llwin b)Team Bwi llwi n c)Thet wot eamswill
draw
d) whi chteam islikelytowinthemat ch

6) Onei neverysi
xtybul
binashopi
sfaul
ty.I
facust
omerpi
cksonef
rom t
heshel
fwhati
sthe
pr
obabi
l
itythat
i
) itisfaul
ty i
i
)iti
snotfaul
ty

7) Tablebelowgiv
esresul
tofasurveyonthenumberofcust
omerthatcometot
heirshopbygender
.
The t abl
eshowt hetot
alnumberofcustomersi
nthet
wodi f
fer
entt
imesofdayandthenumberof
those thatweremaleandfemale.

Totalnumberof Numberofmal
es Numberoff
emal
es
customer
s

Mor
ning 50 15 35

Af
ter
noon 25 10 15

a) Forthewholeday ,f
indthetot
al numberof i)malest
hatent
ertheshop
i
i) Femalesthatent ertheshop
b) Fi
ndt hepercentageoft hecustomerthatweremales
c) Fi
ndt hepercentageoft hecustomersthatweref
emales
d) Fi
ndt heprofi
tabili
tythatt
henextcustomertoentert
heshopisli
kel
ytobefemal
e
e) Ofthenext10cust omershowmanyar eli
kel
ytobefemales

Theor
eti
cal
probabi
l
ity
Theser
efer
st oprobabi
li
tythatcanbefoundwit
houtanypri
orexperi
mentorrecordofpastev
ent.For
exampl
ethefactthatacoinhast wosi
des,aheadandat ai
l
,thep(tail
)=½andp( head)=½.Iti
sbased
onthef
actthattheprobabi
lit
yofeachoutcomeisequal
lyli
kelydueinher
entf
air
ness.

Example3
Adieisthr
own.Fi
ndtheprobabil
it
yofget
ti
ng
i
) a 3 i
i) orev
ennumber
i
)P( 3)
=numberofrequi
redoutcome
Numberofpossi
bleoutcome

i
i
) P(
evennumber
)= numberofr
equir
edoutcome(
i.
e.2,4,6)
Numberofpossi
bleout
come(1,2,
3,4,
5,
6

210
 =

Exampl
e4
Acardi
spi
ckedatr
andom f
rom apackof52pl
ayi
ngcar
ds.Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hati
tisa2

P(
a2)=numberofr
equi
redoutcomes (
i.
e2ofclubs,
2ofhear
ts,
2ofspades)
Numberofpossi
bleout
comes 2ofdi
amonds)

=4 =1
52 13
Exer
cise1,
2
Afai
r6sideddi
eist
hrown.Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ng

a) a3 b) a10 c) aO d) a6
e) ei
thera1,
2,
3,4,5or6
f) oddnumber
g) aprimenumber
h) anumberdivisi
bleby6.
i
) anumbergreaterthan3
i
i) anumberlessthan5

2. Acardispi
ckedatr
andom f
rom apackof52play
ingcar
ds.Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityofpi
cki
ng
a) 5ofspades b) the3ofclubs
c) t
hejofheart
s d) a4ofdiamonds
e) aQueen f) anAcee(A)
g) adi
amond h) ablackKi
ng
j
) abl
ack5 k) eit
hera3ora4

3) Twocoinsar
etossedt
oget
her
.Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofgett
ing?
a) atai
landahead b) twot
ail
s c) twoheads

4) Alett
erischosenatr
andom f
rom t
healphabet
.Fi
ndt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hati
s.
a) Q b) av owel
c) oneofthelett
ersoft
hewordTEXTURE
d) oneofthelett
ersoft
hewordPROBABILITY
e) ei
therXorY
f) ei
therAorB

Mut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
veev
ent
s
Twoev entsaresai dtobemutuallyexclusi
veiftheycannotbothhappenatt hesameti
me.Forexample,on
thr
owingadi e,theev ent
,“ascoreof3i sobtai
nedandt heeventscoreoffouronasinglet
hrow, i
s
mutuall
yexclusive.Thesetwoev entscannothappenatt hesamet i
me.
However ,t
heev entofgetti
ngascor eof3andt heev entofget
ti
nganoddnumberofscor ear
enot
mutuall
yexclusive.Why ?onasinglethrowy oucangetascor eof3whi chhappenstobeanoddnumber
ofscore.
Thereare6possi blescoreonadi ethatis1or2or3or4or5or6.Si nceP( scor
eof3)andP( scor
eof4)
aremut ual
lyexclusiv
e.Itmeansifyoudonotgeta3t herei
sachancet hatyouwill
geta4.

Si
ncePr
obabi
l
ity=numberrequir
edoutcomesi.
e.
Numberofpossibl
eoutcomes

211
SoP(
3or4) =

Al
ter
nati
vel
y
P(3or4) =P(
3)+P(
4)

Wesai
dP(
3)andP(
oddnumberofscor
e)ar
enotmut
ual
l
yexcl
usi
vel
y

P(
3oroddnumberofscor
e) =

Compari
ngther
esul
ts
P(3oroddnumberofscor
e)=P(
3)+P(
oddnumberofscor
e)

Oncompar i
sonitcanbeseenthatonemethodgiv
esaprobabil
ityof½whi
letheothergi
vesapr
obabi
l
ity
of2/
3.I
ttheref
oremeans,f
oreventswhichar
enotmutual
lyexclusi
ve.
P(AorB)≠((A)+P( B)
e.
gP(3oroddnumberofscor e)≠P(3)+P( oddnumberofscore)
Butf
ormutual
lyexclusi
veev
ents

P(
AorB) =(
P( A)+P(
B)(Sum r
ule)
e.
g P(
3or4) =P(3)+P(4)

212
 =

I
ndependentEvent
s
Event
saresaidtobeindependenti
ftheoccur
renceofonedoesnotaff
ecttheoccurr
enceoftheother
.
Forexampleontossi
ngacoi nandthrowi
ngadie,t
heevent
s“tai
l”“andscore3”arei
ndependent
.

ThusP(
AandB) =P(
A)xP(
B)(
productRul
e)

Example5
Acardischosenatrandom f
rom apackofpl
ayi
ngcar
ds.Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hati
sei
theranAceora
theQueenofheart
s.

Si
ncethet
woar enat
ural
lyexcl
usive
P(AceorQueenofheart
s)=P( Ace)+Queenofhear
ts

Example6
Aboxcontai
n4redpensand6bluepens.Oneispi
ckedatr
andom wi
thoutr
epl
aci
ngt
hef
ir
stone,
a
secondpeni
spi
ckedatrandom.Whatisthepr
obabi
li
tyt
hatbot
hpensarered.

P(
redandr
ed)=P(
red)xof(
red)

Fi
rstpi
ck
4red+6blue P(
red)=4/
10

SecondPick
Supposeredwaspi
ckedont
hfi
rstpi
ckandnotrepl
aced
Remains
3red+6bl ue p(ed)=3/
r 9

P(
redandr
ed) =

Didyouknowthisaboutplayi
ngcards
Apackofplayi
ngcar dscont
ains52cardsin4suit
s
Clubs,
diamonds,heart
sandspades
Thereare13cardsineachsuitsA,
2,3,
4,5,
6,
8,
9,
10J, Q,
K
Clubsandspadesareblack,
diamondsandheartsarered

Exer
cise1,
3
1 Cardsnumber ed1to12i ncl
usi
vearepl
acedi
nahatandacar
disdr
awnwi
thoutl
ooki
ng.Whati
s
theprobabi
li
tythatthenumberdrawnis
a) divi
sibl
eby4
b) even
c) eit
herprimeordivi
sibl
eby3
d) bothevenanddi vi
sibl
eby3
e) eit
her2or3

213
2) Aboxcont ai
ns5bl ueand3y el
lowcounters.Oneistakenoutandreplacedandt henasecond
drawismade.Findt heprobabi
li
tyofobtai
ning.
i
) tworedcounters
i
i) oneofcolour
i
ii
) twowhitecounter
s
3) Sevencardsareplacedinabox.Thr eehavecrossesonthem andtheot her
sarepl ai
n.Onecarsi
s
dr
awnoutandnotr epl
aced.Thenasecondi sdrawnout.Fi
ndt heprobabil
ityofdr
awing.
i
) twocrossescards i
i)onecrossonly i
i
i)car
dswithnocr osses

4) Adieisthr
own.Whatist
hepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ng?
a) atwo
b) athr
eeoraf i
ve
c) aoneorat woorathr
ee
d) asquare

5) Abagcont ain3y ell

owball
s,4bl
ackbal
l
sand5whi tebal
ls.Abal
li
spi
ckedatr
andom.Whati
sthe
probabi
li
tythatitiseit
her
a) Ay el
loworblack b) blackorwhi
te
c) yell
oworwhi te d) yell
ow,bl
ackorwhit
e

6) Acardisdrawnfrom apackofpl
ayi
ngcar
dthenr
etur
nedt
othepack.Asecondcar
dischosen.
Whatistheprobabi
l
ityt
hatbothcar
dsar
ered.

7) Acoi
nist
ossedandadi
eist
hrown.Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
ngaheadandpr
imenumber
.

8) Abagcont ai
ns8yel
lowmarblesand7bluemarbl
es.Amarblei
schosenatr
andom andi
tisnot
repl
aced.Asecondmarbl
eist henr
andomlypi
cked.Whati
sthepr
obabil
i
tyt
hatthe2bal
lschosen
are(a)bot
hblueb)bot
hyell
ow.

Out
comet
abl
es
Thesear
eusedt
osummar
izet
heout
comeoft
woormor
eindependentev
ent
s.

Out
comet
abl
eoft
ossi
ngt
hecoi
nsatt
hesamet
imet
hesamet
ime.

Coin2
H T
Coin1 H HH HT
T TH TT
Out
cometabl
eoft
otal
scor eobt
ainedaf
tert
hrowi
ngt
wodi
ce.Compl
etet
het
abl
e

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4
5
6
Exampl
e7
Whenthet
wodi
cear
ethr
ownwhati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityofget
ti
nganev
ennumberofscor
e?

214
 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P(
evennumberofscor
e)= 18
36
=1/
2

P(
evennumberofscor
e =P( 2or4or6or8or10or12
=P( 2)+Q( 4)+( 6)+P( 8)+P( 10)+( P12)
=1/ 3 5 5 3 1
30+ /36+ / 36+ /36+ / 36+ /36
=18
36

=½
Tr
eedi
agr
ams
Example8
Therear
esev enwhi t
ebeadsandthr
eeblackbeadsi
nabox .Abeadissel
ectedatr
andom f
rom t
hebox
andisnotreplaced.Asecondbeadi
sthenchosenatrandom.Fi
ndtheprobabi
li
tyt
hatt
hetwobeadsar
e
di
ffer
entcolours.

I
fthefi
rstbeadiswhi
te,t
hensi
xoftheremaini
ngninebeadsar
ewhi
teandt
hepr
obabi
l
iti
esoft
hesecond
beadbeingwhit
eandblackar
e6/9and3/9respect
ivel
y.

Ithefi
rstbeadi
sblack,
thesev
enofther
emaini
ngni
nebeadsarewhi
teandt
hepr
obabi
l
iti
esoft
he
secondbeadbeingwhit
eandblackar
e7/9and2/9r
espect
ivel
y

REVISI
T
Seconddr
aw

P(
beadsar
eofdi
ff
erentcol
our
s)=P(whi
teandBl
ack)
=P(WB)orP(BW)

215
 7 3 3 7
=( 10)( /9)
+( /10)(/9)
21 21
= / 90+ / 90
=42/90
=14/30
=7/15

Exampl
e9

I
nexample8thesecondbeadchosenwasnotr
epl
aced.At
hir
dbeadwasr
andoml
ychosen.Fi
ndt
he
pr
obabi
l
ityof
i
) Choosing3white
i
i) Atleastabl
ack

REVI
SIT

P(
3whi
te) =P( WnWnW)
9 6 5
=( /10)(/9)(/9)
=7
24

P(
atl
eastabl
ack)=P( WWB)orP( WBW)orP( BWW)
OrP( BWB)or( BBW)orP( BBB)
7 6 3/ 7 3 6 7 3 2 3 7 6 3 7 2
=(/10)( /9)( 8)+( /10)( /9)(/ 8)+( /10)(/9)(/8)+(/10)+(/9)
( /8)+(/10)(/9)(/8)
3 2 8 3 2 1
+(/8)(/ 9)(/ 9)+P(/ 10)(/ 9)(/ 9)

P(
atl
eastabl
ack)=1–P(
all
whi
te)

216
 =1–7/
24

Exerci
se1, 4
1. Twof airdi cear et hr own.Fi ndt hepr obabi l
ityofobt ainingi )ascor eofsev en
i
i) ascor eof6i ii
)ascor el esst han6 iv)ascor emor et han6
2. Abagcont ainst hreer edbal l
sandt wobl uebal l
s.Twobal lsar erandoml ychosenwi t
hout
repl
acement .Dr awat reedi agr am t or epr esentt heout comes.
b) Whati st hepr obabi l
ityt hati )bot hbal lsar er ed i i)bot hbal lsar eblue
i
ii) onei swhi teandt heot herbl ack.
3. Acoi ni st ossedanddi eist hr own.Repr esentt hesetofal lpossi bl
eout comesi nadi agr
am
b) Whati st hepr obabi l
ityofobt aining
i
) aheadandanev ennumber i i)at ailandanumberl esst han5
i
ii) aheadandamul tipleof5
4) Therear ef our teengi rl
sandsi xt eenboy si nf ormf ourA.I ft hreepupi lsfrom t
hecl assaresel
ected
atr andom, repr esentt heout comeonat reedi agram
b) Findt hepr obabi l
itiest hat
a) threeboy sar esel ect edb)t woboy sandonegi rlaresel ect ed
5. Itisfoundt hatt hepr obabi li
tyt hatapar ticularbr andoff irewor kswi l
lli
ghtis1/8.Johnboughttwo.
a) Drawat reedi agr am of“ l
ight”and“ fail
”t or epr esentt hepossi bleout comes
b) Usei tt of i
ndt hepr obabi li
tyt hatbot hofhi sf ir
ewor ksl i
ght
6) Annbuy st hreef i
rewor ks.Repr esentt hepossi bleout comesonat r
eedi agram anduseittofi
nd
thepr obabi l
ityt hatatl eastt woofherf irewor ksl ight .
7) Drawat reedi agr am t oshowt hepossi bleout comesf ortossi ngacoi nthreeti
mes.Usei ttofi
nd
thepr obabi l
ityofget t
ing( a)exact lyt woheads( b)atl eastt woheads
8) Acar di sdr awnf rom apackof52.I tisthenr epl acedandacar di sdrawnagai n.Copyand
compl etet het reedi agr am bel owandusei ttof i
ndt hepr obabi li
ty
a) theaces b)atl eastoneace

Fi
rstCar
d

217
9) Acl assconsi
stofei
ghtgir
lsandsevenboys.Threest
udent
sar
erandoml
ysel
ect
edt
orepr
esent
the classinacleanupcampaign.Whatistheprobabi
li
tyt
hat
a) theyareallgi
rl
s b)twoofthem ar
eboy s

Exami
nat
ionQuest
ion
1) A bal
li
sdr
oppedatr
andom i
ntooneofei
ghthol
es,
number
edasshownbel
ow.

Thenumber edundereachholegivesthescoreobtainedwhentheballdropsintot
hathol
e
a) Statetheprobabil
it
yofscoring1
b) I
ft heball
hasdr oppedtwice,f
indt
hepr obabil
it
yofscori
ng i)at ot
alof6, i
i)at
otalof4
2. Aboxcont ainsonehundredt r
ansi
storsofwhichtwentyaredefecti
ve.Twotr
ansi
stor
sare
sel
ect
ed atrandom.Findtheprobabi
lit
ythat
a) botharedef ect
ive b) j
ustoneisdefecti
ve

3) Apacketcontains8r edsweets,5greensweetsand7yel
lowsweet s.All
thesweetsarei
denti
cal
exceptforcol
our
Twosweet sarepickedfrom thepacketatr
andom,oneaftertheotherwit
houtrepl
acement
.Givi
ng
eachanswerasacommonf racti
oninitsl
owestter
ms,fi
ndt heprobabi
li
tythat
a) bothsweetsarered
b) thetwosweetsar eofthesomecol our
c) atleastonesweetisgreen
[ZI
MSECNOV2004]

Thediagram showsar egularpentagonalspi

nner
,Thesi
dewhichcomestor
estont het
abl
egivesthe
scor
e.Twosuchspi nnersarespunt oget
herandther
esul
tnot
ed.Giv
ingt
hefract
ionini
tsl
owestter
ms,
fi
ndthepr obabi
li
tyofthat.
a) t
hepr oductofthescoreis16
b) t
hesum oft hetwoscor esis9

218
 CHAPTER22
St
ati
sti
cs
Stat
isti
csinvol
vescol
l
ect
ingandpr
esent
ingandi
nter
pret
ingi
nfor
mat
ioni
namannert
hati
seasyt
o
understand.

Sy
ll
abusObj
ect
ives
Leanershouldbeableto
a) Calcul
atet
hemean, medianandmade
b) Drawandinter
pretabarchart
c) Drawandinter
pretapiechart
d) Drawandinter
pretahi
stogram
e) Drawandinter
pretacumulati
vef
requencycur
ve.

Mean,
Medi
anandMode

Mean
Themeanisthesum ofall
quanti
ti
esdi
vi
dedbythet
otal
frequency.(numberofquant
it
yundermeasur
e)
Forexampl
e,gi
venthemarksobtai
nedby10pupi
lsi
naclassasf ol
lows:
4;
4;
5;5;
5;5;
6’7;
8;
8

Mean=Sum ofmarks
Numberofpupil
s

=5,
7
Themar
kscanbepr
esent
edi
naf
requencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
easf
oll
ows:

Mark(x) 4 5 6 7 8
Fr
equency(
f) 2 4 1 1 2

Thef
requencyr
epr
esent
sthenumberofpupi
l
swhogotapar
ti
cul
armar
k

Fr
om t
hef
requencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
ethemeani
scal
cul
atedbyt
hef
ormul
a,mean=

=(
4x2)+(
5x4)+(6x1)+7x1)+8x2)
2+4+1+1+2

219
 =

=5,
7

From t
hef
requencydi
str
ibut
iontabl
emostpupi
ls(4)getamarkof5.Themar
k5i
sther
efor
ecal
l
edt
he
modeloft
hedata
Themodeofthedataisthequanti
tywi
tht
hehighestfr
equency
.

Theothermeasurei
sthemedianwhichismiddl
ev al
uewhenallquant
it
iesar
earr
angedi
nascendingor
der
.
I
ft her
eareevennumberofquant
it
iesthemedianistheav
erageofthetwomiddl
equant
it
ies.Usi
ngour
previ
ousexampleofwor
ks.
4;
4;5;5;
5;
5;
6;
7;8;8

Medi
an=

=5
Fr
om t
hef
requencydi
str
ibut
ionweneedtol
ocatethemedianusi
ngi
tsposit
ionbyt
he
Medianposi
ti
on=½( n+1)thwher
enisthet
otalnumberofquant
it
ies
=½(10+1)th
5th
=5,

Mark(x) 4 5 6 7 8
Fr
equency(
f) 2 4 1 1 2

Fr
om t
hef
requencydi
str
ibut
iont
abl
etheposi
ti 5thl
on5, i
ebet
weent
womar
ksof5.Hencet
hemedi
an

=5

Themeancanbeobt ai
nedbyx=∑fx
∑f
Alt
ernat
ivel
yanassumedmeancanbeusedl
etassumedmeanbe5.

Mar
k(m) Fr
equency Devi
ati
onf r
om assumed Frequency
mean XDev iat
ion
(Mar
k-assumedMean) F(m- 5)
4 2 -
1 -2
5 4 0 0
6 1 1 1
7 1 2 2
8 2 3 6
=10 (m- 5)=7

MeanMar
k=5+7
10
=5+0,
7
=5,
7

Exampl
e1

220
Thet
abl
eshowst
henumberofgoal
sscor
edi
nthel
eaguef
oot
bal
lmat
ches

Numberofgoal
s x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Numberofmatches(
f) 4 7 12 11 3 4 1 2

a) Cal
cul
ate
i
) t
hemean i
i
) mode i
i
i) medi
an

b) useanassumedmeant
ofi
ndt
hemean

i
) mean=∑fx
∑f

=(
0x4)+(
7x1)+(12x2)+(11x3)+(3x4)+(
4x5)+1x6)+(
2x7)
4+7+12+11+3+4+1+2

=2,
6
i
i
) Twogoalsi
sthemode
i
i
i) Medi
an=½( n+1)
th

=½(
44+1)

5th
=22,
Medi
an=2

b) Lett
heassumedmeanbe3

Numberofgoal
s Fr
equency Deviat
ionfr
om F(
x-3)
(x) assumed
Mean( x-
3)
0 4 -3 -
12
1 7 -2 -
14
2 12 -1 -
12
3 11 0 0
4 3 1 3
5 4 2 8
6 1 3 3
7 2 4 8
∑f=44 ∑f(
x-3)
=-16

Mean=3+

=3-
0,37

=2,
6

Exer
cise1,
1

221
1) Theshoessizesofagroupof30student
sar
e
4;
4;
5;5;
5;5;
7;
8;5;
7;
6;6;
8;
7;4;
6;
7;6;
8;
6;

Fort
heabovedata
a) Showt hei
nformati
oni
nafrequencydist
ri
buti
ontabl
e
b) Statethemodalshoesi
ze
c) Findthemedian
d) Calcul
atethemeanusi
ng i)thefor
mular
i
i)theassumedmean

2) Usetheassumedmeantocal
cul
atet
hemeannumberofchi
l
drenperf
ami
l
yfr
om t
hef
oll
owi
ng
di
stri
buti
oniffamili
es.
Chi
ldreninfamily 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
No.ofFami l
ies 4 5 10 10 9 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

3) Usingt
hetabl
einquest
ion2cal
cul
ate
i
) themean ii
)mode i
i
i)medi
an

4) Thet
abl
eshowst
hedi
str
ibut
ionofmar
ksi
nat
est

Marks 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
Fr
equency 2 5 7 6 4 3 3

a) Statet
hemodeandmedi
anmar
k
b) Calcul
atet
hemeanmar
k

BarChar
ts
I
tisastati
sti
cal
graphinwhichbarsar
edr
awnsucht
hatt
hei
rlengt
hsorhei
ght
sar
epr
opor
ti
onal
tot
he
quant
it
iestheyr
epresent.

Tableshowsthedist
ri
but
ionofmarksonatest
.
Mar k 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency 2 4 3 2 1 3
Draw abarchartt
oill
ust
rat
ethei
nformat
ion

REVI
SIT
gr
aphy

0
4 5 6 7 8 9
Mar
ks

I
tshoul
dbenot
edt
hat

222
a) thewidthofal
lthebarsareoft
heequalwi
dthandt
hebar
sdonott
ouch
b) height
softhebarsarepropor
ti
onal
tothemarks
Pi
eChar
t
Iti
sapi ct
ori
alr
epr
esent
ationoft
henumeri
caldat
a.Thedat
aisr
epr
esent
edbyangl
esi
nthesect
orofa
cir
cle,
whicharepr
oport
ionalt
othegi
vendata.

Example2
Afarmerplant
sfivet ypesoff l
ower
son45hect ersoflandasshownonthet
abl
e.
Hectare Flowers
15 Roses
10 Bulbs
8 Sweetpeas
7 ElephantEar
5 Carnati
ons
Showt hei
nfor
mat iononapi echar
t
Hectare Angl eofsect or Eachnumberisrepresent
edbya
15 0
15 /45x3 60 = sect
orofa ci
rcl
e orpi
e.Theangl
e
120O ofeachsect
orisproporti
onal
to
10
10 /45x3 600=800 si zeofthenumber
8
8 /45 x3 60=640
7
7 /45 x3 600-560
5
6 =400
0
5 /45 x3
Total45 3600
PieChart

I
napi
echar
t,eachnumberi
srepr
esent
edbyt
hear
eaofasect
orofaci
rcl
eandt
husbyt
heangl
eofa

223
cir
cle
Measuret heanglewi t
haprotr
actortogiv
eanaccur atepict
ure.
- percentagesmayalsobeaddedont hechart
- Alltheanglesshoul
daddupt o3600
-
Piechartsaremeanttogiveaquickandcl earcompar i
sonoft herel
ati
vemagnitudeoft
hev ar
ious
i
tems.
Exerci
se1, 2
1) Diagram belowisabarchartshowingthemeansoft ranspor tofpupi
lsi
nclass.
a)whichist hemostcommonmodeof
transport
b)Howmanypupi l
swalktoschool
c)Howmanypupi l
swereinaclass
REVISIT d)Whatf ractionoft
heclassuseabiketo
school
Graphy

2) Di
agr
am bel
owi
sabarchar
tshowi
ngdi
ff
erentcol
our
sofcarpassi
ngacer
tai
npoi
nt.

I
nser
t:

REVISI
T
Graphy

Red

Whi
te

Bl
ue

Bl
ack

0 2 4 6 8

a) Howmanycar spassedthepoi
nt
b) whi
chcolourf
ormst hemode
c) Whi
chcarcolourfor
mst hemedian
d) Cal
cul
atethemean

3) Thepi
echatr
epr
esent
sther
eader
shi
pof5di
ff
erentnewspaper
sonasur
veyon200peopl
e.

224
a) Whatangl
erepresentsoneper son
b) Howmanypeopl ereadt heDail
ynewspaper
c) Howmanypeopl ereadt heHerald
d) I
f30peoplereadthepr esswhatangledoesi
tneed
e) Whati
sthesizeoft heanglesharedbytheTi
mesandthest
ar
4) Pi
eChartshowst hedistri
but
ionofapieceofl
andtogr
owdif
fer
entcr
ops.

i
) Calculatetheval
ueifx
i
i) Giv
ent hat9hect
ersoflandwasusedtogrowmaizecalcul
atet
hetot
alnumberofhect
ers
5) Thet ableshowsstudytimegi
ventoeachsubj
ectdur
ingtheweek.

Subj
ect Engl
i
sh Hi
stor
y Mat
hs Commer
ce
Noofhour 4 5 8 3

a) Dr
awabargr
aphtorepresentthi
sinfor
mation
b) Dr
awapi
echartt
orepresentthisi
nformat
ion

6) Thet
abl
ebel
owshowst
hecont
ri
but
ionofeachoft
hei
rfourpr
oduct
stot
hei
r$100weekl
y
rev
enues.

Pr
oduct W X Y Z

225
Rev
enue 20 40 10 50

a) Showt hi
sinf
ormat
ionona
i
) Bargraph
i
i) Piechart

Hi
stogr
am
Histogram i
saf orm ofstati
calrepr
esent ati
onofdatausedf orconti
nuousdata.Thekindofdatat hatwe
wer edeali
ngwi thinbargraphwasdi scretedata.I
tinvolv
edcountingthenumberofgoal s,car
s,mar ks,
eggsofwhi chaf r
acti
oncannotbeobt ained.I
ncont i
nuousdata,i
fwemeasur eforinstancetheheightof
aplantwear el
ikelyt
ogetameasur ementsaybet ween120and121cm ( i
.e120,
3;120;8;
120;98etc.In
mostcasest heactualmeasurementi snotexactbutr oundedtothenearestcentimentreormi l
l
imet er
s.A
heightrecordedas120cm coul dhavebeen120, 4or119,7cm

Groupeddat a
Whenav ar
iablehasalargenumberofdiff
erentv
alues,theval
uesar eoftenpl acedi
ngroupsorcl
assand
thedataispresentedinahistogram
Forexample,themar ksonat estmaybeshowninaf requencydistr
ibut
iont ableasfol
l
owings
Mar kx 21-30 31-40 41-
50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90
Frequencyf 2 4 7 8 3 1 1

Al
ter
nat
ivel
ythei
nfor
mat
ioncoul
dbeshowni
ninequal
i
tyf
orm asf
oll
ows:

Mar
kx 20<x≤ 30<x-≤40 30<x≤40 40<x≤50 50<x≤70 60<x≤70 70<x≤80
30
Frequencyf 2 4 7 8 3 1 1
Classboundariesandcl
assi nter
val(cl
asswidth)
Thesear eprer
equisi
tei
nt hedrawingofahistogr
am
Classint
erval=Upperclassboundary–Lowercl assboundar
y
Takingthe21-30classi
nt er
val
Lowerboundar y Upperboundar
y

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

(
classi
nter
vali
s10mar
ksi.
e31-21)
i
nter
val
Alsot
aki
ngthe31-40
Lowercl
assboundar
y Uppercl
assboundar
y

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Classint
ervali
s10mar ks(
i.
e41-30)orcrosswidth
Forcontinuesdatali
ketheheight,
age,timeetcrememberwesaidahei ghtof21cm coul
dbeon
approxi
mat ionofanyvaluebetween20,5and21,5cm.Also25cm couldbeanapproximati
onofanyv
alue
between24, 5and25,5
Henceforacl assof21-25(cm)
Lowerboundar y upperboundary
20,5 25,5

226
 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Cl
assinter
nalis
5(i
.e.25,
5-20,
5)
FindtheMean
Tof i
ndt hemeant hemi
dpointoft
heclassesisuse.
Drawingahi st
ogr am wi
thequalcl
asswidths
Exampl e3
Drawahi st
ogr
am andf r
equencypolygonforthefrequencydist
ri
but
ionbel
ow.
Mass( x) 70- 74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-
94 95-
99 100-
104 105-
109
Frequency 3 6 9 13 13 8 6 2
a) Calcul
atet hemean
b) Whatist hemode/class
Inser
t:

REVISI
T
Graph

Exampl
e4:
Drawahist
ogr
am f
ort
hef
requencydi
str
ibut
ionbel
ow:

REVI
SITGRAPH

Hei
ght(x) 15-
20 21-
23 24-
26 27-
32 33-
38
Fr
equency 8 9 11 11 4

I
nser
t:

REVI
SITGr
aph

227
Todr
awahi st
ogram withunequalclasswidth.
1) Fi
ndt heclasswidth(upperclassboundary-l
owercl
ass)
2) Calcul
atethefrequencydensity,=Fr
equency
Cl
asswidth
3) Drawt hehist
ogram joi
ningtheupperclassli
mit
s.

Exer
cise1,3
1) Thef r
equencydi stri
butionofmar ksobt
ainedbyso50candi datesinanexaminati
onwer egr
ouped
asfollows:
Mar ks( k) 0-9 10- 9 20- 29 30- 39 40- 49
Frequency 5 9 15 16 5
(f)
a) Calculatethemean
b) DrawaHi stogram forthisdist
ributi
on
2) Aclassof30pupi lswer emeasur edandt hei
rhei
ghtsrecordedtot henear
estcm asfoll
ows:
163 152 164 161 153 164 159 171
154 167 155 158 161 157 161 164
166 150 163 154 155 155 153 152
a) Compi leagr oupedf r
equencyt ablefort
heseheightsusi
ngcl assinter
val
s150-154;155-
159etc
b) Calculateanest i
mat eoft hemeanhei ghtofthepupil
sintheclass
c) Showt hedataonahi stogram.

3) Thefrequencydist
ri
but
ionoft
hehei
ght
sof25boy
sar
emeasur
edt
othenear
estcm andar
ethen
groupedasfoll
ows

Hei
ght 150<x≤155 155<x≤160 160<x≤165 165<x≤170 170<x≤
(
cm)
175
Fr
equency 4 8 7 5 1

a) Calcul
atethemeanhei
ght
b) Drawahi st
ogr
am andafr
equencypol
ygon

4) Thef
requencydi
str
ibut
ionsshowst
heav
eragey
iel
dpr
oducedbyf
armer
s

Av erageyi
eld 0≤x<20 20≤x
<30 30≤x40 40≤x<50 50≤x<80
perhai ntones
(x)
N0.off armers 20 20 38 30 12
wi t
h( f
)thi
s
yield

a) Showt
hisdat
aonahi
stogr
am

228
 b) Cal
cul
atet
hemeanoft
hedi
str
ibut
ion

5) Dr
awahi
stogr
am f
ort
hef
requencydi
str
ibut
ionbel
ow:

Hei
ghtcm 15<x≤20 20<x≤23 23<x≤26 26<x≤29 29<x≤32 32<x≤40
Fr
equency 3 4 6 15 9 3

b) Const
ructafr
equencypol
ygon
c) Cal
cul
atethemean.

CUMULATI
VEFREQUENCY

Exampl
e5

Thehei
ghtof56pl
ant
s,gr
ownunderexper
iment
alcondi
ti
ons,
aregi
veni
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
e.

Height x≤10 10<x≤20 20<x≤30 30<x≤40 40<x≤50 50<x≤60 60<x≤70

(cm)(x)
N0of 1 2 4 6 13 22 8
plant
s(f)

i
) Drawasmoot hcurvecumul at
ivecurvefort heseresult
s.
i
i
) Showingyourmethodclearl
yusey ourgr apht oesti
mat e
a)Themedianb)Thei nter
quarti
lerange, ofthi
sdistr
ibuti
on.
c)Semi-
int
erquar
ti
lerange
i
ii
) Ifonepl
antissel
ectedatrandom find,thepr obabi
li
tythatit
shei
ghti
sa)gr
eat
ert
han50cm.
REVI
SIT

I
nsert
:
Graph

Al
l
CUMULATI

Popul
ati
on

3of
4popul
ati
on
VEFREQUENCY

1ofthe
2popul
ati
on
e

1ofthe
an
l

e
Lower
i

l
t

i
Medi

Upper
quar

4popul
ati
on
Quart

Q1 Q2 Q3
i
) Step1
Makeacumul at
ivefr
equencytabl
e
- Cumulati
vefrequency‘Thi
sisthesum off
requenci
est
oproducearunni
ngtotal
- Usingourexample5.Eacht ot
algi
vesthenumberofpl
ant
slessthantheupperboundar
yoft
he

229
 l
astcl
assadded,thatis,
e.g.(
1+2)pl
antsmeasur
edl
essthan20cm,
(1+2+3)pl
ant
smeasur
edl
ess
t
han30,(1+2+3+6)plant
smeasuredlesst
han40cm et
c.
Quar
ti
les
Thefrequencyrangeisdivi
dedintofourequalpart
scalledquarti
les.
Median(Q2)
Div
idesthefrequencyrangeint
ot woequalparts.
I
tpositi
onisgivenby ,
½( n+1)t
hQ2=51cm, means½t hepl ant
smeasuredless51cm
LowerQuar t
il
e(Q1)
I
tis¼( or25%)wayal ongthecumulativefr
equencyaxis
I
tspositi
onisgivenby ,
¼( n+1)
thQ=42cm means25%oft heplantsmeasuredl
essthan42cn
upperQuarti
le(Q3)
I
tis¾( or75%)wayal ongthecumulativefr
equencyaxis.Itposit
ioni
sgivenby,
¾( n+1)
th.Q3=57cm,
means75%oft heplantsmeasuredless4than57xm.
I
nter
quar
ti
ler
ange
Thisist
hedi fferencebetweent hev aluesoft hev ar
iableattheupperandquar ti
l
e(i
.eQ3-
Q1)
Semi-i
nterquarti
lerange=Q3- Q1
2
Summar y
a) Forapopul ati
onofnumber sthecumul ati
vefrequencycor respondi
ngtonisthenumberof
member soft hepopulati
onl esst hanorequal to.
b) Halfoft hepopulati
oni slesst hant hemedian
c) Aquar teroft hepopul
at i
onisl esst hanthelowerquar ti
l
e.Thr eequar
ter
softhepopul
ati
onare
l
ess t hantheupperquar t
il
e.
Exercise1,4
1. Diagram bel owshowsacumul at
ivefrequencygraphf orthemassesof60t omatoes
Inser
t:

REVI
SIT

Gr
aphy

a) Wri
tedownthemedian
b) Fi
ndtheupperquar
ti
leandt
hel
owerquar
ti
le
c) Usethegr
aphtocopyandcompl
etet
hefol
lowi
ngf
requencyt
abl
e
Massi
ngrams Fr
equency
Moret
han15butnotmor
ethan20 3
Moret
han20butnotmor
ethan25 4
Moret
han25butnotmor
ethan30
Moret
han30butnotmor
ethan35
Moret
han35butnotmor
ethan40
Moret
han40butnotmor
ethan45
Moret
han45butnotmor
ethan50
2) Tabl
ebel
owshowt hedist
ri
but
ionofmar
ksobt
ainedby200candi
dat
esi
nanexami
nat
ionwhi
ch
wasmarkedoutof100.
Mark 10-
19 20-
29 30-
39 40-
49 50-
59 60-
69 70-
79 80-
89 90-
99
Fr
equency 2 5 10 22 43 65 28 20 5
a) Const
ructacumul
ati
vef
requencycur
vef
ort
hedat
a

230
 b) Est
imat et
hemedi anfrom thegraph
c) Cal
culatethei
nterquar
til
er ange
d) Est
imat et
heproporti
onofcandi dateswhoscored60%orl
ess
3) Thetableshowsthef r
equencydi st
ribut
ionoft
hemarksof250st
udent
s
Mark 1-10 11-20 21- 30 31- 40 41- 50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-
90 91-
100
Frequency 8 16 21 30 40 55 37 26 12 5
a) Drawacumul at
ivefrequencycurve
b) Esti
mat ethemedi anandt heint
erquar ti
lerange
c) Thenumberofst udentwhoscor edmor ethan65mar ks
d) Thepassmar ki
f70%oft hestudent spassed.
4) Thetablebelowgi vesfrequenci
esf orthemar ksobtai
nedbypupil
sinatest
,whi
chwasmar
ked
outof20.
Mar ks 0-2 3-5 6-
8 9-11 12-14 15-
17 18-
20
Frequency 2 4 9 14 19 8 4
a) Drawacumul at
ivefrequencycurvef orthisdata
b) Usey ourgraphtof i
nd,
i
) themedian ii
) t
helowerquar ti
l
e
i
ii
) theupperquar t
ile vi
) t
heinterquar
ti
lerange

Examinati
onQuest
ions
Thetablebel
owshowst hespeedsof100car
spassi
ngt
hroughasur
veypoi
ntonahi
ghway
.

Speed( v
) 50<v≤60 60<v
≤80 80<v≤100 90<v
≤120 100<v≤120
km/ h
Numberof
Cars(f) 15 12 40 20 x
Frequency
densit
y 1,
5 0,
6 Y 2 y

a) Fi
ndt hev al
uesofx, yandz
b) Statethemodal class
c) Usingascal eof2cm torepresent10km/honthehori
zontalaxisand2cm tor
epresent0,
5uni
tson
thevert
icalaxi
s,drawahi st
ogram t
oil
lust
rat
etheinformati
on.
d) Usinganassumedmeanof8, 5km/ hcopyancompletet
hef ol
lowingtabl
eandhenceesti
matethe
meanspeedoft hecars.

Speed Fr
equency(
f) Devi
ati
on Fxd
(v
)km/ h D=V-
85
55 15 -
30 -
450
70 12
85 40 0 0
95 20 10 200
110 Tot
al=

Mar
k(x) 0<x≤10 10<x≤20 20<x≤ 30<x≤ 40<x≤60 60<x≤ 70<x≤ 80<x≤90 90<x≤100
30 40 70 80
Fr
equency 8 15 P 29 83 20 10 10 5
Cumulat
ive 8 23 43 72 155 180 q 198 200
Fr
equency

Abovei
sacumul
ati
vef
requencyt
abl
efort
hedi
str
ibut
ionofmar
ksobt
ainedby200st
udent
sinGeogr
aphy
test
.

231
a) Findthev al
ueofpandt heval
ueofq
b) Usingt hescal
eof2cm torepresent20marksonthexaxisand2cm t
orepr
esent20st
udent
son
the yaxisdr awthecumulat
ivefr
equencycurvefort
hedist
ri
buti
on.
c) Uset hegraphtoesti
mat e
i
) themedi anmark
i
i) thenumberofst udent
swhoscor ed75marksormore
d) Calculateanesti
mateofthemeanmar kf
orthetop45student
s

3) I
nanexami
nat
iont
akenby100candi
dat
es,
themar
ksscor
edwer
eshowni
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
e

Marks 0-
9 10-
19 20-
29 30-
39 40-
49 50-
59 60-
69 70-
79 80-
89 90-
99
No.of
candi
dat
es 6 8 9 10 20 15 11 9 7 5

i
) Stat
ethemodal cl
ass
i
i
) Esti
matethemedian
i
i
) Esti
matethelowerquar
ti
le.

CHAPTER23
NUMBER PATTERNS
Numberpat
ter
nsdepi
ctapat
ter
nsorsequenceofev
ent
swi
thi
nacompoundorst
ruct
ure

Syl
labusobject
ives
Leanershouldbeablet
o
a) Sol
veproblemsi
nvol
vi
ngnumberpat
ter
ns

Patt
ernscanbeshowninnumbers,shapeset
c
Theycanalsobeshowninoper
ati
onssuchasmul
ti
pli
cat
ion

Consi
dert
hepat
ter
nfort
hemul
ti
plesof11

1st 2nd 3rd

11 1 = 11
11 11 = 121
11 111 = 1221
11 1111 = 12221
11 11111 = 122221

232
Apatter
ndev el
opsaf
terthef
ir
stl
ine11x1,
wher
ethet
wobet
weent
het
woonesar
eincr
easedbyoneat
eachsuccessi
vest
epstandar
ds.

Acl
oseranal
ysi
soft
hepat
ter
nmayr
esul
twi
tht
heder
ivat
ionoft
hef
ormul
arwhi
chmakesi
teasyt
osol
ve
t
hepatt
ern.

Looki
ngatthethreecol
umnofnumber
sitcanbeseent he1stcol
hatt umndoesnotchangedownwar
ds.I
t
remai
nseleveni.
e.11

Ont hesecondcol
umnanaddi t
ionaldigitof1i sincl
udedineachnextstepdownwar
ds.Al
sointhesame
columnitcanbenotedonfur
theranaly sisthatinstep1ther
eisasingleone,st
ep2,t
woones,step3,
3
ones.
Thisobservat
ionmakepossi
bletopredi ctaccuratel
ythati
nforinst
ancestep7ofthi
scol
umnwoul dbe1
111111.
Alsohavingobser
vedthepat
ternforthirdcolumnwear eabletowri
tethestep7as

10 1111111=12222221

Patt
erns depi
ctedbyshapesetc.
Theycameal
sobeshowninoperati
onsuchasmul
ti
pli
cat
ion.

Al
sohav
ingobser
vedt
hepat
ter
nfort
hir
dcol
umnwear
eabl
etowr
it
ethest
ep7

11 1111111=12222221

Pat
ter
nsdepi
ctedbyshapes.

S1 S2

n=1
n=1

233
Thel
ett
ernrepresentst
henumberofrowsofsquar
esineachshape.Thenumberofsquar
es,
S,andt
he
numberofdot
sD, theshapei
srecor
dedonthetabl
e.

Numberofrows(n) 1 2 3 4
Numberofsquar
es(s) 1 3 5 7
Numberofdots(
I) 4 8 12 16

Thenumberofr
owsincr
easel
i
ket henat
ural
count
ingnumber
s.Thenumberofsquar
esf
rom odd
number
sinthei
rchr
onol
ogi
calor
der.

Thenumberofdot
sar
emul
ti
pli
esof4

Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions
1. Consi
derthepat
ter
n
12-o2=1

22-
12=3

32-
22=5

42-
32=7
…………..
…………..

x2-2
y =101

i
) Wri
tedownthesevent
hl i
neint
hepatt
erns
i
i
) Fi
ndthev ueof1432-
al 1422.
i
i
i) Fi
ndthei
ntegerv
aluesofxandywhichsati
sfyt
heequat i
on.
x2-2
y =10l

2. Thest
icksar
ear
rangedt
ofor
m anequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
esandev
ent
ual
l
ytheshapeshown

234
Row4,
Row3,
Row2,
Row1
a) Compl
etet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
ethatwasconst
ruct
edusi
ngt
hedi
agr
am abov
e.

Numberof
tri
angleineach 1 3 5 7
row( n)
Numberofst icks
i
neachr ow(s) 3 7 11 15
Numberofpoi nt
s
ofwhi ch2or
mor esticksmeet 3 5 7 9
(p)

b) Usi
ngthedi
agr
am orthetabl
e,wr
it
edownanequat
ionconnect
ing
i
) Sandn
i
i) Pandn
i
ii
) SandP
i
v) Henceorot
her
wise,
find,
SandPwhenn=21

3) St
udyt
hepat
ter
nsbel
owandanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow:

Col
umn1 Col
umn2 Col
umn3
Row1 2 2 4
1 3 7 10
2 4 14 18
4 5 23 28
5 6 34 40
6
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
17 U 340
. . . .
. . . .
t W
. . . .
. . . .

i
) Writ
et hesi
xthr
owofthepat
ter
n
i
i
) Writ
edownt heval
ueofu
i
i
i) Expresswinter
msoft
(
ZIMSECNOV2005)

4) St
udyt
hepat
ter
nbel
ow

Row

1st 0 8+1=1=12
2nd 1 8+1=9=32
3rd 3 8+1=25=52
4th 6 8+1=49=72
5th 10 8+1=81=92

235
6th _
__ _
=__
_=_
___
_
.
.
.
rth px8+1=441=212

a) Complet
ethe6thr
owoft
hepat
ter
n
b) Fi
ndtheval
uesofpandr
(
ZIMSECNOV2004)

(
ZIMSEC2006)

CHAPTER24
ConsumerAr
it
hmet
ic

Syl
labusObject
ives
LearnerShoul
dbeablet
o

a) Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngpayment
sandwagesofemployees
b) Sol
vepr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngvar
ioust
ypesofhousehol
dbi
l
ls

Per
sonal
Income
Aper
son’
spaycoul
dbei
nvar
iousf
orm

a) Sal
ary
Thi
sref
erst
oaf orm ofpay
mentthatcomesaf
teraspeci
fi
cper
iodoft
ime,
forexampl
e,af
teramont
hiti
s
amonthl
ysal
ary
, af
terayeari
tisanannual
sal
ary.

i
i
) Wage
Thi
sreferst
oapaymentt
hati
scal
cul
atedaf
terar
elat
ivel
yshor
tper
iodoft
ime,
forexampl
ehour
ly,
dai
l
y
orweeklywage.

236
i
i
i) Commi
ssi
onr
elat
edpay
Thisf
orm ofpay
mentisbasedont
heat
tai
nmentofsett
arget
s.Themor
ethewor
kersur
passesacer
tai
n
tar
getthemorethesal
ary
.

Aper
sonsal
aryi
ssummar
izedi
nadocumentcal
l
edapay
sli
porsal
aryadv
ice.

It
emsthatcommonl yi
ncreasethe It
emst hatcommonlyreduces
netsal
ary thenetsalary
a) Allowancese.
g.al
lowances a)Pensionpay ment
s
b) Increments b)P.A.
Y.E( Payasyouearn)
c) Ov ert
ime d)Bankchar ges
d)Cert
ainsubscript
ionsandlev
yetc

PAYE
PAYEtabl
esissuedbyt
het
axdepar
tmentar
eused t
ocal
cul
atet
het
axt
obepai
dbyeachempl
oyee
basedonthei
rpay.

MONTHLYRATE2009 Ex
ampl
e
I
fanempl
oyeeear
ns
Rat
es
f
rom - t
o 150 mul
ti
plyby 0% $800permont
h
f
rom 151 t
o 500 mul
ti
plyby 20% Deduct28 Thet
axwi
l
lbecal
cul
atedt
hus:
f
rom 501 t
o 1,
000 mul
ti
plyby 25% Deduct55
f
rom 1,
001 t
o 1,
500 mul
ti
plyby 30% Deduct105 $800x25%-
$55=
f
rom 1,
501 t
o 3,
000 mul
ti
plyby 35% Deduct180
$145permont
h
f
rom 3,
001 t
o abov
e mul
ti
pli
edby 37, 5% Deduct256

Exampl
e1
Amanagerear
ns$1200permont
h.Howmuchi
ncomet
axdoeshepay
.

I
ncomet
ax=30x1200–105
100

=$255

Exercise1,1
1) Below
Spec.t each.al
l 149.00 Transportal
l 0.
00
Housingal l 79.00 forexall
ow 159.00
Pension 73.
88 nssacont
ri
b. 100.
00
Tchrsun.Zi m 6.50 zimtasubs 29.88
ZimtaSubs 0.
75 Fidel
ityl
if 10.00
p.
s.m. a.sd 5.
00 p.a.y
.e 188.33
3%ai dsl ev
y 5.
65
SAL 747.
00ALL 387.00DED 322.63
US$` 100Bank: i
nter
mar
ketheadoff
iceAccNo.104441968

Fi
g1
Fi
g1abov
eshowsanext
ractoft
hesal
aryofaci
vi
lser
vant

a) Howmuchi
ncomet
axwaspai
dbyt
heempl
oyee

237
b) Howmuchmoneydi dtheemploy
eetakehomeont hatmont
h.
c) Showt
hatal
ldeducti
onamountto$322. 63
d) Showt
hatal
ltheal
lowances,
excludi
ngthef or
exal
l
owanceamountt
o$387,
00
e) Howmuchmoneywaspai dtowardsinsurance

2) Usethemont hl
ytablesinexample1t odet
erminetheamountoft
axpai
dbyeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
pr
ofessi
onal
s
a) Ateacherwhoearnsamont hl
ysalaryof$480
b) Amanagerwhoear nsamont hl
ysalaryof$1400
c) Achiefexecuti
veoffi
cerwhoearnsamont hlysal
aryof$3250

3) Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sanext
ractoff
ort
night
lypayasy
ouear
ntabl
eforFebr
uar
ytoDecember2009

Anempl oyeeearns$480ev er
yfort
night
i
) Calcul
atet
hetaxpaidfor
tni
ghtly
i
i) Howmuchdoesher emainwithaft
erpayingthetax
i
ii) Calcul
atet
hetotal
taxpaidinonemont h
i
v ) Hence,det
erminewhichpaymentperiodresul
tsinmor etaxbei
ngpai
dbet
weenmont
hlypayand
fort
night
lypay.
b) Howmuchdoesanempl oyeewhoear ns$900f ortni
ghtl
ypayhist
ax
i
i) Howmuchdoessher emainwithaft
erpay i
ngthetax
c) Howmuchdoesanempl oyeewhoear ns$50payast ax

4a) Anemployeein$501t
o1000t
axbandpaysanincomet
axof$125.Cal
cul
atehi
smonthlysal
ary
.
b) Anemployeeint
he$1501to$3000taxbandpaysani
ncometaxof$436.Cal
cul
ateher
mont
hlysalar
y.

Buy
ingandSel
l
ing
Discount
Thisisaincent
ivegi
vent
othebuyertoinducehim orhertobuyi
ncash.Forexampl
eforbuyi
ngani
tem
costi
ng$100i ncasha25%discountcanbegiven.Thisresul
tsi
nthebuyerpayi
ng$75inst
eadoft
he
$100.

Hi
repur
chase
Thisinv
olvesall
owingbuy
erstomakepar tpayment soveraperiodofti
mewhenpurchasingcostl
yit
ems.
Thepartpay mentsar
ecal
ledi
nstal
lments.Thesecoul dbepai
dmont hl
yov
ersixmonths,twelv
emont hs,
twentyfourmonthetc.
I
nmostcasest hebuyeri
saskedtofi
rstpayacer tainper
centageasdeposi
tthent
her emainderi
sthen
div
idedtofindthemonthl
ypayment.I
not hercasesthebuyerdoesnotpayanydeposit
.

VALUEADDEDTAX (
VAT)
Thisisafor
m oft
axchar
gedongoods.Ev
eryst
ageofpr
oduct
ionaddv
aluet
othepr
oducthencet
axi
s
charged.

Example2
Astovecost$450cash.I
tcanalsobeboughtbyt
hecustomerpay
ing20%and6mont
hsi
nst
all
ment
sof
$90.
a) Calcul
atet
hedeposi
tpaid
b) Calcul
atet
hehir
epurchasepr
ice
c) Howmuchmor ewouldbepai
dbyhirepur
chase

238
a) Deposi
t=20 450
100
=$90

b) Hi
repur
chasepr
ice=(
$90 6)+$90
=$540+$90
=$630

c) Addit
ional
amountpai
d=$630-450
=$180
Exer
cise1,
2

1) Fi
ndthepricei
fadi
scountof
a) 15% i
sgivenonacostpri
ceof$73
b) 8%isgiv
enonacostpriceof$62
c) 7,
25%isgivenonacostpri
ceof$48

2) Asetofleat
hersofashav eacashpr i
ceof$1250.Ont
hepurchase,
a20%deposi
tispai
d
fol
l
owedby12mont hlyinst
allment
sof$120.
a) Calcul
atet
hedepositpaid
b) Calcul
atet
hehir
epur chasepr i
ce
c) Calcul
atet
hepercentageincreaseonpayi
ngbyhir
epur
chase

3) Thesell
ingpri
ceofat
elev
isi
onseti
s$340.Theshopgi
vesa12½% di
scountf
orcash.Whati
s
thecashpri
ce?

4) Thehirepurchasepri
ceofar efr
igerat
orincl
udingadepositof$450is$5730.Ifthe24monthl
y
i
nstal
l
mentsareallowed.
i
) Cal
culatethemonthlyinst
all
mentpai d
i
i) I
fadepositof20%t hecostpr i
cewasal l
owed.Cal cul
atet
hecostpri
ce.
5) Acustomerpay s$87,50cashaf tergetadiscountof12½%.Cal cul
atetheor
igi
nalpri
ceoft
he
i
tem bought.

6) Anewcomput
ercost$2780.10%di
scounti
sgivenf
orcash.Thehi
repur
chasepr
iceoft
he
comput
eri
s20%deposi
tand12monthlyi
nst
all
mentsof$185.

a) Cal
cul
atet
hediscountprice.
b) Cal
cul
atet
hehirepurchasepr i
ce
c) Fi
ndthedi
ff
erencebetweent hetwopr
ices

7) Aretail
shopsellsatadozeneggsat$1, 50oreachat30c.
a) Howmuchdoesi tcosttobuyt hreedozensindozens
b) Howmanyeggsusi ngthecostatpar t(a)canbeboughtat30c
c) Whatwoul dbet hesavingsofbuy ingtheeggsindozensthanofunitcost
.
8) Apairofjeanscost32,50i ncludi
ngv al
veaddedt ax(
VAT)chargedat8%.Howmucht axdoest
he
governmentreceive.
9) I
nelectri
cit
yvalueaddedt axischargedmont hl
yonthetotal
costincur
redonthatmont
hat10%.
I
fthepowerut i
li
t yhasfixedmont hlychargeof$7,30and933unitsareusedat6,
65cauni
t.
Cal
culatethevalueaddedt ax(VAT).

BI
LLS
El
ect
ri
cit
yBil
ls
El
ect
ri
cit
ybil
lshav
et hefol
l
owingcomponent
s
 Fixedmonthlychar
ge
 Energychargesperuni
t,f
ort
hesti
pul
ateduni
tsandal
lot
heruni
ts.

239
Todeter
minethenumberofuni
tsusedonehastodeductt
hepr
evi
ousreadi
ngfrom t
hepr
esentr
eading
Tocal
culat
ethetot
alcost
sonehastomulti
plyt
henumberofuni
tsusedbythechar
gesasst
ipul
atedand
addfi
xedcost
sandothercost
s.

Example1
Standar
dpri
cesf
ort
hesuppl
yofel
ect
ri
ci
tyt
odomest
iccust
omer
s.

Fi
xedmont hl
ychar
ge=$330
Energychargesperuni
t
Fi
rst300uni ts= $1,
60
All
ot herunit
s= $3,50

Bel
owi
sanext
ractofMr
.Dumi
sani
Elect
ri
ci
tybi
l
lformay2006.

Descri
pti
on Previ
ousReadi
ng PresentReadi
ng No.ofuni
ts Cost
Energy 66689 67039
Fi
xedMont hl
y 300
char
ge
SubTotal
VAT15%

Usi
ngt
heratesst
atedabovecal
cul at
e,forthemonthofMay
.
a) Thenumberofunit
sofel ectr
ici
tyused
b) Thecostoftheel
ectr
ici
tyused.
c) theVATthatMr.Dumisani wi
llhavetopay
d) Thetotal
amounttobepai d

a) Numberofuni
ts=Presentreadi
ng–Pr
evi
ousr
eadi
ng
=67039-66689
=350unit
s

b) Costofel
ect
ri
cit
yused=(500x$1,
60)+(
50x$3,
50)
=$655,
00

c) VAT =15%x($655+$330)
=$147,
75

d) Total
Amount =$655+330+147,
75
=$1122,
75
Exer
cise1,
3

1) Mr
.Dl
odl
o’st
elephonebi
l
lasshownbel
ow

Dat
e Reading New Amount
Previ
ous
24/
12/
2004 38739 38351 $226980
Rent $5490
VAT15% $34870.
50
SubTotal $267340.
50

a) Howmanyuni tswereusedduringthemont
h?
b) Whatisthecostofoneunitconsumed
c) Whatisthefi
xedcharge
d) ShowthattheVATamount edto$34870,50
e) Hence,showthatt
het ot
alduewas$267340

240
2) Bel
owistheaccountdetai
l
sforwat
erMet
err
eadi
ngper
iodt
hemont
hofNov
ember2007f
orMr
.
Shumba.AmountsareinZ$

Balancebr oughtf or ward

--
--
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---
-
30062007 0000004658 131992. 26@ 19. 00 2061.24
--
--
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----
--
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----
--
---
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--
--
--
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--
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--
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--
--
--
--
--
---
--
--
--
---
-
Supplement ary
Vat (6920.61x0.15)
Wat er–Fi xedChar ge (
1x7984. 53)
Wat erconsumed (490.48.3)
Met erreading Pr ev i
ous New Consumpt i
on
PU10170 21622 21685 63
**Interi
mr eading**
SewageFi xed-VAT
SewageHDDomest i
c
Met erReadi ngPr ev i
ous New Consumpt i
on
PU10170 21622 63
Soli
dWast eManagement–VAT (1x4310)
--
--
---
--
--
---
---
----
--
--
---
--
----
--
---
--
--
--
--
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---
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---
-
NOW DUEANDPAYABLE
---
--
---
--
----
--
---
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---
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--
-
Thisstatementshowspay mentsandbef ore15/08/2007
Paymenti sdueby24/ 08/2007

a) Cal
culatet
hecostof1uni tofwaterconsumption
b) Cal
culatet
hetotalcostofwateronlyf
orthemont hofNovember
c) Cal
culatet
hecostof1uni tsewageDomest i
c
d) Cal
culatet
hetotalcostofsewageandsol i
dwasteofthemonthofNov
ember
e) Hence,orot
herwiseshowt hatpaymentdateforNovemberi
s$264929.50

PASTEXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS
1) Theel
ectr
ici
tybi
l
lsofacer
tai
nhousehol
dfort
hemont
hofDecember2004andJanuar
y2005ar
e
shownbel
ow.

December2004

Descr
ipt
ion Previ
ous Present Consumpt
ion Rat
e Tot
al
readi
ng r
eading cent
s $ c

Balanceb/f 3150,
99
Pay ment 3151.
00CR
Energychar
ge 31565 31834 269 m 1894,
57
FixedMonthl
y
Charge 530,
49
ValueAddedTax 363,
76
(VAT)
AmountDue 2788,
81

January2005
Balanceb/f 2788,
81
Payment 5000.
00CR

241
EnergyCharge 31834 32331 n 1909 9496,
84
Fi
xedmont hly
Charge 1067,
69
ValueAddedTax(
VAT) 1253,
00
AmountDue 9

a) Findtheval
uesofm, nandq
b) Calcul
ate
i
) therateofwhi
chValueAddedTax(
VAT)waschangedinDecember
i
i) thepercent
ageincr
easeint
hemonthl
yfi
xedchar
geforthet
womonths.
ZI
MSECNOV2006

2a) I
n2004amot ori
stfil
leduphisfuelt
ankwi t
h45li
tr
esoffuelboughtof$3450perli
tr
e
i
) Cal
cul
atetheamounthepai dforthefuel
.
i
i) I
fthepr
iceoffuelperli
tr
eincl
uded15%Val ueAddedTax(VAT),cal
culat
ethepr
iceoffuel
per
l
itr
e
i
ii) Themotor
istt
henused12,
5li
tr
esintr
avel
l
ingadi
stanceof196ki
l
omet
ers.Cal
cul
atet
her
ateof
fuel consumpt
ionoft
hecari
nkil
ometer
sperli
tr
e.

ZI
MSECNOV2006

CHAPTER25
GRAPHS:
GRADI
ENT
Gr adienti
sameasureoftheslopenessorsteepness.Thi
ngsthatweseeever
ydayli
kehil
ls,
mount ai
ns,
roadset chav
edif
fer
entgradi
ents.Thefocusont hi
schapterwouldbeonthegr
adientofastr
aightli
ne.
Cur v
eswi l
lal
sobecover
edast helastaspect.

Syl
labusobject
ives
Learnershoul
dbeablet
o:

a) Calculat
ethegradientofast r
aightl
i
nef r
om itsgiv
encoordi
nat
es.
b) I
nterpretandobt ai
nt heequat
ionofast r
aightl
ineint
heformy=m x+c.
c) I
dent i
fyparal
l
el str
aightli
neusinggradi
ents
d) Esti
mat ethegradientofacurvebydr awingatangentatagi
venpoint
.

Gradi
entofast
rai
ghtl
ine
Considert
hedi
agr
am bel
ow.
REVISIT

242
I
fxyi
sahor
izont
all
i
neandmakesanangl
ewi
tht
heXG.Thet
ri
angl
esABC,
CDEandEFGar
esi
mil
ar.

Hence = =

Eachoftheserat
ionsar
eameasur
eofthegradi
ent
softheli
neXG.Thegradi
entofXGatAisthesameas
atCandalsothesameasatE.Thi
sther
efor
e,meanst
hatthegr
adientofast
rai
ghtli
nei
sthesameatany
pointoni
t.

Tan= = =

,
sot
ani
sal
soameasur
eoft
hegr
adi
ent
.

Taki
ngt
an=

BCshowsavert
icali
ncreasef
rom apointBt
oapointC.i
tisanincr
easei
nyaxi
sABshowsahor
izont
al
i
ncr
easefr
om apoint.AtoapointB.i
tisani
ncr
easeinxaxis.

Tan=I
ncr
easei
nyf
rom Bt
oC
I
ncr
easei
nxf
rom Ct
oB

Butt
anx=gr
adi
entofAC

:
-Gr
adi
entofAC = Incr
easei
ny
Incr
easeinx.
Exampl
e1:
Fi
ndthegr
adi
entoft
hel
i
nesA,
B,CandDi
nthedi
agr
am bel
ow:

I
nser
t:

243
REVI
SITGr
aphy

D 20 A

10 C

-
20–10 O 10 20x

Fi
g1 -
10

-
20

a) Gr
adi
entofl
i
neA = I
ncr
easei
ny
I
ncr
easei
nx

b) Gr
adi
entofl
i
neB = I
ncr
easei
ny
I
ncr
easei
nx

c) Gr
adi
entofl
i
neC = I
ncr
easei
ny
I
ncr
easei
nx

d) Gr
adi
entofl
i
ne(
i) = I
ncr
easei
ny

244
 I
ncr
easei
nx

= 5
15

= 1
3

TakeNote
Forli
neCthegradi
entisnegat
ivebecauseasyi
ncr
easetheval
ueofxdecr
easehor
izont
al.Sowhenone
var
iabl
eincr
easesastheotherdecr
easesthegr
adi
enti
snegati
ve.

Cal
cul
ati
ngGr
adi
ent
sgi
vent
hepoi
nts

Consi
deral
i
newhi
chpassest
hrought
hepoi
nts(
2;5)and(
4;8)
.

Gr
adi
ent = Incr
easei
ny
I
ncr
easeinx

Gener
all
y,t
hegr
adi
entofal
i
nepassi
ngt
hroughapai
rofpoi
nts(
x1;
y1)and(
x2;
y;1)i
sgi
venby

Gr
adi
ent = Incr
easei
ny
I
ncr
easeinx

= Di
ff
erencesi
ntheycoor
dinat
es

245
 Di
ff
erencesi
nthexcoor
dinat
es

Gr
adi
ent =

Takenot
e.I
nthef
ormul
arei
therpai
rofcoor
dinat
escant
ake(
x1;
y1)or(
x2;
y2)

Exer
cise1.
1
I
nsert:
REVISI
TGraph

10y

B
L
5 A
K

C D

-
10 -
5 O 5 10
x
G

-
5

i j

10 H
Fi
g2

1) I
nFig2Calcul
atebytaki
ngmeasurementt
hegr
adient
soft
hegiv
enl
i
nes.
2) Fi
ndthegr
adientofl
i
nesjoi
ningt
hefoll
owi
ngpai
rsofpoi
nts.

a) (
8;6)
;(1;4) b) (
2;5);(4;8)
c) (
5;2)
,(0,0) d) (
0,0),(10,8)
e) (
0;5)
;(-5;0) f) (
-3,3);(10;8)
g) (
-4;
3);(8;-6) h) (
-3;--
3),(-1;
5)

Sket
chi
ngGr
aphsofSt
rai
ghtLi
nes

Anequat
ion2 +3y=6canbedr
awnont
hegr
aphasshownbel
ow

REVI
SIT

246
Theabov
edi
agr
am showt
hatt
hegr
aphcr
ossesyaxi
satpoi
ntA.wher
ethev
alueofy
=2when =0.

Cal
cul
ati
ngt
hegr
adi
entoft
hel
i
ne

Gr
adi
ent =

= Usi
ngpoi
ntsA(
0,2)andB(
3,0)

:
- Gr
adi
ent
=

Maki
ngyt
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
aoft
heequat
ion; 2 +3y=6

Compar
ingt
heequat
ionwi
thr
esul
tsont
hegr
aphshowst
hat
:

247
j
) ont
her
ear
rangedi
sequal
tot
hegr
adi
entoft
hel
i
ne.

i
i
) +2ont
herear
rangedequati
onisequal
tol
i
nev
aluewher
ethegr
aphcr
ossest
heyaxi
s(poi
ntA)
.
whi
chi
scall
edtheyint
ercept.

Concl
usi
on

Whenyisthesubj
ectoft
heequat
iont
hecoef
fi
ci
entofxgi
vest
hegr
adi
entandt
heot
herv
aluegi
vest
hey
I
nter
cept
.

Gener
all
y,anequat
ionofast
rai
ghtl
i
nei
sint
hef
orm y=mx+c.wher
em i
sthegr
adi
ent
,andci
sthey
I
nter
cept.

Exampl
e2

Sket
cht
hegr
aphoft
hel
i
newhoseequat
ioni
s3x+7y=21

y = -
3x+3 (Reduci
ngittothef
orm ofanequat
ionofast
rai
ghtl
i
nei
.e.y
=mx+c.
7
Fr
om equat
ionyi
nter
cepti
s+3.i.
e.(0;
+3)

Si
ncet
wopai
rsofcoor
dinat
ear
eneededt
osket
ch.

Wheny=0,x=7
Thensket
chi
ng REVI
SIT

Br
iefSummar
y

- Onsket chi
ngast rai
ghtlinet
wopai rsofcoor
dinat
esarer equir
edofwhi
choneisprov
idedbythey
i
nterceptintheequat i
onofastraightli
ne.
- Theot hercoordi
natescanbecal culat
edbyusinganyvalueofxt ofi
ndt
hecorr
espondingv
alueof
y.i
tisadv i
sabletofindtheval
ueofxwheny =o(i.
e.xi
nter cept
).

Exer
cise1,
2

1) Foreachoft
hel
i
nesr
epr
esent
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ions,
wri
tedowni )t
hegr adient
ii
)t heyint
ercept
ii
i)thecoordinatesofthey
intercept
.

a) y=2 +4 b) y–7=2 +2

c) 3y
=21-
2 d) 3 +2=-
2y

e) 3 +7y=5 f
) 4 +3y
=2

248
2) Sket
cht
hegr
aphsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ion.

a) 3 +2=-
2y b) 2 +y=5

c) 2 –y=8 d) 2-
5y-
9=0

e) 5 –2y=0 f
) 4x-
2y+1=0

g) 4 -
3y=5 h) 7x+4y–8=0

Fi
ndi
ngt
heequati
onofastrai
ghtl
i
ne
a) Giv
enit
sgradi
entandapointont
hel
i
ne.

Exampl
e3

Fi
ndt
heequat
ionofst
rai
ghtl
i
neofgr
adi
ent7passi
ngt
hroughpoi
nt(
-3;
6)

RoughSketch
Otherpassi
ngpoi
ntunknown

Gr
adi
ent =

7 =

7 =

7( +3)=y-6
7 +21=y -6
7 +21+6=y
7 +27=y
:
- y=7 +27
:
- Equat
ionofthest
rai
ghtl
i
nei
sy=7 +27

249
2) Fi
ndi
ngtheequati
onofastr
aightl
i
ne
Gi
ventwopoint
sontheli
ne

Exampl
e4
Fi
ndtheequat
ionofast
rai
ghtl
i
net
hatpassest
hroughpoi
nts(
2;4)
;(1,
1)

Fi
ndt
hegr
adi
ent

Gr
adi
ent =

:
- Gr
adi
ent
= 3

Useanunknownot
herpoi
nt(
x;y
)andanyoft
hegi
venpoi
ntst
ofi
ndequat
ion.

Usi
ng(
1;1)and(
x;y
)

Gr
adi
ent =

3( –1)= y
-1
3 -3+1=y
3 –2=y
:
- y=3 -2

250
TakeNot
e

Thegr
adi
entonast
rai
ghtl
i
nei
sthesameev
ery
wher
eont
hel
i
ne.

Par
all
elLi
nes

Par
all
ell
i
neshav
ethesamegr
adi
ent

Exer
cise1,
3

1) Findt heequat
ionoft heli
newhichpassest
hrought
hepoi
nt
a) (0;0)andhasagr adientof4
b) (1,1)andhasagr adientof2
c) (-2,4)andhasagr adientof-
1
d) (-1;2)andhasagr adientof21
2
e) (0;-5)andhasagr adientof–3/
4

2) Fi
ndt
heequat
ionoft
hel
i
ne,
whi
chpassest
hrought
hepoi
nts

a) (
2;4)
,(1,
1) b) (
3;p)(1;1)
c) (
0;4)
;(2p,
9) d) (
3;9),
(7;-1)
e) (
-3;
3),(
10,8) f) (
0,0),
(-3,5)

3) Theli
ney=2 +kpassthr
oughthepoi
nt(1;2)
.
i
) Bysubst
it
uti
on =1andy=2,fi
ndthevalueofk.
i
i
i) Fi
ndcsot haty
=3 +cpassesthr
ough( -
3,4)

4) Wri
tedownanexpressi
onforthegradientofal
inej
oini
ngthepoint
s(5,
2)and(3;
k).
Fi
ndtheval
ueofkifhisgr
adienti
s3
4
Anot
herl
inei
sparall
eltot
heonein( a)andpassest
hrough(-
5,-
2).Fi
ndi
tsequati
on.

5) Twolinesm andnarepar
all
el.I
fm passest
hrough(
0;5)andnhasgr
adient–2andpasses
7
thr
ough(-5;
0),f
indt
heequat
ionsofthetwoli
nes.

6) Thepoi
nts(
2;3)
,(5,
2)and(
3;k)l
i
eont
hesamel
i
ne.Fi
ndt
hev
alueofk.

TheGr
adi
entofacur
ve

Onastr
aightl
inet
hegradi
entatev
erypoi
ntal
ongt
hel
i
nei
sthesame.Wi
thacur
vet
hev
alueoft
he
gr
adi
entchangesfr
om onepoi
nttotheot
her.

Togetthegradientatapoint
,atangentt
othecur
vei
sdr
awnt
othepoi
ntandt
hegr
adi
entoft
het
angent
gi
vethegradientatthatpoi
nt.

251
I
nacur v
emaximaandmi nimaoccuratt
het urni
ngpoi
ntswherethegr
adienti
sZero.Whent
hegr
aphi
s
faci
ngupwardswehaveami ni
ma.Whenf acingdownwardswehaveamaxi ma.
Theli
nethatdi
vi
desthegraphsi
ntotwoequal hal
vesi
scall
edtheli
neofsymmetry
.

Exampl e5
Drawt hegraphofy =2 2-4 +3.Usi ngascal
eat2cm to1uni
tont
hex-axi
sand1cm t
o2uni
tsont
hey
-
axis.
From yourgraph,fi
nd
a) Theequat i
onofthelineofsy
mmetryofl
inecur
ve.
b) Thegradientofthecurveat =0
c) Themi ni
mum v alueofy

REVI
ST
x - 2 -
1 0 1 2 3 4
y 19 9 3 1 3 9 19

a) Lineofsy mmetry1x=1
b) Gr adi
entatx=0
Gradient=Gradi
entoft
argent
=y-y
21
x2-x
=6-0
-1,
1-1
=6-0
-1,
1-1
=-6-
0
-2,
1
=-60
21
=-20
21=- 2,
86

whenplott
inguseasharepenci
ltopr
oduceasmoot
hcur
ve.
Thetangentshoul
djustt
ouchthepoi
nt.

Exer
cise1,
4
1) a)Copyandcomplet
ethet
abl
eofv
aluesf =3+5 -2 2
ory
x - 2 - 15 -1 - 0,
5 0 0,5 1 1, 5 2 2, 5 3 3,
5 4

252
y -15 - 9 3 5 3 -
9
b) Drawt hegraphofy=3+5x-2x2usi
ngsui
tabl
escal
es
c) Uset hegraphtofi
ndt
hegradi
entofcur
veat
i
) =0,5ii
) =1,
3.

2) Copyandcompl
etet
het
abl
eofv
al ory=2 - 2+1
uesf

x -3 -
2 -
1 0 2 3 4 5
y 14 -
7 1 -
2 -
14

b) Dr
awthegraphofy =2 - 2+1
c) Fi
ndt
hegradientofthecur
veat =3

Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions
1. Wr i
tedownanexpressionforthegr
adientoftheli
nejoi
ningthepoint
s(6;
k)and(
4;1)
.Fi
ndthe
valueofkift
hisgr
adientis3/5.
b) Findtheequat
ionoftheli
nethroughthepoint(-
4;5)wit
hgradient–2 (Cambri
dge)
.

2a) Fi
ndtheequat
ionofthest
rai
ghtl
inewhichpassest
hroughthepoi
nts(
0;3)and(
3;0)
b) Showthatt
heequati
onofthestr
aightl
i
newhichpassesthr
ough(o,
c)and(c,
o)i
s +y=c.
3 2
3. Thef
oll
owi
ngi
sani
ncompl
etet
abl
eofv
aluesf
ort
hef
unct
iony
= -6 +3 +10.

x -
1,5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 5,
5
y -
11,4 0 10 P 0 -
8 -
10 0 1,
14

a) Calculat
ethev al
ueofP.
b) Usingascal eof2cm t
orepresent1unitonthex-axisand2cm t
orepr
esent5uni
tsont
hey
-axi
s,
drawt hegraphofy=x3-
6x2+3x+10f or–1,5x5, 5.
c) Uset hegraphtowri
tedown
i
) Thecoor di
natesofthemaximum tur
ningpointofthecurve.

d) Fi
ndt
hegr
adi
entoft
hecur
vewhenx=4
(
ZIMSECNOV2005)

LI
NEARPROGRAMMI
NG

I
tisamet
hodofsol
vi
ngpr obl
emsi nvolv
ingtwovar
iabl
est
hatar
esubj
ectt
ocer
tai
ncondi
ti
onsusi
ngt
he
gr
aphi
calr
epresentat
ionofinequal
it
ies.

Sy
ll
abusobj
ect
ives

a) Deri
veinequal
it
iesfr
om agi
vensit
uati
on
b) Showclearl
ytheregi
on,whi
chcontai
nsthesol
uti
onset
.
c) Usethegraphtosolvet
heprobl
em.

Remembert
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
ntsf
rom t
hepr
evi
ouschapt
eronI
nequal
i
tiest
oshowt
hewant
edr
egi
on.

a) Re-wri
tetheinequal
it
iesasequations.
b) Establ
ishtwopairsofcoordinat
est opl
otanddrawtheappropri
atel
i
ne.(
eit
herboldorbr
oken)
c) Testforeachinequal
itytoshadetheunwantedregi
ons.
d) Makesur etheboundaries(l
i
nesdr awn)cr
ossoneanother.
e) Shadet hewholespacet ot
heendsoft hegraphpapert
oindicat
ethewant
edregioncl
earl
y.

253
Takenot
e

a) Al
lpoi
ntsonsoli
dboundari
esarei
nthewant
edregi
on.
b) Al
lpoi
ntonbrokenl
inearenoti
nthewant
edregi
on

Exer
cise1,
1(Rev
isi
on)

1) Shadet
heunwant
edr
egi
onoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nequal
i
ties
a) y , 4,y2
b) 1,y ,3y2 -15
c) ≥0,y≥0, +y≥2
d) +y4, -y-
2;2 +y2

Li
nearPr
ogr
ammi
ng
Exampl e1
Amanagerofawar ehouseintendstoordersomechairs.Someoft hem ar
eloungechairsandther
estare
dini
ngchairs.Herequi
resatleast100loungechair
sandatl east200dini
ngchairsbuthedoesnotwishto
havemor ethan600chairal
together.Aloungechai
rtakesupf ourunit
sofstoragespacewhil
stadi
ning
chairoccupiesoneuni
tofstoragespace.Themaxi mum storagespaceavail
ableis1500unit
s.

I
fxi st
henumberofloungechair
sandyisthenumberofdi
ningchair
s,wr
it
edownthefouri
nequal
i
ties
whichrepr
esentr
est
ri
cti
ons.Drawagraphandclear
lyi
ndi
catetheregi
onwhichr
epr
esentst
hepossibl
e
val
uesofxandy .

Thepr
ofi
tonaloungechai
ris$20andt
hatonadi
ningchairi
s$7.Wr
it
edownanexpr
essi
onf
ort
hepr
ofi
t
$Pandfi
ndtheval
uesofxandywhichgiv
ethemaximum prof
it
.

Sol
uti
on

Fouri
nequal
i
ties

1) 100 2) y200

3) +y600 4) 4 +y1500

I
nser
t:

REVI
SITGr
aph

254
 1500
1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200 A c y =200
x+y=600

D 4x+y
=1500
x
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

P=$20 +$7y

Al
lpoi
ntsi
ntheunshadedr
egi
onar
ethepossi
blecombi
nat
esofl
ounge( )anddi
ningchai
rs.

Thecombinat
ionwhi
chgi
vesl
i
nehi
ghestv
aluef
orPi
srequi
red
Prof
itMar
gin
$P=$20 +$7y

Thecornerpoint
sar
eusual
lythegoodpoint
sfort
est
ing.Al
lthef
ourcor
nerpoi
ntsar
e
A( 100;200)
. P =20(100)+7( 200)
=$2400
B(100,500) P =20(100)+7(500)
=$2500
C(370;220) P =20(370)+7(220)
=$8940

D(
375;
200) P =20(
375+7(200)
=$8900
:
- Poi
ntCgi
vest
hemaximum prof
it
.When370l
oungechai
rsand220di
ningchai
rs.

Br
iefSummar
y

Poi
ntsont
hebr
okenl
i
near
enotpar
toft
hesol
uti
onset
.

- Tryt
ousethewholesheetofpaperandf
oreachl
i
neshadealar
geareai
ntheunwant
edregi
on.
- Thecor
nerpoi
ntsontheboundari
esusual
lygi
vet
hemaximum andmini
mum combi
nati
ons.

Commont
ermst
olookoutf
ori
nwor
dpr
obl
ems

Word Meani
ng
atl
east5 5

255
Amaxi
mum of20 ≤20

Ami
nimum of3 3

Mor
ethan4 4

Lesst
han10 10

20atmost 20

Exer
cise1,
2

1. Acanni ngfact oryempl oysxunski l

ledwor kersandyski l
ledworkers.
a) Expr
esst hefollowinginfor mati
onasi nequali
ties
i
) Thetot alnumberofwor kerisatleast75
i
i) Unskill
edwor kersar epaid$160anhour ,skil
l
edwor ker
sarepaid$240anhourandthetot
alwage
bi
lli
sl essthan$14400perhour .
i
ii
) Thenumberofski l
l
edwor kersi
satl eastonequar terofthenumberofunski
ll
edworker
s.
b) Representt hesei nequali
tiesonagr aph
c) Usey ourgr apht ofindthegr eat
estnumberof( a)unski
ll
ed,i
i)ski
l
ledworker
sthatwoul
dbe
employ ed.

2. Mr.Shumbaisthemanagerofanor
gani
zat
ioni
nHar
areandhehasdeci
dedt
obuysomenew
desksandchai
rsforhi
sstaf
f.

a) Hedecidest
hatheneedsatleast5desksandatl
east10chai
rsbuthedoesnotwi
sht
ohav
e
morethan25it
emsoff ur
nit
urealt
ogether
.

Takingxt
obet
henumberofdesksandythenumberofchai
rs,
wri
tedownt
hreei
nequal
i
ties,
other
thanxOandyO,whi
chsati
sfythesecondi
ti
ons.

b) Eachdeskwil
l costhi
m $120andeachchairwi
llcosthi
m $80.Hehasamaximum of$2400to
spendal
together.Wri
tedownanot
herinequal
it
yinxandywhi chsat
isf
ythesecondi
ti
onsand
showthati
treducesto3 +2y60.

c) Thepoi
nt( ,y)repr
esent
sxdesksandychai
rs.Usi
ng2cm t
orepr
esent5desksont
he -axi
s
and2cm t
orepresent5chai
rsont
heyaxi
sdraw andyaxi sforO 30andOy30.

d) Wri
tedownthepossibl
ecombinat
ionsofdesksandchai
rsi
nwhi
ch:
i
) Thenumberofdesksandchai
rsisequal
i
i) Thenumberofchai
rsisthr
eet
imest henumberofdesks

Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions
1) Asummergal ai
sbeingheldinav i
ll
agetoraisef undsf
oraschool andoneladyoff
erstomake
cushi
onsandtabl
eclothes.Onecushionrequires50minutespreparat
iont
imeand75mi nut
esof
machinet
ime.Onetabl
eclothrequi
res60mi nut esofpr
eparat
ionti
meand45mi nutesofmachi
ne
ti
me.Theladymakesxcushi onsandytablecloths.

a) Gi
venthatatl
east2½hour
sisspentonpr
epar
ati
onandt
hatt
hemachi
nei
sav
ail
abl
efora
maxi
mum of15hoursshowthat5 +6y75and5 +3y60.

b) Gi
venal
sot
hatt
het
otal
prepar
ati
ont
imei
slesst
hanorequal
tot
het
otal
machi
net
ime,
showt
hat

256
 y≤5
3
c) Thepoint( ,y
)r epresentsxcushionsandyt abl
ecloths.Usi
ngascal eof1cm toonecushionon
thehori
zont
aland1cm t oonetablecl
othont hevert
icalaxi
s.Const r
uctandindi
cat
eclear
lyby
shadi
ngtheunwant edr egions,
theregionsi
nwhi chthepoint( , y)mustli
e.
d) Theprofi
tfr
om thesal eofeachcushi onis$4andt hatfrom eachtablecl
othi
s$2.Useyourgraph
tofi
ndthemaximum pr ofi
twhichtheladycanmake.( Cambridge,June1985).
2) Mr.HoveManuf acturestableandchairsusingsoft
woodandhar dwood.

At
abl
erequi
res5met
resofsof
twoodand3m ofhar
dwood.

Achai
rrequi
res45m ofsof
twoodand48m ofhar
dwood.

Letxbet
henumberoft
abl
esmadeandybet
henumberofchai
rsmade.

a) Usi
ngt
heaboveinfor
mati
on,wri
tedownt
woi
nequal
i
tiesot
hert
hanx0andy0i
nxandy
,
whi
chsat
isf
ythesecondi
ti
ons.

b) Inor derforMr.Hov etomakeapr ofi

t,heshoul
dmanuf acturemor et han2tablesandatleast4
chairs.Wr i
tedownt woi nequal i
ti
es,oneinxandt heotheri ny,whichsat i
sfythesecondi
tions.
c) Thepoi nt( ;y)r
epresentsxt abl
esandychai r
smanuf act ured.Usingascal eof2cm torepresent
2t ablesont hehori
zont alaxisand2cm t o2chair
sont hev ert
icalaxis.Dr
awt heaxesfor:
0x16and0y16.
Indicateclearl
ybyshadi ngt heUNWANTEDREGI ON, t
her egioninwhi ch( , y)shoul
dli
e,
d) Usey ourgraphtowr it
edownal lpossibl
ecombinationswhi chgi v
et hemaxi mum numberoft ables
andchai r
smanuf actured.
ZIMSECJUNE2008

257
 CHAPTER26
Rev
isi
tthewhol
echapt
er
CI
RCLEGEOMETRY
Sy
ll
abusObj
ect
ives

Leanershouldbeabl
et o:
a) Defi
neandnamet hevari
ouspartsofacircl
eandi
tsr
egi
ons.
b) Stat
eall
therequi
redcir
clet
heorems
c) Solv
eprobl
emsusi ngt
heappropriat
etheorems

Par
tsofaci
rcl
e

Maj
orar
c I
fOisthecent
erofci
rcl
eshown.
a) Ther
adiusi
stheli
nedrawnfr
om t
heci
rcumf
erencet
othecent
er

b) Theci
rcumfer
encei
stheout
erboundar
yfor
mingthecircl
e.
c) Anar
cisanyi
ncomplet
ecir
cumference

a) Thediameterisastr
aightl
inedrawnf r
om thecircumferencet
hroughthecent
ert
othe
ci
rcumferenceontheotherside.
b) Thechordisastrai
ghtli
nedr awnfrom t
hecircumf er
encetotheothersi
deonthe
ci
rcumferencewit
houtpassingthroughthecenter.
f
) Thesectorisaregi
onboundedbyt woradi
iandanar c.

258
Regi
oni
naci
rcl
e
ar
c
Asegmentisaregionboundedbythechordandthearc
Thechor
dandmi norarcABform aminorSegment.
ThechordandthemajorarcABform amajorsegment

I
fABisadiamet
erwhichdi
vide
t
heci
rcl
eint
otwoequalhal
ves.

thet
wor egi
onsf
ormedar
ecal
l
ed
semi-
cir
cles
Semimeanshalf

259
REVI
SIT R

Fi
g1

I
nFig1ABi sachordQ, R,
S,TandUarepoi
ntsontheci
rcumf
erenceoftheci
rcl
e.Angl
esAQB,ARBand
ASBareinthemajorsegment
.Theyar
esubtendedbymi
norar
cABAngl esAUBandAtBar eal
lint
he
minorsegment
.Theyaresubt
endedbythemajorar
cAB.

Angl
eAQB=ARB=ASB
Angl
eAUB=ATB

Theor
em 1
Al
langl
essubt
endedbyt
hesamear
car
eequal
orAngl
esi
nthesamesegmentar
eequal
.

i
nfig2,ifOisthecenteroft
hecir
cle.Angl
eAOBisa
acenterandissubtendedbyar
cmi norarcAB.

260
Angl
eACBi
sattheci
rcumfer
enceandi
sal
sosubt
ended
byar
cABbyar
chAB.angleAOB=2ACB.

Fi
g2
Theor
em 2
Angl
eatt
hecent
eri
stwi
cet
hesi
zeoft
heangl
eont
heci
rcumf
erencewhensubt
endedbyt
hesamear
c.

Example1
I
nt hediagr
am Oi
sthecent
eroft
heCi
rcl
e.
Fi
ndt heval
ueofxandy.

a) x=330(angl
essubtendedbythesamear careequal
b) y=2x330(angl
esatthecenteri
stwice)attheci
rcumfer
ence
c) =660.Whensubt
endedbythesamear c.

Exer
cise1,
1

Fi
ndt
heangl
emar
kedwi
thl
ett
ersgi
vent
hatOi
sthecent
er.St
atecl
ear
lyy
ourr
easonsf
oreachst
ep.

261
a)

c)
d)
x
460

2500

310
d e

Hi
nt:
Makei
magi
nar
yconst
ruct
ionsofr
adi
us.Baseofi
soscel
est
ri
angl
ear
eequal
.

262
 Theor
em 3
Theangl
einasemi
cir
clei
sar
ightangl
e.

Ifpoi
ntOi
sthecentreoft
hecir
cle.AnglesASBandATB
arei
nasemi-
cir
clehenceareal
lrightangl
es.

Cy
cli
cQuadr
il
ater
al
Whenallthever
ti
cesofaquadr
il
ater
ali
nsi
deacy
clet
oucht
heci
rcumf
erenceoft
hecy
cleacy
cli
c
quadr
il
ateral
isf
ormed.

263
I
ncyclicquadr
il
ater
alABCD.Angl
eADCwhichi
sequaltoxi
sinamaj
orsegmentwhi
l
eABCwhi
chi
syi
s
theminorsegment.
Angl
exandyar eopposit
eangl
eofacycl
i
cquadri
l
ater
al.

Theor
em 4
Theopposi
teangl
esofacycl
icquadr
il
ater
alaresuppl
ement
ary( o1800)
addupt
Angl
esinopposi
tesegment
saresupplementar
y.

IfBCi
sproducedincycl
i
cquadr i
lat
eralABCanext
eri
orangl
eBCXi
sfor
med.I
fx2r
epr
esent
sext
eri
orangl
e
andyandx1, opposi
tei
nter
ioranglethen.

(
1) x1+y =180 (opposit
eangleofacy cl
i
c
quadri
later
aladdupto180
(
2) x2=180-
y (angl
esinast r
aightl
i
neaddupt
o180.

Fr
om (1)y=180-x1 but x2=180-
y
:
-x2=180-(180-
x1)
:
-x2=x

Angl
eBAD=DCX

Theor
em 5

Theext
eri
orangl
eofacy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
ali
sequal
tot
hei
nter
ioropposi
teangl
e.

Exampl
e2

Cal
cul
atet
hemar
kedangl
esOi
sthecent
reoft
heci
rcl
e.

264
i
) Z= 180-1380(angl
esi
sast
rai
ghtl
i o1800)
neaddupt
=420
or
i
i) y=1380(
Exter
iorangl
eisequal
tot
hei
nter
ioropposi
teangl
e).
y+z=1800

+z=1800(
y Opposi
teangl
esofacy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
alar
esuppl
ement
ary
.

+42=1800
y
-y=1380
:

x0=1800-1380(
Baseangl
esofani
soscel
est
ri
angl
ear
eequal
)
2
= 420
2
= 210

Exampl
e3

ABisadi
ameterofSemiCir
cleABCD.I
f
eABD=1600,
angl Cal
cul
ateangl
eBCD.

Sol
uti
on

Makeconst
ruct
ions

265
Joi
nCA.

eBCA=900(
Angl Angl
esi
nasemi
ci
rcl
ear
eri
ghtangl
es) Joi
nDA

AngleACD=160(angl
esubt
endedbyt
hesamear
car
eequal
) AngleBDA=900( angleinasemi
cir
cleare
:-angleBCD=900+160 ri
ghtangles.
0
=106 AngleBAD=180-( 90+16)(angl
eina
tr
iangl
e
=740
AngleBCD=1800-74( opposit
eangles)
=106oofcy cli
cquad.

Exer
cise1,
2
Fi
ndtheanglemar
kedwi
thl
ett
ers.St
ati
ngcl
ear
lyy
ourr
easonsf
oreachst
ep.Oi
ndi
cat
est
hecent
reoft
he
ci
rcl
e.

266
Hi
nt:
Makeconst
ruct
ions

e)
850 1000

f
)

267
Tangent
s

At
angenti
sal
i
net
hatj
ustt
ouchest
heci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
e.

1) At
angenti
sper
pendi
cul
art
other
adi
usatt
hepoi
ntofcont
act

268
i
i
) Twot
angent
sdr
awf
rom anext
ernal
poi
ntar
eequal
inl
engt
h.

TA=TB.HenceTABi
sani
soscel
est
ri
angl
e.

Remembert
hef
oll
owi
ngpoi
ntonangl
esal
soappl
yincy
cli
cquadr
il
ater
als.

a) Angl
esatapoi o3600
ntaddupt

b) Ver
ti
cal
l
yopposi
teangl
esar
eequal

c) Giv
enparall
ell
i
nesall
theor
emsconcer
ningpar
all
ell
i
neappl
yi.
e.Z-angl
esar
eequal
,
corr
espondi
ngangl
esaddupto1800etc.

d) Baseangl
eofi
soscel
est
ri
angl
esar
eequal
.

e) Si
mil
ari
tyandcongr
uencycanal
sobeusedasanai
donf
indi
ngsol
uti
ons
Exami
nati
onQuesti
ons

1)

Int
hedi
agram B,C,DandEar
epoi
ntonasemi
-ci
rcl
ewi
thBEast
hedi
amet
er.Gi
vent eBED=540
hatangl
andBC=CD,Calcul
ate.

a)angl
eEBD b)angl
eBCD c)angl
eDBC

269
2)

Int
hediagr
am, t
hepoi
ntsA,B,
CandDl i
eontheci
rcumferenceofcir
clecent
reO.Thel
i
neSTisat
angent
atAandtheradi
usAOwhenpr oducedmeetDCatP.Givent eADC=750andangl
hatangl eAPD=500
cal
cul
ate.
i
)angl
eABC i
i)angl
eSAD i
i
i)angl
ePOC

3)

I
nthediagr
am Oist
hecentr
eoft
hecir
cle.AOi
spar
all
elt eAOC=1200.
oBCandangl
Cal
cul
atethev
aluei
)angl
eACBii
)angl
eABC

270
4)

I
nthedi agram,abov
e,Oi
sthecent
reoft
heci
rcl
eandADi
spar
all
elt
oBC.Gi
v hatACB=500andACD=
ent
0
20, calculate.
i
)angl eADC i
i
)angl
eDAB

Int
hediagram,ABCDisacy cli
cquadril
ateral
.Thestrai
ghtli
neCXYisparal
l
elt eACD=270,
oDAangl DBC=
0 0
38 andBXC=115
a) Calcul
atethef
oll
owi ngangles
i
) BCY i i) ABD i i
i) ADB i v) ACY v ) CAB
b) Statet
hereasonwhyar cYBisequaltoarcAD.
c) Name, i
nthecorrectorder,
thetr
ianglewhichissi
milart
otri
angl
eBXC
(ZI
MSECNOV2004)

271
I
nthedi
agr
am,
TRandTSar
e

Tangent
stot
heci
rcl
ecent
reO.

SRispar
all
elt
o
OQandSOR=1160Cal
cul
atet
heangl
es
i
)SQR
i
i)RSQ
i
ii
)RTS

(
ZIMSECJUNE2008)

272
 CHAPTER27
I
NDI
CES,
SQUARES,
SQUARE,
CUBESANDCUBEROOTS

Sy
ll
abusObj
ect
ives

Lear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto

a) Stateal
lthelawsofi
ndicesandapplythem
b) Fi
ndt hesquareandsquarerootsofgiv
ennumber
sbyv
ari
ousmet
hods
c) Calcul
atethecubeandcuber ootsofnumber
s.

I
ndi
ces
X2meansXxX.2i
sthepowerori
ndexoft
hebasex.

Fundament
all
awsofi
ndi
ces

1) axxay=a(x+y)

2) ax:
-ay=ax-y

3) a–x =

4) ao=1

ax)
y
5) ( =axy

6) a1/x = xa

ax/y =(
x
7) a )y

Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionanddi
vi
sionusi
ngi
ndi
ces
Law1 axxay=ax+y

whenmul
ti
ply
ingpower
soft
hesamebaseaddi
ndi
ces

Law2ax:
-ay=ax-y

ax)y
Law5( =axxy
=axy
o
Law4a =1( everynumberr
aisedt
othepowerzer
ois1)
.

Pr
ooff
orl ga2xa3
aw1e. =(axa)x(
axaxa)
=axaxaxaxa
=a5

273
 a2xa3 =a2+3
=a5

Tr
ytopr
ovel
aw2andl
aw5

Exampl
e1

Si
mpl
i
fy
a) 3a2x5a4 18q6:
-3q2 c) 3m4)2 d)
( 100o

3a2x5a4 =3xa2x5xa4
=3 5 a2xa4 Col
l
ect
ingl
i
ket
erms
=15 a2+4
=15 a6 Law1
=15a6

b) 18q6:
-3q2 =

= Law2

= 6 q4

= 6q4

c) (3m4)2 = 32 (m4)2 Power2affect

sbot
h3andm4
= 9 m4x2 Laws5
= 9 m8
= 9m8
d) 1000 = 1 Law4

TakeNot
e

ax)
y
ForLaw5( =axy

1. Thepowerout
sidet
hebracketr
aisesev
ery
thi
nginsi
dethebr
ackett
othatpower
.
2. Anegat
ivenumberr
aisedtoanoddpowerisnegat
ive–23=-
8
2
Anegat
ivenumberr
aisedt
oanev
enpoweri
sposi
ti
vee.
g.(
-2)=4

Exer
cise1,
1

Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ng

a) 24 23 b) a5 a4 c) 4a2 8a4

d) m10⌯m6 e) c6⌯c f
)

274
g) h) 270 i
) 103x⌯10x

j
) 5x:
-52y k) x3:
-x–4 l
) 8a-5 4a6

b3)
4
g-3)5 3-4)
2
m) ( n) ( o) (

32
a2)
3
d5)
4
p) (
4v ) q) -
3( r
) (
-

5mn2)
3
s) ( t
) u)

4) Negat
iveI
ndi
ces

Law3 a-x=

Exampl
e2

Si
mpl
i
fy

a) 5-1 b)

a) 5-1= b) = Law3

Law5

275
 =

Fr
act
ional
Indi
ces

Law6a1/x x
= a Wher
ea=o

Law7ay/x
x y
= (a)

Example3
Simpl
i
fyREFERTOORI
GINALYCOPY
271/3 b) 16-3/4 1/
2
2x3)
2/
3
a) c) 2 (

271/3 3
a) = 27 Law6 b) 16-¾= 1 Law3
163/4
= 3 1
=4(
16)3l
aw7

c) 2x1/2 x(
2x3)3/2= 2x½x22x33(3/2)

= 2x½ x4x9/4

= 8x½ xx9/4
11/
4
= 8

= 8(4x)
11

Br
iefSummar
y

TheSquar
erootofanumberhasanegat
iveandaposi
ti
vev
aluee.
g.25=5or–5.Si
nce5x5=25and-
5x-
5=25

Squar
eroot
.Si
gni
sdi
str
ibut
ivee.
g.REVI
SIT =25

4

t
hesameasx g. 25½ =25
e.

276
 =5

Exer
cise1,
2

Si
mpl
i
fy

10-3 -3
2-5 -2
a) b) (
-4) c) d) (
1/2)

- 1/
3 4/
3
e) (27) f
) 64 g) h)

i
) (
1/9)-1 j
) 3½ 3–3/2 k) 041/2
0,

l
) 0272/3
0, m) 2ax3a-1 n) 3x+1x3x

-1/
3
o) (
1252) p) 2x)½ x(
( 2x3)3/2

Squar
esandSquar
eRoot
s
Toget25y
ouneedt
omul
ti
plyf
ivebyi
tsel
ftwi
ce.I
.e.5 5=25
3 3=9
25=5, 9=3.

Means5shoul
dmul
ti
plyi
tsel
ftwi
cet
ogi
veanswer25 Means3shoul
dmul
ti
plyi
tsel
ftwi
cet
ogi
ve
answer9

5 5=52
=25.

Perf
ectsquaresfiv
eraisedtothepowert woisreadas5squar ed.Al
lnumberswhosesquar erootsare
i
ntegeraresaidtobeperfectsquares.Forexample49,
100and144ar eperf
ectsquares.Si
ncetheir
squareroot
sar e7,10and12r especti
vely
.5isnotaperfectsquaresi
ncethe5is2,236whichisnota
wholenumberbutaf racti
on.

Usi
ngFact
ort
ofi
ndsquar
eroot
sofper
fectsquar
es

Exampl
e4

Fi
ndt
hea)144

2 144
2 72
2 36
2 18
3 9

277
3 3
1.

144 =22 22 32.Expr

essasproductofitspri
mefact
ors
=2 2 3 wit
hfact
orsr
aisedt othepowert
wo
=12 -
Takeall
fact
orsraisedtopowertwoandmul
ti
ply

:
-144=12

Exer
cise1,
3

1a) Whichoft
hef
oll
owi
ngareper
fectsquar
es
4,
8, 9,
12,
17,
36,1225,
6,25,
704,729

2) Fi
ndt
hesquar
eroot
softhef
oll
owi
ng
a) 729 b) 1089 c) 324 d) 1225 e)1600

3) Fi
ndxi
fi)x2=9 ) x2=32+22
i
i i
i
i) x2=82=+62

1) Simpl
i
fy
2
14/ 2
a) (1½) b) ( 5) c)2¼ d) 12¼

Hi
nt:
reducet
oimpr
operf
ract
ionf
ir
st.

2) Eval
uat
e
a) 32
0, b) 022
0, c) 0132
0,

d) 0,
036 e) 0,
0009 f
) 0,
01 g) 0,
0081

6) Cal
cul
ate225,
Hencest
atet
hev
aluesof 2,
25and 0,
0225

CubesandCuber
oot
s

Cuber
ootofanumberxi edas3x
sdenot
3
xmeanswhi
chnumbercanmul
ti
plyi
tsel
fthr
eet
imet
ogi
vet
heanswerx

f
orexampl
e 3x3x3=27
3
:
- 27=3
3
Cubeofanumberxisdenot
edasx.Meani
ngt
hatacubeofanumberi
sther
esul
tofmul
ti
plyt
hat
numberbyi
tsel
fthr
eeti
mes

33 =3 3 3
=27

Per
fectcubes

Thesear
enumber
swhosecuber
oot
sar
eint
eger
s.Forexampl
e
3 3
27=3, 64=4but49i
saf
ract
ion:

Not
e

278
Al
lcuber
oot
sofnegat
ivenumber
sar
enegat
iv g3-
ee. 27=-
3

x1/3i
sthesameas3xe.
g.271/3= 327
=3

Exer
cise1,3
1a) Fi ndtheval
uesof
:
a) 63 b) 33 c) 43 d) 83

2a) Fi
ndt
hev
aluesof
:
3 3 3 3
a) 1 b) 8 c) 27 d) 1000
3 3 3
e) 64 f
) 125 g) 343

3) Fi
ndxi
fi)x3=1000 i
i
) x3=27 i
i
i) x3=125

4) Cal
cul
atetheexactv
alueof:
0811/3 33/ 1/
3
a) 0, b) ( 8)

Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions

1) Si
mpl
i
fy:

a) 12x3:
-2x2 b)27x7/2:-9x11/2c) 2a1/2)4
(

2. Eval
uate
i
) ( 2)2 i
0, i
) 992-
12

3) Fi
ndt
hev
alueofa,
giv hat2a=64
ent

4) Giv hatb1/2=4,
ent f
indthevalueofb
5) I
fc=6,3x108andd=7, 0x103,fi
ndtheval
ueof
:
c/
d gi
vingy ouranswerinstandar
dfor
m

3) Evaluat
e
a) 4-2 b) 16¾ c) 52/3x51/3x5

ZI
MSECNOV2003

279
 CHAPTER28
SI
MULTANEOUSEQUATI
ONS

Theequati
ony=1-3 consi
stoft
wounknownsxandy
.manypai
rsofxandysat
isf
ytheequat
ione.
g
(0;
1),
(1,
-2)
,(2,
-
5)et
c.

Theequation2 +y=5al soconsistsoftwounknowns,xandy .Manypair

sofxandyvaluesal
so
sati
sfytheequati
one. g.(0,5)
,(1;
3) ,
(3,-
1)etc.However,
onlyonepairofxandyval
uessati
sfyt
heset
wo
equati
onst hati
s(-
4;-13).Whent wosuchequat ionsar
etrueatthesametimetheyar
ecall
ed
si
mul t
aneousequations.

Sy
ll
abusObj
ect
ives

Lear
nershoul
dbeablet
o
a) Sol vesi
mult
aneousequat
ionsbythemet hodofsubsti
tut
ion
b) Sol vesi
mult
aneousequat
ionsbythemet hodofel
iminati
on
c) Sol vesi
mult
aneousequat
ionsgraphical
l
y
d) Checkt hecorr
ect
nessofthei
rsolut
ions.

Substi
tut
ion
I
tisamet hod,
whi
chi
nvol
vesr
epl
aci
ngoneunknownwi
thsomet
hingsot
haty
oudeal
wit
hasi
ngl
e
unknown.

Exampl
e

Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ion
3 +5y=11
2 –3y=20

3 +5y=1 (1) i
denti
fyyourequat
ionsas
2 –3y=20 (
2) equat
ions(1)and(2)

Taki
ngequat
ion(
1) Takeei
therequat
ionandmake
3 +5y=11 anyofi
tsunknownt hesubj
ect
5y=11-
3

y
=

2 –3y=20
Subst
it
utef
oryi
ntoequat
ion

2 –3 =20 (
2)

10 -3(
11-
3 ) =100 Mul
ti
plyby5
10 –33+9 =100

10 +9 =100+33

280
 =

= 7
Nowsubst
it
utef
or i
nei
ther(
1)or(
2)

2 –3y=20
2(7)–3y=20
-
3y=20-14
-
3y=6

y
=-2

:
- =7 y
=-2

Checki
ngbysubst
it
uti
oni
ntoal
ltheequat
ion.

(
1) 3 +5y=11
3(7)+5(
-2)
=11
21-
10=11

(
2) 2 –3y=20
2(7)–3(
-2)
=20
14+6=20

Takenot
e

Themet
hodi
susef
ulwhent
hecoef
fi
ci
entofoneunknowni
nanyoft
heequat
ionsi
sone.

Exer
cise1,
1

1. Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ionsusi
ngt
hemet
hodofsubst
it
uti
on.

a) y=1-
3 b) y+2 =6 c) 2a+b=-
3
2 +y=5 2y+ =3 a-3b=-
5

d) 2y- =5 e)
5 +3y=2 f
) m+3n =7
3y+2 =-24 y+2 =0 9m-2n=5

g) 3 -4y=8 h) r+s=1 I
) 3 +y=-
5
4 +4y=27 4s=3+2r –2y
=18

Met
hodofel
i
minat
ion
Thi
smet hodinv
olv
est
empor
ari
l
yget
ti
ngr
idofoneunknowni
nthesi
mul
taneousequat
ionsbyaddi
ti
on
orsubt
racti
on.

Exampl
e2

Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ionusi
ngt
hemet
hodofel
i
minat
ion. 3 +5y=11
2 -3y=20

3 +5y
=1 (
1)

281
2 –3y
=20 (
2)

3 +5y
=11x2 Mul
ti
ply(
1)by2and(
2)by3
2 –3y=20x3

6 +10y=22
6 –9y =60 Subt
ractt
het
woequat
ion(
1)-(
2)

10y
-( -
9y) = 22-60
19y = -38

y=-
2

Subst
it
uti
ngt
hev
alueofyi
nei
therequat
ion

3 +5y=20
3 +5(-
2)=20
3 =20+10
3 =30
3 3

=10
:
- =10 =y=-
2

Takenote:
Whengiventhef
ract
ionsmul
ti
plyev
eryt
erm byt
hel
owestcommondenomi
nat
ort
oreducet
oli
near
equat
ions.

Exer
cise1,
2

1. Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ions.

a) b) c)

d) e) f
)

g) h) I
)

j
) k) l
)

Gr
aphi
cal
met
hodofsol
vi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ion

282
Themethodi
nvol
vesdr
awi
ngst
rai
ght
-l
inegr
aphsandwher
ethet
wol
i
nesmeetori
nter
sectgi
vest
he
sol
uti
on.

Exampl
e3

Sol
vegr
aphi
cal
l
ythef
oll
owi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ions

3 +y=-
5
-
2y=18

Tabl
eofv
alues

3 +y
=-5
o -
2 -
3
y -
5 -
1 4

-
2y=18
18 0 8
y 0 -9 -
5

Theval
uesofxandyatt
hepoi
ntofi
nter
sect
ionsat
isf
ybot
hequat
ion,
hencet
hesol
uti
oni
sx=1,
1andy
=-8,
4
I
nsert
:

I
NSERTGRAPH

283
 Exer
cise1,
3

1. Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
nggr
aphi
cal
l
y

a) y=1-
3 b) 3 +y=-
5 c) y+2 =6
2 +y=5 -
2y=18 2y+ =3

d) 4 +3y=11
3 +4y=10

Wor
dPr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngSi
mul
taneousEquat
ions
Exampl
e4

80saucersand70mugscost$940.80mugsand70saucer
scost$965.Cal
cul
atet
hecostofasaucer
andamug.
LetSrepresentsaucer
s
LetM representmugs

Form equat
ions
80s+70m = 940(1)
70s+80m = 965

80s+70m = 940x8
70s+80m = 965x7

640s+560m = 7520
490s+560 = 6755

Subt
ract
ing

150s = 765
s = $5,
10

Subst
it
uti
ngs

80(5,
10) +70m =940
40,
8+7m =94
7m =94–40,8
7m =63,
2
m =$7,74

:
-CostofSaucer=$5,
10costofmugi
s$7,
74

Exer
cise1,
4
1) 3tomatoesand5oni
onscost88c.5t
omat
oesand3oni
onscost72c.Cal
cul
atet
hecostofone
tomat
oandoneonion.

284
2) Thesum oft
wonumber si
s7.Whenthebiggernumberissubtr
act
edfr
om f
ourt
imest
hesmal
l
er
numberther
esul
tis3.Fi
ndtheval
ueofthetwonumbers.
3) Thediagr
amsbel
owshowst heangl
esintwoequil
ater
altr
iangl
esaandb.

a) b)

i
) For
mt woequat ionusingtri
anglesaandbr especti
vel
y.
i
i) Sol
vetheequat ionstofindthevalueofxandy
4) Thesum ofPet erandJohn’sagesi s14.
Thedif
ferenceoft hei
ragesi s4.FindboththeagesofJohnandPet er.
5) Mary’
smot heris30y earsolderthanher.Fiveyearsago,
hermot her
’sagewas3t i
mest hatofhers.
Fi
ndtheirpresentages.
6) AnnaandBet tyeachr ecei
vesomechangeaf terbuyi
ngsweets.Thesum ofAnna’schangeand
hal
fofBet t
y’schangei s$0,
50.
Thedif
ferencebet weenhalfofAnna’ schangeandone-sixt
hofBet t
y’schangei
s$1,50.Findboth
AnnaandBet ty’
schange.

Exami
nati
onQuest
ion
1) Sol
vet
heSimult
aneousequat
ions
6 +4y=3
4 +6y=5 ZI
MSEC:
NOV2003

2) Sol
vethesi
mul
taneousequat
ion
4 -2y
=5
+y=½

3) Sol
vethef ol
lowi
ngpai
rsofequat
ions ZI
MSEC:
NOV2002
0,
5 -0, 4y=0,8
-
0,9y=0,6

4) Sol
vet
hefol
lowi
ngsi
mul
taneousequat
ions
2 -7y=23
2 2

5) Cal
cul
at f52a-b=1and24=29a-3b
eaandbi
4

285
 CHAPTER29
REVI
SITTHEWHOLECHAPTER
I
nequal
i
ties

Inequal
it
iesdealswi
thquant
it
iest
hatar
enotequal
.Onequant
it
ycoul
dbegr
eat
ert
hanorl
esst
han
anotherquanti
ty.

Sy
ll
abusObj
ect
ives

Leanershoul
dbeabl eto:
a) Usethefol
l
owi nginequal
i
tysignsasrequi
red,,,
b) Sol
veli
nearinequali
ti
esoftheform ax+bcandorcax+bdwher ea,
b,c,
dar
erat
ional
.
c) Repr
esenti
nequaliti
esandtheirsol
uti
onsetsonanumberl
ine.
d) Repr
esenti
nequaliti
esandtheirsol
uti
onsetsonaCar
tesi
anplane.

Thenumberl
i
ne
Thei
nequal
i
tiesi
nonev
ari
abl
ecanbei
l
lust
rat
edi
nanumberl
i
ne.

Example1
I
ll
ustr
atet
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nequal
i
tiesi
nanumberl
i
ne.

a) 3 b) -
4 c) 2

a) 3 =(
2,1,
0,
-1,
-
2…y

O -
Allnumbertot
helef
tof3fall
inthesetexcl
udi
ng3.
0 3 -
Since3isexcl
udedt
hecir
cleisnotshaded.

b) -
4 =-
3,-
2,-
1,0,
1,
2….

O -
Allnumbert
otheri
ghtof-
4falli
ntheset
.
-
4 0 -
Since-4i
snotpar
toftheset
,theci
rcl
eisnotshaded.

c) 2 = 2,
1,0,
-1,
-2…

Readsxislessthanorequalt
o2.
0 2 Sincetwoisincl
udedint
hesett
heci
rcl
eisshaded.

Br
iefsummar
y

286
a) Numberonanumberl i
nei ncreasetotheright
:-1-20
b) Theopenci rcleabov et
henumberont henumberl i
neshowst hatthenumberisexcludedfrom the
setitappli
est ol essthanandgr eatert
han.
c) Theshadedci r
cleabovet henumberont henumberl i
neshowst hatthenumberisincludedinthe
sol
ut i
onset .Itappliest
oand.
d) Thezer ohelpst oseparat
eposi t
ivefr
om negativ
enumber s.
e) Soluti
onsetr eferstoapar ti
cularsetrepr
esentedbyinequal
it
ye.gf orx2thesolutionsetis
= 2, 1,0,-1,-
2…

Example2
I
ll
ustr
atet
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nequal
i
tiesonanumberl
i
ne.

a) 0 4 b) -
1 4

I
nser
t:

a) 0 4 =(
1,2,
3,
4)

0 0 Si
ncezer
oisnoti
ncl
udei
tisnotshaded
1 4

b) 0 0
-
1 0 4

Exer
cise1,
1

1) Gi
vet
hesol
uti
onsetoft
hefol
l
owi
ngi
nequal
i
ties
a) 2 b) 4 c) -
3

d) e e) -
4 -
2 f
) 0 5

g) -
7 10 h) 3,
5 7 i
) -
3,7 <6,
5

j
) -
2½ 2 k) 0,
75 4

2) Repr
esenteachsol
uti
onseti
nquest
iononeonanumberl
i
ne

3) Wr
it
ethei
nequal
i
tiesr
epr
esent
edbyt
hedi
agr
am.

287
Sol
vi
ngi
nequal
i
ties
Inequal
i
tiescanbesol
vedt
hewayequat
ionsar
esol
ved.Wi
thi
nequal
i
ties,
whendi
vi
dingbyanegat
ivet
he
signisr
ev er
sed.

Exampl
e3

Sol
veandi
l
lust
rat
ethesol
uti
ononanumberl
i
ne.

a) -
32 +1 b) -
2 4 c) -
1

d) -
12 -35

a) -
32 +1 Taki
ng1t
olef
t(changesi
gn)
-
3-12
-
4 2
-
2 Di
vi
deby2

0
-
2 0
b) -
2 4 Di
videbyanegat
ive2andchange
Si
gninthepr
ocess
-2
-
2

0
-
2 0

c) -
12 -3 mul
ti
plyby2bot
hsi
det
oremov
efr
act
ion
2
2
2(-
1)(
2 -
3)
2
-
22 -3

288
-
2+32
½2

½

0
1 ½

d) -
12 –35

-12 –3 breaki
ngthe 2 –35
-1+32 i
nequal
ity 2 5+3
22 2 8
1 4

Nowj
oint
het
wosol
uti
on

1 4

1 0
0 14

Remember

I
nteger
sar
eposi
ti
veandnegat
ivenumber
sincl
udi
ngzer
o…-
3;-
2,-
1,0,
1,2,
3…

Exer
cise1,
2

1) Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
nginequal
i
ties
a) -
72 b) 3- 9 c) 4 –120

d) -
10 100 e) 7 +12 +3f
) 3( +2)15

g) 3 8+5 h) 5(
7-y
)3(
2-y
)i) 2/
37
+5

k)

2) Representeachofthesol
uti
onsetinquest
ion1onanumberl
i
ne.
3) Li
sttheintegerval
uesofxwhichsati
sfyt
hefol
lowi
ng
a) :3,
75x10
b) :
-8x½
c) : isper f
ectsquar
eand0 40
d) : i sanoddnumberand0 10

4) I
f-4 2and–1 4, andybei ng
i
ntegersfi
ndHint:Li
stt
hesol
uti
onsetofthet
woi
nequal
i
tiese.
gx=-
4;-
3,-
2,-
1,0,
1
a) themaximum valueof -y
b) Themi ni
mum valueof -y
c) Theleastval
ueof2 y
d) thegreat
estval
ueof2 y .

289
Hi
nt:
maxi
mum occur
swhensubst
it
utedv
aluegi
vet
hebi
ggestanswer
.Vi
cev
ersaf
ormi
nimum.

GRAPHI
NCLI
NEARI
NEQUALI
TIES(
CARTESI
ANPLANE)
TheCart
esianpl
aneconsi
stsoft
hexaxi
sandt
heyaxi
s.Al
ongt
heyaxi
sthev
alueof =0.Al
soal
ong
thexaxi
stheval
ueofy=0.

I
naCar
tesi
anpl
anev
ert
ical
li
nesar
ex=a,
andhor
izont
all
i
nesar
ey=a.

Forexampl
ethef
oll
owi
ngl
i
neswoul
dshowasf
oll
ows

a) =1 b) y
=-2 c) =-
4 d) y=1

Al
soi
nequal
i
tiescanber
epr
esent
edi
nthecar
tesi
onpl
ane.

Exampl
e4

Showbyshadi
ngt
hear
ear
epr
esent
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nequal
i
ties

I
nser
t:

a) 2 b) -
2 c) y 2

Not
es

1.I
ffi
rstdr
awt
hev
ert
ical
li
ne

290
 X=2t hr
ough2.
2.Sincet
woi snoti
ncl
udedin
Thesetdrawabrokenli
ne
3.Shadetheregi
onwithoutt
he wi
thoutt
hesol
uti
onset
.Number
sless
than2aretothel
eftofit
.

I
nser
t:

b)

Si
ncemi
nust
woi
sincl
udeduseabol
d/cont
inuousl
i
ne.

291
c)

Thi
sti
met
hel
i
ne
i
shori
zont
al. Y2
Number
sgreat
ert
han2ar
eabov
ethel
i
ne.

Exampl
e5

Showbyunshadi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nequal
i
ties

a) (,
y): -
2,y2 b) (,
y): 2,
y3y
)

292
 Notes:
Unshaderegi
onr
epr
esent
s
y
=2 thesol
uti
onset

y=3 Unshadedr
egi
onr
epr
esent
sthesol
uti
onset

Br
iefSummar
y

Whent
hesi
gnor,
useabol
dli
ne.
Whent
heor,
useabr
okenl
ine

Ther
emai
ningunshadedr
egi
onr
epr
esent
sthesol
uti
onset
.

Exer
cise1,
3

1) Onsquar
epaper
,dr
awt
hegr
aphsoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nequal
i
tiesbyshadi
ngt
heunwant
edr
egi
on.

a) 2 b) y,
3 c) -
2 d) y-
2

e) y0 f
)1 4 g) -
1y3 h) (
x,y
),x1,
y2

i
) (,
y),
x-
1,y0. j
) (,
y), 4,
y2 k) (,
y),
x-
1,y2

2) Wri
tedownt
hei
nequal
i
tiesr
epr
esent
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngdi
agr
amsdr
awnbyshadi
ngt
heunwant
ed
r
egi
on.

293
I
nequal
i
tiesi
ntwov
ari
abl
es

Li
neari
nequal
it
iesi
nonevar
iabl
ecanbeshownontheonedi
mensi
onalnumberl
i
ne.Sol
uti
onof
i
nequal
i
tiesi
ntwovari
abl
esl
ieinaregi
onoft
wodimensi
onalx,
ypl
ane.

Exampl
e6
Shadet
her
egi
onbei
ngdescr
ibedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nequal
i
ties.

a) 3 +4y12 b) y0,
y3 , +y4
a) 3 +4y12

St
ep1-Reducet
hei
nequal
i
tyt
otheequat
ion3 +4y
=12

St
ep2-Determi
newher
ethegr
aphcr
ossest
hexandyaxi
s
Gr
aphcrossest
hexaxi
swheny=0

294
 I
nser
t:
3 +4(
0)=12

3x=124
3 3

=4
Coor
dinat
e(4;
0)

Gr
aphcr
osstheyaxi
swhenx=0
3(
0)+4y=12
4y=12

y=3
Coordi
nat
e( 0,
3)
Step3-Drawthel i
neusi ngcoordinates
Sincethesi
gnisusebr okenl
ine.
Step4–Testt hepoi ntabov et
hel i
neor
belowtheli
netodet ermineunwant edregion
e.
guset heori
gin(o, o)whi chi
sbelowt heli
ne.

3 +4y12
3(
0)+4(0)12
012tr
ue

:
-Poi
nt(
0;0)i
scont
ainedi
nthesetofpoi
nt3x+4y12.

Alsothefactthati
tisbelowtheli
nemeansallpoi
ntbelowt
hel
i
nef
rom t
heset
.Hence,
all
thepoi
nts
abovethelinearei
nt heunwantedregi
onandareshade.

St
ep4: Shadet
heunwant
edr
egi
on

b) y0,y3 , +y4

295
i
nser
t:

y
6 Allt
hepointsi
nthe
unshadedregi
onfor
mthe
5 setofpoi
nts
(x,
y),
y0,y3x
4 x+y4)

1
y=0
-
5-4 -
3 -
2 -
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1

-
2

-
3 x+y=4

-
4

-
5
y
=3x

Takenot
e

Var
iouspointbel
oworabovet heli
necanbeusedf ortest
ing.notonl
ypoi
nt(
0,0)
Poi
ntsontheboldlinef
orm partofthesoluti
onsset.
Poi
ntalongthebrokendonotform partofthesol
utionset.

Exer
cise1,
5

1. Dr
awt
her
egi
onsdef
inedbyeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng.Usegr
aphpaper
.

a) y0 b) -
4 c) 0 d) -
y5

e) -
2y4 f
)3 +y-
3 g) 123 +y
; +3y6

h) -
4;y 2, -
y2, i
)y1,
y- 5,
2 +y0

j
) y4, -y1,2 +3y 12 k)y0, -
y2,
3 +4y12

2. Usi
ngquest
ion1hand1ist
ateal
li
ntegral
val
uesofxandy
.
3. Giv
ethei
nequal
it
ieswhi
chdefi
netheshader
egion.

296
Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions

1) Usi
ngascaleof2cm t
orepr
esentoneuni
toneachaxis.Dr
awonthesameaxest
hel
i
nes2x+y=8
and3x+4y
=24f ort
hoseval
uesofxfrom 0t
o8f orwhichy0.

i
) Shadetheregi
onRdef i
nedbytheinequal
i
ties
2x+y8,3x+424, x0andy0
i
i
) Sisthesetofpoints(x,
y)suchthatxandyareint
eger
sand(x,y
)ЄR.Fi
ndn(S)
.
i
i
i) Fi
ndt hegr
eatestvalueofcforwhichanelementofSl
iesontheli
ne4x+y=c(Cambr
idge:
1984)

b) Uset heregi
onRt oanswerthef
oll
owi
ngquest
ions.
k) Wr i
tedown3i nequal
it
iesot
hert
han
y- 2x+32whi chdef
ineR
5
(
i) Statethemaximum valueofy

i
i
i) Giv
enthat(
x;y
)isapointi
nsi
detheregi
onRandt
hatxandyar
eint
eger
s,wr
it
edownt
hev
alueofx
andtheval
ueofywhichmake(x+y)amaximum.

i
v) Fi
ndt
hemaxi
mum v
alueof40x+20y

(
ZIMSECNOV2006)
I
nser
t/shade

297
Gr
aph

M -
4 A 3y+5x=15

I
nthediagr
am l
ineM passesthrought hepoint
s(-4;
0)and(0;
4).Theli
ne3y+5x=15cut
sthex-axi
sand
t
heyaxisatAandB.
i
) Wri
tedownt hecoordinatesofAandt hecoordi
nat
esofB.
i
i
) Fi
ndtheequationofflineM
i
i
i) Wri
tedownt woinequalit
ies,ot
herthany0,whichdefinether
egi
onR

(
ZIMSECNOV2008)

CHAPTER30
Li
nearequat
ionsf
ormul
ateandsubst
it
uti
on
Anequat
ionisastatementt
hatt
woal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
onsar
eequal
inv
alue.
Syl
l
abusObject
ives

Lear
nershouldbeabl
eto:
a) Solv
eequati
onsinvari
ousform
b) Changethesubj
ectofthefor
mulae
c) Substi
tut
eandsolv
eproblemsinvol
vi
ngf
ormul
ae
Sol
vi
ngl
i
nearequat
ions
Sol
vi
nganequat
ioni
nvol
vesf
indi
ngt
her
eal
numberv
alueoft
heunknown,
whi
chmakest
heequat
iont
rue.

298
Exampl
e1
Solv
e
a) 3y+6=18-
y b) 8(
y-2)
-5y=26

c) 3y+6=18-y Addybothsideandal
so
3y+y=18-
6 subt
ract6bothsi
des

y=3

b) 8(
y-2)
-5y=26
8y–16–5y=26 Removebracket-5yisnoti
nthebr
acket
Hencenotmulti
pliedby8.
8y–5y=26+16 Col
lect
ingl
iketerm andaddi
ng
3y =42 Col
lect
ingl
iketerm andaddi
ng6bothsi
des
3 3
y=14

Exer
cise1,
1

a) Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngequati
ons
a) 4 =48 b) 4 –7=17 c) 5 =4 +2

d) 7d=10+5d e) 5=5c-
4 f
) 6 +5=13+4

g) 3w+4=16-2w h) 8-
5z=20-
8z I
) 5-
4 +3=8-

j
) 5c+9=20-
4c k) 12-3y
-3=9-
5y

2a) Sol
vethef
oll
owingequati
ons
a) 2(2-
2q)=(3-
q) b) 5a+(
3+a)=21

c) 76-(
5b–2)=10 d) 8 –(
5n+13)=7

e) 0=3–(
4 –15) f
) 5-
3(a+3)=-
25

g) 4(
3 +2)=2(
3+ ) h) 7(
5q-
4)-10(
3q-
2)=0

i
) 2(
5 -
1),
=9 –3( -
4) j
) 4=5(
5p-
2)-
9(3p-
2)

Equat
ionsWi
thFr
act
ions
Exampl
es2

Sol
vet
heequat
ions

a) b)

c) d)

299
a) Cl
eart
hef
ract
ionbymul
ti
ply
ingev
eryt
erm byt
hel
owestcommondenomi
nat
or

12

b) Rear
rangebyaddi
ng7/
3bot
hsi
des , Cr
oss-
mul
ti
plyanddi
vi
deby7

c)

3(
n-1)=5(
n-4)Cr
ossmul
ti
ply
ing

3n-3=5n-20 Removingbracket
s
-3+20=5n–3nCol
lect
ingl
iketerms

n=8½

d)

6 Mul
ti
plyev
eryt
erm byt
heL.
C.M

6 +3–2 +2=0
4 =-3-
2
4 =-5

Not
es
Sol
uti
oncanbecheckedbysubst
it
uti
ngt
hev
alueoft
heunknowni
ntot
heor
igi
nal
equat
ion.

Exerci
se1,
2
Solv
et hef
oll
owi
ngequat
ions

300
a) b) c)

d) e) f
)

g) h) i
)

j
) k) l
)

Wor
dPr
obl
ems
Examples3
Awor ker’
sweekl
ywageiscal
culat
edbymult
ipl
yi
ngthedai
lyrat
ebythenumberofdayworked.A
tr
ansportall
owanceof$7i
sgivenont
op.I
fthetot
alamountofmoneypocket
edweeklyi
s$50,fi
ndt
he
dail
yrateofa5daysworki
ngweek.

Lett
hedai
l
yrat
ebex

:
-Thedai
l
yrat
eis$8,
60

Br
iefSummary
Whensolv
ingwor dpr
oblemsfoll
owt hesesteps.
1) Whennotgivenchooseal ett
ertorepresenttheunknownquanti
ty.
2) Expresst
hegiveninfor
mat i
onintermsoft hechosenlet
ter
.
3) Form anequat
ionandsol v
eit.
4) Checkthecorr
ectnessofthesoluti
onagai nstt
hegiveni
nformat
ion

Exer
cise1,
3

1) Peterthi
nksofanumberx.hehal vesi
tandt
hensubtract
s3.Theanswerthathegetis1.Fi
nd
thevalueofx.
2) Acertainnumberissubtr
actedfr
om 7.Ther
esulti
smul t
ipl
i
edby4andt heansweris11.Fi
nd
thenumber .
3) Theper i
meterofarect
angleis30cm.i
fthewidt
hoftherect
angl
eisone-
quarteri
tslengt
h.

301
 Findi
)Thelengt
hoftherect
angl
e.
i
i)Thewidt
hoftherect
angle

4) Theresul
toft
aki
ng4from acer
tai
nnumberandt
rebl
i
ngt
her
esul
tist
hesameast
hatof
taki
ng3anddoubl
ingt
heresul
t.

a) Expr
essthi
sstat
ementasanal
gebr
aicequat
ion.
b) Hencefi
ndthenumber
.

5) Mr.ShumbaandMr .Hov earef armerswhoeachsol dequal numberofcat t

le.Mr.Shumba
i
niti
all
yhad10cat tl
ewhi l
e.Mr .Hov ehad8.Af terselling,halfofMr .Si
banda’sremainingcattl
e
wasequal tot hreequar terthatofMr .Hove’sremai ningcat t
le.Findthenumberofcat tlethat
thesold.
6) Theresultofaddi ng3t oacer tainnumberanddi v i
dingt heresultby5i sthesamehal vingthan
numberfindt henumber .
7) Onemet alrodi s12cm l ongert hananother.Onehal foft hel ongerrodisequaltothree-
quart
ersoft heshor terrod.Findt helengt
hoft heshor terrod.
Formul ae
Af ormulaisanequat i
onwhi chcontainst woormor ediffer
entunknowns( i.
e.l
ett
ers)andsuchl et
ter
s
representmeasur ablet hings( quantit
ies).Forexampl einf i
ndi ngt hev ol
umet heformula,V=Lbh.

ChangeofSubj
ect
InV=Lbh,
Vi ssai
dtobesubj
ectoftheformula.Theequati
oncanbechangedt
odi
ff
erentway
sthat
canmakeeachlet
tert
hesubj
ect.Forexample,makingLthesubj
ect
.
V=LbhDivingbot
hsidebybh.
bhbh
L=V
bh

Exampl
e4

Makext
hesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
aei
nthef
oll
owi
ng

a) y –c=w b) c)

a) y –c=w
y –w =c Col
lectl
i
keter
mstakeoutxsi
ncei
tscommon
(y-
w)=c Di
vi
debyy -wtor
emainwit
hxononeside

b) b

302
 Mul
ti
plybyL.
C.Mt
oremov
efr
act
ion

bx+a =ab t
akeoutx
(
b+a)=ab
(
b+a)=ab Di
vi
debot
hsi
desbyb+a
(b+a) b+a
=ab
b+a

c)

Cr
ossmul
ti
plyt
oremov
efr
act
ion
p(c- )=1xw
pc-p =w
pc–w=px Makepxposi
ti
vebyaddi
ngi
tbot
hsi
des

pc–w=px Di
vi
debothsi
desbyp
=pc–w Donotbot
hert
hatxi
sont
hel
eftsi
de
P
TakeNot
e

1) Fr
act
ionsareremov
edbymulti
ply
ingbytheL.C.
M orbycr
oss-
multi
ply
ing.
2) WhenMulti
ply
ingev
erynumer
atoronthediv
isi
onli
neshoul
dbeinsi
det hebr
acket
s

Exer
cise1,
4

Makext
hesubj
ecti
neachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng.

a) v=wxy b) a =c c) d =v
y

d) +z=w e) w -z =v f
) z=y

h) v
-y=z i
) x+x=3 j
) w+v=4
c d

k) d(
c- )=y l
) z=2c+3 m) a=c
3c–2 b-
a

n) 1+1=1 o) L=2a p) t
=3p+5
u f E -r

q) =nE r
) a–b=c
R+xr p

Pr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngSquar
esandSquar
eRoot
s
Tor
emov
ethe si
gni
nanyal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ony
ousquar
ee.
g

2
(
x) =

303
 Pr
oof x = ½
2
=x½x2l xa)
b
(x½) awofi
ndi
ces( =xab
Toremovet
hesquar
eorpower2i
nanyal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ony
ouf
indt
hesquar
erootorr
aiset
othepower
hal
fe.
g(x2)
2
 =
Pr
oof  2 =(
x2)½
= 2x½ xa)
b
Lawofi
ndi
ces( = ab
=
Exer
cise1,
4

Makext
hesubj
ecti
neachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng

a) V=w y b) a =c c) d =v
y

d) +z=w e) w –z =v g) z=y

h) v–y=z i
) + =3 j
) w+ =4
c d

k) d(
c-x)=y l
) z=2c+3 m) a=c
3c–2 b-
a

n) 1+1=1 o) L=2a p) t
=3p+S
u f E x-
r

q) R=nEu r
) a–b=c
R+xr p

Pr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngSquar
eandSquar
eRoot
s

Tor
emov
ethesi
gni
nanyal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ony
ousquar
ee.
g.
x)2=
(

Pr
oof
 = ½
1 2 ½x
2
xa)
b
( 2)=
/ Lawofi
ndi
ces( =xab

Toremovethesquar
eorpower2inanyal
gebr
aicexpr
essi
ony
ouf
indt
he
squar
erootorr
aiset
othepowerhal
f.E.
g

x2) pr
( oof x2 =

Pr
oof x2 =(
x2)½
1
=
304
 =
Exampl
e5
Maket
hegi
venl
ett
ert
hesubj
ect

a2+b2=c2 T=2π+L/ L
a) ,
a b) g ,

a) a2+b2=c2

a2=c2-b2 Subt
ractb2bot
hsi
des

a=c2-b2 Fi
ndt
hesquar
erootbot
hsi
des

b) T=2πL/
g

T =L/
g
2π = Di
vi
debot
hsi
deby 2π

T 2 =L/
g2 Squar
ebot
hsi
det
oremov
ethesquar
erootsi
gn
2π

T2=L Mul
ti
plybot
hsi
desbygt
omakeLt
hesubj
ect
4πg

T2g =L
4π2
L=T2g
4π2

TakeNot
e
Whenfi
ndi
ngt
hesquar
eorsquar
erootev
ery
thi
ngi
nsi
det
hebr
acketi
saf
fect
ede.
g

Exer
cise1,
5
I
neachofthegi
venf
ormul
aemaket
heeachoft
hegi
venl
ett
er(
s)t
hesubj
ect
.

a)a=w2x ( 2
w) b) A=2nr,(
r)

c)a2=b2+c2 (
b) d) x2=a (
x)

e)x=a (
x) f
) 2x=c (
x)
2
g)ax=b (
x) h) y +x2=c (
y)

)dx2+a2=3a (
i x) j
) V2-
H=M ( U2) (
V)
2gx

k)H=W2(R2-r
2
)(
r) L) V2=u2+2as (
u)
2g

m)1= E (
R) n) D= 3h
/
2 (
h)
R +w2L2
2

305
Subst
it
uti
on
I
tinv
olv
esr
epl
aci
ngunknownswi
thspeci
fi
cval
uesi
naf
ormul
ae.

Exampl
e6(
use22/
7forπ)
2
Thev
olumeofacy li
nderofradiusrandheighthi
sgi
venbyV=πr h
a) Makerthesubjectoftheformula
b) Cal
cul
atetheradiusofthecyli ume176cm2andhei
nderofVol ght14cm
2
a) V=πr h
2
V=r
πh

v
/πh =r

:
- r
=v
/πh

b) r
=v
/πh

V=176cm2 h=21

r=176
22/
7x142

r=4

=2cm

Exer
cise1,
6
2
i
) Thesurf
aceareaofasphereofradi
usri
sgi
venbyS=4πr
a) Makerthesubjectoft
hefor
mulae.
b) Giv
enthatV=616cm2f i
ndrther
adius

2) Thesur
facear
eaofacyli
nderofradi
usrandhei
ghthi
sgi
venbyS=2πr(
h+r
)
a) Makehthesubj
ectoft
heformulae.
b) Fi
ndthehei
ghthgiv
enthatr=7cm andv=440cm2

3) Thesi
mpl
eint
erest
,$1,
onasum ofmoney
,$Paf
terTy
ear
satR%i
sgi
venbyt
hef
ormul
ae

I=PRT
100

a) MakeRthesubj
ectofthef
ormulae
b) Gi
vent
hatP=$2400, T=2year
sandI=$440,
findt
her
ate,
R.

4. Thetot
alcostCdoll
arsofr
unni
ngahotelismadeupofaf i
xedval
ueadol
lar
sandav aluewhi
ch
var
iesasthesquar
eofthenumberofpeoplep.Thev
aluesar
econnect
edbythef
ormulaeC=a+
5p2

a) Fi
ndtheval
ueofCwhena=80andp=5
b) Thef
ixedval
uebei
ng$80,
makepthesubj
ectoft
hef
ormul
aeandf
indpwhenC=$260.

306
Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions
1. Gi
vent
hatax–3=2, expr
essxint
ermsofa
2a-3x
2
2. Gi
vent
hef or
mulaeS=ut+½at
a) Makeathesubj
ectofthefor
mulae
b) Gi
vent
hatS=16m whenU=Oandt =2sf
inda

3. Thef ormul
aconnectingt hemassMgofmet alwashersofexternalr
adiusRmm,andi nt
ernal
radiusrmm andat hi
cknessofTmm, i
s:gi
venbyM=T( R+r )(
R-r)
40
a) Findthemassofawasherofext er
nalr
adiusof18mm and12mm andt hi
ckness1,2mm.
b) 1000washer seachofr adiiof24mm and16mm ar estackedtoget
hertoform apil
eandhavea
totalmassof12kg.Fi
ndt hethi
cknessofthesewasher
s.

4) Giv
ent hefor
mul aeS=½n(r+l)
i
) Calcul
atethevalueofSwhenn=13,r
=7andl
=11.
i
i) Makert hesubjectoft
hef
ormulae

5. Gi
vent
hat Z=4w
V-
S
i
) Calcul
atet
heval
ueofZwhenx=6andS=2,
5
i
i
) Expressvi
nter
m ofZandW.

6. GiventhatZ=rn-
1
i
) Fi
ndZwhenr =0,3andn=50
i
i) ExpressnintermsofZandr
ZI
MSECJUNE2006

CHAPTER31
Const
ruct
ion
Syl
labusObject
ives
Leanershoul
dbeabl eto:
a) Dr
awaper pendicularbi
sect ortoagivenstraightl
i
ne
b) Dr
awangl esof300,450, 600;1200,
1500,1350
c) Dr
awat rianglegiventhreesi deonlyandgivenonangel
d) Dr
awaquadr il
ateral

307
e) Dr
awt
her
equi
resl
oci

Gui
del
i
nesf
oraccur
ateconst
ruct
ions

a) Useashar ppencil
andasmoot hruler
b) Ti
ght enyourcompasssothati
tisnotlooseortooli
ght
c) Drawabi ggerli
neandmeasureyourrequi
redlengt
hofli
nesegmentf
rom t
hatl
i
ne
d) Al
l const
ructi
onsli
neshoul
dbev isi
bleandshouldnotbeer
ased.
e) Li
nesshoul dpassri
ghtt
hroughthepoint

1) BI
SECTI
NGALI
NESEGMENT(PERPENDICULARBI
SECTOR)
BI
SECTI
NGALI
NEMEANSDIVI
DINGITINTOTOEQUALPARTS
St
eps
1.
Drawabi gl
ineandmeasureyourline
segmentAB.
2.
Measureabout¾r adi
usofyourl
ine
3.
Placi
ngcompasspointonAdrawcur v
esabov
eand
belowtheli
ne.DothesameatpointB.
4.
Jointt
hetwopointofi
nter
sect
ionofcurv
es
belowandabovetheli
ne.

Takenot
e

-Thecy cl
esnumbersshowwher ecompassneedl
epoi
ntwouldber est
ingonagivenstep.Samenumber
ondifferentpoi
ntmeansthesameact i
vi
tyi
sdoneint
hesamest epbutatdif
fer
entpoi
nt s.
-Numberoutofcy cl
esrepresentcurv
esdrawforapar
ti
cul
arstep.egstep3resul
tincurve3.
2)Bisectinganangl
e

I
tmeansdividi
nganangl eint
otwoequal
par
ts.
Steps
1)openanyradi
usandpl ace
yourcompasspointatpointB

2)Dr
awcur
veswhi
chi
nter
sectl
i
ne
ABandBC.

3)Atthepointsofi
nter
secti
on
Placethecompasspointand
Drawt wointer
sect
ingcurv
es.

308
4)Joi
ntt
hepoi
ntofi
nter
sect
iont
o
B.

Pr
act
iceexer
cise1,
1

1) Bi
sectal
i
nesegmentof10cm
2) Dr eof500andbi
awanangl secti
t

Toconst ructanangleof900t oagivenpoint

1)Mar ky ourpointAony ourline
2)Placet hecompasspoi ntatthatpoint
3)anduset hesamer adius,drawcur veswhi
ch
I
nt er
sectonei thersideofy ourpoint
Placeyourcompassatt het wopoi nts
ofintersect
ionanddr awcur vesto
i
ntersecteachot herabov etheline.
4)Joint hepointofintersectiont oyour
pointA.

Bi eof900t
sectanangl oconst
r eof450
uctanangl Fr eof450anobt
om anangl eof1350
useangl
0 0
(180- 45)
REVI
SIT

309
 A

Toconst
r eof600t
uctanangl oagi
venpoi
nt

1)Mar kyourpointAony ourl

ine.
2)Placey ourcompasspoi ntonA
Thendr awacur vefrom ver
ticall
y
abov et hepointunti
liti
nter
sect s
Thel i
ne.
3)Placey ourcompassatt hepoi nt
Ofi ntersecti
onanddr awacur ve
thatintersectsthefir
stcurve.
4)Joi ntpointAt othepointof
I
nt er
sect i
onoft hecurves

310
Bi
sectanangleof600t
o From anangleof300and600
Const
r eof300
uctanangl obtuseanglesof1500(
1800-
300)and
0 0 0
120 (180- 60)respecti
vel
yarefor
med.

REVI
SITDRAW

Pr
act
iceexer
cise1,
2

1) Const
ructt
hef
oll
owingangl
es
a) 900 b)600 c)450 d) 300

e) 1200 f
) 1350 1500 h)
g) 1800

Example1
Const
ructtr
iangl
eABCwit
hsi
desAB=6cm,
BC=9,
AC=8cm
Fi
ndthemidpointofAC

st
ep

311
1.Firstdrawar oughsketchofy ourtr
iangl
e
2.Lety oulongestsidebey ourbase.
3.Atpoi nt,B,measurear adi
usof6cm
Anddr awacur ve.
4.Atpoi nt,C,measurear adi
usof8cm and
drawacur ve.
5.Joint hepointsofint
ersecti
onoftwo
curvest othepointsBand
6.Mi dpointofACi s:aperpendi
cular
Bisect orofli
neAC.

Exampl
e2

Const
ructt
ri
angl
eABCwi
thAB=6,
8cm,
AC=10,
2cm andB=120

St
eps
1) constructonangl eof600atpointB
2) Measur ear adiusof6,
8cm ony ourcompass
andwi ththecampuspoi ntatBdr awacurvewhi
ch
Int
ersectthelineformi
nganangl e.
3) Measur earadiusof10,2cm andplacet
hecompassatpoi
ntatpoi
ntofi
nter
sect
ion(
ie,
A)and

312
 dr
awacur
vet
hatI
nter
sectt
hel
i
nei
nwhi
chBl
i
es.Thatpoi
ntf
ormsy
ourpoi
ntC.

Example3
Const
ructapar
all
elogr
am ABCD wi
thBD=10,
4cm,
DC=4, eBDC=300Measur
8cm andangl eAC

1.MarkpointDony ourli
neandconst ructanangl eof300
2.Pl
acecompassatDanddr awanar cwi tharadi usof4,8cm.PointC,isformedatthepoi
ntof
i
nter
secti
onofl i
neandcur ve.
3.Wit
har adiusof10, 4cm andcompassatDdr awacur vewhichint
ersecttheli
neonwhichDli
e.Poi
ntof
i
nter
secti
onf ormspoi ntB.
4.Si
nceopposi t
esi desofapar al
lelogram ar eequal.From pointBdrawacur veofradi
us4,
8cm.
5.Fr
om point,C,drawacur veofr adius10, 4cm.wher et hetwocur v
esmeeti spointA.
Exer
cise1,1
1. Const r
uct ABCi nwhi chAB=8cm, BC=98cm andAC=7, 2cm.
b) Drawt heper pendi
cul arbisector sofallthreesides.TheseshouldmeetatonepointO.
c) Wi t
hcent r
eOandr adiusOA, drawaci rcle
d) Measur ether adi
usoft heci r
cle
2. Drawt he PQRwi thsi des90mm, 105mnand85mm.
b) Drawt heper pendi
cul arbisector sofallthreesides.TheseshouldmeetatonepointO.
c) Wi t
hcent r
eOandr adiusOA, drawaci rcle.
d) Measur eradiusoft heci r
cle.

3. Constr
uct ABCwi thBC=8cm, 4cm andABC=600
AB=6,
b) Userul
erandcompasstof
indt
hemidpoi
ntofAB.

4. Const
ruct ABCi
nwhichBC=6,5cm ABC=900andACB=300
b) Const
ructM t
hemi
dpointofAC

313
c) Measur
eAM.

5. Dr
awaquadr
il
ater
alABCDi
nwhi
chAB=4cm,
BC=6cm,
(1)
=9cm andAD=7cm.

6. Const
ructaquadr i
l
ateral
ABC(1)suchthatBC=6cm,ABC=900,
AB=9cm, AD=8cm and
DC=10cm.
7. Const
ructquadri
later
alABCDsuchthatAB=5cm,BD=DC=8cm, ABD=300andBCD=450
b) MeasurethediagonalAC

Locus

Astrai
ghtl
inecanbesai
dtobeasetofpoi
ntcl
osel
yjoi
nedt
oget
hert
ofor
mthatcont
inuoussetpoi
nt
cal
l
edast r
aightl
i
ne.

Thesamei
str
uef
ort
heci
rcumf
erenceofaci
rcl
es.I
tisal
soasetofpoi
ntcl
osel
ygr
oupedt
oget
her
.

Locusrefert
oasetofpoi
ntst
hatwi
l
lal
way
sbeequi
dist
ant(
equal
dist
ance)f
rom af
ixedpoi
nt,
oraf
ixed
l
ine(setofpoint
s).

1. Locusofpoi
ntsfr
om afi
xedpoint
Consi
deracir
cleof4cm ofcent
reO

314
Everypointonal ongt hecircumf erencewi l
lal
way sbe4cm from thecent
reO.Al
lpoi
ntsal
ongthe
cir
cumferencear eequi dist
ancef r
om O.i tmeanst hattheci
rcl
edescri
besthel
ocusofpoi
ntsequidi
stance
fr
om O.
*Theref
ore,thelocusofpoi ntsequi di
stancefrom af i
xedpointi
sacircl
ewitht
hatpoi
ntasthecentr
e.
2) Locusofpoi ntsequidistantfrom twofixedpoints
Consideraper pendicularbisectorofl
ineABwhi chi
s4cm
I
nser t
:
Everypoi ntalongthebi sector
Willalway sbeequi dist
ancef rom
Points,AandB.Forexampl e,
AX=BX=4cm
AZ=BZ=2, 3cm.

Thel
ocusofpoi
ntsequi
dist
antf
rom t
wof
ixedpoi
ntsi
saper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
oroft
hatl
i
ne.

3) Locusofpoi
ntsequidi
stantfr
om astr
aightl
i
nearel
inespar
all
elt
othatst
rai
ghtl
i
ne
Forexampl
e,showingthelocusofpoi
nt2cm fr
om l
i
neAB

I
nsert:
1)Dr awlineAB
2)Measur ear adiusof5cm and placecompassonanypointal
ongl
i
neABanddr
awacur
ves abov
eand
belowAB.
3)Placethesamecompasson
Anot herpointal ongtheli
neand
Dr awacur v
ebel owandabov eAB
4)Abov eABdr awal i
nethatjust
Touchest het urningpoi
ntsofy ourcur
ve(dr
awatangent
)
5)Dot hesamewi thcurv
esbel owtheli
ne.

315
4)Locusofpoi
ntsequidi
stantf
rom t
wost
rai
ghtl
i
nesi
sbi
sect
oroft
heangl
e
for
medbyt het
wolines:

Al
lpoi
ntal
ongthebisect
orwi
ll
alway
sbeanequal
Per
pendi
cul
ardi
stancefr
om ABandAC.

Pr
act
iceExer
cise
1) Dr
awthelocusofpoi
nts2cm from afixedpointO.
2) Dr
awthelocusofpoi
ntsof2pointsxandywhi char
e7cm apar
t.
3) Dr
awthelocusofpoi
ntsthatar
e2, 5cm fr
om l
inePQ.
4) Dr
awthelocusofpoi
ntsequidi
stancefrom t
wol i
nesfr eof400.
om anangl

Exampl
e4
Drawaccuratel
ythe ABCwi thbaseAB=12cm, CAB=300andAC=10cm)
(
i
) Measur eandwr i
tedownt helengthofBC.
i
i) Ont hesamedi agram (a)dr
awt helocusofpoi nts,
wi t
hinthetri
angleABC,whichare3cm f
rom AC.
b) Const r
uctthel
ocusofpoi ntsequidistantfr
om ABandBC.
i
i) Apoi ntPli
esinsidethe ABC.Theposi ti
onofPi ssucht hati
tismor ethan3cm fr
om ACbutit
s
dist
ancef r
om BCi slessthanit
sdi stancefrom AB.Indicat
eclearl
y,byshadi
ng,theregi
oni
nwhi ch

316
 Pmustl
i
e.

REVI
SIT

1) Draw ABC
Constr
uctlocusofpoints3cm fr
om l
ineAC.(
onl
ypoi
ntsi
nsi
dethetr
iangl
e).
b) Constr
uctabi sect
orofangleABC
i
ii
) PointPisoutsidethequadr
il
ater
alf
ormedbyACandthel
inepar
all
eltoit
.

EXAMI
NATI
ONQUESTI
ONS

1) User ulerandcompassonl y
i
) Const r
uct PQRi nwhichPQ=7, 5cm,QR=6cm andPQR=900
i
i) Measur eandwrit
edownt helengt
hofPR.
i
ii
) Drawt hel ocusofpoint
swhi chare5cm f
rom t
hepoi
ntR
i
v) Drawt hel ocusofpoint
swhi chare2cm f
rom t
heli
neQRandonthesamesi
deofQRasP.
v) Mar kthet wopoints,
Xi nsi
det het
ri
angl
eandYoutsi
dethet
ri
angl
e,whi
char
e5cm f
rom Rand
2cm from QR.
v
i) Calculatetheareaof QRYCombNov1990

2) Onasi ngl
ediagram const r
uct
i
) Ali
ne,9cm long
i
i) Acir
clecentreOandr adius3,5cm
i
ii
) Thelocusofpointswhi chareequidist
antfrom OandP.
i
v) Thecircl
ewhosedi amet erisOPt ocutthecir
clecent
reOatRandQ.
v) Thetwot angent
stot heci r
clecentr
eOf rom t
hepointP.

b) OPrepresentsacertai
nlocus.Descri
bethisl
ocusful
ly
.
c) ApointTliesinsi
dethequadril
ater
alPQORandi ssuchthati
tisnearerPQthanPQt
hanPRand
near
erOt hanP.GivenalsothatOT≥3, 5cm,showbyshadingclear
lyther
egioni
nwhi
chTli
es
ZIMSECNOV2008

3. Constr
ucttheparal
lel
ogram ABCD i
nwhichAB=9cm, AD=5cm angleBAD=600.Measur
e,and
wri
tedown, t
helengthofAC.Onthesamedi agr
am.Const r
uct.
i
) ThelocusofapointXwhi chmovessothatiti
sequidi
stantfr
om AandC.
i
i
) ThelocusofapointYwhi chmovessothatangleBYD=900.

Theposi
ti
onofapoi
ntP,
whi
chl
i
esi
nsi
det
hepar
all
elogr
am,
issucht eBPD≤900,
hatAP ≥PCandangl

317
 Indicat ecl early,byshadi ng,ther egioninwhi cht hepointPmustlie.
4) Const ruct XYZi nwhi chYZ=10cm, XYZ=600andXY=5, 2cm.
i
i) thel ocusofpoi ntswhi chareequi distantfrom XYandXZ
i
ii
) thepoi ntPwhi chi sequidi
stantf rom XYandXZandi ssuchthatYPisparall
eltoXZ.Measur eand
wr i
tedownt hel engthofXP.
5) User ulerandcompassesonl yforallconstructionsandshowcl earl
yall
constructi
onarcsand
l
inesonasi ngledi agram.
P,Q,RandTar ef ourv i
ll
ages.Pi sduenor thofT.Thebear ingofQf r
om Pis2400, P,
QandRar ei
n
0
ast raightl ineint hator der.PR=10km, QR=2km andangl ePRT=45
a) Usingascal eof1cm t o2km const ructadi agram toshowt herel
ati
veposit
ionsofP,Q,RandT.
b) Const ructt helocusofpoi nts
i
) equi distantf r
om PandR
i
i) 5km f rom T.
c) Aschool ist obebui ltsucht hatitisequi di
stantfrom PandRand10km f r
om T, markandlabel
clear l
yS, andS2t hepossi bleposi ti
onsoft heschool .
d) Uset hedi agr am t of i
nd
i
) theact ual distanceofQf r
om T,
i
i) thebear ingofRf rom T.

318
 CHAPTER32
Tr
ansf
ormat
ions:
Isomet
ri
c

At
ransf
ormat
ioni
sachangei
nposi
ti
onand,
orsi
zeofashape.

I
sometri
ctr
ansfor
mat i
onsresul
tinchangeinposi
ti
ononly.I
magest hatar
econgruentt
otheor
igi
nal
obj
ectar
eformed.Isometr
ictr
ansfor
mat i
onsaret
ransl
ati
on,ref
lect
ionandrot
ati
on.

Sy
ll
abusobj
ect
ives

Lear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

a) Car
ryoutat
ransl
ati
onusi
ngat
ransl
ati
onv
ect
or

b) Carr
youtarefl
ectioninagivenli
neofref
lect
ion
c) Fi
ndMat r
ixoperators
d) Carr
youtr
otati
ont hroughagivenangl
eaboutagiv
encent
re.
e) Descri
beatransformationf
ull
y

At
ransl
ati
oni
sat
ransf
ormat
iont
hatmov
esev
erypoi
ntofagi
venf
igur
eorpoi
ntsi
nthesamedi
rect
ionby

t
hesamedi
stance.Thi
sisdonebyat
ransl
ati
onv
ect
or

I
fapoi
ntP(
x:y
)onaCar
tesi
anpl
anei
str
ansl
atedbyv
ect
or i
t mageP1(
si x+a;
y+b)

I
fPi
sthepoi
nt(
2,3)andi
tist
ransl
atedbyv
ect
or ,
itsf
inal
posi
ti
onQi
sshownbel
ow

REVISITGRAPH
Furt
herpoi ntsont ranslation
1)Nopoi ntisi nv
ar i
ant ,i
.e.,nopoi nt
St
ay sini t
sor i
ginal positi
on
2)Directisomet r
y-t heimagei si
dent i
cal
tot heor i
ginal
,althoughi nadi ffer
entpl ace.
3)Atr anslat
ionist heonl yt ransformation
Descr i
bedbyacol umnv ector.Alltheothersaredescr
ibedby2x2mat
ri
ces.

Gener
all
yifTr
epr
esentt
het
ransl
ati
on t
hen

T(p)=q
Exampl
e1

Gi
venpoi
nts,
A(3,
2);
B(-
1;4)and(
1;-
2),
findt magesA1,
hei B1,
C1underT=

.
T(
A)=A1 T(
B)=B1 T(
C)=C1

319
A1= B1= C1 =

= = =

:
-A1 (
5,4) B1 (
1,6) C1 (
3,0)

Exampl
e2:
Drawtr
iangleABCwithA(5,4);
B(1;
6)andC(3,
0)
b) Giventhatt
heimageofCi spoi
nt(2,
2).Fi
ndt
hecolumnvectoroft
histr
ansl
ati
on
i
i) Hence,fi
nd,thecoordi
nat
esofthe A1B1C1andshowitonthegraph.

I
nser
t:
REVI
SITGRAPHY

b) C)=C1
T( i
i
) A) =A1
T(

A1=

3+ =2 =

:
- =-1 A1=(
4;6)
y= 2

B)=B1
T(

B1=

:
-Tr
ansl
ati
onv
ect
or= =

:
- B1(
0,8)
Refl
ecti
on
Supposeat r
iangleABCi
sdrawnonasheetofpaperandami r
rorisplacedvert
ical
l
ysucht
hatt
he
hori
zontal
distancefr
om ev
erypoi
ntont
hetri
angl
eisperpendi
culartoit.Asshownbel
ow.

320
REVI
SITGRAPHY
A 8squar
es 8squar
es A1

3squar
es es1
3squar
B C C1 B1

Mi r
ror
Ift
heper pendicul
ardist
ancef r
om At othemi r
rori
s8squar es,oncounti
ngontheimage,i
tshoul
dbe
notedt hatt heimageofAal sofor
msal engthof8squares.Thesamei str orCandC1,
uef andBandB1.
Intransfor mati
on ABCi sreflect
edint hemirr
orli
netoformi mageA1B1C1.Themi r
rorl
i
neiscall
ed
i
nvar i
antl i
neandi ti
sstatedspecif
icall
yinthecart
esionplanee.g.xaxi
s,yaxi
setc.
-Themi r
r orli
neformsaper pendi
cularbisect
orbetweenapoi ntandit
simage.

mirr
orl
ine
Fi
ndingMat r
icesforr
efl
ecti
on
Consideraunitsquar
ebeingref
lect
edi
nthexaxi
s

Ci
sinv
ari
antasi
tli
esont
hexaxi
s.

i
f,Mrepr
esent
sther
efl
ect
ioni
nthex-
axi
s,t
henconsi
der
ingwhathappenst
oOAandOC,
M(OA)=OA1andM (
OC)=OC1

I
fM i
sthemat
ri
x

,
then

(
1)

321
and (
2)

(
1) =

:
- x=0 z=-
1

(
2) =

:
- w=1 y
=0

HenceM =

M2=

M2=I(
ident
it
y)

Findthematr
ixwhentheunitsquareisrefl
ectedi
ntheyaxis,y
=xandy=x.
I
ft heCart
esi
anplanei
sgivenar ef
lect
ionM theneverypoi
ntonthepl
ane,
exceptt
hoseont
hel
i
neof
refl
ecti
onist
ransf
ormed.Theli
neofr efl
ecti
onisoninvari
antl
i
ne.
Summar yofMatri
cesofref
lect
ion

Mir
rorLine Mat
ri
x
Ref
lect
ioniny
-axi
s 1 0
0 -1
Ref
lect
ioni
nyaxi
s -
10
0 1
Ref
lect
ioni
ny=x 0 1
1 0
Ref
lect
ioni
ny=-
x 0-1
-
10
Themi
rr
orl
i
nei
sinv
ari
antunderr
efl
ect
ion.

Exampl
e3
The PQRwi thverti
cesP( 1,2),Q(
3;2)andR(4;-
1)i
sref
lect
edi
nthexaxi
s
i
) Wri
tedownt hemat ri
xM ofr efl
ecti
on.
i
i) Fi
ndtheco-ordi
natesoft hevert
icesoft
heimageP1Q1R1oft
he PQRunderM.
i
ii
) Fi
ndthevalueofthedet ermi
nantofM.
i
) Underr
efl
ectioni
nt hex–axis

322
M=

P Q R P1 Q1 R1

i
i
)

-P1 (
: 1;-
2)Q1(
, 3;-
2)R1(
, 4,1)

i
i
i) detofM=-
1

Exer
cise1,1
1) Findthei
mageofat
ri
angl
ewhosev
ert
ical
sar
eA(
2,0)
,B(
0,-
2),
C(3;
-
3)undert
het
ransl
ati
onT=

2) Fi
ndtheimageofthequadril
ater
alA(
0;0)
,B(
6;-
1),
D(4,
2)C(
9,9)
,undert
het
ransl
ati
onwhi
ch
mapsDont oD1(-1,
4).
i
) Fi
ndthevect
orfortr
anslat
ion
i
i
) Hencefi
nd,t
heimagesA1andB1
3) Thei eP1(
mageof PQRar 6;1)
,B1(
1;2)
,C(
7;3)underat
ransl
ati
onv
ect
or f
indt
he
coordinateof PQR.
4) Drawt hef i
gureandi tsimage, andst atethet r
anslation.
a) squarePQRSwher eP( 2,3),
Q( 5;3),R(5;1),S(2,1)transl atedsot hatpoi
ntS( -2;
-2).
b) QuadrilateralOABC,wher eOi s(8; 12),A( 10;
10) ,B(10, 13)(9;14)transl
atedsot hat0=B.
5) PQRwi thverti
cesP( 2;3),Q4; 3),R( 5;
0)i srefl
ectedi nt heyaxi s.
i
) writedownt hemat r
ixM ofr eflection
i
i) Fi
ndt he, coordi
natesoft hev erticesoft heimageP1Q1R1oft he PQRunderM.
6. Fi
ndt hei mageoft hequadr il
at eralA( 0;
0) ,B(6;-
1)D( -4,2),C(9,9)whenr ef
lectedinthexaxi
s.
7. Draw ABCt herefl
ectionof ABCwher eA( -6;2),
B( -4,6)andC( -2,
4).
i
) i
nt hexaxi s
i
i) i
nt heliney=x
8. Draw ABCwher eAi s( 1,
3),B( 1,
1)andC, (2,1).Triangl eABCi smappedont otri
angleA1B1C1by

at
ransf
ormat
iongi
venbyt
hemat
ri
xM=

Dr
aw t
ri eA1B1C1i
angl nyourdi
agr
am anddescr
ibet
het
ransf
ormat
ion

9. Thei
magei
nquest
ion A1B1C1i
smappedont
otr
i eA11B11C11byt
angl hemat
ri
xk

Drawt r
iangle
A11B11C11inyourdi
agr
am anddescr
ibet
het
ransf
ormat
iongi
venbyt
hemat
ri
xK.

10. Appl
y t
othev
ert
icesof PQRwher
eP(
1,0)
,Q(
3,2)
,R(
4,0)
.Onagr
aphpapershow

PQRandit
simage P1Q1R1,
Descr
ibet
het
ransf
ormat
ionf
ull
y.
Rot
ati
on

323
I
tisat
ransf
ormat
iont
hati
sachi
evedbyat
urni
ng.

Mat
rcesof900aboutt
i heor
igi
n(ant
icl
ockwi
se)

B1 A1 1C B

A
C1 1 0 1

Af
t he900t
ert urnt
heposi
ti
onoft
heor
igi
ndoesnotchange.Poi
ntA mov
est
othei
mageposi
ti
on

A1 .Poi
nt

C mov
est
othei
mageposi
tonC1
i t
hus:

and

:
-Ther
efor
ethemat
ri
xfor900r
otat
ionaboutt
heor
igi
nis

Summar
yofsomer
otat
ionMat
ri
ces

Tr
ansf
ormat
ion Mat
ri
x

Rot
atonof900cent
i re

Or
igi
nant
icl
ockwi
se(
tve)

Rot
atonof900cent
i re

Ori
ginclockwise(
-ve)
Rot
ationthrough1800

324
Aboutor
igi
n

Itshoul
dbenot
edthatr
otat
ioni
sani
somet
ri
ctr
ansf
ormat
ionsi
ncet
heshapeofanobj
ectorf
igur
edonot
changeaft
erar
otat
ion.

Exampl
e4

ABChasver
ticesA(1,
1);
B(1;6)C(5,
6)
a) Drawandlabel ABC.
b) fi
nditimages A1B1C1undera900r
otat
ionant
icl
ockwi
seaboutt
heor
igi
n

Mat
ri
xfor900ant
icl
ockwi
secent
reor
igi
n(0,
0),

A BC A1 B1 C1

A1B1C1hascoor
di esA1(
nat -1,
1),
B(-
6;1)
,C(
-6,
5)

I
nser
t:

REVI
SITGRAPHY

Rot at
ionwhent hecent reofrotationisnottheori
gin.
Givent heobjectandi t
simage
Step1:j oi
nt hecorrespondingsi des
Step2:Bi sectonlytwol inesjoiningthecorr
esponding
Si
des.Thecoor dinatesoft hepointofi
nter
secti
onoftheli
nesfor
msthecent
reofrot
ati
on
Step3:Measur etheangl eofr otati
on
Exampl e5
Mar kthepoi nt
sA( 2,0),B(4,
1), A1( 1)andB1(
2, 0,2)ongraphpaper
.Findt
heCent
reandtheangl
eoft
he
1 1
rotati
onwhi chmapsABont oA B

325
I
nser
t:

REVI
SITGRAPHY

Step1.Joi nthecorrespondi ngsidesi.

e.At oA1 BtoB1
Step2.Bi sectthem andt hepointofintersect
ionoftheper
pendi
cul
arbi
sect
orsisthecent
re
Step3.Measur etheangleofr otati
on
Centre
C( 1,8;0,5)
AngleBCB1appr ox1270
Exampl e6
ABChasv ert
icesA( 2,
2) ,
B( -2;4)
,C(0;8)
Fi
ndt hecoor di
natesoft hev ert
icesofthei mageof ABCaft
err
otat
ionof2700cl
ockwiseaboutt
he
point(3;2).
I
nser t:

REVI
SITGRAPHY

St
ep
1) Dr
aw ABC.
2)Dr awast r
aightl
inefrom the
ver t
exAt othecentre(i
e( 3;
2).
3)Measur eanangl eof2700
clockwisefrom t
hatlineand
Drawast rai
ghtlineformingthat
angl e
4)Measur ethedistancefrom
xv ertexAtot hecentr
e.Uset hat
samemeasur ementt olocatethe
posi tonofA1f
i r
om thecent r
e

5)Repeatst
age2,
3and4t
olocat
e
t magesB1andC1
hei

326
Exer
cise1,2
1) Findt hecoor dinatesoft heimagesofeachoft hefol
lowingunder900cl
ockwi
seaboutt
heor
igi
n.
i
) A( 2;2)i i
) P(-3;
-2) iii
)Q( 6,0)
2) ABChast hev erti
cesA( 1,1),B(1,
6),C(5,6)Graph ABCandi t
simage A1B1C1undera900
anticlockwi serotati
onaboutt heor i
gin.
3) Rect angleABCD hast hev erti
cesA( 1,4),B(
9,4)
,C(9,
8)andD( 1,
8).Gr
aphrect
angl
eABCDandit
s
imageunder1800aboutt heor i
gin.
4) Stat ethemat r
icesforr otati
onoft hef ol
lowing
i
) Rot atonof900cent
i r
eor i
ginant i
clockwi se
i
i) 2700r otationaboutt heor igi
n

5) PQRhasv erti
cesP(11,0),Q(9,
2),R(12,
2).I
tismappedi
ntoi
tsi
mage P1Q1R1wit
hver
ti
ces
1 1
P( 7,
7),
Q( 11,
5),R1(8,5).Usi
ngascaleof2cm to2uni
tsonbot
haxi
sdr
awtr
iangl
ePQRandit
s
mage P1Q1R1.
i
Bi
) Hence, f
indthecoordinatesofitscent
re
i
i) theangleofr otat
ion

6) Answerthi
squest
iononasheetofgraphpaper.Thet
ri
angleABCv
ert
icesA(
2;0)
,B(
4;4)andC(
0;1)
Thetr
iangl
ePQRhasv er
ti
cesP(8;-
2),Q(
4;0)andR(7;
-
4)
Thetr
iangl
eLMNhasv ert
icesL(
-2;
-
7),M(-
6;-9)andW (-
3;-
5).

Drawt hesetr
ianglesongr aphpaperusingascaleof1cm t
ounitoneachaxis,andl
abelt
he
verti
ces.
ABCcanbemappedont o PQRbyanant iclockwi
ser
otat
ionabouttheori
ginf
oll
owedbyatransl
ati
on.
i
) Statetheangleofr otat
ion
i
i
) Findthemat r
ixwhi chrepresentthi
srotati
on
i
i
i) Findthecolumnv ectoroft hetr
anslat
ion.
i
v) Giventhat ABCcanbemappedont o PQRbyasi ngler
otati
on,fi
ndthecoordi
nat
esofthe
centreofthi
sr ot
ation.

v
) Gi
vent
hat ABCcanbemappedont
o LMNbyat
ransl
ati
onof f
oll
owedbyar
efl
ect
ioni
n

t
he
mir
rorl
i
nem,
drawt
hel
i
neony
ourgr
aphandl
abel
itcl
ear
ly.

7) ABCwhosev
ert
icesar
eA(
2;1)
,B(
5;2)andC(
3;3)i
str
ansf
ormedbyat
ransf
ormat
ionU

r
epr
esent
edbyt
hemat
ri
x

i
) Fi
ndthe,coordi
natesofthev er
ticesof A1B1C1
i
i
) Descr
ibe,complet
ely,
thetransformati
onU

8) Thetr
iangl
eABCwithvert
icesA(1,1)
,B(4;
1)C(2;
3)i
smappedont
otri
angl
eT,
byanant
icl
ockwi
se
rot
ati
ont ough900aboutt
hr hepoint(-
2,0)
.Draw ABCandit
simageT1.

327
 CHAPTER33
Non-
Isomet
ri
cTr
ansf
ormat
ion
Thesearetransformati
onst
hatdonotret
ainthei
rsi
zewhent
ransf
ormed,
butr
etai
nsomechar
act
eri
sti
cs
oftheori
ginalshape.Amongthesetr
ansformati
onsar
e:
c) Enlargement

d) St
ret
ch

e) Shear

Syl
labusObjecti
ves
Leanershoul
dbeabl eto
a) Car
ryoutanenlargementtransf
ormation
b) Car
ryoutastret
cht r
ansformati
on
c) Car
ryoutasheart r
ansf
ormat i
on
d) Sol
vecompoundt r
ansformati
on(thoseinv
olv
ingmor
ethanonet
ransf
ormat
ion)

Enl
argement
Anenlargementwi
thcent
reO,
scal
efact
orki
sat
ransf
ormat
ionwhi
chenl
argesagi
venf
igur
ekt
imest
he
ori
ginalval
ue.
REVISIT

Thedi
agram aboveshowsquar
eA1B1C1D1whi
chi
sanenl
argementofsquar
eABCD,
wit
hOast
hecent
re
ofenl
argementandascal
efact
orof3.

Tofi
ndtheCentr
eenlar
gementproduceanyt
wolinesofcorr
espondi
ngv er
texofor
igi
nal
shapeandv
ert
ex
ofi
mage,thei
rpoi
ntofi
nter
sect
ion,f
ormsthecentr
eofenlar
gemente.g.AA1andDD1

Gener
all
y,anenl
argementcent
re(
0;0)scal
efact
orki
s

Takenot
e
- I
fK<0i
.enegat
ive,
thei
magei
sont
heopposi
tesi
deoft
hecent
reofenl
argementt
otheor
igi
nal

328
f
igur
eandtheimageisinverted(upsi
dedown)
- Ifk>0,
theimagei sont hesamesideoft hecent
reofenl
argementast
heor
igi
nal
figur
e
- Thecentreofenlargementisinv
ariantunderenl
argement

Exampl
e1
ABCwit
hA(2;
-
2),
B(2:
2)C(
0;2)i
str
ansf
ormedbyanenl
argementM,
wit
hscal
efact
or-
2

i
) Fi
ndt
heco-or
dinat
esof A1B1C1
1 1 1
i
i
) Pl
ott
he ABCand ABC
i
i
i) Fi
ndt
hecentr
eofenlar
gement

Themat
ri
xrepr
esent
ingM i
s

i
) E(
ABC)=

A1-
4;4)
;B1(
4;4)C1(
- 0;-
4)
I
nsert:

REVI
SITGRAPH
St
ret
ch
Thi
sisat
ransf
ormat
ionwher
etheshapeandsi
zeoft
heor
igi
nal
figur
ear
eal
lchange

Tospeci
fyast
ret
ch.Weneedt
ost
ate:

i
) t
hei
nvariantl
ine.(
i.
efi
xedli
nef
rom whi
chdist
ancesar
emeasur
ed
i
i
) t
hescalefact
or(i.
emagnit
udeoft
hestr
etch.
i
i
i) t
hedir
ectionofstr
etch

Onewayst
ret
ch
I
nonewayst r
etch,
ther
eisonel
i
neper
pendi
cul
art
othedi
rect
ionofst
ret
chandt
hatl
i
ner
emai
nsi
nvar
iant
underast
ret
ch.

Consi
derast
ret
chpar
all
elt
othey
-axi
s

329
I
tcanbeseent
hatt
hea-
axi
sremai
ninv
ari
antandper
pendi
cul
art
oyaxi
s,t
hedi
rect
ionoft
hest
ret
ch.

A1O=B1C =k
AO BC

Foral
lotherpoint
sthedi
stancef
rom t
heimagepoi
nttothei
nvar
iantl
i
nei
spr
opor
ti
onal
tot
hedi
stanceof
theor
igi
nalpointfr
om t
heimageli
ne.kiscal
l
edthescal
efact
or.

Str
etchwi
thyi
nvar
iant
.St
ret
chwi
thxaxi
sinv
asi
ons.
REVISI
T

Ther
efor
est
ret
chwi
thyaxi
sinv
ari
ant st
ret
chwi
thxaxi
sinv
ari
ant

330
Tospeci
fyaonewayst r
etch,
speci
fy
i
) t
heinvar
iantl
ine
i
i) t
hescalefact
or

Aonewayst
ret
chi
sanenl
argementi
nonedi
rect
iononl
y.
Twowayst
ret
ch
Thisi
sar esul
tofacombi
nat
ionoftwoone–waystr
etch
Diagr
am belowshowtwowaystr
etchpar
all
elt
othexaxi
sandyaxi
s.

Atwowaystret
chwithscalefact
orhpar
all
elt
othea-
axi
sandkpar
all
elt
otheyaxi
swi
tht
heor
igi
n
r
emai
ningi
nvari
anti
srepresentedbyt
hematri
x.

I
fh=k,
thetransf
ormat
ionbecomesanenl
argementwi
thscal
efactork
I
ftheval
uesofbothhandkisI,t
hest
ret
chbecomeaonewayst retch.

Shear
Ashearcanbeexpl
ainedbyconsi
der
ingar
ect
angl
eshapemadebyt
yingl
oosel
yfourwi
reoft
hei
rver
ti
ces.
REVI
SIT

331
Appl
yi
ngaf or
ceonPmov esi
ttoit
simageP1andQt
oQ1wi
thRSr
emai
ningi
nvar
iant
Thearear
emainsunchangedunderashear
.

P1P=Q1Q
PR QS
Theconst
antofpr
opor
ti
onal
i
tyki
scal
l
edt
heshear
ingconst
ant

Tospeci
fyashearweneedt
ost
ate

i
) Thevari
antli
neoraxisofshear(
thati
s,t
hel
i
neonwhi
chnopoi
ntsmov
ee.
gRS
i
i
) Thesheari
ngconstant

I
fxaxi
sist
heaxi
sofshear
,thent
hemat
ri
xfort
hesheari
s

I
fyaxi
sist
heaxi
sforshear
,thent
hemat
ri
xfort
hesheari
srepr
esent
edby

Exampl
e2
Asheari
srepr
esent
edbyt
hemat
ri
x

a) Cal
cul
atet
hecoordinatesoftheimageoft hepoi
ntP(4,
-4)underS
b) Cal
cul
atet
hecoordinatesofthepointQ,whichwil
lbemappedinto(
9;6)byS
c) Wri
tedowntheequationoftheinvar
iantl
ine

a) =

b) =

y=6 +3y=9
+3(
6)=9
=-
9
=-
9,y
=6

332
 poi
nts(
-9,
6)

Exampl
e3
ABChasver
ti
cesA(2;
1)B(
3,5)andC(5,
1).I
fSi
sastr
etchsucht
hatt
heyaxi
sisi
nvar
iantandt
hepoi
nt(
1,0)
i
smappedonto(3,
0)pl
ott
hei mageof ABCunderS

a) Fi
ndt
hemat
ri
xforSandst
atet
hecoor
dinat
es

Mat
ri
x

A1(
6;1)
,B1(
9; ,C1(
5) 15;
1)

a) Mat
ri
xforS
REVI
SIT

333
 Summar
y

Tr
ansf
ormat
ion Mat
ri
x

Tr
ansl
ati
on

Ref
lect
ioni
nthexaxi
s

Ref
lect
ioni
ntheyaxi
s

Ref
lect
ioni
nthel
i
ney
-x

Ref
lect
ioni
nthel
i
ney
=-x

Rot
atonof900cent
i reor
igi
ncl
ockwi
se(
+ve)

Rot
ati
onof900ofcent
reor
igi
ncl
ockwi
se(
-ve)

Rot
ati
ont
hrough1800aboutor
igi
n

Enl
argementcent
reor
igi
n,scal
efact
ork

Shearx-
axi
sinv
ari
ant
,scal
efact
ork

Sheary
-axi
sinv
ari
ant
,shearf
act
or

Onewayst
ret
chpar
all
elt
ox-
axi
sscal
efact
ork

Onewayst
ret
chpar
all
elt
oyaxi
sscal
efact
ork

Twowayst
ret
chscal
efact
orshandk

Exer
cise1,
1

334
1) Drawdiagr
am t
oshowtheimagesoftheuni
tsquareundert
het
ransf
ormat
ionsgi
venbyt
he
fol
lowi
ngmatri
cesanddescr
ibet
hetr
ansfor
mation.

a) b) c)

2) Drawdiagramst
oshowtheimagesoftheuni
tsquar
eunderthef
oll
owi
ngt
ransf
ormat
ionand
hencewrit
edownthematr
icesr
epresent
ingt
hetr
ansfor
ming

a) R,theclockwi
serot
atonof900aboutt
i heori
gin
b) S,theshearwit
htheyaxisinvari
antandsheari
ngconst
ant2
c) thetransf
ormati
onR.S(i
.estartwit
hRf ol
l
owedbyS)

3)a) Descr
ibef
ull
ythet
ransf
ormat
iont
hatmapsABDCi
nto
PQRS
REVISI
T

4) Thet
ransf
ormat
ionP,
QandKar
erepr
esent
edbyt
hemat
ri
ces

335
 and r
espect
ivel
y

a) Descr
iber
espect
ivel
ythet
ransf
ormat
ionP,
QandR

5) Thedi
agr
am bel
owshowsasquar
eOABCandi
t mageO1A1B1C1underashear
si
a) Whatistheinv
ari
antli
ne
b) cal
culat
ethesheari
ngconst
ant
c) Hence,wri
tedownthematri
xrepr
esent
ingt
he
shear
.

REVI
SIT

Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions
1) Aquadr
il
ater
alEwithverti
ces( -
8;-
4),
(-4;
-4)
,(-
6;-
12)and(-10;
-
8)isthei
mageofquadr
il
ateral
.A
wit
hver
ti
ces(4,
2),(
2;2);
(2;2)(3;
6)and( 5;
4).
Usi
ngascaleof1cm torepresent1unitonbothaxisorbothaxes,
drawthexandyaxesfor–10
x6and–12y8.

a)
i) Dr
awandlabelcl
ear
lyt
hequadri
l
ater
alE
i
i) Dr
awandlabelcl
ear
lyt
hequadri
l
ater
alA
i
ii
) Wri
tedownthematr
ixwhi
chrepr
esentst
het
ransf
ormat
ionwhi
chmapsEont
oA.

336
b) Quadr
il
ateral
Twithver
ti
ces(
0;6)
,(0;
4);
(-4;
5)and(
-2;
7)i
sthei
mageofquadr
il
ater
alAundera
cer
tai
ntransf
ormati
on.

i
) Drawandlabel
clearl
ythequadr
il
ater
alT.
i
i
) Descr
ibecomplet
elythesi
nglet
ransf
ormati
onwhi
chmapsAont
oT.

c) Aone-wayst
ret
chr
epr
esent
edby 1 0
0-
1½
Mapsquadril
ater
alAont
oquadr
il
ater
alS.
Dr
awandl abelcl
ear
lyt
hequadr
il
ater
alS

2) Usingascal
eof1cm t
orepresent1unitoneachaxis,
drawxandyaxesf or
–8x10and–4y18.
Drawandlabel
thet
ri
anglewhosev ert
icesar
eA(1,4),B(2;
4)and(
2;1)
.
b) Theenlar
gementEhascent
ert heori
ginandmaps ABCont o A1B1C1

gi
vent
hatA,
ist
hepoi
nt(
4;16)

i
) Drawandl
abelt
he A1B1C1
i
i) Writ
edownthescal
efactorofE
c) Thepoi
ntB2(-
4;-
2)i
sthei mageofBunderar
efl
ect
ioni
nli
neL.Fi
ndt
heequat
ionofL.

d) Thetr
ansf
ormat
ionR,
acl
ockwi
serot
atonof90oaboutt
i heor
igi
nmaps ABCont
o A3B3C3.
Drawandl
abel A3B3C3andf i
ndt
hematri
xrepresenti
ngR

e) Thet
ransf
ormat
ionXi
srepr
esentedbythemat
ri
x–3 0
andi
t maps ABCont o A4B4C4
0 1

Fi
ndthecoordi
natesofA4,B4andC4
Drawandlabelt
histr
iangl
e.
f
) Descr
ibef
ullyt
hetransfor
mati
onX
Cambridge1985
3) Usi
ngascal
eof2cm torepr
esent2unitsoneachaxisdrawt hexandy-axisf
or
-
4x16and–12y8
a) ABChasver
ticesatA(0;3)
,B(2;1)andC( 4;
5)Drawandlabel ABC.
b) ABCismappedonto A1B1C1byar efl
ect
ionint
heliney=x.

i
) Dr
awandlabel A1B1C1
i
i
) Wri
tedownthemat
ri
xthatr
epr
esent
sthi
sref
lect
ion.

c) A2B2C2hasv
ert
icesatA2(
6;3)
,B2(
4;1)
,andC2(
14;
5)

i
) Drawandlabelt
ri
angleA2B2C2
i
i
) Descr
ibef
ullyt
hesinglet
ransf
ormat
ionwhi
chmaps ABCont
o A2B2C2

d) ABCismappedontotr
iangl
eA3B3C3byanenl
argementofscal
efact
or-2andcent
er(
5;0)
.Dr
aw
andl
abel A3B3C3

e) Fi
ndt
her
ati
o Ar
eaof ABC
Ar
eaof D3B3C3

337
 CHAPTER34
SYMMETRY
Shapest
hatcanbecutt
opr
oducet
wof
il
li
ngpar
tsar
esai
dtobei
nsy
mmet
ry.

Sy
ll
abusObj
ect
ives

a) I
denti
fyshapeswi
thpointsymmetry
.
b) I
denti
fyshapeswi
throt
ational
symmetr
yandst
ateorder
c) St
atethenumberofl
inesy mmetr
yonagiv
enshape

Bil
ater
al(
orl
inesymmetry)
Ashapeissaidt
ohav eal
inesy
mmet r
yifi
tcanbefoldedal
ongali
netoexact
lyf
itonit
sel
f.
-Theli
newhichdi
videst
heshapei
ntotwoident
ical
partsi
scal
ledali
neofsymmetry
.

Theregul
arhexagonABCDEFissymmet ri
cal
.WXandADar el
i
nesofsymmet
ry.I
fthehexagoni
sfolded
aboutWXshapeABPQFf it
sexact
lyontoshapePCDEQ.IfWXisr
egar
dedasamirrorl
i
nethenEisthe
i
mageofF, DistheimageofAandCi stheimageofB.

I
nasy
mmet
ri
cal
shape,
forev
erypoi
ntPononesi
deoft
heaxi
sther
eisacor
respondi
ngpoi
ntQont
he

338
othersi
de.PQi
sper
pendi
cul
art
otheaxi
sandPandQar
eequal
dist
ancef
rom i
t.e.
g.BandC,
AandDE
andF.

Exer
cise1,
1

1) Whi
choft
heshapeshav
eli
nesy
mmet
ry?

e)

2) Drawaroughsket
chofeachoft
hesymmetr
ical
shapeinquest
ion1
b) Showtheli
ne(
s)ofsy
mmet r
yoneachofy
oursketches.

Shortsummar y
Thelineofsymmet ryi
ssometi
mescall
edmir
ror-
li
eandbi
l
ater
alorl
i
nesy
mmet
ryi
ssomet
imescal
l
ed
mirr
orsy mmetry.
Compl et
ingf
igures-wi
thgi
venli
nesofsymmetr
y

339
Diagram 3
Tocompl etetheshapesot hati
tissymmetri
cal
aboutWX.Wedrawlinesfrom AandBwhichare
perpendi
culartoWX, andextendthenthesamedist
ancesont
he,
othersideofWXt oobt
ainpoi
ntsA1and
1
B.Thesepoi ntsarejoined.

Pointsymmet
ry
Ashapehaspointsymmetryaboutaf
ixedpointwhenev
erypointoftheobj
ecthasacorr
espondi
ngi
mage
suchthatt
hel
inejoi
ningt
heimagethr
ought hefi
xedpoi
nttotheobjecti
sequidi
stant

Thecur
vehassymmetr
yaboutthepoi
ntO.Forev
erypoi
ntPont
hecur
vet
her
eisacor
respondi
ngpoi
ntQ,
sucht
hatPOQisast
rai
ghtl
ineandQO=PQ.

Rot
ati
onal
symmet
ry

Ashapehasr
otat
ional
symmet
ryi
fitcanber
otat
edaboutsomeposi
ti
ont
ogi
vet
heor
igi
nal
stat
us.

Thenumberofsuchrot
ati
onisi
tsorderofr
otati
on.(
Asev
erypl
anef
igur
ecanber
otat
edt
hrough3600
ont
oitsel
f,i
thasor
derofsymmetr
yofatleast1.

340
Thef
lagi
spar
tofaf
igur
ewi
thr
otat
ional
symmet
ryofor
der3.

- Order3means3rot
ati
onsaboutOarepossi
blesoeachmustbeof1200.Thedot
tedl
i
nes
showthecompl
eti
onofthefi
gure.

Not
ethatt
hef
igur
ehasnol
i
nesy
mmet
ry.

Exer
cise1,
2

1a) Wri
tedownthelet
tersi
nthenameROADwhi
chhav
e:
i
) Li
nesymmetry
i
i) Poi
ntSymmetry
i
ii
) Rot
ati
onal
symmet ryofor
der2.

2) Fi
l
lint
hebl
anksi
nthel
abel
bel
ow,
whi
chi
saboutpl
anest
rai
ght
-si
dedf
igur
es.

NameofFigure No.ofLi
nesofSy
mmet
ry I
ssymmetri
cal
aboutapoi
nt
Regul
arhexagon i
)……….. Yes
Ki
te i
i)
………. No
Tri
angl
e i
ii
)………. No
Rhombus i
v)……….. (v
)…………….
Square v)
………… ………………..

3) CopyandCompl
ete

NameofFigur
e No.ofLi
nesofSy
mmet
ry I
tsRotat
ional
Symmet
ry
Equi
lat
eral i
)……….. Yes
i
i)
……………. 4 No
I
soscel
es i
v)………. No
Rect
angle ………….. (v
)…………….

4)
Fi
gur
e4 Noofl
i
neofsy
mmet
ry sy
mmet
ryaboutqpoi
nt

341
342
 CHAPTER35
Py
thagor
as’
sTheor
em
Pythagoras’
st heorem istheofonet hegr eat
estGr eekMathematicsknownasPy t
hagoras.Thetheor
y
statest
hatthesquar eont hel ongestsideofar ightangl
edtri
angle(hypot
enuse)i
sequaltothesum oft
he
squaresont heot hertwosi desi e.h2=a2+b2.
.
Syll
abusobject i
ves
Leanershouldbeabl eto:
a) Stat
et hePy t
hagor astheorem
b) Uset hePy thagorast heorem tocalcul
atet heunknownlength
c) ApplyPy thagorast heorem ingivensituati
ons
ProofofPy t
hagor ast heorem (ChinesePr oof)

REVI
SIT

GivethesquarePQRSofsidea+b,WisapointonPQsuchthatPW=aunit
sandWQ=6uni t
ssimil
arl
yfor
X,YandZ.Li nesj
oini
ngthesepoi
ntsgi
veasquareofsi
decand4ri
ght
-angledt
ri
angl
es(
shaded)wit
hin
thesquare.Thear
eaofsquarePQRScanbef oundi
ntwoways.

1 Ar
eaofPQRS = l
engthxbr
eadt
h
= (a+b)(
a+b)
= a2+2ab+b2

2. Ar
eapf{
QRS = areaofsquar eWXYZ+
areaof4tr i
angl
es
c2+4x1/ ab
= 2

= c2+2ab

Equat
ing c2+2ab=a2+2ab+b2
c2=a2+b2

Taki
ngt
ri
angl
eWQXi
nthedi
agr
am ci
sthehy
pot
enuseoft
ri
angl
eWQXandaandbi
tsot
hert
wosi
des.

343
Foranyri
ght
-angledt
riangl
ewithhy
potenusecandot
hersi c2=a2+b2
desaandb,
Example1
Givet
hedatabelow,calcul
atet
hevalueofc

AB2=AC2+BC2
c2=92+122
=81+144
c2 =225
⌯c=√225
C=15cm

Exampl
es2

344
I
nthedi
agr
am above,
cal
cul
atePQandPR.Henceshowt
hatt
ri
angl
ePQRhasar
ightangl
e.
PQ2 =122+162
=144+256
PQ2 =400
PQ =√400
=20cm

PR2 =122+92
=144+81

PR2 =225

:
-PR =√225
=15cm

I
ftr
iangl
ePQRhasar
ightangl
ethen

QR2=PR2+QP2
252=152+202
252=225+400
625=625shown

Exer
cise1,
1

1) PQRisatri
angl
einwhichQ=90.I
neachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng,
drawandl
abel
asket
cht
hecal
cul
ate
thel
engt
hofthethi
rdsideoft
het
ri
angl
e.

a) AB=3m BC=4m
b) AB=30cm BC=40cm
c) AC=5cm AB=3cm
d) AC=13cm BC=5m
e) AC=10m AB=8m

2) Findtheval
ueoft
heunknowni
neachoft
hedi
agr
amsbel
ow.I
twi
l
lbenecessar
ytof
indav
alue
2
fory bef
orefi
ndi
ngx.

345
Usi
ngsquar
eroott
abl
es

Exampl
e3
Usesquar
eroot
stabl
etof
inda) √8,
512 b) √851,
2 c) √8512

a) √8,
512 = 2,
917 Forsquar
er ootslesst han
= 2,
92 100.Findt hesquar eroot
Dir
ectl
yIn8, 512.Look
1) Acr oss8,5
2) Under1ont henext
Col umnbutont hesameli
neacross
8,5.Taket hatnumberi.
e2,917.
3) Underdi f
ferencecolumnunder2addthatnumber
ie2, 917t o=2, 917.

b) √851,
2= 512x102
√8, 8512Igr
eat
ert
han100

346
 = √8,
512xx√100 1) Firstexpr
essi
nthegi
venf
orm
2) Di
str
ibutesquareroot
= 2,
917x10 3) Fi
nd√8,512di r
ectl
y
Fr
om tables

= 29,
17

:
- √851,
2= 29,
17

c) √8512= 12x102
√85,
12x √102
√85,
= 9,
226x10
= 92,
26

Exer
cise1,
2

Fi
ndt
hesquar
erootsofthef
oll
owi
ng
a) 11 b) 151 c) 284

d) 1870 e) 7,
51 f
) 352,
4

g) 72100 h) 63945

Usi
ngsquar
est
abl
es

Example4
Usetabl
etofi
ndt
hefol
l
owingsquare
a) 5,812 b) 132 c) 1502
a) 5,
812=33,
76 1) Lookacr oss58under
(33.76)
2) Putcommausi nginspect
ion
Since5,81isnearerto5whose
Squar ei
s25.
b) 132=169

c) 1502=22500 Usei
nspect
iont
opl
acecomma

Exer
cise1,3
Fi
ndthev al
ueoft
hef
oll
owi
ng.

a) 12
6, b) 282
8, c) 42
63,

d) 82
634, e) 8902 f
) 83502

Wor
dpr
obl
emsi
nvol
vi
ngPy
lhagor
ousTheor
em

Exampl
e5

Aladder7,
2cm i
nlengt
hleansonavert
ical
hal
l6m abov
ethegr
ound.Fi
ndt
hehor
izont
aldi
stanceont
he
gr
ownbet weent
heladderandthewal
l
.

347
Fi
rstmakear
oughsket
ch

xr
epr
esent
sther
equi
reddi
stance

Accor
dingt
oPy
thagor
as’
stheor
em

22=x2+62
7,
2 2 2
x =7, -6 makingx2t
he
=51,84-
36 subj
ect
x2=15,84

x =√18,84
=3,979
=3,98to3s.
f

Exer
cise1,
4

1) Thedi
agr
am showsasi
dev
iewofawedgeshapedpi
eceofwood.

348
Thewedgei
spl
acedonal
evel
floori
ntheposi
ti
onshown.Cal
cul
atei
tshei
ghtAB.

2) Awoodenl
adderofl
engt
h8m l
eanagai
nstawal
l6,
5m abov
ethegr
ound.

a) Fi
ndthehorizont
aldi
stanceonthegr oundbetweentheladderandthewall
.
b) Amanr educesit
sheightabov
et hegr oundbyincr
easi
ngitshori
zontal
dist
ancef
rom t
hewal
lby
0,
6m .Findthenewheightoft
hel adder.

3) Atelegr
aphpol eofhei
ght8m standsvert
ical
lyabovetheground.I
tissupportedbyawi
rewhichi
s
att
achedthreequarter
sitshei
ghtabovethegr ound.Whenthewireistight
lyti
esont
hegrounda
hori
zontal
distanceof3,1m f
rom thepol
e,
4) Asquarehassi deof12,2m.cal
culatet
helengthofadiagonal
5) Ashipsoil
s13m duesout handt hen7m due.Howf ari
sfrom i
tsstart
ingpoint.

Exami
nat
ionQuest
ions

349
I
nthediagr
am,PQRisarightangl
edtri
angl
e.PQ=8cm,PQ=10cm andPQR=90=900.Cal
cul
atet
hear
ea
oft
ri
anglePQR,
giv
ingyouranswerinsquar
emeters. (ZIMSECNOV2005)

2) Arect
angl
eistwi
ceaslongasitwide.
a) t
helengt
hoftherect
angle
b) t
helengt
hofadiagonalofther
ect
angl
e

3) Thedi
agr
am bel
owshowsi
soscel
est
ri
angl
eABCwi
thAPi
tsl
i
neofsy
mmet
ry,
AB=10cm andAP
=8cm.

Aladder,
8m long,
leansagai
nstaver
ti
cal
wal
l.I
fthet
opoftheladderi
s7,5m abov
ethegr
ound,
howf
ari
s
t
hebot t
om ofthel
adderfrom t
hewal
l?Gi
vey
ouranswercor
rectt
o3s.f.

350