Quest

ionbank-
-Chemi
str
y

12thChemist
ryquest
ion(E/M)
Preparedundert
heguidanceofourhonor
abl
eCEOTi
ruv
all
ur
di
st r
ict
Gui
dedby Mrs.Thir
uval
arselv
i
Chi
efEducati
onalOffi
cer
Ti
ruval
l
urDist
rict

Compi
l
edby 1.Mr .R.
Sri
dhar
PGasst -
Chemi str
y
Gov t
.Gir
lsHr .
sec.school
Mogappai rEast
(chapter
s-9,
10,13,
14,15)

2.Mr.K. Gomat hiVi

nay
agam
PGasst -Chemi str
y
Gov tHrsecschool
Ramapur am
(chapters-8,
11,12)
 8.
IONI
CEQUI
LIBRI
UM
1.
Whatar
elewisaci
dsandbases?Gi v
etwoexampl eforeach.
+ +
ALewi
sacidi
sanelectr
on-pairacceptor
.Examples:
H, K,Mg2+,
Fe3+,
BF3.
- 2
ALewi
sbaseisanelect
ron-pai
rdonor.Examples:OH, F,NH3,
SO4

2.Discusst heLower y–Bronstedconceptofacidsandbases.

Inthi
st heory,aci
dsar edef
inedasprotondonors;whereasbasesaredefi
ned
asprotonaccept ors.Acompoundt hatactsasbothaBr onst
ed-Lowryaci
dand
basetoget heriscall
edamphot er
ic.

3.Accountfortheacidicnatur
eofHCl O4.I
ntermsofBr onsted–Lowryt
heor
y,
i
dentifyi
tsconj
ugatebase.
-
ClO4 whi chi
st heconjugatebaseofHClO4theweakestbase( maxi
mum
stabi
l
ized)anditsconjugateacidHClO4ist
hestrongestacid.

4.Cal
cul
atet
hepHof0.
04M HNO3Sol
uti
on.
5.Defi
nesol ubil
it
yproduct
Thesol ubil
i
typroductofacompoundi sdefi
nedast heproductoft
hemol
ar
concent r
ati
onoft heconsti
tuenti
ons,eachr
aisedtothepowerofits
stoi
chiomet ri
cco–effi
cienti
nabalancedequil
ibr
ium equati
on.

6.Definei oni
cpr oductofwat er.Givei
tsvalueatr oom t
emper at
ure.
+ -
Thepr oductofconcent r
ationsofH andOH i onsinwaterataparti
cular
temper aturei
sknownasi onicproductofwat er.Theval
ueofKw increaseswi
th
+ -
theincreaseoft emper ature,i
.e.
,theconcentrationofH andOH i ons
incr
easeswi t
hincr easeint emperat
ure.Thev alueofKw at25°Cis1x10-
14 2
.
mol / dm6

7.Expl
aincommoni onef
fectwi
thanexample
Thedissoci
ati
onofaweakacidissuppr
essedinthepresenceofasal
t
contai
ninganioncommont ot
heweakelectr
oly
te.I
tiscall
edthecommoni
on
eff
ect.
Exampl e:
Whensodium acet
atei
saddedtoacet
icaci
d,byLec
hat
el
i
er
’
spr
i
nci
pl
ethe
di
ssociati
onofacet
icaci
ddecreases.Her
eCH3COO¯i sthecommoni on
present.
8.Der
iveanexpr
essi
onf
orOst
wal
d’sdi
l
uti
onl
aw
9.Defi
nepH
pHisameasur eofhydr
ogeni
onconcent
rat
ion,
 
ameasur
eoft
heaci
dit
yor
al
kali
nit
yofasolut
ion.
+
pH=- l
og10[
H]

10.Cal
cul
atet 5×10-3sol
hepHof1. uti
onofBa(
OH)
2

Ba(
OH)2→Ba2++2OH−
pOH=−l
og[OH−]
pOH=−l
og[2×1.5×10−3]
pOH=−l
og[3]−l
og 10−3
pOH=[
-0.
47+3]
pOH=2.
53
pH=14-
pOH=14-
2.53=11.
47

12.50ml of0.05M HNO3isaddedt

o50ml
of0.
025M KOH.Cal
cul
atet
hepHof
theresul
tantsolut
ion.
Mole=concent rat
ionxvol
ume

mol
eofKOH=50ml
x0.
025=1.
25

mol
eofHNO3=50ml
x0.
05=2.
5

1.
25mol
eofNaOHexact
lyneut
ral
i
zedby1.
25mol
eofHCl
.

ConofH+=noofmol
eofH+/t
otal
vol
umeofsol
uti
on(
50+50ml
=100ml
)

=1.
25/
100=0.
0125

pH=-
log(H+)
=-l
og(
0.0125)
=-(
-1.
9)

=1.
9

13.
Ident
if
yConj
ugat
eacdandbasepai
rint
hef
oll
owi
ngr
eact
ions
14.
Theconcent
rat
ionofhydr
oxidei
oninawatersampl
eis
-
6
f
oundtobe2.5x1 0 M.I
den t
if
ythenat
ureofsol
uti
on.

Si
ncet
hepHi
sgr
eat
ert
han7,t
hesol
uti
oni
saBasi
c
sol
uti
on.

15.
Al abassi
stantpr
eparedasol
uti
onbyaddi
ngacalcul
atedquant
it
yofHCl
gas25oCt ogetasolut
ionwit
h[H3O+]=4x10-
5M .I
sthesolut
ionneut
ral
(or
)
aci
dic(or
)basic.

si
ncet
hepHi
slesst
han7,t
hesol
uti
oni
saAci
dicsol
uti
on.

16.
Expl
aint
heb ondfor
ma t
ionbet
weenAmmoni
aandBF3
•BF3i
saL ewisaci
d
•Ammo ni
aisaLe wi
sbase

NH3 + BF3 NH3 BF3

Base Acid Adduc t
•Bo r
ona t
omh avevacant2po rbit
al.
•T heBoronatoma cceptsap ai
rofelect
ronf
rom
ammon i
aa ndformsac o or
d i
natebond.

17.wr
it
ethedi
ffer
encebetweenLewi
saci
dandLewisbase
S.
L ewisaci
d Lewi
sb ase
Nm
1 E lectr
o nDe fi
cient.Ex.BF3 El
ec tr
onRi ch.Ex.NH3
+2
2 Al lme talions.Ex.Fe Allanions.Ex.OH¯
3 T he yc ontainPo l
a rdouble The ycon t
a i
nc arbon-
bon ds.E x.
CO2 carbon
dou bl
eBo nd.Ex.Ethyl
ene
4 T he ya r
eCa rboCa ti
on . The yareCa rbanion.
Ex.CH3¯
5 T he yc ontainemp t
yD- Allme t
a loxi
de s.Ex.
CaO
orbit
als .Andc ane xpa nd
it
so ctet.
Ex.SF4
 18.Der
ivet
herelat
ionbet
weenpHandpOH
pH=–l og10[H3O+]

pOH=–l
og10[OH–]
pH + pOH=–l
og10[H3O+]- l
og10[OH–]

pH + pOH=–l
og10[H3O+][OH–]
But Kw=[ H3O+][
OH¯]
pH+pOH=–l og10Kw

–l
og10Kw=pKw

pH+pOH=pKw -
--
--
--
--
--
--
(1)

pKw=–l
og10K
w

ButKw=1×10—14

pKw =–l
og1010—14

pKw =14l
og1010 (l
og10=1)
pKw=14 (
2)

Sub2i
n1

pH+pOH=14

19.
Defi
neOstwal
d’sDil
uti
onlaw
Oswal
d’sl
awgivest
herel
ati
onshi
pbetweent
hedegr
eeofdi
ssoci
ati
on,
the
di
ssoci
ati
onconst
antandtheconcentr
ati
on.

Ka=Di
ssoci
ati
onconst
ant a=Degr
eeofdi
ssoci
ati
on C=Concent
rat
ion
 20.Def
ineCommonI oneffect
.
Whenthesaltofaweakaci disaddedt
otheaci
d,t
heDissoci
ati
onoft
he
weakaciddecreases.Thi
siscall
edascommonionef
fect.
Ex.Whensodium acet
atei
saddedtoacet
icaci
d,t
hedissoci
ati
onofacet
icaci
d
decreases.Her
eCH3COO¯i sthecommoni onpresent
.

21.DefineaBuf f
ersoluti
on.Expl
ainthety pesofbuff
ersoluti
ons?
ABuffersol
ut i
onismixt
ureofweakaci dandit
sconjugatebase.
Ex.Aceti
caci dandSodium acetat
e.
a)Acidi
cBuf f
er.Itisasolut
ioncontai
ningweakaci dandits
salt
.Ex.AceticacidandSodium acetate.

b)Basi
cBuf
fer
.Iti
sasol
uti
oncont
aini
ngweakbaseandi
ts
sal
t.Ex.NH4Cl
andNH4OH

22.Stateandexpl ainBuf feract ion.

Theabi lityofabuf f
ert or esistthechangei t
spHaf tertheaddi tionof
asmal lamountofaci dorbasei scal l
edasBuf feracti
on.
consideranaci dicbuf fersuchasasol utioncont aini
nganequi mol aramount s
ofacet i
caci dandsodi um acet ate,thesol utioncont ainsal argenumberof
+ –
sodium i ons ( Na) ,acet atei ons ( CH3COO )and al so a l arge numberof
undissociat edacet icacidmol ecules.
–
CH3COONa( aq)————- >CH3COO ( aq)+Na+(aq)
Suppose, af ewdr opsofHCl areaddedt ot hi
sbuf fersolution.Thiswoul d
+ +
providehy dr ogen( H )i
ons.Theseaddi ti
onalHi onswoul dcombi newi t
ht he
–
l
ar gereserv eofCH3COO i onst of orm undissociatedacet icacidmol ecul
es.
– +
CH3COO ( aq)+H ( aq)⇌CH3COOH
+
Theaddi tionalH i onsar eneut ralzedbyCH3COO– i
i onsi nt hesol uti
on,hence
therewi l
lbenochangei ni tspHv al
ue.Ther eser vebasi cit
yoft hesol uti
oni s
duet oacet at eions.

23.
Defi
neBuf fercapaci
tyandBufferindex
•Buf fercapacit
ygivethebuff
eringabil
it
yofasoluti
on.
•Thenumberofgr am equi
val
enceofaci dorbaseaddedtoonel
iter
ofthebuf fert
ochangeitspHbyuni tyi
scall
edasBuf f
eri
ndex.
 þ=Buf
fercapaci
ty

dB=numberofgr
am equi
val
enceofaci
dorbase

addedd(
pH)=Changei
nthepHaf
teraddi
ngt
he

aci
dorbase.

24.
Def
inet
heHanderson−Hassel
bal
chequat
ion.

Letusconsi
deraweakaci
d.

[Acid]
[H3O+]=Ka×−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
[Salt]
Taki
ngl
ogonbot
hsi
des,
weget
..
..
..
..
.

+
[Aci
d]
l
og[H3O ]=logKa+log
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
[Sal
t]

Taki
ngl
ogonbot
hsi
des
[Acid]
+
−l
og[
H3O ]=−l
ogKa−l
og−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
[Salt]

But−l H3O+]=pH
og[ and −l
og[Ka]=pKa.

[Aci
d]
 pH=pKa−l
og−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
[Sal t]

[Sal t]
pH=pKa+l
og−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
[Acid]

ForaBasi
cbuf
fer

[Salt]
pOH=pKb+l
og−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
[Base]

25.
Deri
veaexpr
essionf
ort
hehy
drol
ysi
sconst
antandpHofsal
tofst
rong
baseandweakacid.
a)Hy
drol
ysi
sconst
ant
 b)pH

26.Der
ive aexpr essi
onforthehydr
oly
sisconst
antanddegr
eeof
hydrol
ysi
sofsal tofstr
ongaci
dandweakbase
a)Hydrol
ysis
NH4+ +HO 2 NHOH+H+

b)Di
ssoci
ati
on
NH4Cl NH4+ +Cl̄

Kh×Kb=Kw
 Kw
Kh=−−−−−−−−−− −−−−−−−−−−−−−3
Kb

Accor
dingt
oOst
wal
d’sdi
l
uti
onl
aw

Subst
it
uteKhf
rom Eqn3

og[H+]
ButpH=−l

pH=−½l
ogKw−½l
ogC +½l
ogKb

Butl
ogKw=−14 And−l
ogKb=

pKbpH=7−½l
ogC−½pKb

27.
Defi
neSolubi
li
tyPr
oduct.
Solubi
li
typr
oductist
heproductoft
hemol arconcentr
ati
onoft heions,
rai
sedtothepowerofit
sStoi
chi
ometr
icco−ef
fi
cienti
nabalancedequil
ibr
ium
equati
on.

XmYn mXn+ + nYm−

Ksp=[Xn+]
m
× [Ym−]
n
28.
Givetheappli
cati
onsofSol
ubi
li
typroduct
Solubi
li
typroducti
susedtofi
ndoutwhethertheioniccompoundwillget
preci
pit
ated,
whenmi xedwi
tht
hesol
uti
oncontai
ningtheconst
it
uenti
ons.

•I
oni
cpr
oduct>Sol
ubi
l
itypr
oduct (Preci
pitati
onwill
occur)
•I
oni
cpr
oduct<Sol
ubi
l
itypr
oduct (Nopr ecipi
tat
ion)
•I
oni
cpr
oduct=Sol
ubi
li
typr
oduct (Equi
li
brium )

29.
Defi
neMol arSol
ubil
it
y
Molarsolubi
li
tyi
sthemaxi mum numberofmol
esofsol
utet
hatcanbe
di
ssolvedinoneli
terofthesol
uti
on.

30.
Explai
nthedetermi
nati
onofsolubi
l
itypr
oductfrom molarSol
ubi
l
ity
Molarsol
ubil
it
yisthemaximum numberofmol esofsol
utethatcan
bedissol
vedinonelit
eroft
hesolut
ion.

XmYn mXn+ + nYm−

Ksp=[Xn+]
m
× [Ym−
n
]Ifms=[Xn+] andns=

[Ym−]

Subst
it
utet
hev
alues
m n
Ksp=(
ms) ×(
ns)
m n
Ksp=(
m) × (
n) s)m+n
×(
 9.
ELECTROCHEMI
STRY
1.St
ateOhm' slaw?
Atconstanttemperature,
thecurr
entfl
owingthr
ought
hecel
l(I
)isdi
rect
ly
propor
ti
onal tothevolt
ageacrossthecel
l(V)
.
i
.e.,
IαV( or)I=V/ R
V=I R

2.Def
ineResist
ivi
ty?
Theresist
ivi
tyi
sdefindast her
esist
anceofanelect
rol
yte
confi
nedbetweent oelectrodeshavi
ngunitcr
osssecti
onalareaandar
e
separat
edbyauni tdistance.Theratol
i /
Aiscall
edthecellconst
ant
,Uni
tof
resi
sti
vit
yisohm met re(Ωm) .
R=pl /a

3.
Defi
neconductance?
Ther
eciprocal
oftheresi
stance1/R gi
vestheconduct
anceofan
el
ect
rol
yticsol
uti
on.TheSIunitofconduct
anceis
Si
emen( S).C=1/R

4.St
ateKohl
raush’
slaw?
Atinf
ini
tedi
l
ution,
theli
mit
ingmolarconducti
vi
tyofanel
ectr
oly
teisequal
to
thesomeofthelimit
ingmolarconduct
ivi
ti
esofit
sconst
it
uentions.

5.Whatar eElectrochemi calcell

s?Explainitsvar i
oust ypes?
Electr
ochemi cal cell i
sadev icewhi chint
erconv ertschemi calintoelectri
cal
energyandv i
cev ersa.Itconsistsoftwosepar at eelectrodeswhi char ein
contactwi t
hanel ect r
olytesoluti
on.Electr
ochemi calcellsaremai nlyclassif
ied
i
nt othef oll
owi ngt wot ypes.
1.Galv anicCel l(Vol t
aiccell
): I
tisadev i
cei nwhi chaspont aneouschemi cal
reacti
ongener atesanel ectr
iccurrenti
.e.
,itconv ertschemi calenergyinto
electr
ical energy.I tis
commonl yknownasabat t
ery.
2.Electrolyti
ccel l :Itisadev i
ceinwhi chanel ectriccurrentfrom anext ernal
sourcedr ivesanonspont aneousreactioni.e.
,itconv er
tsel ectr
icalenergyinto
chemi cal energy.

6.Def
ineMolarconduct
ance
Whent heel
ectr
odeissepar
atedby1m andhavngVm3oft
i heel
ect
rol
yte,
theconduct
anceof1Moleofanel
ect
rol
yti
csol
uti
oni
scal
l
edasMolar
 conduct
ance.
1
m2mol1
ormhom2mol1
orSm2mol1
Unit=ohm¯ ¯ ¯ ¯

▲ m =K ×V
▲ m =Mol
arconduct
ance K=speci
fi
cconduct
ance V=v
olume

8.
DefineEqui
v al
entconductance
Whent heelect
rodeisseparatedby1m andhavingVm3oft heel
ect
rol
yte,
theconductanceof1gr am equi
val
entofanelectr
oly
ticsol
uti
oni
scall
edas
Equival
entconductance.
1 2 1
ormhom2geq¯ 1
orSm2geq¯ 1
Unit=ohm¯ m geq¯

9.
Howconduct ancev ar
ieswithtemper at
ure?
Whent hetemperatureincr
eases,theKineti
cener
gyi
ncr
easeswhich
decreasestheint
erionicatt
racti
on.Therefor
ewhent
hetemper
ature
i
ncreases,theconductancealsoincreases.

10.Expl
aint
hemeasur
ementofconduct
ivi
tyofai
oni
csol
uti
on.
•Theconductivi
tyofanelectrolytei smeasur edbyusingtheWheat stone
bri
dgearr
angement .
•
Theconduct ivi
tycel
l i
splacedi nasol ut ionwi t
hunknownconduct i
vi
ty.
•
WhenDCcur r
entispassed, elect rolysisoft hesolut
iont akespl ace.
•
SoACcur rentisusedt opr ev entel ectrol ysi
s.
•
PandQar eknownr esi
stanceandSi st hev ari
ableresistance.
•
AnACcur rentof550Hzt o5KHzi spassedbet weent hej uncti
onsAandC
•
Connectat elephoneey epiecedet ectorbet weenthej unctionsBandD.
•Thevar
iabl
er esist
anceSi sadj ust edt il
lthebr i
dgeisbalanceandnocur rent
fl
owthrought hedetector.
•
From t
hev alueofP, QandS, theResi stanceRcanbecal culat
ed.
P R
−−−−−−−−= −−−−−−−
Q S

P
R=−−−−−−−−×S
Q

•
From t
her
esi
stance,
theconduct
ivi
tycanbecal
cul
ated.

1 l
K = −−−−−−−−× −−−−−−−−
R A

11.Expl
ainthevari
ationofMol
arconductancewi
th
concentr
at i
on.
• Molarconductanceofasolut
ioni
ncreaseswi
thdi
lut
ion.
• Therelati
onbetweenMolarconduct
anceandconcentr
ati
oni
sgi
venby

•
Theplotof▲ m Vsconcent
rat
iongivesastraightl
i
newi
thanegat
ivesl
ope.
0
•
Thesl
opev alueis−Kandtheint
ercepti
s▲ m .
•
Forst
rongelectr
olyt
esitgi
vesastrai
ghtli
ne
•
Forweakelectr
olyt
esitgi
vesanonl i
nearcurve.
 •
Graph

Weakel
ect
rol
yte(acet
icaci
d)

St
rongel
ect
rol
yte(KCl
)

hm

√C

Var i
ationofMol arconduct anceofSt r
ongel ectr
oly
teswi t
h
concent r
ati
on:
•Forst rongelectrolyt
es,athighconcentrat
ionthenumberofi onsata
givenv olumei sv eryhigh.
•Thef orceofat tracti
onbet weenthei onsisalsoveryhigh.
•Vi scousdr agisv er
yhigh.
•HenceMol arconduct ancedecr easesathi ghconcentr
ation
•Butondi l
uti
ont heMol arconductanceincreases.
•Ondi l
utionthei onsaref arapartandt heforceofatt
ractionbetween
thei onsdecr eases.

Vari
ationofMol arconductanceofWeakel ectrol
yteswith
concent r
ati
on:
•Fort heweakel ectrol
yteswhent heconcentrati
onapproacheszer
o,t
here
i
sasuddeni ncr
easesinthemolarconductanceandcurvebecomespar
all
el
totheaxis.
•Ondi lut
ionthedissoci
ationoftheweakel ectr
olytei
ncreases.
12.
Wri
tet
heDeby
eHuckel
Onsagerequat
ion.Andexpl
aint
het
erms

13.
Defi
neKohlraushlaw
Atinf
init
edi
luti
on,theli
mit
ingmolarconduct
ivi
tyofanelectrol
ytei
sequal
to
thesum oft
hel i
mi t
ingmol
arconductanceofi
tconsti
tut
ei ons.
Example. NaCl Na+ + Cl̄

14.
Expl
aintheappli
cati
onsofKohl
raushlaw
a)Iti
susedt ocal
culat
ethemolarconduct
anceofaweakel
ect
rol
yteat
inf
ini
tedil
uti
on.ExampleAcet
icaci
d.
CH3COOH+NaCl → CH3COONa+HCl
b)I
tisusedt
ocal
cul
atet
hedegr
eeofdi
ssoci
ati
onofaweakel
ect
rol
yte.

Butaccor
dingt
oOst
wal
d’sdi
l
uti
onl
aw
 c)I
tisusedtocal
cul
atet
heSolubi
l
ityofspar
ingl
ysol
ubl
esal
ts.
Sal
tsl
ikeAgCli
sspar
ingl
ysol
ublei
nwat er
.

AgCl Ag++Cl̄

Ksp=[Ag+]× [Cl̄]

[Ag+]= [Cl̄]=

CKsp=C×C

Ksp=C2

15.Explaint heconst ructi

onandt hecel l
react i
onoft heDani elcel
lorGalvani
c
cell
TheDani el containst wohalfcell
s.Thet wohal fcellsareconnectedbyasalt
bri
dge.
Oxidationhal fcell
Amet all
iczincst ri
pisdippedi nZincsul phatesol ut
ioninabeaker.
Reduct i
onhal fcell
Amet all
icCopperst r
ipisdippedinCoppersul phatesolut
ioni
na
beaker .
Thezi ncandt hecopperst ri
psar econnect edt hroughawi reandav olt
meter
.
Theelectrolyticsolutionsareconnect
edusi ngani nvert
edU−tubecontai
ning
e−

_ Vol
tmet
e +
Zi
ncanode
KCl
Coppercat
hode

Sal
t
 Agar−Agargelmixedwithi
nertel
ectr
olyt
eli
keKCl.Whent
heswit
chi
s
cl
osed,r
edoxreacti
onst
akesplaceandtheel
ect
ronsf
lowsf
rom t
hezi
nc
anodetothecoppercathode.
Zi
ncsul
phat
esol
uti
on Coppersul
phat
esol
uti
on

AnodicOxi
dation
Oxidat
iontakespl
aceatt
heanode.Zni
soxi
di oZn+2i
sedt ons.

Zn Zn+2+2e-
Cat
hodicreduct
ion
Reducti
ontakesplaceatt
hecathode.Cu+2i
onsar
ereducedt
oCopper
+2 -
Cu +2e Cu

Ov
eral
lreact
ion.
Zn+Cu+2 Zn+2+Cu
16.
Explai
nthev ari
ousI UPACnot ationsusedf oraGalvani
ccell
•Asi nglevert
icalbariscal l
edast hePhaseboundar y
•Adoubl ev er
ticalbariscalledasSal tbr i
dge
•Theanodei swr i
ttenont helef
tandt hecathodei
swr it
tenontheri
ghtof
t
hesaltbridge
•Theanodei swr i
ttenont heExtremel eftandthecathodeiswri
tt
enon
t
heext r
emer ightoft hesaltbr
idge
•TheEmfoft hecel li
swr itt
enont her ightsi
deofthecelldi
agr
am.
•
17.
Expl
aint
heconst
ruct
ionoft
heSt
dHy
drogenEl
ect
rode(
SHE)

•SHEcanactbothasacat hodeandanode
•Cathoder
educti
onr eact
ion
+
2H + 2e¯ H2 E0=Zer
oVolts
•AnodeOxidat
ionreacti
on.
H2 2H+ + 2e¯ E0=Zer oVolt
s
 18.Der
iveNer
nstequat
ion?

Ner
nstequat
ionr
elat
est
hecel
lpot
ent
ialandt
he

concent
rat
ion.aA+bB cC+dD
c d
[C] [D]
Q=−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
a b
[A] [B]

19.
StateFar
adaysFirstlaw
Themassoft hesubst
anceli
berat
edatt
heel
ect
rodei
sdi
rect
lypr
opor
ti
onal
tothequanti
tyofchargepassed.
m =z It
m=mass Z=el
ect
rochemi
cal
equi
val
ent I=cur
rent T=t
ime

20.
Def
ineEl
ectr
ochemicalequi
valent
El
ect
rochemical
equi
valenceisthemassoft
hesubst
ancedeposi
ted
when1coulombofchargeispassed.
21.Stat
eFaradayssecondlaw
Whenequal amountsofcur r
entar
epassedthr
oughdif
fer
entel
ect
rol
ytes,
themassoft hesubstancedeposi
tedi
sdir
ectl
ypropor
ti
onalt
othe
Electr
ochemicalequi
v al
ence.

22.
Defi
neaBat ter
yandexpl ai
nitstypes.
ABatteryisasourceofdirectcur
rentataconstant
vol
tage.Thereare2t y
pes.
a)Pr i
maryBatt
ery.Theyarenonrechar
geabl
e.Ex.Lecl
anchecel
l
andMercuryButtoncell

b)Secondarybatt
ery.Theyar
erechar
geable.Ex.Leadst
orage
batt
ery,
Lithi
um ionbatter
yandFuel cell
s

23.
Explai
nt heconst
ruct
ionandwor ki
ngoftheLecl
anchecel
l
•Anode−Zi nccontai
ner
•Cat hode−Gr aphi
terodinMnO2.
•Electrol
yte−Ammoni um chl
ori
deandZincchlor
idei
nwater
•Emfoft hecell−1.
5V

Cel
lreact
ions:
•Oxi dati
ontakespl
aceatt
heanode−
 Zn Zn+2+2e−

•Reduct
iont
akesplaceatt
hecat
hode−
+ −
2NH 4 + 2e 2NH3+ H2

•Hy
drogengasi
soxi
disedbyMnO2t
owater.
H2 + 2MnO2 Mn2O3 +H2O

•Byaddi
ngal
lthe3r
eact
ions,
wegett
heov
eral
lreact
ion.

Zn+ 2NH+4 + 2MnO2 Zn+2 +2NH3+Mn2O3 +H2O

24.
Expl
aintheconst r
ucti
onandworkingoft
heMercur
ybut
toncel
l
•Anode−Zi ncandMer cur
y
•Cat hode−Gr aphiteandHgO
•Electrol
yte−KOHandZnOpast e
•Emfoft hecell−1.35V
•Uses−Wat ches,cameraandpacemaker
s.

Cel
lreacti
on.
•Oxidationtakespl
aceatt
heanode−
Zn+2OH¯ ZnO+H2O+2e−

•Reduct
iont
akespl
aceatt
hecat
hode−
−
HgO+ H2O+2e Hg+ 2OH¯

•Over
all
react
ionsi
s
Zn+HgO ZnO+Hg

25.
Expl
aintheworkingoftheLeadstoragebat
ter
y(Secondar
ybat
ter
y)
•Anode−Spongel ead
•Cat hode−LeadPl at
ewi t
hPbO
•Electrol
yte−38%Sul phur
icacid
•Emfoft hecell−2V
•Oxi dat
iontakespl
aceattheanode
+2
−Pb Pb +2e¯

Pb+2+SO4¯
2
PbSO4
 •Reduct
iont
akespl
aceatt
hecat
hode−

PbO2+4H+ +2e¯ Pb+2+2H2O

Pb+2+SO4¯
2
PbSO4

Ov
eral
lreact
ioni
s
Pb+PbO2+4H+ 2
+2SO4¯ 2PbSO4 +2H2O

•TheEmfoft
hecel
ldependsont
heconcent
rat
ionofsul
phur
icaci
d.

26.
Expl
aint
hewor
kingoft
heLithi
um i
onbat
ter
y.
•Anode−PorousGraphi
te
•Cat
hode−CoO2(Cobal
tOxi
de)
•El
ect
rol
yte−Li
thi
um sal
tinaor
gani
csol
vent
•Uses−Cellphones,Lapt
opsanddi
git
alcamer
as.
Oxi
dat
iont
akesplaceattheanode−

Li Li+ + e¯

Reduct
iont
akespl
aceatt
hecat
hode−
+
Li + CoO2 + e¯ Li
CoO2
Ov
eral
lreact
ion

Li + CoO2 Li
CoO2

•Dur
ingdi
schar
get
heLi
thi
um ionsmovesf
rom t
heanodet
othe
cat
hodet
hrought
heel
ectrol
yte.

•Andduri
ngchargi
ngt
heLi
thi
um i
onsmovesfr
om thecat
hodetot
he
anodeandembeddedontheporousel
ect
rode.Thi
siscal
ledas
Int
ercal
ati
on.
27.
Explai
nt heFuncti
oningof(H2–O2)Hy dr
ogen–Oxy genfuelcell
s
•Fuelcellsaregal
vaniccel
lswherethecombustionener
gyisdi
rectl
y
conver
tedintoelectri
calener
gy.
•Thegener alr
epresentat
ionofthefuelcell
sis

Fuel/El
ect
rode/El
ect
rol
yte/El
ect
rode/Oxi
dant

•Fuel−Hydr ogen
•Oxidant−Oxy gen
•Electrol
y t
e−AqueousKOH
•Temper ature−2000C
•Pressur e−20−40At m
•InertElectrode−Por ousGr
aphi
tewi
thNi
andNiO
•Hy drogenandOxy gengasi
sbubbl
edatt
heanodeandatt
hecat
hode.

Oxi
dat
iont
akespl
aceatt
heanode−

2H2+4OH¯ 4H2O + 4e¯

Reduct
iont
akespl
aceatt
hecat
hode−

2H2O +O2+ 4e¯ 4OH¯

Ov
eral
lreact
ion−

2 H2 +O2 2H2O

28.
Defi
necorrosi
on
Metal
slikeI
roni
soxidi
sedbyoxygeninthepr
esenceofmoist
ure.Thi
sredox
react
ionwhichcausedthedet
erior
ati
onofthemet al
iscall
edascor r
ecti
on.

29.
Expl
aintheel
ectrochemicalmechanism ofcor
rosi
on.
•Anode−Regi onencl
osedwithwat erwit
hlowamountofoxy
gen.
•Cat hode−Remai ni
ngareawithhighamountofoxygen
•Cor rosi
onoccursattheanode.
•Cor rosi
onrequir
esbothOxygenandwat er.
Oxi
dat
iont
akespl
aceatt
heanode−
2Fe 2Fe+2 +4e¯ E0 =0.
44V
Reduct
iont
akespl
aceatt
he
cat
hode−
+
4H + O2 + 4e¯ 2H2O E0=1.
23V
Ov
eral
lreact
ion−
2Fe+ O2+ 4H+ 2Fe+2 +2H2O E0=1.
67V
nceE0i
•Si sposi
ti
ve,
ther
eact
ioni
sspont
aneous.
•Fe+2i
oni soxi
di oFe+3i
sedt on.
+2 +
4Fe + O2+ 4H 4Fe+3 +2H2O
•Fe+3i
onr eact
swi
thwat
ert
oformrust.
+3
2Fe +4H2O Fe2O3.H2O+6H+
Rust

30.ExplainSacri
fi
cialProtecti
on.
Sacrif
icialpr
otecti
onist heprotectionofir
onorsteel
againstcorr
osionby
usi
ngamor ereact
ivemet al.Piecesofzincormagnesium al
loyare
att
achedt opumpbodi esandpi pes.Theprot
ectedmetalbecomest he
cathodeanddoesnotcor rode.Theanodecor r
odes,t
herebyprovi
dingthe
desi
redsacr
if
ici
alpr
otect
ion .

10.
SURFACECHEMI
STRY
1.Expl
ainthecharacteri
sticsofAdsorpti
on?
1.Adsorpti
oncanoccuri nalli
nter
facial
surf
acesi.e.t
headsorpti
oncan
occurinbetweengas- soli
d,li
quidsoli
d,l
iqui
d-l
i
quid,soli
d-sol
i
dandgas-
l
iquid.
2.Adsorpti
oni sal
way saccompani edbydecreaseinfreeenergy
.WhenDG
reacheszero,theequili
bri
um isattai
ned.
3.Adsorpti
oni saspont aneousprocess.
4.Whenmol ecul
esar eadsorbed,ther
eisalwaysadecr easei
n
r
andomnessoft
hemol
ecul
es.

2.
Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesofAdsor
pti
on?

Dependingont henat ureoff or

cesact i
ngbet weenadsorbentand
adsorbate,adsorpt
ioni sclassi
fi
edasphy sicaladsorpt
ionandchemical
adsorpti
on.
Inchemi calabsorption,gasmol eculesareheldtothesurfacebyfor
mation
ofchemi calbonds.
Inphysicaladsorpt
ion, physi
calforcesli
kev anderwaalsforceofatt
ract
ion
exi
stbet weenadsor bentandadsor bate.

3.Explaint
hevari
ousfactor
saff
ect
ingAdsor
pti
on?
(i
)Nat ur
eofadsorbent
(
ii
)Nat ur
eofadsorbate
(
ii
i)Pressur
e
(
iv)Concentr
ati
onatagi v
entemper
atur
e.

4.Whatar eadsor pti

onIsotherm andAdsorpt
ionIsobar
?
Adsorpti
oni sothermsrepresentsthevari
ati
onofadsorpti
onatconstant
temperature.
Whenamountofadsor pti
oni splot
tedver
sust emperat
ureatconst
ant
pressur
ei tiscall
edadsorptionisobar.

5.
Whati
sAdsor
pti
onI
sot
her
m?Expl
ainFr
eudl
i
chi
sot
her
m?

Apl otbetweent heamountofadsor bateadsorbedandpr essureor

concentrationofadsor bat eatconst anttemperatur
eis
call
edadsor pti
onisother ms.
Freundli
chadsor pti
oni sotherm:
Accor di
ngt oFr eundl
inch,
1/n
x/m=kp
wher exist heamountofadsor bateoradsor bedon‘m’gm ofadsor bentat
apressur eofp.Kandnar econstant s.
x/m=Kc, whenusedf oradsor pti
oni nsoluti
onswithcasconcent rati
on.
Theseequat i
onquant iti
velypredicttheeffectofpr
essure(orconcent r
ati
on)
ont headsor pti
onofgases( oradsor bates)atconst
anttemper atur
e.
1/
n
x/m=Kp
Taki
ngl
ogonbothsi
desofequat
ion
l
ogx/m=logK+1/nl
ogp

6.WhatisCatal
ystandCatal
ysi
s?
Acat al
ysti
sdef i
nedasasubstancewhi
chalt
erst
her ateofchemi
cal
react
ionwit
houtitsel
funder
goi
ngchemical
change.Thephenomenon
whichinvol
vestheacti
onofacataly
sti
scal
ledcat
alysis.

7.Whatareposit
iveandNegati
vecat al
yst
?
Inposit
ivecat
alysi
stherat
eofar eacti
onisi
ncreasedbythepresenceof
catal
yst,
butinnegati
vecatal
ysi
st herat
eofreacti
onisdecr
easedbyt he
presenceofacataly
st.

8.Whatar e(i
)Homogeneouscat alysi
sand(ii
)Heterogeneouscat
alysi
s?
Homogeneouscat al
ysi
s
I
nacat al
ysedreacti
on,thereactants,pr
oductsandcatalystar
epresentin
thesamephase.
2SO2+O2+[ NO]→ 2SO3+[ NO]
Het erogeneouscatal
ysis
I
nar eacti
on,t
hecatalysti
spr esentinadif
fer
entphasei .
e.Iti
snotpresent
i
nt hesamephaseast hatofreact ant
sorproducts

N2(
g)+3H2(
g)→2NH3(
g) Fe(
s)act
sascat
aly
st

9.
Expl
aint
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofCat
aly
st?

1.Forachemical
react
ion,catal
ystisneededinver
ysmallquant
it
y.
General
ly
,api
nchofcataly
stisenoughf orareacti
oni
nbulk.
2.Theremaybesomephy sicalchanges,butt
hecatal
ystr
emains
unchangedi nmassandchemi cal compositi
oni nachemi calreaction.
3.Acat al
ystit
selfcannotinitiatear eacti
on.
4.Asolidcatalystwill
bemor eef f
ectiveifi
tistakeninaf i
nelydividedf or
m.
5.Acat al
ystcancat al
yseapar ti
culartypeofreacti
on,hencet heyar esaid
tobespeci f
icinnature.
6.Catal
ystdoesnotaf fecttheposi ti
onofequi l
ibri
um andt hev al
ueof
equil
ibr
ium constant.
7.Acat al
ystishighl
yef f
ectiv
eatapar t
icul
artemperaturecalledas
opti
mum t emper at
ure.
8.Presenceofacat alystgener al
lydoesnotchanget henat ur
eofpr oduct
s.

10.wr i
tenot esoni .Promot er i i
.Cataly
t i
cpoi son
Promot er:
Inacat alysedr eact i
ont hepr esenceofacer tainsubstanceincr
easesthe
acti
vityofa
cataly
st .Suchasubst ancei scalledapr omot er.
Forexampl ei nt heHaber ’
spr ocessofmanuf actureofammoni a,the
acti
vityoft hei roncatalystisi ncreasedbyt hepr esenceofmol ybdenum.
Hencemol ybdenum i scalledapr omoter.
Catalyticpoison:
Certai
nsubst anceswhenaddedt oacat alysedr eact
iondecreasesor
compl etelydest r oy
stheact ivityofcatal
y standt heyareoftenknownas
cataly
ticpoi sons.
Inther eaction, 2SO2+O2→2SO3wi thaPtcat alyst
,thepoisonisAs2O3

11.whati si.Autocatalystii
.Negativecatalyst
Autocat alyst:
I
ncer tai
nr eactionsoneoft heproductsformedact sasacataly
sttothe
react
ion.
Autocat alysi
sisobser v
edi nthefoll
owingr eacti
ons.
CH3COOC2H5+H2O→CH3COOH+C2H5OH
Aceticacidact sastheaut ocataly
st
2AsH3→2As+3H2
Arsenicact sasanaut ocataly
st
Negat i
vecat aly
st:
I
ncer tai
nr eactions,
presenceofcer t
ainsubst ances,
decr
easestherateof
thereaction.Ethanolisanegat iv
ecatalystforthefol
lowi
ngreacti
on.
(i
)4CHCl3+3O2→4COCl2+2H2O+2Cl2
Ethanol
decreasest
her
ateoft
hereacti
on.

12.Expl
aint
hegener
alchar
act
eri
sti
csEnz
ymecat
aly
zedr
eact
ion?

i
.Anenz y
memayt ransform ami l
li
onmol eculesofreactanti
nami nute.
i
i
.Enzy mecatalysi
si shighl
yspeci f
ici
nnat ure.
i
i
i.Enzymecat al
ysedr eacti
onhasmaxi mum r at
eatoptimum temperature.
i
v.Therateofenzy mecat aly
sedr eacti
onsv ari
eswiththepHoft hesystem.
v
.Enzy mescanbei nhi
bitedi.
e.poisoned.
v
i.Cataly
ticacti
vit
yofenzy mesi sincreasedbycoenzy mesoractivat
ors.

13.
Expl
ainZeol
i
teCat
aly
sis?

i
.Zeoli
tesar emi cropor ous, crystall
ine, hydrated,alumi nosili
cates,madeof
sil
i
conandal umi nium t etr
ahedr a.
i
i.Assili
conistet ravalentandal umi nium i stri
valent,thezeolitemat r
ix
carri
esext r
anegat ivechar ge.
i
ii
.Tobal ancet henegat i
vechar ge, therear eextraf r
amewor kcat i
onsfor
example, H+orNa+i ons.
i
v.Zeoli
tescar r
ingpr otonsar eusedassol idacids,cat al
ysisandt heyare
extensi
velyusedi nthepet rochemi cal industryforcr ackingheav y
hydrocarbonf r
act ionsi ntogasol ine, di
esel ,
etc.
,
i
v.Zeoli
tescar r
ingNa+i onsar eusedasbasi ccat aly
sis.
v.Oneoft hemosti mpor tantappl icat i
onsofzeol i
tesi sthei
rshape
select
ivi
ty.

14. ExplainNanoCat aly

st?
i
.Nanomat eri
alssuchamet all
i
cnanopar ti
cles,metaloxi
des,etc.
, ar
e
usedascat aly
stinmanychemi cal t
ransformation,i
i
.Nanocataly
stscar r
y
theadv antagesofbothhomogeneousand
het erogeneouscat al
yses.
i
ii.Likehomogeneouscat al
ysts,thenanocat al
ystsgive100%select i
ve
transf ormationsandexcell
enty i
eldandshowext remelyhighactiv
ity.
i
v .Liket heheterogeneouscatalyst
s,nanocat al
ystscanber ecoveredand
recy cled.
v.Nanocat al
ystsareactual
l
ysol ubl
ehet erogeneouscataly
sts.

Exampl
e:Fe0/
Pd0:
Nanobi
met
all
i
ccat
aly
st(
Zer
oval
entst
ate)
15.
Explainthev
ari
ousCondensat
ion/
Chemi
cal
met
hodsf
ort
hepr
epar
ati
on
ofcol
loids?

Whent hesubst ancef orcol l

oidalpar ti
cleispresentassmal l si
zedparticle,
mol eculeor i
on, theyar ebr oughtt othecol l
oidaldimensionby
condensat ionmet hods. .Var i
ouschemi calmet hodsf ortheformationof
coll
oi dal par ticles.
(i
)Oxi dat ion:
Solsofsomenonmet alsar eprepar edbyt hismet hod.
WhenO2i spassedt hr oughH2Se, asol ofseleni
um i sobtai
ned.
H2Se+O2→2H2O+Se( sol )
(i
i)Reduct ion:
Manyor gani cr eagent sl ikepheny lhydrazi
ne, for
mal dehyde,etcareused
forthef or mat ionofsol s.Forexampl e:Goldsol i
spr eparedbyr educti
onof
auricchl or ideusi ngf ormal dehyde.
2AuCl 3+3HCHO+3H2O→2Au( sol)+6HCl +3HCOOH
(i
ii
)Hy droly sis
Solsofhy dr oxidesofmet alsli
kechr omi um andal umi ni
um canbe
producedbyt hismet hod.
FeCl 3+3H2O→Fe( OH) 3+3HCl
(i
v)Doubl edecomposi tion
Yel l
owcol our edar seni csul phidei sobt ai
nedasacol loi
dalsoluti
on.
As2O3+3H2S→AS2S3+3H2O
(v)Decomposi tion
Whenf ewdr opsofanaci disaddedt oadi lut
esol uti
onofsodi um thi
o
sulphat e, the i nsol ublef reesul phurpr oducedbydecomposi ti
onofsodi um
thi
osul phat e.
S2O3+2H_ S+H2O+SO2

16.
Whati sCoagul
ati
onorPreci
pit
ati
on?Expl
ainthedi
ff
erentt
ypesof
Coagulati
on?
Thefloccul
ati
onandsetti
ngdownofthesolpart
icl
esi
scall
edcoagul
ati
on.
Vari
ousmet hodofcoagul
ati
onare
(i
)Additionofel ectr
ol yt
es
(i
i
)Electrophor esis
(i
i
i)Mixingopposi t
ivelychar gedsols.
(i
v)Boil
ing
17.Givet hreeusesofemul sions.
Threeusesofemul sions:
(i
)Cleansi ngactionofsoapsi sbasedontheformati
onofemulsions.
(i
i
) Digest i
on of f atsi ni ntest
ines t
akes place by the process of
emulsif
icat i
on.
(i
i
i)Antisept i
csanddi si
nfectantswhenaddedt owaterfor
m emulsions.

18.Whydoesbl eedingstopbyrubbingmoi
stal
um?
Potashalum hashighlychar
gedAl3+and(SO4)2-i
onswhichactas
neutr
ali
zi
ngionsf ortheprot
eincol
loidi
nbl
ood.Thiscausesaggr
egat
ionor
cl
otti
ngandt hi
sinturnstopsthebleedi
ng.

19.Whyi sdesor pti

onimportantforasubstancetoactasgoodcat alyst
?
Desor pti
onisimportantf
orasubst ancetoactasagoodcat alystso
thatafterthereacti
on,thepr
oduct sformedonthesurfaceseparateout
(desorbed)tocreatefreesur
f aceagainforot
herreact
antmoleculesto
approacht hesurfaceandreact.

20.Commentont hestatement
:Coll
oidisnotasubstancebuti
tisastate
ofsubstance.
Whent hesizeofthesolutepar
ti
clel
iesbetween1nm and1000nm, i
t
behavesasacol l
oid.Hence,wecansayt hatcol
l
oidisnotasubst
ancebut
astat
eoft hesubstancewhichisdependentonthesizeofthepart
icl
e.A
col
loi
dal st
atei
sintermediat
ebetweenat ruesol
uti
onandasuspension.

21.Explainanyonemet hodf orcoagul

ati
on
Coagulati
onorpr ecipi
tation
Theflocculati
onandset t
ingdownoft hesolpar
ti
cl
esi
scal
l
edcoagul
ati
on.
Vari
ousmet hodofcoagul ati
onar egi
venbel
ow:
(i
)Additi
onofel ectr
olytes
(i
i
)Electrophoresi
s
(i
i
i)Mixingopposi t
ivel
ychar gedsols.
(i
v)Boil
ing
El
ectrophoresis:
I
ntheelect
rophor
esi
s,char
gedpart
iclesmigr
atetotheel
ect
rodeof
opposi
tesi
gn.Iti
sduetoneut
ral
i
zationofthechargeoft
hecoll
oids.The
part
icl
esar
edischar
gedandsotheygetpreci
pit
ated.

22.Wr
it
eanot
eonel
ect
roosmosi
s

El
ectroosmosi s
Asol i
selectr
icall
yneutral
.Hencet hemedi um car
ri
esanequal but
opposit
echarget othatofdispersedparticl
es.Whensol par
ticl
esare
prev
entedfrom mov ing,undertheinfl
uenceofelectri
cfi
eldthemedium
mov esi
nadi recti
onopposi t
etot hatofthesolpart
icl
es.Thi
smov ementof
di
spersionmedi um undertheinfl
uenceofel ect
ri
cpotenti
ali
scal l
edelect
ro
osmosis.

22.Wr iteanoteoncatal
yti
cpoison
certai
nsubst anceswhenaddedtoacatalysedr
eacti
ondecreasesor
compl etel
ydestroyst
heacti
vi
tyofcat
alystandtheyareof
tenknownas
cataly
ticpoisons.
Fewexampl e,
Inther eact
ion,2SO2+O2 2SO3wi t
haPtcat aly
st,
thepoisonisAs2O3

23.Explai
ninter
mediatecompoundf ormationtheoryofcataly
siswi t
han
example
Theintermedi
atecompoundf ormat
iontheory
Acatalystact
sbyprov i
dinganewpat hwithlowener gyofactivat
ion.In
homogeneouscat al
ysedr eact
ionsacatal
ystmaycombi newithoneor
morereactanttofor
m ani nter
mediatewhichreactswithotherreactantor
decomposet ogiveproductsandthecatalysti
sregenerated.
 Example
Oxi
dati
onofHCl byairi
npresenceofCuCl
2.
2CuCl2 Cl2+Cu2Cl2
2Cu2Cl2+O2 2Cu2OCl 2
Iti
saninter
mediate.
2Cu2OCl2+4HCl  2H2O+4CuCl2

24.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenhomogenousandhet
rogenouscat
aly
sis?
25.Descr
ibeadsor
pti
ont
heor
yofcat
aly
sis.

Accordi
ngt othistheory,t
her eact
antsareadsorbedont hecat al
ystsur
f ace
tofor
m anact iv
atedcompl exwhichsubsequentlydecomposesandgi ves
theproduct.
Thevariousstepsinvolvedi naheterogeneouscataly
sedreactionaregiv en
asfol
lows:
1.Reactantmoleculesdiffusefrom bulktothecataly
stsurface.
2.Thereactantmol ecul
esar eadsorbedont hesurfaceofthecat al
yst
.
3.Theadsor bedreactantmol ecul
esar eacti
vat
edandf orm activ
ated
complexwhi chisdecomposedt oformt heproducts.
4.Theproductmolecul
esar
edesor
bed.
5.Thepr
oductdif
fuseawayfr
om t
hesur
faceoft
hecat
aly
st.

13.BI
OMOLECULES
1.
Whattypeoflinkageshol
dt oget
hermonomer
sofDNA?
ThetwostrandsoftheDNAar eheldt
oget
herbyweakhy
drogenbonds
thatf
orm betweentheni
trogenbases.

2.
Gi vethedif
fer
encesbetweenpr i
maryandsecondar yst r
uctureofpr
oteins.
Themai ndif
ferencebet
weenpr i
marysecondaryandt ert
iarystr
uctur
eof
protei
ni st
hattheprimar
ystructureofaprotei
nislinearandt hesecondary
st
r uct
ureofapr otei
ncanbeeitheranα-hel
ixorβ-sheet.
The pri
marystr
uctur
e compri
ses t
he ami
no acid sequence.Hydr
ogen
bondsformedbetweenaminoaci
dsareresponsi
bleforthef or
mati
onof
thesecondar
yst
ruct
ureofapr
otei
n.

3.Namet heVit
aminswhosedefi
ciencycausei
)ri
cket
sii
)scur
vy
Ricket
s—VitaminDdefi
ciency
Scurvy-
--Vi
taminCdefi
ciency

4.Wr
it
etheZwi
tt
eri
onst
ruct
ureofal
ani
ne

5.Gi
veanyt
hreedi
ff
erencebet
weenDNAandRNA

6.Writ
eashor tnoteonpeptidebond
Thecarboxylgroupofthefir
staminoaci
dr eactwi
ththeaminogr
oupof
thesecondami noaci
dt ogiveanamideli
nkagebetweentheseaminoaci
ds.
Thisamidel
inkageiscalledpepti
debond.

7.Gi
vet
wodi
ff
erencebet
weenHor
monesandv
itami
ns
8.Wr iteanot eondenat ur
ati
onofpr otei
ns
Thepr ocessofapr otei
n-l
osingitshi
gheror derst
ructurewit
houtl osi
ngthe
primar ystr
ucture,i
tcall
eddenat urat
ion.Whenapr oteindenatures,it
s
bi
ol ogicalfunct
ionisalsolost.
Sincet hepr i
marystructur
eisintact,
thisprocesscanber eversedi ncer
tai
n
proteins.
Exampl e:
coagulati
onofeggwhi tebyactionofheat.

9.Whatarereduci
ngandnon–r educi
ngsugars?
Areduci
ngsugarisasugarthathasaf reeal
dehydeorket
onethatcanact
asareduci
ngagent .Anon-
reducingsugardoesnothaveafr
eealdehydeor
ket
one,soitcannotactasareducingagent.

10.Whycarbohydr
atesaregener
all
yopti
cal
lyacti
ve.
Almostal
lcarbohy
dratesar
eopti
call
yacti
veastheyhaveoneormor
e
chi
ralcar
bon.Thenumberofopti
calisomersdependsont
henumberof
chi
ralcar
bons

11.Classi
fythefoll
owingint
omonosacchar
ides,
oli
gosacchar
idesand
pol
ysacchari
des.
i
)Starch—Polysacchari
des
i
i)fr
uctose--
-Monosacchar i
des
i
ii
)sucrose--
-Disacchari
des
i
v)l
act
ose-
--
-Disacchar
ides
v
)malt
ose-
--
Disacchari
des

12.Howar ev i
tami nscl assi f
ied
Classifi
cationofv it
ami ns
Vitaminsar eclassifiedint otwogr oupsbasedont heirsolubi l
i
tyinwat er
andi nfat.
Fatsolublev it
ami ns: Thesev it
ami nsabsor bedbestwhent akenwi t
hf at
ty
foodandar estoredi nf at t
ytissuesandl ivers.Thesev i
tami nsdonot
dissolveinwat er.Hencet heyarecal ledf atsolublev i
tami ns.Vi t
aminA, D,E
&Kar efat-sol
ublev itami ns.
Wat ersolublevitami ns: VitaminsB( B1, B2, B3,B5, B6,B7, B9&B12)andC
arereadilysolubleinwat er.Ont hecont raryt ofatsolublev itamins,these
can’tbest ored.Theexcessv it
ami nspr esentwi llbeexcr etedt hroughurine
andar enotst oredi nourbody .

13.Whatar ehar mones?Gi veexampl es

Hor monei sanor ganicsubst ance( e.
g.apept i
deorast er
oid)thati
s
secretedbyonet i
ssueintot hebl oodstream andi nducesaphy siol
ogical
response( e.g.growt handmet abolism)inot hertissues.I
tisan
i
ntercell
ularsi gnall
ingmol ecule.
Chemi cally
,hor monesmaybecl assif
iedasei therprotei
n(e.g.i
nsuli
n,
epinephrine)orst eroi
ds( e.g.estrogen,androgen) .
Hor monesar eclassif
iedaccor dingt othedistanceov erwhichtheyactas,
endocr i
ne,par acri
neandaut ocrinehor mones

14.Wri
tet
hestr
uct
ureofall
possi
bledi
pept
ideswhi
chcanbeobt
ained
for
m gl
yci
neandal
anine?
15.Defineenzymes
Enzymesar ebiocatalyst
sthatcatal
yseaspeci
fi
cbiochemi
calreacti
on.
Theygenerall
yact i
vatethereacti
onbyreduci
ngtheacti
vat
ionenergyby
stabi
l
isingthetransit
ionstat
e.
E+ S → [ES]
Enzyme subst rate compl ex

[
ES] → E+ P

16.Wr
it
het
hest
ruct
ureof D(
+)gl
ucophy
ranose

17.Whatar ediff
erentt
ypesofRNAwhi charef
oundincel
l
RNAmol eculesareclassi
fi
edaccor
dingtothei
rst
ruct
ureandf
unct
ioni
nto
threemaj ortypes
i
.Ri bosomal RNA( rRNA)
i
i.MessengerRNA( mRNA)
i
ii.
Tr ansf
erRNA( t
RNA)

18.Wr i
teanot eonf ormat i
onof α- helix.
α-Heli
x
Intheα-heli
xsub- st
ructure,theami noaci dsarearr
angedi nar i
ghthanded
heli
cal(spi
ral)structur
eandar estabi
li
sedbyt hehy drogenbondbet ween
thecarbonyl oxygenoneami noacid(nthresi
due)wi t
hami nohy dr
ogenof
thefi
fthresidue( n+4thr esidue).Thesi dechainsofther esiduesprotrude
outsi
deoft hehel ix.Eacht urnofanα- hel i
xcontai
nsabout3. 6resi
duesand
i
sabout5. 4Al ong.Theami noacidprol i
neproducesaki nki nthehelical
str
uctureandof t
encal l
edasahel ixbreakerduetoi t
sr i
gidcy cl
icstructur
e.
β-St
randsar eextendedpept i
dechainratherthancoil
ed.Thehydrogen
bondsoccurbet weenmai nchaincarbonylgr
ouponesuchst randandthe
aminogr oupoftheadj acentstr
andresulti
ngintheformati
onofasheet
l
ikestructur
e.Thisarrangementi scall
edβ-sheets.

19.Whatar et hef unctionsofl ipidsi

nl iv
ingorganism.
Biol
ogicalimpor t
anceofl i
pids
1.Li
pidsar ethei ntegr alcomponentofcel lmembr ane.Theyar enecessar
y
ofstr
ucturalintegr i
tyoft hecel l.
2.Themai nf unctionoft ri
glycer i
desi nanimalsisasanener gyreser
ve.
Theyyieldmor eener gyt hancar bohydratesandpr oteins.
3.Theyactaspr ot ectivecoat ingi naquaticorganisms.
4.Li
pidsofconnect i
v etissuegi veprotecti
ontointer nalorgans.
5.Li
pidshel pintheabsor pti
onandt ransportoffatsol ublevi
tamins.
6.Theyar eessent ialforact i
v ationofenzy messuchasl ipases.
7.Li
pidsactasemul sifi
erinf atmet abol i
sm.

20.
Ist
hef
oll
owi
ngsugar
,D–sugarorL–sugar
?

Lr
ibose
15.
CHEMI
STRYI
NEVERYDAYLI
FE
1.
Whichchemicali
sresponsi
blef
ortheant
isepti
cproper
ti
esofdett
ol.
Thetwomainconsti
tuent
sofdett
olcompositi
onforit
santi
sept
icproper
ty
areChl
oroxy
lenol
&Ter pi
neol
.

2.Whatareant i
biot
ics?
Themedicinesthathavetheabili
tytokil
lthepathogenic
bact
eri
aar egroupedasant i
biot
ics.Anti
biot
icdrugs:amoxici
l
li
n,
ampici
l
li
n,cefi
xime,cefpodoxi
me, eryt
hromycin,
tetr
acycl
ineetc

3.Nameonesubstancewhichcanactasbot
hanal
gesi
candant
ipy
ret
ic?
Acet
aminophenorParacet
amol

4.Wr i
teanot eonsy ntheti
cdet er
gent s
Syntheticdetergentsar efor
mul atedpr oductscontaini ngeit
hersodium
sal
tsofal kylhydrogensul phatesorsodi um saltsofl ongchai nalky
l
benzenesul phonicaci ds.Therear ethreetypesofdet ergent
s.
Anionicdetergent:Ex ample--
Sodium Laur ylsulphate( SDS)
Cationicdetergent:
Exampl e--n-hexaadecy l
tr
imet hy
l ammoni um chl
ori
de
Non- i
onicdetergent:Exampl e--Pentaerythr
ityl
stearat e.

5.Howdoant i
septicsdifferfr
om di si nf
ect ants?
Anti
septicsanddi sinfectantsar eeffect i
veagai nstmi cro-
organisms.
Howev er,anti
septicsareappl iedt ot helivingt i
ssuessuchaswounds, cut
s,
ul
cers,anddi seasedski nsur f
aces, whi ledi si
nfectantsareappliedto
i
nanimateobj ectssuchasf l
oor s,
dr ainagesy stem,instr
uments, et
c.
Disi
nfectantsarehar mf ultothel i
vingt issues.
I
odineisanexampl eofast rongant iseptic.Tinctureofiodi
ne( 2-3percent
ofsoluti
onofi odineinal cohol -watermi xture)isappl i
edtowounds.
1percentsol ut
ionofphenol isusedasadi si
nfectant.

6.Whatar ef oodpreservat
ives?
Preserv
ativesar ecapableofinhibi
ti
ng,retar
dingorarresti
ngthepr ocessof
fer
ment ati
on, aci
dif
icat
ionorot herdecomposi t
ionoffoodbygr owt hof
microorganisms.Acet i
cacidisusedmai nl
yasapr eservat
iveforthe
preparat
ionofpi ckl
esandf orpreserv edvegetables.Sodi
um met asulphi
te
i
susedaspr eservati
vesf orfreshv egetablesandf rui
ts.
I
naddi ti
ont ochemicaltreatment ,phy si
cal methodssuchasheat
tr
eatment( pasteuri
sati
onandst eri
lisati
ons) ,
coldtreatment(chi
ll
ingand
fr
eezing)drying(dehydration)andi rradi
ati
onar eusedt opreserv
ef ood.

7.Whodosoapsnotwor kinhardwat er
?
Har dwatercontai
nscalcium andmagnesium i
ons.Whensoapsar e
dissolvedinhardwater,t
heseionsdispl
acesodium orpotassi
um fr
om
theirsalt
sandf or
mi nsol
ublecalci
um ormagnesium sal
tsoffatt
yacids.
Thesei nsol
ublesalt
sseparateasscum.Thisisthereasonwhysoapsdo
notwor kinhardwater.

8.Whatar edr ugs?Howar et heycl assi

fi
ed
Adr ugisasubst ancet hati susedt omodi fyorexpl
orephy si
ological
systemsorpat hological statesfort hebenefi
tofthereci
pient.Itisusedfor
thepurposeofdi agnosi s,prevention,cure/r
eli
efofadisease.
Classi
fi
cationofdr ugs:
Drugsarecl assifi
edbasedont heirproperti
essuchaschemi cal str
uctur
e,
pharmacologi caleffect,targetsy stem,siteofacti
onetc.

9.Howt het r
anquili
zer
sworkinbody .
Tranquil
izers
Theyareneur ologi
call
yact
ivedrugs.
Transquili
zersactsonthecentr
alnervoussy
stem bybl
ocki
ngt
he
neurotr
ansmi tt
erdopamineinthebrai
n

Wr
10. i
tet
hest
ruct
ural
for
mul
aofaspi
ri
n.
11.
Expl
aint
hemechani
sm ofcl
eansi
ngact
ionofsoapsanddet
ergent
s

12.Whichsweeteningagentareusedtoprepar
esweet sforadiabeti
c
pati
ent?
Thosecompoundst hatareusedli
kesugars(gl
ucose,sucrose)for
sweeteni
ng,butaremetaboli
sedwithoutt
heinfl
uenceofinsuli
narecall
ed
sugarsubst
it
uents.
Eg.Sorbi
tol
,Xyl
it
ol,
Mannitol
.

13.Whatar enar coti

candnon–nar coti
cdr ugs.Giveexamples
Analgesics( Non–nar coti
c)
Analgesicsr educet hepainwithoutcausi ngimpai r
mentofconsciousness.
Theyallev i
atepai nbyr educi
ngl ocali
nfl
ammat oryresponses
i
.Ant ii
nflammat orydrugs
Exampl e-Acetami nophenorpar acetamol,Ibuprofen,Aspri
n.
i
i.
Ant i
pyretics
Exampl e-Sali
cy l
atesAcet yl
sal
icy l
i
cacid(aspiri
n),Acetaminophenor
Paracetamol
i
ii
.Nonst eroidalant i
-i
nflammat orydrugs(NSAI Ds)
Exampl e:
Ibupr ofen
Opioi
ds(Narcoti
cAnalgesi
cs)
Reli
vepainandproducesleep.Thesedrugsareaddi
cti
ve.I
npoi
sonous
dose,
theseproducescomaandul ti
matelydeat
h.
Examples-Morphine,
codeine

14.Whatar eanti
fert
il
it
ydr ugs?Giveexampl es.
Anti
fert
il
it
ydrugs
Thesesyntheti
chormonest hatsuppressesovulat
ion/
fer
ti
li
sat
ion.
Synthet
icoestr
ogen-Et hynylest
radi
ol,Menstranol
Synthet
icProgester
one- Norethi
ndrone,Noret
hynodrel

15.Wr it
eanoteonco–pol ymer
Co-polymers:
Apol y
mercont ai
ningtwoormor edi
ff
erentki
ndsofmonomeruni t
sis
cal
ledacopol y
mer .Forexample,
SBRrubber(Buna-
S)cont
ainsst
yreneand
butadienemonomeruni ts.Co-
pol
ymershaveproper
ti
esquit
ediff
erent
fr
om thehomopol ymers.

16.Whatar ebi
odegradablepol ymer
s?Giveexample?
Themat er
ialst
hatarereadil
ydecomposedbymi cr
oor
gani
smsi
nthe
envi
ronmentarecall
edbi odegradabl
e.
Examples:
Poly
hydroxybutyr
ate(PHB)
Poly
hydroxybutyr
ate-
co- -hy droxylv
aler
ate(PHBV)
Poly
glycol
icaci
d(PGA) ,Polyl
acti
cacid(PLA)

17.Howi
ster
ylenepr
epar
ed?
18.Wr i
teanot eonv ulcanizati
onofr ubber
Naturalrubberismixedwi th3- 5%sul phurandheat edat100-150˚Ccauses
crossli
nkingoft hecis-1,
4-polyisoprenechai nsthr
oughdi sul
phide(-S-
S-)
bonds.Thephy sicalproper t
iesofr ubbercanbeal teredbycontroll
ingthe
amountofsul phurthati susedf orv ulcanization.I
nsulphurrubber,made
withabout1t o3%sul phurissof tandst retchy .When3t o10%Sul phuris
usedther esul
tantrubberissomewhathar derbutflexi
ble.

19.Cl
assifythef oll
owingasl i
near
,br
anchedorcr
ossl
i
nkedpol
ymer
s
a)Bakeli
te—Cr osslinkedpolymers
b)Nylon--
-Linearpol ymers
c)pol
ythene--
-Li nearpolymers

20.Di
ff
erent
iat
ether
mopl
ast
icandt
her
moset
ti
ng.
21.
Expl
aint
hemechani
sm ofaddi
ti
onpol
ymer
izat
ionorf
reer
adi
cal
pol
ymeri
zat
ion?
22.
Expl
ainagoni
standant
agoni
stt
ypeofdr
ugs?
I
nmedi cines,anagonistatt
achestoar eceptorsi
teandcausesa
responsewher easanantagonistworksagainstthedrugand
blockstheresponse.Whileagonist
sstimulateanacti
on,
antagonist
ssitidl
e,doingnothi
ng.

23.
Whati
sal
l
ost
eri
candcompet
it
ivei
nhi
bit
ors?

13.
ORGANI
CNI
TROGENCOMPOUNDS
1Howwill
youdi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenpr
imar
ysecondar
yandt
ert
iar
yal
phat
ic
ami
nes.

2.Accountf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng
i
.pKbofani
l
inei
smor
ethant
hatofmet
hyl
ami
ne

i
i.
Gabr i
elphthali
mi desynthesi
si sprefer
redforsynthesi
singpri
mary
amines.
Secondaryort er
tiaryaminesar enotformedi nthi
ssy nt
hesis.t
hus,t
he
pureprimaryami necanbeobt ained.Theref
ore,Gabriel
phthali
mide
synthesi
sispr ef
er r
edforsy nt
hesisingpri
mar yamines

i
ii
.Et
hylamineissol ubleinwaterwher easanil
ineisnot
Ethyl
aminewhenaddedt owat erformsintermolecul
arH−bondswithwat
er.
Andtheref
or eitissolubleinwat er
.Butanili
nedoesnotf or
m H−bondwit
h
watertoav erylargeextentduet othepresenceofal ar
gehy dr
ophobi
c
−C6H5group.Hence, ani
linei
si nsol
ubleinwat er
.

i
v.Al
thoughami nogroupiso–andp–di r
ecti
ngi
naromat
icelect
rophi
l
ic
substi
tut
ionreact
ions,ani
l
ineonni
tr
ati
ongiv
esasubst
ant
ialamountofm
–nitr
oanili
ne.
v
.Ani
l
inedoesnotunder
gof
ri
edel
craf
treact
ion

Vi
.Di
azoni
um sal
tsar
emor
est
abl
ethanar
omat
icami
nes

vii
.Aminesar emorebasicthanami des
Compar ingthebasici
tyofalkyl
aminest oamides.Withanalky
laminethe
l
onepai relectr
onislocal
izedontheni t
rogen.However,t
helonepai
r
electr
ononanami dearedelocali
zedbet weenthenit
rogenandtheoxy
gen
throughresonance.Thismakesami desmuchl essbasi
ccomparedto
alkyl
amines.

3.Ar
ranget
hef
oll
owi
ng
i
.I
nincreasingor derofsolubili
tyinwat er,C6H5NH2, (C2H5) 2
NH,C2H5NH2
Themor eext ensi vetheH−bondi ng,thehi gheristhesol ubil
ity
.C2H5NH2
contai
nst woH- atomswher eas(C2H5) 2NHcont ainsonlyoneH- at
om.
Thus,C2H5NH2under goesmor eextensiv eH−bondi ngthan( C2H5) 2NH.
Hence,thesol ubi l
i
tyinwat erofC2H5NH2i smoret hant hatof(C2H5) 2NH.
Furt
her,thesol ubili
tyofami nesdecr easeswi t
hincreasei nthemol ecular
mass.Thi sisbecauset hemol ecularmassofami nesi ncreaseswithan
i
ncreasei nthesi zeoft hehy dr
ophobi cpar t.Themol ecularmassof
C6H5NH2i sgr eaterthant hatofC2H5NH2and( C2H5) 2NH.
Hence,theincr easingor deroftheirsolubili
tyinwat erisasf ol
lows:
C6H5NH2<( C2H5) 2NH<C2H5NH2

i
i.I
nincr easingorderofbasi cstr
engt h
a.anil
ine, p-toludineandp–ni troanili
ne
Inp-toluidine,t
hepr esenceofelectron-donat
ing−CH3gr oupincreasest
he
electr
ondensi t
yont heN-atom.Thus, p-t
olui
dinei smorebasicthananil
ine.
Ont heot herhand, thepresenceofel ectr
on-withdrawing−NO2gr oup
decreasest heelectrondensit
yov ertheN−atom i np-nit
roani
l
ine.Thus,p
nitr
oani l
ineislessbasi cthananil
ine.Hence,thei ncr
easingorderofthe
basicst rengthsoft hegivencompoundsi sasf ol
lows:
p-Nitr
oani l
ine<Ani li
ne<p- Tol
uidi
ne

b.
C6H5NH2,
C6H5NHCH3,
C6H5NH2,
p-Cl
-C6H4-
NH2

I
nC2H5NH2, onl yone−C2H5gr oupispresentwhi lein(C2H5) 2NH, two
−C2H5gr oupsar epr esent.Thus, t
he+Ieffectismor ein( C2H5) 2NHt han
i
nC2H5NH2.Ther efore,theelectrondensit
yov ertheN- atom ismor ein
(C2H5)2NHt hani nC2H5NH2.Hence, (C2H5) 2NHi smor ebasi cthan
C2H5NH2.
Also,bothC6H5NHCH3andC6H5NH2ar elessbasi cthan( C2H5)2NHand
C2H5NH2duet othedel ocali
zationofthelonepai rinthef ormertwo.
Further
,amongC6H5NHCH3andC6H5NH2, theformerwi l
lbemor ebasic
duet othe+Tef fectof−CH3gr oup.Hence, theorderofi ncreasingbasici
ty
ofthegivencompoundsi sasf oll
ows:
C6H5NH2<C6H5NHCH3<C2H5NH2<( C2H5) 2NH
Weknowt hatthehi gherthebasi cstr
ength,theloweri sthepKbv alues.
C6H5NH2>C6H5NHCH3>C2H5NH2>( C2H5) 2NH
i
i
i.
Decr
easi
ngorderofbasi
cstrengt
hingasphase
(
C2H5)NH2,(
C2H5) 2NH,(C2H5)3NandNH3

Inthegasphase, thereisnosol v
ationeff
ect.Asar esult
,thebasicst
rength
mai nl
y
dependsupont he+Ieffect.Thehighert
he+Ieffect,thestrongeri
sthe
base.Also,thegreaterthenumberofal kylgr
oups,thehigheristhe+I
effect
.Therefore,t
hegiv encompoundscanbear r
angedi nt hedecr
easing
orderoftheirbasicstr
engt hsint
hegasphaseasf oll
ows:
(C2H5)3N>( C2H5)2NH>C2H5NH2>NH3

i
v.I
nincr
easingorderofboi
l
ingpoi
nt
C6H5OH,(CH3)2NH,C2H5NH2
Theboi l
ingpoint
sofcompoundsdependont heextentofH- bonding
presentinthat
compound.Themor eextensiv
et heH-bondinginthecompound, t
hehi gher
i
st heboili
ngpoint.(CH3)2NHcont ainsonlyoneH−at om wher eas
C2H5NH2cont ainstwoH- atoms.Then, C2H5NH2under goesmor e
extensiveH-bondingthan(CH3) 2NH.Hence, theboil
i
ngpoi ntofC2H5NH2
i
shi gherthanthatof(CH3) 2NH.Further,Oismor eelect
ronegativethanN.
Thus, C2H5OHf ormsst r
ongerH−bondst hanC2H5NH2.Asar esult
,the
boil
ingpointofC2H5OHi shigherthant hatofC2H5NH2and( CH3) 2NH.
Now, thegivencompoundscanbear rangedintheincreasingorderoftheir
boil
ingpointsasf ol
lows:
(CH3)2NH<C2H5NH2<C2H5OH

v.
Incr
easi
ngorderofbasi
cstr
engt
h
C6H5NH2,C6H5N(CH3) 2,
(C2H5)2NHandCH3NH2

C6H5N(CH3)2ismor ebasi
cthanC6H5NH2duet othepresenceofthe+I
eff
ectoftwo−CH3gr oupsi
nC6H5N( CH3)2.Furt
her,CH3NH2cont ai
ns
one−CH3gr oupwhile(
C2H5)2NH cont ai
nstwo−C2H5gr oups.Thus,
(C2H5)2NHi smorebasict
hanC2H5NH2.Now, C6H5N(CH3) 2isl
ess
basi
cthanCH3NH2becauseoft he−Reffectof−C6H5gr oup.Hence,t
he
i
ncreasi
ngorderofthebasi
cstrengthsofthegivencompoundsi sas
fol
l
ows:
C6H5NH2<C6H5N(
CH3)
2<CH3NH2<(
C2H5)
2NH