NCERTCHPATER-

2“SOLUTI
ONS”
Gasi nsol i
d Sol utionofhy dr ogeni npal l
adium
Sol
i
dSol
uti
ons
Liqui di nsol id Amal gam ofmer cur ywi thsodi um
Mass%, ppm, mol ef ract ionandmol ali
tyar eindependentoft emper ature, wher eas
Temp.VsConc.
mol aritydependsont emper at ure.Thi si sbecausev olumedependsont emper ature.
re
Atconst antt emp , thesol ubi li
tyofagasi nal i
qui disdi r
ect lypr oportional t
ot he
Henr y’
sl aw. pressur eoft hegas.p=KH . X KH =Henr y ’
slawconst ant( gr eatertheKH v al
uel ower
thesol ubi l
ity)
1.Toi ncr easet hesol ubi l
ityofCO2i nsof tdrinks, thebot tl
ei sseal edunderhi gh
Appl i
cationof pressur e.
Henr y’
sl aw. 2.Toav oidbends,t het anksusedbyscubadi versar ef il
ledwi t
hai rdi l
utedwi t
h
helium
TempandSol ubil
ty Sol ubilityofgasi ncreaseswi thdecr easeoft emper atur e.Itisduet ot hisr easont hat
ofgas aquat icspeci esar emor ecomf ortabl ei ncol dwat ersrat hert hani nwar m wat ers.
Raoul t’
slawf or Thepar tialvapourpr essur eofeachcomponenti nthesol ution
volati
leli
qui ds i
sdi rect l
ypr opor t
ional toi tsmol ef ract i
on p1αx1 p1=p10x 1
Thesol utionswhi chobeyRaoul t’
sl awov ertheent i
rer angeofconcent r
ationar e
I
deal Solutions knownasi deal solut ions. (Fori deal soluti
on ΔmixH=0, ΔmixV=0)
Exampl e: Sol utionofn- hexaneandn- hept ane,
Posi t
ivedev iation: A- Bi nter actionsar eweakert hant hosebet weenA- AorB- B,
Exampl e-Mi xt ur esofet hanol andacet one
Negat ivedev iations:For cesbet weenA- AandB- Bar eweakert hant hosebet weenA
Non-i
deal Sol utions
-B
Exampl e-mi xt ureofphenol +ani l
ine.ami xtureofchl oroform
+acet one
Mi xtur eshav esamecomposi tioni nl iquidandv apourphaseandboi l ataconst ant
temp.
Azeot r
opes
mi nimum boi lingaz eot rope( posi tivedev iati
on)eg-95%aqet hanol
maxi mum boi li
ngazeot rope( negat ivedev i
ation)eg-68%aqni t
ricaci d
Coll
igativ
epr oper t
ies Dependont henumberofsol ut epar ticlesnotupont hei rnat ure.
Relati
v eLower ingof B= PA0-PA Wher ePA0 i sv apourpr essur eofpur ecomponent' A'
PA i spar t
ialvapourpr essur eofcomponent' A'
VapourPr essur e
PA0 PA0-PA i slower ingofv apourpr essure
El
evat
ioni
nboili
ngpointTb=Kbxm KbxWBx1000
El
evat
ionofBoi
l
ing m =molal
i
tyofsolut
ion Tb=
Poi
nt Kb=Molalel
evati
oninboil
i
ngpoint MBxWA
WhereMB=Mol ecul
armassofsolut
e,WA=Wei
ghtofsol
vent
,WB=Wei
ghtofsol
ute
Depressi onoff reezi ngpoi ntTf=Kf xm Kf xWBx1000
Depr
essi
onof m =mol ali
tyofsol utionand Tf=
Fr
eezi
ngPoi
nt Kf=mol aldepr essionaf reezi ngpoi ntor MBxWA
MB=mol ecularmassofsol ut e,WA=Wei ghtofsol vent,WB=Wei ghtofsol ut
e.
Solventf l
owst hrought hesemi permeabl emembr anef r
om pur esolventtothe
Osmosi s
soluti
on.
Theex trapr essur eappl iedont hesol utiont hatjustst opsthef l
owofsol v
entis
call
edosmot i
cpr essur eoft hesol ution
n
=( )RT=CRT Thi sequat i
oni scal l
edv an'tHof fequationf ordi
lutesoluti
ons
Osmoticpressure(
π) V
Wher e'' i
sosmot i
cpr essur e, '
V' i
sv olumeoft hesol ut i
on.'
n'isnumberofmol esof
thesolut e.'T'i
sabsol utetemper ature;'R'issolutionconst antwhosev alueisequalt
o
gasconst
Isot
onicsoluti
ons Twosol uti
onshav i
ngsameosmot i
cpr essur e
Hypertoni
c Higherosmot icpr essur ethanapar t
icularsol n
Hy pot
onic Lowerosmot icpr essuret hanapar ti
cul arsol n
Thedi rectionofosmosi scanber eversedi fapr essur elargerthant heosmot i
c
pressur eisappl i
edt othesol uti
onsi de.Thati s,nowt hepur esolventfl
owsoutof
ReverseOsmosi s
thesolut i
on
Application: Desal inati
onofseawat er
Massper
cent
age. Mol efract
i Mol
ari
ty(
M)= Ppm=
%w/w= on-
n
XA = A nx1000
nA+nB = Nor
mal
i
ty(
N)=
Forl
i
qui
dsol
uti
ons%v
/v= MM xV( ml
)
n f
ordil
uti
onM1V1=M2V2
XB = B
nA+nB Molal
i
ty(m)

= =
XA+XB =1
wAx1000
MM xWB
(HereMM i sMolarMassof
thesolut
e)
1.Mole-fr
action( x)
.Itisrati
oofnumberofmol esofapar ti
cularcomponenttothet ot
al
numberofmol esofallt
hecomponent s.
2.Molarit
y( M) .I
tisexpressedasthenumberofmol esofsol uteperl
it
reofsoluti
on..
3. Mol al
ity(m) .Itisdefi
nedasnumberofmol esofsoluteper1000gor1kgofsol vent
.
4. Henr y’
sl aw.(St
atement s):Thelawst at
est hatataconst anttemperat
ure,thesolubili
ty
ofagasinal iquidisdirect
lypropor
ti
onaltot hepressureofthegas.Or“ Thepartialpr
essur e
oft
hegasi nv apourphase( p)i
sproport
ionaltothemol efract
ionofthegas(x)inthesol ut
ion”
p=KH .xwher
e‘x’
ismol
efr
act
ionofgasi
nsol
uti
on.Gassol
ubi
l
ity

5.Appl icationsofHenr y’sl aw( a) Pr oduct ionofcar bonat edbev erages: (b) Int hedeepsea
divi
ng
6.VapourPr essur eofLi qui d-Li qui dSol ut i
ons( Raoul t ’
sl aw forasol utionofv olati
le
li
qui ds):“ I
nsol uti
onofv olatileliqui dst hepar ti
al vapourpr essureofeachcomponenti nt he
solut i
oni sdi rectlypr opor tional toi tsmol ef raction.” Ptotal=PA +PB Ptotal= +
7.VapourPr essur eofSol ut i
onsofSol i
dsi nLiqui ds:I nt hesol uti
on, thesur facehasbot h
solut eandsol ventmol ecul es; ther ebyt hef ract i
onoft hesur f
acecov er edbyt hesol vent
mol ecul esget sreduced.Consequent ly,t
henumberofsol ventmol ecul esescapi ngf r
om t he
surfacei scor respondi nglyr educed, thus, thev apourpr essur eisalsor educed.
8.I dealSol uti
ons:( i)Sol utionswhi chobeyRaoul t
’slawatal lthet emper at ur es.(i
i)A–B
i
nter actioni ssameasA–AandB–B.at tractions. (i
ii
) mixing=0 ( iv) mixing=0Exampl es:
Benzene+Tol uene&n- Hexane+n- Hept ane
9.Non- IdealSol utionsShowi ngPosi t
iveDev i
ationf r
om Raul t’sLaw:( i)PA +PB>P xA +P
xB(ii) mixand mixar e+v e.( i
ii
)A–Bi nt eractioni sweakert hanA–AandB–Bi nteractions
.
Exampl e:C2H5OH+Wat er
10.Non- idealSol utionsShowi ngNegat iveDev i
ationf rom Raul t’
sLaw: (i
)PA +PB<P xA +P
xB(i
i) mixand mixar e–v e( ii
i)A–Bi nter acti
oni sst rongert hanA–AandB–B
i
nter actionExampl e: HNO3&Wat er
11.Azeot r
opesar ebi nar ymi xtureshav i
ngt hesamecomposi ti
oni nl iquidandv apourphase
andboi lataconst antt emper atur e.Insuchcases, i
tisnotpossi blet osepar at et he
component sbyf ract i
onal dist i
ll
at ion.
12.Ty pesofazeot ropes: (i)Mi nimum boi lingazeot rope:Thesol utionswhi chshowal arge
posi ti
vedev i
ationf rom Raoul t’
sl awf orm mi nimum boi lingazeot r
opeForexampl e,ethanol -
wat ermi xture( ii
)Maxi mum boi l
ingazeot rope.: Thesol ut i
onst hatshowl ar genegat i
ve
deviat i
onf rom Raoul t’
sl awf orm maxi mum boi l
ingazeot ropeataspeci f
iccomposi ti
on.Ni t
ric
acidandwat eri sanexampl eoft hi sclassofazeot rope. .
14. Col ligat i
vepr oper ti
es. Thosepr oper tieswhi chdependont henumberofsol ut eand
solventpar ti
cles( mol eculeori ons) butnotont henat ureofsol ut e,e. g. , (i
)r elativ
e
l
ower ingofv apourpr essur e,( ii
)t heel ev ationi nboi l
i
ngpoi nt,(ii
i)t hedepr essi oninf reezing
point ,and( iv )theosmot i
cpr essur e.
15. Raoul t’s Law f orsol ution ofNon- volatil
e Sol ute. The r elativel ower i
ng ofv apour
pressur ef orasol utioni sequal tt hemol e- fr
act i
onofsol ut ewhensol vental onei sv olati
le.
 16. Rel
ati
vel
ower
ingofv
apourpr
essur
e. ,
I
ncaseofdi
l
ute

sol
uti
on >> =

17.
Elev
ati
oni
nBoi
li
ngpoi
nt:
.(ΔTb)i
sdi
rect
lypr
opor
ti
onal
tot
hemol
ali
ty.i
.e.
. Tb=Kb m
Tobbet
heboi
l
ingpoi
ntofpur
esol
ventandTbbet
he

boi
l
ingpoi
ntofsol
uti
on.Thei
ncr
easei
ntheboi
l
i ntΔTb=Tb−Tobi
ngpoi sknownasel
evat
ion
ofboi
li
ngpoi
nt.
Ebul
li
oscopi
cConst
antorMol
alBoi
li
ngPoi
ntConst
ant
.(Kb)i
sdef
inedasel
evat
ionofboi
l
ing
poi
ntwhenonemol
eofsol
utei
sdi
ssol
vedi
nOnekgofsol
vent
.
18.
Depr
essi
onofFr
eezi
ngpoi
nt ΔTf)i
:( sdi
rect
lypr
opor
ti
onal
tot
hemol
ali
ty. Tf=Kf m
Tofbet
hef
reezi
ngpoi
ntofpur
esol
ventandTf bet
he

freezi ngpoi ntofsol ution.Thedecr easei nfreezi ngpoi ntΔTf=Tof−Tf i sknownasDepr essionof
Freezi ngpoi nt
.
19. Mol al depressi onconst antorcr yoscopi cconst ant .(Kf)isdef inedasdepr essionofFr eezing
point .whenonemol eofsol ut eisdi ssol vedi nOnekgofsol vent
20.Osmosi s.Thepr ocessoff l
owofsol ventmol ecul esf rom sol ventt othesol uti
ont hroughSPM
i
scal ledosmosi s.OrThepr ocessoff lowofsol ventmol eculesf r om l essconcent ratedsol ution
toamor econcent rat edsol utiont hroughSPM i scal l
edosmosi s.
21. Osmot i
cpr essur e:Themi nimum ext rapr essur et hathast obeappl iedont hesolutiont o
prev entt heent ryoft hesol venti nt osol uti
ont hroughsemi permeabl emembr ane.
22. Theosmot icpr essur emet hodhast headv antageov erothermet hodsaspr essure
measur ementi sar oundt her oom t emper atureandt hemol ari
tyoft hesol uti
oni susedi nst eadof
mol ality.
23. Isotoni csol uti
on.Twosol utionsar esai dt obei sot onicwhent heyexer tthesameosmot i
c
pressur ebecauset heyhav esamemol arconcent ration.i .
e. Al lintraveinousinjectionsmust
bei sot onicwi t
hbodyf lui ds.
st
24. Hy pert onicI f I sol ut i
oni shy pertoni csol ut i
onw. r.
t.2ndsol ution.Thesol ution, whose
concent rationishi ghert hant her edbl oodcor puscl es, iscal edhy
l per tonic.WhenR. B. C.i splaced
i
nt hesol ut i
on, R.B. C.i spl acedi nt hesol ution, R.B.C.shr i
nksduet opl asmol ysis
c2ndsol st
25. Hy pot oni ut i
oni shy pot oni cw. r.
t.I sol ution.Thesol ut i
on, whoseconcent rationi s
l
owert hant her edbl oodcor puscl es, iscal edhy
l pot oni c.WhenR. B.C.i spl acedi nthissol ution,
theyswel landev enbur stduet oinf lowofwat erduet oosmosi s.
26. Rev erseOsmosi s:I ft hepr essur eappl iedont hesol utionsi deismor ethanosmot icpr essure
oft hesol ut i
ont hent hesol ventpar t i
cleswi l
l mov ef rom sol utiont osol ventsi de.Thi
spr ocessi s
rever seosmosi s.Rev erseosmosi si susedi ndesal i
nat ionofseawat er.
27.
Osmot
icpr
essur
e. =CRTwher
e‘C’
ismol
ari
ty = RT,

m K-1Mol-1
R=0. 0821Lat Ti
stemper at
ureinKel vi
n.,
28.Wheni<1, associati
onoccursandt heoreti
calmol ecul
armassi slessthancal culatedfrom
col
lgativeproperty.
Wheni>1,
29. dissociat
ionoccursandtheoreticalmolecularmassismor et hancal culatedfrom
col
li
gat i
veproper t
y .
30.
Van’ tHoffFact or(i
).Therati
oofexper i
ment alval
ueofacol l
igat
iveproper t
ytothet heoretical
val
ue( calcul
atedont hebasi
sofnor malbehav i
ourofsol ut
e)isknownasVan’ tHoffFact or.

Sincecol
l
igati
veproper
ti
esar
einv
ersel
ypr
opor
ti
onalt
omol
ecul
armassofsol
ute,t
her
efor
e,i
n
termsofmolecul
armass
Q.1) CaseBasedQuest
ion-
I:Readt
hispar
agr
aphandanswert
hesequest
ions:

Sowhathappenswheny oudr opsal ti

ntoagl assofwat er ?Thewat erbef oreandaf ter
doesnotl ookdi fferent( assumi ngt hatall ofthesal ti sdi ssol ved) .Howev er,ifyout ook
adr i
nkofi t ,itcer tai
nlyt astesdi ff erent.Itboi l
satahi ghert emper at ur ethanpur ewat er
andi tconduct sel ect r
icity.Whathappened?
Yourev er y dayt abl esal tconsi stsofNaCl .Wat erismadeofH2Omol ecul es.When
theset woar ecombi nedt oget heri nasol uti
on, NaCl act ual l
ysepar at esi nt oions.[ In
+ -
soli
dNaCl , Na andCli onsar ear r angedi nanor der edt hreedi mensi onal arraycal l
eda
+ -
crystallattice] .ThusNaCl (
s)becomesNa andCli onsi nsol ut i
on( i.e.,NaCl di
ssol v es
i
nwat er).WhydoesNaCl dissol v e?
NaCl becomessol vatedi onsbecauseoff avorableel ect rost aticint eract i
onsand
favorableent ropycondi tions.I nor derfort hesol utet odi ssol ve, theset woef fectsmust
best rongert hant heinter actionswi thi
nt heNaCl cryst al andt hesol ventmol eculeswi th
themsel ves.I not herwor ds, NaCl dissolvesi nwat erbecauset heel ect rost ati
c
i
nteract i
onsandt heent r opicef fect sarest r
ongerf ort hei onsandwat ert hant heyar e
fortheNaCl cry stalandt heH2Obyi t
self.
Event houghNaCl dissolv est obecomei onsi nasol vent ,theov eral l char ger emai ns
+ -
neutral.Remembert hati tisNaCl , aneut ralcompound, thatf or mst heNa andCli ons.
Ther ewi l
l beanequal numberofposi ti
veandnegat ivechar ges; ther efor e,thesol ut ion
willbeneut ral.
(Source: "Soluti
ons".Washi
ngtonUniversi
tyChemistr
yDepart
ment.Washi ngtonUniver
sity.Retri
eved13April
2018.)

1) As
Q.1. altissol ubleinwat erwhen:
(a) Hy drati
onEnt halpyisgr eaterthanLat t
iceEnt hal
py
(b) Hy drati
onEnt halpyissmal lerthanLat ticeEnthal
py
(c) Hy drati
onEnt halpyisequal t
ot heLat t
iceEnthalpy
(d) Hy drati
onEnt halpyiseithersmal l
erthanorequal totheLatti
ceEnthalpy
Q.1.
2) Elect
rostaticfor
ceofat tr
actionis……….t han/ t
otheHy drationenthal
py
(a) Smal ler (b) gr eater (c) equal (
d) neit
hersmallernor
greater
Q.1.
3) Thedepr essioninf reezi
ngpoi ntofNaCl soluti
onandGl ucosesoluti
onwillbe:
(a) same (b) diff
erent (c) somet imesamesomet imediff
erent
(d) can’t
say
Q.1.
4) Thesnowi sspri
nkl edwi t
hNaCl , t
heni ts:
(a) itsboili
ngpoi ntwi l
lbeel ev
at ed (b) i
tsfreezingpointwil
lbedepressed
(c) itsvapourpr essur ewillbelower ed (
d) al loft
heabov e

Q.
2) CaseBasedQuest
ion-
II
:Readt
hispar
agr
aphandanswert
hesequest
ions:
Ifthet wosol vent scanf orm anegat iveazeot r ope,thendi st i
ll
ationofanymi xtureofthoseconst it
uent swi l
l
resul tint heresiduebei ngcl osert ot hecomposi ti
onatt heazeot r
opet hant heorigi
nalmi xture.Forexampl e, if
ahy drochl ori
caci dsol utioncont ainsl esst han20. 2%hy dr ogenchl ori
de, boili
ngthemi xturewi lll
eav ebehi nda
solut i
ont hatisricheri nhy dr ogenchl oridethant heor igi
nal .Ifthesol utioniniti
all
ycontainsmor et han20. 2%
hydr ogenchl ori
de, t henboi li
ngwi llleav ebehi ndasol uti
ont hatispoor erinhy dr
ogenchl oridethant heoriginal.
Boilingofanyhy drochl ori
caci dsolut ionlongenoughwi llcauset hesol utionleftbehindt oappr oacht he
azeot r
opi crati
o. Ont heot herhand, i
ft wosol v entscanf orm aposi ti
veazeot r
ope, t
hendi sti
ll
ationofanymi x t
ure
oft hoseconst ituent swi llresultint her esidueawayf rom t hecomposi tionatt heazeotropet hant heor i
ginal
mixt ure.Forexampl e,ifa50/ 50mi xtureofet hanol andwat eri sdistil
ledonce, t
hedisti
llatewi l
lbe80%et hanol
and20%wat er,whi chi sclosert ot heazeot ropi cmi xturethant heor i
gi nal,whichmeanst hesol uti
onl eftbehi nd
willbepoor erinet hanol .Distil
li
ngt he80/ 20%mi xturepr oducesadi still
atethatis87%et hanol and13%wat er.
Furtherr epeateddi stil
l
ationswi l
l producemi xturest hatarepr ogressiv elyclosertotheazeot ropicr ati
oof
95.5/ 4.5%.Nonumber sofdi stil
l
at i
onswi lleverr esultinadi sti
llatethatexceedst heazeot ropicrat i
o.Likewi se,
whendi stil
li
ngami xtureofet hanol andwat ert hatisr i
cheri net hanol thant heazeotrope, t
hedi sti
llate(cont rary
t
oint
uit
ion)wi
l
lbepoor
eri
net
hanol
thant
heor
igi
nal
butst
il
lri
chert
hant
heazeot
rope. (
Sour
ce:
Wi
ki
pedi
a)
Eachofthequest ionsgi venbelowconsi stsoft wostatement s,anasserti
on( A)andreason(R)
.
Selectt henumbercor respondi ngt ot heappropriateal t
ernativeasfoll
ows:
(a)I fbothAandRar etrueandRi st hecorrectexpl anati
onofA, t
henmar k(
a)
(b)I fbothAandRar etruebutRi snott hecorrectexpl anationofA,thenmar k(b)
(c)I fAi struebutRi sfalse, t
henmar k(c)
(d)I fAi sfalsebutRi strue, t
henmar k(d)
Q.2.
1)A: Itisdiffi
culttosepar ateAzeot ropicMi xtur
e.
R: Azeot ropicmi xtur
eboi lsasasi ngl ecomponentataconst antt
emper atur
esothat
fract i
onal
disti
ll
ationdoesn’ twor k.
Q.2.
2)A: Absol utealcohol isupt o95. 4%pur e.
R: Azeot ropesar eeithermi ni
mum boi li
ngormaxi mum boi l
ing.
Q.2.
3)A: Hy drochlori
caci d–wat ermi xt
ur eisaposi t
iveazeot r
opicmi xt
ure.
R: Hy drogenchl ori
deboi lsat−84° Candwat erat100° C, buttheazeotropeboi
lsat110°C,
whi chi s
higherthanei therofi tsconst i
t uents
Q.2.
4)A: Ethanol andwat erform mi nimum boi li
ngazeot rope.
R: Ethanol andwat erform negat i
veazeot ropi
cmi xture.

MCQTYPEQUESTI ONS
Q.1) Ondi ssol vingsugari nwat eratr oom t emper atur esol utionf eel scool totouch.Underwhi ch
oft hef ollowi ngcasesdi ssol uti
onofsugarwi llbemostr apid?
(i)Sugarcr yst alsi ncol dwat er. (ii)Sugarcr yst alsi nhotwat er.
(ii
i)Powder edsugari ncol dwat er. (iv)Powder edsugari nhotwat er
Q.2) Whi choft hef ollowi nguni t
si susef ulinrelati
ngconcent rati
onofsol uti
onwi t
hitsv apour
pr essur e?
(i)mol efract ion ( ii
)par t
spermi l
li
on (iii
)massper cent age (i
v)
mol ality
Q.3) Maxi mum amountofasol idsol utethatcanbedi ssol vedi naspeci fiedamountofagi ven
li
qui dsol v entdoesnotdependupon
(i)Temper at ure (
ii
)Nat ureofsol ute (iii
)Pr essur e (
iv)Nat ureofsol vent
Q.4) 200ml wat eri saddedt o500ml of0.
2M sol ution.Whati st hemol arit
yoft hedi l
uted
soluti
on?
` (a) 0. 5010M (
b) 0. 2897M (c) 0.7093M (d) 0.1428M
Q.5) I ncreasi ngt het emp.ofanaq.Sol uti
onwi llcause:
(a)decr easet hemol ali
ty( b)decr easeinmol arity( c)decr easei nmol efracti
on( d)
decreasei n%w/ w
Q.6) 45gofet hy l
enegl ycol (
C2H6O2)i smixedwi t
h600gofwat er .Cal culatethef reezingpoi nt
oft hesol ution.( Kff orwat er=1. 86Kkgmol -
1)
(a) 270. 95K (b) 375. 35K (c) 269. 95K (d) none
Q.7) Lowconcent rat ionofoxy geni nt hebloodandt issuesofpeopl el i
v i
ngathi ghaltitudeisdue
to_____.
(i)l owt emper at ure (ii)l owat mospher icpr essure
(ii
i)hi ghat mospher i
cpr essur e (iv)bot hl owt emper at ureandhi ghat mospher ic
pressure
Q.8) Col li
gat iv
epr oper ti
esdependon_ ______
__ ___.
(i)thenat ur eoft hesol utepar ti
clesdissolvedi nsol ut i
on ( ii)t henumberofsol ute
parti
clesi nsol ution
(ii
i)t hephy sical pr operti
esoft hesol utepar ti
clesdi ssol v edinsol ution( iv)thenat ureof
solventpar ticles
Q.9) Whi choft hef ollowi ngaqueoussol uti
onsshoul dhav et hehi ghestboi li
ngpoi nt?
(i)1. 0M NaOH (
ii
)1. 0M Na2SO4 (iii
)1. 0M NH4NO3 (iv
)1. 0M KNO3
Q.10)Theuni tofebul ioscopi cconst anti s____________ ___.
–1 –1
(i) Kkgmol orK( molality) (ii
) mol kgK–1orK–1( mol ali
ty)
–1 –1 –1
(ii
i)kgmol K orK–1( mol ali
ty) (iv)Kmol kg–1orK( mol alit
y)
 REASONI NG- ASSERTI ONTYPEQUESTI ONS
Eachofthequest i
onsgi venbel owconsi stsoft wost at
ement s,anasser t
ion( A)andr eason(R).
Selectthenumbercor respondi ngt otheappr opriat
eal ternat iveasf oll
ows:
(a)IfbothAsser ti
onandReasonar et r
ueandReasoni st hecor r
ectexpl anati
onofA, then
mar k(a)
(b)IfbothAsser ti
onandReasonar et r
uebutReasoni snott hecor rectexplanati
onof
Assertion,t
henmar k( b)
(c)IfAsserti
oni struebutReasoni sfalse,thenmar k( c)
(d)IfAsserti
oni sfal sebutReasoni strue,thenmar k( d)
Q.1) Assert
ion:Molarit
yofasol utioninliquidstatechangeswi tht emper ature.
Reason:Thev olumeofasol uti
onchangeswi thchangei ntemper ature.
Q.2) Assert
ion:Wh enasol utioni ssepar atedf r
om t hepuresol ventbyasemi permeable
membr ane,t
hesol v entmol ecul espasst hroughi tf
rom pur esolventsidet othesoluti
on
side.
Reason:Diff
usionofsol ventoccur sf rom ar egionofhi ghconcent rationsoluti
ont oaregion
oflowconcent rationsol ut i
on.
Q.3) Assert
ion:Wh ensugari saddedt owat er,boili
ngpointofwat erdecreases.
Reason:Whenanon- v olatil
esol uteisaddedt oav olati
lesol ventelevationinboili
ngpointis
observed.
Q.4) Assert
ion:Wh ensal tisaddedt owat eradepr essi
oni nf reezingpoi ntisobser ved.
Reason:Thelower ingofv apourpr essur eofasol uti
oncausesdepr essioni nthefreezi
ng
point.
Q.5) Assert
ion:Molalit
yofasol utiondoesal sov arywitht emper ature.
Reason:TheMassoft hesol ventdoesnotchangewi thr i
sei nt emper ature.

2Mar kQuesti
ons:
Q.1) Whyi svapourpressur
eofsoluti
onofgl ucoseinwaterlowert
hanthatofwater?
Ans Whengl ucoseisaddedtowat er
,surf
acehasbot hglucoseandwatermolecules,ther
efor
e,
escapingtendencyofwaterchangingintovapoursbecomeslessandvapourpr essur
eof
solut
iondecreases.
Q.2) Whati sthemolari
tyofaceti
cacidcontaini
ng6gofacet i
caci
dperli
tr
eofsolution?
WB 1000 6 100
Ans Mol
ari
ty= x = x =0.
1M.
MB Vol
umeofsol
uti nml 60
oni 0

Q.3) Whati sexpect edv an'tHof ffact orf

orK4[ Fe(CN) 6]?
+ 4-
Ans K4[ Fe(CN) 6] 4K +[ Fe(CN) 6], van'
tHof ffact or(i)=5.
Q.4) Whati sant i
-fr
eeze?
Ans Ant i-
freezei ssubstancewhi chi saddedt osolv entt oloweritsfr
eezingpoint.I
tisusedin
carradiatorstol owert hefreezi ngpointofwat er,e.g.,et
hyleneglycol.
Q.5) Whyi sosmot i
cpr essur eof1M KCl i
shi ghert hant hatof1M ur easoluti
on?
Ans 1M KCl soluti
ondi ssociatesi ntoK+andCl -
1,ther eforeit
sosmot icpressureishighert
han
thatof1M sol uti
onofur eawhi chdoesnotdi ssoci ateorassociate.
Q.6) Theel evati
oni nboi l
i
ngpoi ntof0. 1mol alsolutionofXi nwat eri
s0.1536oC.What
conclusiondoy oudr awaboutt hemol ecularst ateofX?
Ans Tb=Kbxm =0. 512x0. 1=0. 0512, i= Obser ved 0.1536
= =3
Tb 0.
0512
Sol
uteunder
goesdi
ssoci
ati
oni
nwat
er.I
tisanel
ect
rol
yte.

Q.7) Cal
culat
ethevolumeof80%(bymass)ofH2SO4(
densi
ty=1.80g/ml)r
equi
redtopr
epar
e1
l
it
reof0.2molarH2SO4,
(Rel
ati
veat
omicmasses:H=1,O=16, S=32).
Per
cent ebymassx10 80x10x1.
at 8 1440
M = = = = 14.
69molL-1
Ans 98
xd 98
M1V1=M2V2
14.
69xV1=0.
2x1000ml

200
Q.8) Giveoneexampl eeachofmi sci bl
eliqui
dpai rsshowingposi ti
veandnegat i
vedev i
ati
ons
from Raoul t'
sl aw.Gi v
eoner easoneachf orsuchdev iati
ons.
Ans Et hanol andwat er,met hanolandwat ershowposi tiv
edev iati
onf r
om Raoul t'
slawbecause
forceofat tractionbet weent hem decr easesonmi xi
ng.H2OandHCl ,CH3COCH3andCHCl 3,
shownegat ivedev i
ati
onf rom Raoul t'
slawbecausef orceofat t
racti
onbet weent hem
i
ncr easesonmi xing.
Q.9) Whati sosmot i
cpr essureandhowi sitrelat
edwi ththemol ecularmassofnon- v
olati
le
solute? WB
V= X RT
Ans ( i
)Osmot icpr essureisequal toext r
apressur ewhichmustbeappl i
ed MB
onsol uti
onsi desoast opr eventthef l
owofsol ventmol eculesintosolution.
Osmot i
cpr essur eisinverselypr oporti
onal t
omol ecularmassofsol ute
(i
i)Osmot i
cpr essur ehasaadv antageov erTfandTbbecausei ti
smeasur edatr oom
temper ature.

Q.10)Whati smeantbeabnor mal mol ecularmassofsol ute?Di scussthef actorswhichbring

abnormal i
tyint heexper imentall
ydet erminedmolecularmassesofsol uteusingColl
igativ
e
properti
es.
Ans Themol ecularmassobt ai
nedwi ththehel pofColl
igativepropertysomet i
mesisdifferent
fr
om nor mal mol ecularmass, i
tiscalledabnormalmol ecularmass.Thef act
orswhichbr i
ng
abnormal i
tyare
Associat e-Whensol uteparticl
esunder goassoci
ati
on, numberofpar ti
clesbecomesl ess
andmol ecularmassdet erminedwi t
ht hehel
pofCol l
igativepropert
ywi l
lbemor e.
Dissociat i
on-I tleadstoi ncreaseinnumberofpar t
icles,therefor
e,increaseinColli
gative
property, t
herefor e,
decr easeinmol ecul arwei
ghtbecauseCol l
igati
vepr opertyi
sinversely
proporti
onal t omol ecularwei ght.

3Mar kQuest i
ons
Q.1) Whatt ypesofnon- i
deal iti
esar eexhibit
edbyCy clohexane- ethanol andacet one-chloroform
mi xture?Gi ver easonsf ory ouranswer .
Ans Cy clohexaneet hanol mi xt ureshowsposi t i
v edev iationf rom Raoul t
'sLawbecausef orcesof
attract i
onbet weenCy clohexaneandet hanol arel esst hani npur eCy clohexaneaswel lasin
pur eet hanol .Acet one- chl oroform mixtur eshowsnegat i
vedev iat
ionf rom Raoul t
'sLaw
becausef orcesofat t
ract ionbet weenacet oneandchl orof orm arehi ghert hant hatofpur e
acet oneandpur echl orof orm.
Q.2) CCl 4a ndwat erar ei mmi sciblewher easet hy l
alcohol andwat eraremi sci bleinall
propor ti
ons.Pr edictthebehav iourofmol ecul arst r
uct uresoft hesecompounds.
Ans CCl 4c annei therf orm H- bondswi thwat ermol ecul esnori tcanbr eakH- bondsbet ween
wat ermol ecul es, t
heref or e,iti
sinsolubl ei nwat er.CCl 4isnon- polarcol valentcompound,
wher easwat eri sapol arcompound.
Alcohol i
spol arcompoundandcanf orm H- bondswi t
hwat er,whichispol arsolvent,
ther efore, itinmi sciblewi thwat erinall pr opor t
ions.Al cohol i
sapol arcov alentcompound.
Q.3) Whenf ruitsandv eget abl esar edr i
edandpl acedi nwat er.Theysl owlywel landr etur
nt o
original for m, why ?Doesani ncreaseint emper atur eaccel er atethepr ocess?Expl ai
n.
Ans Whenf ruitsandv eget abl est hatthedr i
edar epl acedi nwat er,osmosi st akespl ace,i
.e.,
wat ert emper aturei sincr eased, osmosi swi llbef aster.
Q.4) Cal culat et hemol arityofasol uti
oncont ai ning5gofNaOHi n450ml solut i
on.
Q.5) Def inet hef oll
owi ngt er ms: (i
)Mol efract ion, (i
i)Mol ality,(ii
i)Massper cent age.
Q.6) Wi tht hehel pofsui tabledi agramsexpl ainposi tiveandnegat ivedeviationsf rom Raoul t'
s
Law.
Q.7) a.)Whati st hesi gnifi
canceofHenr y’
sLawconst antKH?
b.)Whyar eaquat icspeci esmor ecomf or tablei ncol dwat erincompar i
sont owar m water?
Q.8) Mi scibl eliqui dpai rsof tenshowposi ti
v eandnegat i
vedev iationfrom Raoul t'
slaw.Whati s
ther easonf orsuchdev iation?Gi veoneex ampl eofeachofl iquidpai r
s.
Q.9) a.)Whyv apourpr essur eofsol uti
onofgl ucosei nwat eri slowert hant hatofwat er.
b.)Cal culat ev apourpr essur eofsolutioncont aining0. 6%aqueoussol utionofur ea( M.Wt .
 60)at250C.Thevapourpressureofpurewat erat250Cis24mm ofHganddensityof
soluti
onis1gmL-1.
Q.10)Whati smeantbyboil
ingpointel
ev at
ionconstant
?Asol uti
oncont
aini
ng12.5gofnon-
electr
oly
tesubst
ancein175gwat ergaveboili
ngpointelev
ati
onof0.75K.Cal
cul
atet
he
mol armassofsolut
e.
[Kb=0.52K/ml].

5Mar kQuestions:
Q.1) Suggestt hemosti mpor t
antt ypeofi ntermolecularat t
ractiv
ei nteractioninthefoll
owing
pairs.
(i
)n- hexaneandn- octane.
(i
i)I2a ndCCl 4,(i
i
i)NaCl O4andwat er.
(i
v)Met hanol andacet one, (
v)Et hanol andwat er
Ans ( i
)Di spersionf orces (i
i)Di spersionfor ces
(i
ii
)Ion- di
pol eattraction ( i
v)H- bondanddi pole-di pol
eat traction
(v)Hy drogenbondi nganddi pol e-dipoleat tr
action.
Q.2) a.
)Whati sRaoul t'
sl awandwhatar ei tsapplicati
ons?
b.)Ur eafor msani deal soluti
oni nwat er.Determi net hev apourpr essureofanaqueous
o
solutioncont aini
ng10%bymassofur eaat40C.( Vapourpr essureofwat erat40oC=55. 3
mm ofHg) .
Q.3) a.
)Whatar enon- ideal soluti
ons?
b.)Whatr oledoest hemol eculari nteractionplayi ndeci dingt hev apourpressuresoluti
ons
(i
)al cohol andacet one( i
i)chlorofor m andacet one?
c.
)Whyi sf r
eezingpoi ntdepr essionof0. 1M sodi um chl ori
desol ut i
onnear l
ytwicethatof
0.1M gl ucosesol ution?
Q.4) a.
)Dr awgr aphshowi ngdepr essi onoff reezi
ngpoi ntduet onon- volatil
esolute.
Calcul at
et hef r
eezi ngpoi ntofasol ut i
oncont aining0. 520gofgl ucose( C6H12O6)di
ssolv
ed
-1
i
n80. 20gofwat er .[Forwat erKf=1. 86Kkgmol]
Q.5)

NUMERI
CALSPRACTI
CE:

Q.1) Calcul
atet
hemolef
ract
ionofet
hyl
enegl
ycol
(C2H6O2)i
nasol
uti
oncont
aini
ng20%of
C2H6O2bymass.
Ans
Q.2) Cal
cul
atet
hemol
ari
tyofasol
uti
oncont
aini
ng5gofNaOHi
n450ml
sol
uti
on.
Ans

Q.3)

Ans

Q.4)

Ans
 PRACTI
CEPROBLEMS:UNI
T–2(
SOLUTI
ONS)
S. Quest
ion Mar
ks
N
o
1 Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weenmol
ari
tyandmol
ali
tyofasol
uti
on.Whati
stheef
fectofchangei
ntemper
atur
e 1
ofasol uti
ononi tsmol alit
yandmol arit
y?
2 Whi chaqueoussol utionhashi gherconcent rat
ion:1molaror1mol alsoluti
onoft hesamesol ute?Give 2
reason.
-1
3 Ifthedensi tyofwat erofal akeis1.25gml andonekgofl akewat ercontains92gofNa+i ons, 2
+
calculatethemol ar i
tyofNa i onsint hislakewat er.
4 Statet hemai nadv ant ageofmol al
i
t yov ermol ari
tyastheunitofconcent rat
ion. 1
5 Def i
net hef oll
owi ngt erms: (i
) Mol ef ract
ion (i
i) Molali
tyofasol uti
on. 2
6 StateHenr y’slawcor r elati
ngt hepr essur eofagasandi tssolubil
i
tyinasol ventandment iontwo 2
applicationf orthel aw.
7 Whatconcent rati
onofni tr
ogenshoul dbepr esentinaglassofwat eratr oom temperature?Assumea 3
temper atureof250C, at otalpressur eof1at mosphereandmol efract
ionofni t
rogeninairof0.78.[KH
fornitrogen=8. 42x10-7M/ mm Hg]
8 Statehowt hev apourpr essur eofasol ventisaf f
ectedwhenanon- vol
ati
lesoluteisdissolvedinit
. 2
9 StateRaoul tslawf orasol ut i
onofv ol at
ileli
quids. 1
1 Def i
neani deal soluti
on. 1
0
1 Non-i
dealsol
uti
onsexhi
bitei
therposi
ti
veornegat
ivedevi
ati
onfr
om Raoult
’sl
aw.Whatar
ethese 2
1 devi
ati
onsandwhyar et
heycaused?Explai
nwithoneexampleofeachty
pe.
1 Deri
vet
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenr
elat
ivel
ower
ingofv
apourpr
essur
eandmol
efr
act
ionoft
hev
olat
il
e 2
2 l
iqui
d.
1 (
i) Benzoi caci dcompl etelydimer i
sesi nbenzene.Whatwi l
lbet hevapourpressureof 3
3 solut i
oncont ai
ning61gofbenzoi cacidper500gbenzenewhent hevapourpr essur
eof
pur ebenzeneatt het emper atureofexper i
mentis66.6t orr?
(
ii
) Whatwoul dhavebeent hev apourpr essureintheabsenceofdi meri
sati
on?
(
ii
i) Der i
v ear elati
onshipbet weenmol efract
ionsandv apourpr essureofacomponentofan
ideal solutioninthel iquidphaseandt hev apourphase.
1 Heptaneandoct anef orm ani deal soluti
onat373K.Thev apourpr essuresofthepureliquidsatthi
s 3
4 temperatur
ear e105. 2kPaand46. 8kPar especti
vely.I
fthesoluti
oncont ai
ns25gofhept anesand
28.5gofoct ane, calculate
(
i) Vapourpr essureexer tedbyhept anes
(
ii
) Vapourpr essureoft hesol uti
on.
(
ii
i) Mol ef ractionofoct anei nthev apourphase.
-1
1 Calcul
atethemassofanon- vol
at il
esolute( molarmass40gmol )whichshoul dbedissolvedin114g 3
5 ofoctanetor educei tsv apourpr essuret o80%.
1 Asolut
ionofgly
ceroli
nwaterwaspr epar
0
edbydi
ssol
vi
ngsomeglycer
oli
n500gofwat
er.Thi
s 3
6 sol
uti
onh asaboil
i
n gpoi
ntof 100.
42 C.Whatmassofgl
ycer
olwasdi
ssol
vedt
omakethissol
uti
on?
-
1
Kbf
orwat eri
s0.512Kkgmol.
1 Asolut
ioncontai
ning8gofasubst
ancein100gofdiet
hyletherboi
l
sat36.860C,
whereaspur
eet
her 3
0 -
1
7 boi
l
sat35. 60 C.Deter
minet
hemolecul
armassoft
hesolute.(f
oretherKb=2.
02Kkgmol )
1 Asol ut
ionpreparedbydi ssolvi
ng1. 25gofoi lofwintergreenin99gofbenzenehasaboi li
ngpointof 3
8 80.310C.Determi nethemol armassoft hi
scompound.Boi li
ngpoi ntofpurebenzenei s80.100CandKb
530Ckgmol -
1
forbenzeneis2. .
1 WhatmassofNaCl mustbedi ssolvedin65g.ofwat ertolowert hefreezi
ngpointby7. 50C?The 3
-1
9 freezi
ngpointdepr essi
onconst ant,Kfforwateris1.86Kkgmol.Assumev an’
tHof ffactorforNaClis
1.87.
2 0.5gKCl wasdi ssolvedin100gwat erandthesoluti
onor igi
nal
lyat200C, fr
ozeat-0.240C.Calcul
ate 3
0 thepercentageionizati
onofsal t.Kfper1000gwat er1.86K.
2 0.
1moleofacet
icacidwasdi
ssol
vedin1kgofbenzene.Depr
essi
oninfr
eezingpointofbenzenewas 3
1 det
ermi
nedtobe0.256K.Whatconcl
usi
oncanyoudrawaboutthest
ateofthesoluteinsol
ution?
[gi
v enKfforbenzene=5.12K/m]
2 Calculat
etheamountofsodium chlor
idewhi
chmustbeaddedt
ooneki
-1
l
ogr
am ofwat
ersot
hatt
he 3
2 fr
eezingpointofwateri
sdepressedby3K.(Giv
enKf=1.
86Kkgmol )
2 Cal
culat
ethetemper
atur
eatwhichsol
-
1
ut
ioncont
aini
ng54gofgl
ucosei
n250gofwat
erwi
l
lfr
eeze. 3
3 (Gi
venKfforwat
er=1.86Kkgmol ).
2 A5%sol uti
on(bymass)ofcanesugari nwaterhasafreezingpointof271K.Cal culatethefreezi
ng 3
4 pointof5%(bymass)soluti
onofglucosei nwater
.Thefreezi
ngpoi ntofpurewat eris273.15K.(Gi
ven,
-
1 -
1
mol armassofcanesugar=342gmol andmolarmassofgl ucose=180gmol )
2 Whatmassofet hyl
eneglycolmustbeaddedt o5.50kgofwat ert
ol owert
hefreezingpoi ntofwater 3
om 00Ct 100C?Kff -
1
5 fr o- orwateri
s1.86Kkgmol .
-
1
2 Et
hylenegly
col(mol
armass=62gmol )isacommonaut omobi
leanti
fr
eeze.Cal
culatethefr
eezi
ng 2
6 poi
nt ofasol
uti
oncont
aini
ng12.
4goft
h i
s subst
ancein100gofwater
.Wo ul
ditbea dvi
sabl
e t
okeep
-
1
thissubst
anceint hecarradiat
orduri
ngsummer?(Given:Kfforwateri
s1.86KkgmolandKbf orwat
er
-
1
i
s0. 512Kkgmol .)
2 15gofanunknownmol ecularsubst
ancewasdissol
vedin450g.ofwat er
.Theresul
ti
ngsol
uti
on 3
340C.Whati -
1
7 freezesat-
0. st hemolarmassoft
hesubst ance?Kfforwateris1.
86Kkgmol .
2 Cal
culatet
hef r
eezingpoi
ntdepr
essi
0
onexpect
edfor0.0711m aqueoussol
uti
onofNa2SO4.I
fthi
s 3
8 sol
uti
o nact
u al
lyfr
eezesat0.
320 C,Whatwoul
dbe t
he val
ueofV an’
tHofff
act
or?Gi
venK ff
orwateri
s
0 -
1
1.86 Cmol.
2 Givereasonf ort
hef ol
lowi ng: 2
9 (i
) Athigheralti
tudes, peoplesufferf
rom adi seasecal l
edanoxi a.Int
hisdi
seasetheybecome
weakandcannott hinkclearl
y.
(i
i
) Whenmer curi
ci odideisaddedt oanaqueoussol uti
onofKI ,thefr
eezi
ngpointisr
aised.
3 Definetheterms, ‘
osmosi s’ and‘ osmot i
cpressure’.Whatist headv ant
ageofusi ngosmoticpr
essure 2
0 ascompar edt oothercolligat i
vepr opert
iesforthedetermi nationofmol armassesofsolutesi
n
soluti
ons?
3 Definetheterm osmot icpr essur e.Descri
behowt hemol ecularmassofasubst ancecanbe 2
1 determinedbyamet hodbasedonmeasur ementofosmot i
cpr essure?
3 100mgofaprot
einisdissol
vedi
njustenoughwat
0
ert
omake10.0mlofsolut
ion.I
fthi
ssolut
ionhas 3
2 anosmot
icpr
essure1 3.
3mm. ofmercur
y at25 C.Whati
s t
hemol
arma ssoftheprot
ein?(Gi
venR=
-
1 -1
0.
0821Lat
m molK and760mm 0fHg=1at
m.)
3 Gi
venbel
owi
sthesketchofaplantf
orcar
ryi
ngoutaprocess. 2
3 (
i) Namethep r
ocessoccur
ri
ngintheabovepl
ant.
(
ii
) Towhichcont
ainerdoest
henetfl
owofsolv
enttakepl
ace?
(
ii
i) NameoneSPM whi chcanbeusedint
hispl
ant
.
(
iv) Giveonepr
act
icaluseofthepl
ant
.
3 Whatisrev
erseosmosi
s? 1
4
3 Def
inetheterm osmoti
cpr essur
e? 1
5
3 Whatismeantby : 2
6 (i
) Van’
tHofffactor, (i
i) Coll
i
gat
ivepr
opert
ies.
3 Whatisthevan’
tHofffactorforacompoundwhi
chunder
goestetr
amer
izat
ioni
nanor
gani
csol
vent
? 1
7

*
***
***
***
***
Submi
tt
edby
:
1.Mr
.MANOJKUMARSAIN(KVLALGARHJATTAN)
2.Mr
s.SUSHI
LAYADAV(
KVNo.1,BIKANER)
3.Mr
.DEVENDRAKUMARSAI
N(KVINDERPURA)