COMMONLABORATORYAPPARATUS

Al
coholLamp

AKA:Spi
ri
tLamp

-i
sapieceofl
abor
atoryequi
pmentusedtoproduceanopenfl
ame.
I
tcanbemadefrom br
ass,gl
ass,
stai
nlessst
eeloral
uminum.

-Thei
rfl
ameisli
mitedt
oapproximatel
y5centi
meters(twoi
nches)
i
nheight,wi
thacompar ati
vel
yl owertemper
atur
et hanthegas
fl
ameoftheBunsenbur
ner.

Aspi
rat
or

AKA:Fi
lt
erpump

-an appar
atus forpr
oduci
ng suct
ion ormov
ing orcol
l
ect
ing
mat
eri
alsbySuct
ion.

-Thisisadevi
cet
hati
sabl
etopr
oduceav
acuum byusi
ngt
he
vent
uri
eff
ect
.

Beaker

-Abeakeri
sacontainerwhi
chi
sused.f
orheat
ingandstir
ri
ngli
qui
ds
i
nlaborat
ori
es.Thesearegener
all
yincyl
indr
icalshapewithafl
at
bot
tom.

BunsenBur
ner

-ABunsenbur ner,namedaf terRober

tBunsen,i
sacommonpieceof
l
aborator
yequipmentt hatproducesasingl
eopengasfl
ame,whi
chis
usedforheat
ing,steri
l
izat
ion,andcombusti
on.
Bur
ett
e

-agraduat
edglasstubewithatapatoneend,f
ordel
i
ver
ingknown
vol
umesofali
quid,
especi
all
yint
it
rat
ions.

Bur
ett
eCl
amp

-A buretclampischemi calorbiol
ogi
callaborat
oryequipment
.Itis
usedforfi
rmlyholdi
ngtest
-tubes,
bur
ett
esandot hergl
asswarei
nplace
whenperformingexper
imentssuchasti
trat
ion.

Cl
ayTr
iangl
e

-A cl
aytri
angl
ei sawi r
eandcer amictr
iangl
eusedt
osuppor
ta
cr
uci
blewhi
le.i
tisheat
edoveraBunsenbur
ner

Condenser

-Laboratoryapparat
ususedt ocondense.vapour
sbackt oli
quidso
thatthel i
quid can berecovered.I
tisused in di
sti
l
lati
on and i
n
react
ionswheret hel
iqui
dmi xt
urecanbekeptboil
i
ngwithoutt
heloss
ofsolvent.

Cr
uci
bleandCov
er

-Acr ucibleisasmal lcont

ainert
hatisusedtoholdreact
antsdur
ing
heati
ngathi ghertemperatur
es.Thecruci
bleli
dcoversittoensure
thatnothingent er
sitduri
ngthereact
ionandthatnot
hingalsol
eaves
duri
ngt her eact
ion.
 Cr
uci
blet
ongs

-cruci
blet
ongsarewel
dedsteelt
ool
susedt
oli
ftahotcr
ucibl
efrom a
fur
naceorforot
heri
temsyoumaynotwantt
ohandl
ewithyourhands.

Di
sti
ll
ingFl
ask

-Adisti
ll
i
ngf l
askisapi
eceoflabor
ator
yequipmentt
hatisusedt
o
separ
atemix
turesoft
wol
i
quidswit
hdif
fer
entboi
li
ngpoi
nts.

Medi
cineDr
opper

-Medicinedr
opper
saretool
susuall
ymadefrom al
ongpieceofgl
assor
pl
asti
cwi thafl
exi
bler
ubberhandl
ethati
susedtosuct
ionli
qui
dsinand
outofthedevi
ce.

Er
lenmey
erFl
ask

AKA:Coni
calort
it
rat
ionf
lask

-atypeoflabor
ator
yflaskwhi
chf eat
uresaf
latbot
tom,aconicalbody
,
and a cy
li
ndri
calneck.Itis named aft
ert
he German chemistEmil
Erl
enmeyer

-Theslantedsidesandnarrow neckofthisfl
askal
l
ow thecontent
sof
thefl
askt obemi xedbyswirl
i
ng,withoutri
skofspil
l
age,makingthem
sui
tabl
e.fort
it
rati
onsbyplaci
ngitundertheburet

Ev
apor
ati
ngDi
sh

-Anev aporat
ingdi shi sagl azedporcel
ainvesselusedt oheatand
consequent
lyevapor atel
iqui
ds.Inthiswayexperi
mentscani ncr
easea
l
iqui
d'sconcentr
ation.Thedishi sr
elati
vel
yshal
lowandf eat
uresali
pto
faci
l
itat
epouringthel i
qui
ds.
Funnel

-GlassFunneli
susedtochannell
iqui
dorf
ine-
grai
nedsubst
ances
i
ntocont
ainer
swithasmal
lopeni
ng.

Gr
aduat
edCy
li
nder

-acommon pi eceoflaborat
oryequipmentused to measurethe
vol
umeofal iqui
d.I
thasanar r
owcyli
ndri
calshape.Eachmarkedli
ne
onthegraduatedcyli
nderrepr
esent
st heamountofl iqui
dthathas
beenmeasured.

I
ronCl
amp

-Acl ampholderinalabisusedtosecureanextension-
typeut i
l
ity
cl
amp t o asupportst
and orri
ng st
and.Itisalso used in some
i
nstancestoclampacoupleofsuppor
trodstoget
her,ortoclampan
i
ronringorot
heratt
achmenttoametalbar
.

I
ronRi
ng

-Inachemi strylabor
atory
,anironri
ngisusedtosuppor
tfl
asksor
funnel
supr
ighti nastand.Thi
sistoenabl
ethest
abi
l
ityoft
hefl
askor
funnel
whil
et esti
ngisbeingper
formed.

I
ronSt
and

AKA:Ri
ngSt
and

-Aringst
andi susedtoprovi
desuppor
tforot
herequi
pmentanda
meansofrai
singequi
pmentabovet
heworksurf
ace.
 Mor
tarandPest
le

-Amor t
arandpestl
eisat oolusedtogri
ndandmixsubstances.The
pest
leisaheav ysmal lbat,madef r
om porcel
ain,woodorot her
materi
als,
whoseroundedendi susedf
orpoundi
ngandgrindi
ng

Pi
pet
te

AKA:Chemi
calDr
opper

-These are smal

ltubes ofglass orplast
ic used t
ot r
ansf
era
measur
ableamountofli
qui
dfrom onecont
ainert
oanother.

-Theycomei
ntwof
orms

•v
olumet
ri
cpi
pet
tes,
usedt
otr
ansf
erasi
ngl
especi
fi
cvol
umeofl
i
qui
d.

•measur
ingpi
pet
tes,
usedt
otr
ansf
erv
ary
ingmeasur
edv
olumes.

Pl
atf
orm Bal
ance

-A pl at
for
m bal ance isal abor
ator
yapparatuswhi ch i
sused for
weighingobj
ects.Thebal ancehastwoplat
for
msei thermount
edonor
suspendedfrom acr oss-
arm,andweightsareplacedononepl at
for
m
unti
ltheybal
ancet heobjectbei
ngweighed.

ReagentBot
tl
e

-Iti
susedtoputinchemi calsubst
ances,sol
uti
ons,orsol
vent
s.I
tis
desi
gnedasbreakresi
stantandi susuall
ymadeupofheav ygl
ass
materi
al.

Spat
ulas

-Labor
ator
yspat ulasarei dealforremov i
ngchemi calsorcompounds
fr
om smallbottl
es,andf orappl y
ingcul t
uresorot hersubst
ancesto
sl
idesf
ormicroscopev iewing.Itisalsouset oscr
apeawaysampl esof
bi
ologi
calmater
ials,orchemi calprecipi
tat
esandr esidues.
SpotPl
ate

-al aborator
ytoolmadeeit
herfr
om cer
amicsorpl
ast
ics.Eachpl
ate
consistsofmanycavit
y-l
i
kedepr
essi
onsinwhi
chonl
ysmallamountof
reactantscanbeaddedatati
me.

St
ir
ri
ngRod

-Thef uncti
onofast i
rr
ingrodistomixorst
irl
iquids.Mixi
ngwillspeed
upanyr eacti
ont hattakesplaceinthetesttubeorf l
ask.A glass
sti
rri
ngr odcanalsobeusedf ordecant
ing(
pouringoff)ali
quidfrom a
preci
pitateorsedi
ment .

Testt
ube

-At esttubeisarel
ati
vel
ysli
m gl
assorplasti
cvesselwit
harounded
bottom.Theyaredesignedtohol
dsmal lquant
it
iesofchemi
calsand
featur
eaf lar
edli
ptomakepour i
ngeasier
.Testtubescanhol
dliqui
d
orsol i
d chemical
s and can be used t
o contai
n smallchemical
reacti
ons.

TestTubeBr
ush

-Atesttubebrushisusedtocleanoutthebottom ofat estt

ube.It
madewithalongt wi
stedshaf
tandnylonbri
stl
es.Itsl
ideseasi
lyint
o
t
hetestt
ubetocleanoutanydebri
s.

TestTubeHol
der

-Testt ubeholder
saretypi
cal
lyusedwhenheat
ingthetestt
ubei
s
necessary,
orforwhencaust
icmat
erial
sar
ebei
nghandl
ed.
TestTubeRack

-Testt uberackscanbemadeofwood,met al,orplast

ic.Testtube
racks are used f
orholding t
esttubes upri
ghtwhen t hey contai
n
chemicals,
andalsohol
dt estt
ubesupsidedownt odr
y.

Ther
momet
er

-An al coholt
hermomet erisat hermometerwhich ut
il
izes the
expansi
on and cont
ract
ion ofalcoholinresponse t
otemperature
changestomeasurethet
emperature.

-A di
git
althermometerisan inst
rumentthatmeasur
est he body
t
emperat
ureanditusesel
ect
roni
cmeanst oprov
ideadi
git
aldispl
ayof
t
hetemperat
urereadi
ng.

-Mercuryt
her
momet
eri
sat
her
momet
erconsi
sti
ngofmer
cur
yina
gl
asstube.

Tr
ipod

-Thi
slabequipmenti
susedtosuppor
tandhol
dvari
ousflasks,beaker
s
andothergl
asswarewhennoti
nuseandalsodur
ingexperiments.

Tr
ipl
eBeam Bal
ance

-Thetr
ipl
ebeam balanceisatypeofscalet
hatusescount
erwei
ght
s
onathr
eeriderbeamstocount
erbal
ance.t
hesampl
einthepan.

Vi
als

AKA:Phi
al/Fl
acon

-a smallgl
ass orplast
icvesselorbott
le.of
ten used t
o st
ore
medi
cat
ionasli
qui
ds,
powdersorcapsul
es.
Wat
chGl
ass

-Al abor
atorywatchglassisaci rcul
arpieceofglasst hati
sslight
ly,
convexconcave,whichisusedasasur facetoev apor
ateal i
quidin
chemistr
y.Ithol
dssoli
dwhi lebeingweighed,oract sasacov erfora
beaker.I
tisappl
iedtopreventdustorotherpar
ti
cles,fr
om enteri
ngthe
beaker.
 COMMONLABORATORYPROCEDURES

Handl
ingSol
uti
ons

Tr
ansf
err
ingSol
uti
ons

When pouring cont

entsfrom a r
eagentbot
tl
eint
o an open mout
h
cont
ainersuchasbeaker
,useasti
rr
ingr
od.

Openi
ngaReagentBot
tl
e

Removetheglassst
opperbypul
li
ngitwi
ththeuseofthei
ndexand
middl
efi
nger
s,pal
mfaci
ngupwar
dasshownint
hefi
gur
e.

ANALYSI
SOFGROUPICATI
ONSPr
ocedur
e1:Pr
eci
pit
ati
onofgr
oupICat
ions.

Usi
ngt
heLabor
ator
yPi
pet
te

1.I
fasmallpor
ti
onofl
i
quidi
stobet
ransf
err
edt
oanot
hercont
ainer
,usea
pi
pett
eoramedici
nedr
opper
.

2.Lett
hepi
pet
tebef
il
ledbymeansofcapi
l
lar
yact
ion.

3.
Toholdt
hel
i
qui
din,pl
acet
hepoi
nterf
ingeratt
heopenendoft
he
pi
pet
te.
 4.Ifexactamountsofsol
uti
onar eneeded,useanaspi
rat
or.Pr
esst
he
aspi
rat
orandplacei
tontopoftheopenendofthepi
pet
te.

5.Releasesomeai
rtof
il
lthepi
pet
tewi
tht
hesol
uti
onaccor
dingt
othe
desi
redamount.

6.Posit
ionthelaborat
orypipet
teat45angl
eandcar
eful
l
ytr
ansf
ert
he
sol
uti
ont oanot
hercontai
ner
.

Heat
ingSol
uti
onsi
naTestTube

1.Fi
l
lthet
estt
ubewi
thhal
fful
lofl
i
qui
dtobeheat
ed.

2.Uset
het
estt
ubehol
dert
ohol
dthet
estt
ubes.

3.Makesur
ethet
estt
ubei
sposi
ti
onedat45degr
eesangl
ewhenheat
ing
i
t.

4.Pl
acei
tovert
heflameofthebur
nerpassi
ngitbackandfor
thsothatt
he
fl
amestr
iket
hetubejustbel
owatt
heli
quidl
evelbutnev
eratthebot
tom of
thet
ube.

5.Neverpointtheopen end oft

het
ubet
o any
onewhi
l
eheat
ing t
he
sol
uti
ons.i
nit.

6.Nev
erl
ookdi
rect
lyi
nsi
det
het
ubet
hati
sbei
ngheat
ed.

7.Neversmellthesoluti
ondi
rect
lyf
rom t
het
estt
ube,wav
eyourhand
towar
dsyoutoident
if
yitssmel
l
.

Handl
ingSol
ids

1.Togetsoli
dsfrom ar
eagentbott
le,spoonitwi
thacleananddr yspatula.
(A dir
tyspatul
a wil
lcontaminat
et he port
ion bei
ng taken and al
lt he
reagentsi
nsi
dethebott
le.
)

2.Whenwei
ghi
ngsol
i
dchemi
cal
s,putt
her
eagentonawat
chgl
ass.
 3.Donotpl acethereagentdi
rect
lyont
hepansoft
het
abl
ebal
anceor
t
ri
plebeam balance.

4.Donotr
etur
nexcessr
eagent
sint
oit
sor
igi
nal
cont
ainer
.

Whyunusedr
eagent
sshoul
dnotber
etur
nedt
oit
sor
igi
nalcont
ainer
?

-Topr
eventcont
ami
nat
ionoft
her
eagenti
ntheor
igi
nal
cont
ainer
.

Whathappensi
fheati
sappl
iedatt
hebot
tom ofat
estt
ubecont
aini
ngl
iqui
dini
t?

-Ifyouheatt
hetesttubefrom thebot
tom,anyl i
qui
dcanturni
nt oagas.Thegaswil
lrapi
dly
expandshooti
ngheatedli
quidoutofthetesttubeli
keacannon.Theheatedli
qui
dcancause
greatdamageespeci
all
yift
heliquidhi
tsanotherper
soni
ntheey es.

Whi
chi
smor
eef
fect
ivemet
hodofsepar
ati
ngasol
idf
rom al
iqui
d?Fi
lt
rat
ionorDecant
ati
on?

-Fi
lt
rat
ioni
ssepar
ati
onofsol
i
dandl
i
qui
dsubst
anceswi
tht
heuseofaf
il
terpaper

-Decant
ati
onisthepr
ocessofl
ett
ingt
hemi
xtur
esi
t,andal
l
owi
ngt
hebi
ggerpar
ti
clest
o
set
tl
eatthebot
tom.
 MEASUREMENTS

•Measur
ementofLengt
h

-Rul
er,
Ver
nierCal
i
per

•Measur
ementofVol
ume

-Beaker
,Gr
aduat
edCy
li
nder
,Pi
pet
te

•Measur
ementofDensi
ty

•Measur
ementofWei
ght

-Anal
yti
cal
Bal
ance,
Tri
pleBeam Bal
ance

BASEDONMULTI
PLESOF10

Lengt
h-Hei
ght

Mass-Wei
ght

Vol
ume-ML

1Uni
tM,
L,G

Exampl
es:

2.
5dal
→L

100mL→ L

1.
6Kg→ dg

0.
5cm → dam
AVOI
RDUPOI
SSYSTEM

Measur
eofWei
ght

437.
5gr
ain(
gr)=1ounce(
oz.
)

16ounces(
7000gr
ains)=1pound(
lb.
)

20gr
ains=1scr
upl
e

3scr
upl
es=1dr
am

8dr
ams=1ounce

12ounces=1pound

Measur
eofVol
ume

60mi
nims=1f
lui
ddr
am

8f
lui
ddr
ams=1f
lui
dounce

16f
lui
dounces=1pi
nt

2pi
nts=1quar
t

4quar
ts=1gal
l
on

Exampl
es:

10gr→ dr(
AP)

23gr→ l
b(AV)

10f
ldr→qt

DENSI
TY=MASS/VOLUME
 1.I
f250mLofal
cohol
wei
ghs203g,
whati
sit
sdensi
ty?

2.If3Lofoilwei
ghs340g,whati
sit
sdensi
ty?I
fmi
xedwi
thwat
er,whi
ch
l
iquidwi
llbeontop?

-Toreadthevolumeofacol
oredl
i
qui
d,t
hepoi
ntofr
efer
enceshoul
dbe
theuppermeni
scus.

-Forcol
orl
essl
i
qui
d,t
hepoi
ntofr
efer
enceshoul
dbet
hel
owermeni
scus.

Usi
ngv
olumet
ri
cfl
ask

-Themarkaroundtheneckhelpsinav oi
dinger
rorsduetopar
all
axwhen
maki
ngthefi
naladj
ustmentofmeni
scus.Theloweredgeoft
hemeniscusof
t
heli
qui
dshouldbetangent
ial
tot
hegraduatedmark.
Def
ini
ti
on

Mass-quant
it
yofmat
teri
nabodyr
egar
dlessofi
tsv
olumeoforanyf
orcesact
ingoni
t

Meni
scus-t
hecur
veduppersur
faceofal
i
qui
dinat
ube

Densi
tydegr
eeofconsi
stencymeasur
edbyt
hequant
it
yofmassperuni
tvol
ume

Vol
ume-t
heamountofspacet
hatasubst
anceorobj
ectoccupi
es

Wei
ght-abody
'sr
elat
ivemassort
hequant
it
yofmat
tercont
ainedbyi
t
 BUNSENBURNER

PARTSOFABUNSENBURNERANDTHEI
RFUNCTI
ONS

PARTS FUNCTI
ONS

Bar
rel -itcontai
nsai
rint
akeopeni
ngst
hatmi
xai
randgas
together

-i
tisametaltubethatl
iesonthebaseoft he
bur
ner,asmil
esizeofholes(ai
rint
akes)ispresent
onthebarr
elthatopensatthebott
om al
lowingair
i
ntothebarr
el.

Col
lar -i
tsmajorf
unct
ioni
stocont
rol
theamountofai
r
ent
eri
ngthebar
rel

-i
tispr
esentaroundt
heai
rhol
esatt
hebot
tom
endoft
hebarrel

-i
twor
ksont
hescr
ewmechani
sm

Base -i
tpr
ovi
dessuppor
ttot
hebunsenbur
ner

-i
tisof
tenpr
esentassi
xsi
des(
hexagonal
)shape

-bei
ngsupport
abl
e,i
tisawi
deandheav
ypar
tof
thebunsenbur
ner
GasVal
ve -itisresponsibl
eforl
ett
inggasi
ntot
hebar
rel
throught hecoll
ar

-i
tisof
tenat
tachedt
othebaseoft
hebur
neror
scr
ew

Ai
rHol
es -t
heairholesall
owairt
oentertheburnerfora
mixt
ureofairandgasoranyotherl
iquidfuelwi
th
ai
re.g.pet
rol
eum.

Hose/RubberTube -ar
eusedt
otr
ansf
ert
hegasi
ntoabunsenbur
ner
.

GasI
nlet -iti
sapointwher
egasenterstheburner,
ithel
ps
toextendt
hegasflowval
ve.themajorfuncti
onof
thegasinl
ett
ocontrol
thel
eakageofgast hrougha
gaspipe.

BASI
SOFCOMPARI
SON LUMI
NOUSFLAME NON-
LUMI
NOUSFLAME

Col
oroft
hef
lame Or
ange-
yel
l
owBl
ue Pal
ebl
ue/Br
ightbl
ue

NumberandNat
ureofcones 2(
lar
geandwav
y) 2(
smal
landst
eady
)

Degr
eeofHot
ness Medi
um hot
ness Hot
testpoi
nt

Nat
ureofai
rhol
es Cl
osed(
bur
nsqui
etl
y) Opened(
burnswit
hroar
ing
sound)

Pr
oductofcombust
ion For
mssoot Doesnotf
ormssoot

Compl
etenessofcombust
ion I
ncompl
etecombust
ionofl
ab Compl
eteCombust
ionofl
abgas
gas
•Yel
low/
orangecol
or

-"
cool
estf
lame"

-300°
C

•Bl
ue/
inv
isi
blef
lame

-Medi
um f
lame

-500°
C

•Roar
ingbl
uef
lame

-"
hot
testf
lame"

-l
i
ghtbl
uet
ri
angl
e

-i
tmakesnoi
se

-700°
C
 •Upperoxi
dizi
ngzoneofnonl
umi
nousBunsen
fl
ame

-Lar
geexcessofoxy
gen

•Loweroxi
dizi
ngzoneofnonl
umi
nousBunsen
fl
ame

-I
ncandescentcar
bon

•Upperr
educi
ngzoneofnonl
umi
nousBunsen
fl
ame

-Ami
xtur
eofr
educi
nggasesandoxy
gen

•Lowerr
educi
ngzoneofnonl
umi
nousBunsen
fl
ame

-Unbur
ntgas

Fl
ameTest

-Thisi
sananalyt
icprocedur
eusedinchemi
strytodetectt
hepr
esenceofcert
ainel
ement
s,
pri
mari
lymetali
ons,basedoneachelement
'scharact
eri
sti
cemi
ssionspect
rum.Thecol
orof
fl
amesalsodependsont hetemper
atur
e.

COMPOUND METALI
ONPRESENT COLOROFTHEFLAMEEMI
TTED

KCl Pot
assi
um (
K) Vi
olet

NaCl Sodi
um (
Na) Yel
l
ow

BaCl
2 Bar
ium (
Ba) Yel
l
owi
shGr
een

CaCl
2 Cal
ci
um (
Ca) Br
ickRed

CuCl
2 Copper(
Cu) Gr
eenwi
thbl
uecent
er

Sr
Cl2 St
ront
ium (
Sr) Cr
imsonRed

SnCl
2 Ti
n(Sn) Bl
ue-
Whi
te
 ELEMENT NON-
LUMI
NOUS

Sodi
um Per
sist
entgol
deny
ell
ow

Pot
assi
um Pal
eVi
olet

Li
thi
um Car
mineRed

Cal
cium Br
ickRed

St
ront
ium Cr
imson

Bar
ium Yel
l
owi
shgr
een

Bor
ate,
Copper(
I)
,Thal
li
um,
Phosphor
ous Gr
een

Lead,
Arseni
c,Bi
smut
h,Copper(
II
) Bl
ue

ELEMENT UNDERCOBALTGLASS

Sodi
um Ni
l

Pot
assi
um Cr
imson

Li
thi
um Pur
ple

Cal
cium Li
ghtgr
een

St
ront
ium Pur
ple

Bar
ium Bl
uishgr
een

Lead,
arseni
c,ant
imony
,bi
smut
h,copper Yel
l
ow
 MATTER

MATTER-i
sany
thi
ngt
hatoccupi
esspaceandhasmass

MASS WEI
GHT
Const
antatanypl
aceandt
ime Var
ies,
dependsont
heamountofgr
avi
ty
Ref
erst
otheamountoft
hesubst
ance Ref
erst
othedownwar
dpul
loft
heobj
ect
s
t
owar
dst
hecent
eroft
heear
th
Whent
rav
ell
edt
othemoon,
themassofan Whent
rav
ell
edt
othemoon,
thewei
ghtoft
he
obj
ectwi
l
lst
il
lbet
hesame obj
ectwi
l
lonl
ybe1/
6ofi
tswei
ghtonear
th
Cannev
erbezer
o Canal
sobezer
o

PROPERTI
ESOFMATTER

Ext
ri
nsi
cPr
oper
ty(
CHANGI
NG) I
ntr
insi
cPr
oper
ty(
CONSTANT)
Ar
ethephy
sical
proper
ti
esofmat
terwhi
ch Ar
ethepr
oper
ti
esofmat
terwhi
char
e
mayv
aryf
rom t
imet
oti
me const
ant
Nott
hechar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hesubst
ancei
tsel
f Gi
vet
hechar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hesubst
ancei
ts
uni
quei
dent
it
y
Dependsont
heamount
,al
socal
l
edext
ensi
ve Thosewhi
chdonotdependont
heamount
,
pr
oper
ti
es al
socal
l
edi
ntensi
vepr
oper
ti
es
Exampl
esar
ehei
ght
,wei
ght
,temper
atur
e, Exampl
esar
eboi
l
ingpoi
nt,
freezi
ngpoi
nt,
si
ze,
shape,
vol
ume,
etc. mel
ti
ngpoi
nt,
viscosi
ty,
ref
ract
ivei
ndex,
etc.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionsofMat
ter
PURESUBSTANCE

- Ki
ndofmat
terpossessi
ngdef
ini
te,
fixed,
andunv
ary
ingcomposi
ti
onwi
thuni
quesetof
pr
oper
ti
es
- Ar
emadeupofonl
yoneki
ndofmat
ter
- Pur
esubst
ancei
scat
egor
izedi
ntot
wo;
✔ El
ement
s-si
mpl
estf
orm ofsubst
ancet
hatcannotbedecomposedbychemi
cal
means.Bui
l
dingbl
ocksofmat
ter
.(t
abl
eofel
ement
s)
Met
als-el
ement
schar
act
eri
zedbyt
hei
rbr
il
li
antl
ust
er,
duct
il
it
y,
mal
l
eabi
l
ityandar
egoodconduct
orsofheatandel
ect
ri
cit
y.(
Ex.For
kand
spoon,
neckl
ace,
chai
ns)
Non-
met
als-possesst
hechar
act
eri
sti
csopposi
teofmet
als.(
Ex.Oxy
gen,
car
bon,
sul
fur
)
Met
all
oids-el
ement
swhi
chpossessest
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofbot
hmet
als
andnon-
met
als(
inbet
weenmet
alsandnon-
met
als)
✔ Compounds-Ar
esubst
anceswhosemol
ecul
esar
emadeupoft
woormor
e
ki
ndsofat
omscombi
nedi
ndef
ini
tepr
opor
ti
ons.(
ex.Sodi
um+Chl
ori
ne=sodi
um
chl
ori
nebutst
il
lpur
esubst
ance)
CompoundsBasedonChemi
calBondi
ng
I
oni
ccompound-t
ransf
erofel
ect
ronf
rom oneel
ementt
oanot
her

Cov
alentcompound-shar
ingofel
ect
rons

Met
all
i
ccompound-whenmet
alsar
einv
olv
edi
ncombi
ning
CompoundsBasedont
heEl
ement
Or
gani
ccompound-car
boncont
aini
ngcompounds(
Ex.Et
hanol
,Acet
one,
Al
dehy
de)
I
nor
gani
ccompound-canhav
ecar
bonbuthasnochai
nsofcar
bon
o Aci
ds-ex.HCL,
H2SO4,
HNO3
o Bases-KOH,NaOH,
Ca(
OH)
2–pr
esenti
nsoaps
o Sal
ts-NaCl
o Oxi
des-ZnO,
CaO
MI
XTURES

- Composedoft
woormor
esubst
ances
- Whensubst
ancesar
ecombi
ned(
sal
t+wat
er=sal
twat
er)
- Cat
egor
izedi
ntot
wo;
✔ Homogenous-uni
for
minappear
ance,
ex.sal
twat
er,
sol
uti
ons

✔ Het
erogeneous-ex.col
l
oids,
shampoo,
toot
hpast
e,may
onnai
se,
suspensi
on,
emul
sions

DI
FFERENCESBETWEENCOMPOUNDSANDMI
XTURE

COMPOUNDS MI
XTURES
Al
way
shav
eadef
ini
tecomposi
ti
onbywei
ght Component
smaybepr
esenti
nany
pr
opor
ti
ons
Pr
epar
ati
onshowsev
idenceofchemi
cal I
tispr
epar
edwi
thnoev
idenceofany
act
iont
aki
ngpl
ace chemi
cal
react
ionst
aki
ngpl
ace
Component
scanbesepar
atedbychemi
cal Component
sdonotl
osei
dent
it
y
means
Const
it
uent
scanbesepar
atedbychemi
cal Component
smaybesepar
atedby
means mechani
cal
means
Composedoft
woormor
esubst
ancest
hat Composedoft
woormor
esubst
ancest
hat
ar
echemi
cal
l
ycombi
ned ar
enotchemi
cal
l
ycombi
ned
METHODSOFSEPARATI
NGMI
XTURES

Fi
l
trat
ion

- Usest
hef
il
ter
ingset
-up;
incl
udesf
il
terpaper
,funnel
,i
ronr
ing,
andi
ronst
and.Wor
ks
wi
thpar
ti
clest
hatar
esi
gni
fi
cant
lydi
ff
erenti
nsi
ze,
sandandr
ockwi
thwat
er

Di
sti
l
lat
ion

- Canal
sobeusedi
ftwol
i
qui
dsar
emi
xedbuthav
edi
ff
erentboi
l
ingpoi
nts

Cent
ri
fugat
ion

- Pr
ocessr
elyondensi
ti
es.Separ
atesconst
it
uent
sbydi
ff
erencei
nthei
rwei
ght
s
Sedi
ment
ati
on

- I
ssi
mil
ar,
buti
thappenswhenpar
ti
clesofdi
ff
erentdensi
ti
eshav
eset
tl
edwi
thi
nal
i
qui
d

CHANGESI
NMATTER

Phy
sical
change

- Changei
nthephy
sical
proper
ti
esofsubst
anceswi
thoutchangi
ngi
tschemi
cal
composi
ti
on
- Nonewsubst
ancei
spr
oduced,
alt
hought
her
emaybeachangei
nst
ateordensi
tyor
bot
h.(
ex.Wat
er-ev
apor
ati
on,
paper
-t
ear
ing,
dress-f
oldi
ng,
chal
k-poundi
ng,
hai
r-cut
ti
ng)

Chemi
cal
change

- Changei
ntot
hechemi
cal
composi
ti
onandconst
it
uti
onoft
hesubst
ance
- Or
igi
nal
ident
it
yoft
hesubst
anceandi
tspr
oper
ti
esar
eal
ter
ed.
- Changei
nwhi
chatl
eastonesubst
ancechangescomposi
ti
on,
for
mingnewsubst
ance.
(
Ex.I
ron-r
ust
ing,
Pig’
sPor
k-cooki
ng,
Wine-Fer
ment
ati
on)

-
STATESOFMATTER

St
atesofMat
ter Shape Vol
ume Exampl
es
Sol
i
d Def
ini
te Def
ini
te Tabl
es,
chai
rs,
rocks,
pen
Li
qui
d I
ndef
ini
te Def
ini
te Wat
er,
alcohol
,
gasol
i
ne
Gas I
ndef
ini
te I
ndef
ini
te Ai
r,st
eam
Pl
asma Act
ual
l
ygasatav
eryhi
ght
emper
atur
ebutt
hepar
ti
clescar
ry
el
ect
ri
cal
char
ges

GENERALPROPERTI
ESOFTHESTATESOFMATTER

SOLI
DS

- Ri
gidi
ty,
har
dnessandmechani
cal
str
engt
h
- Def
ini
tesi
ze,
shapeandv
olume
- Exer
tsv
aporpr
essur
e
- Subl
i
mat
ion

LI
QUI
DS

- Def
ini
tev
olume,
indef
ini
teshape,
fol
l
owst
heshapeoft
hecont
ainer
- Const
antboi
l
ingpoi
nts
- Vi
scosi
ty
- Ev
apor
ati
on
- Vapor
izat
ion
- Vol
ati
l
ity
- Sur
facet
ensi
on
- Densi
ty

GAS

- Nodef
ini
teshape,
sizeandv
olume
- Expandswhenheat
ed(
Ex.Hotai
rbal
l
oon)
- Exer
tspr
essur
e
 - Hi
ghcompr
essi
bil
i
ty
- Di
ff
usi
bil
i
ty

PLASMA

- Uses
✔ Bestel
ect
ri
cal
conduct
or

✔ Consi
stsofi
oni
zedgases
- Gener
almet
hodst
opr
oducepl
asma
✔ Cascadepr
ocess

✔ Ther
mal
ioni
zat
ionpr
ocess
ADDI
TIONALI
NFOS b.
3Met
all
i
c

PCQALECTURE-MATTER -Or
gani
c

MATTER-any
thi
ngt
hatoccupi
esspaceand -i
nor
gani
c
mass
aci
d-hy
drogenmolecul
eex.HCI
,H2SO4,
Mass-t
otal
quant
it
yofsubst
ance HNO3)(
Hatf i
rst
)

Ext
ri
nsi
cpr
oper
ty Bases-sl
ipper
y(Ex.KOH,
NaOH,
Ca(
OH)
2)
(OHatend)
-changi
ngt
emper
atur
e,v
olume,
size,
shape,
etc. Sal
ts-Ex.NaCI(
chl
ori
de)

I
ntr
insi
cpr
oper
ty Oxi
des-Ex.ZnO,
CaO(
Oatend)

-boil
ing,
freei
ng,mel
tingpoi
nt,
viscosi
ty,
ref
racti
veindex,
etc.
2.
)Mi
xtur
es-t
woormor
esubst
ance
Wei
ght-basedongr
avi
ty
Homogenous-uni
for
m appear
ance(
ex.sal
t
&water
)

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofmat
ter Het
erogeneous-par
ti
clescanbeseen

1.
)Mat
ter -Sol
uti
on(
homo)

2.
)Pur
esubst
ance -Coll
oids(het
ero)(
ex.shampoo&
toot
hpaste)
A.El
ement
s
-Suspensi
on(
hetero)(
ex.ant
ibi
oti
c/
-met
als-shi
ny medici
neinwater
)
-nonmet
al-ex.oxy
gen,
car
bon,
sul
fur -Emul
sion(
het
ero)(
ex.wat
er&oi
l
)(can'
t
-met
all
oids-bot
hmet
alsandnonmet
als combi
ne)

B.Compounds

Ex.sodi
um &chl
ori
ne=sodi
um chl
ori
de Compounds-combinat
ionof2el
ement
s
(sodi
um chl
ori
de)(
2molecul
e)
basedonchemi
cal
bondi
ng
Mi
xtur
es-anypr
opor
ti
on,
notl
osei
dent
it
y
b.
1ioni
ccompound/i
oni
cbond(
transf
erof
el
ect
ron)

b.
2Cov
alent(
shar
eel
ect
ron)
Met
hodsofsepar
ati
ngmi
xtur
es Changesi
nmat
ter

1.f
il
tr
ati
on-sandandr
ockwi
thwat
er 1.physical
change-nonewsubst
ancei
s
produced
2.Dist
il
lati
on-separat
esubst
ancet
hat
havediffer
entboi
li
ngpoint 2.Chemical
change-f
ormi
ngnew
subst
ance
3.Cent
ri
fugat
ion-ex.bl
ood(
cent
ipede)

4.Sedi
ment
ati
on