EE2252-POWERPLANTENGI

NEERI
NG
2Mar
ksand16Mar
ks-
Quest
ionBank
UNI
T-1
THERMALPOWERPLANTS
TWOMARKS
1.Def
inepH.
Whyhi
ghpHv
aluei
spr
efer
redt
opr
eventt
hecor
rosi
on?
(APRI
L/MAY2015)

2.Whati
sthef
unct
ionofsuperheat
ersi
nat
her
mal
plant
?(APRI
L/MAY2015)
Superheat
ersareapar tofboilersyst
em whi
chincr
easest
he
eff
ici
encyofthermalpowerpl antsoranypl
antusi
ngheatr
ecov
ery
st
eam generati
onHRSGt echnique.
Asuperheat eri
sadev i
cewhichremov esthelastt r
acesofmoi st
ur efrom t
hest eam
whichissaturat
edandoni t
swayt ofurnacebyl eavingtheboilertubesandi talso
i
ncreasesitstemperatureabovethesat ur
ati
ont emper atur
eusedi nt hermalpower
pl
ant s
Therearethreetypesofsuperheatersnamely:radiant,convecti
on, andseparatelyfi
red
3.Explai
nbasicTher modynamiccycles.(
NOV/ DEC2014)
Athermody namiccycleconsist
sofal inkedsequenceoft hermody nami cpr
ocesses
 t
hati
nv ol
vetransferofheatandwor kint
oandoutoft hesyst
em,whilevar
yingpressur
e,
t
emperature,andotherstat
ev ar
iableswit
hinthesystem,andthatevent
uall
yr et
urns
t
hesystem toitsi
niti
alstat
e
4.Whatarethemet hodsofcontrol
lingfans?Whatarethedisadvant
agesoffdf ans?
(
NOV/ DEC2014)

Suppl
i
essecondar
yai
rtot
hef
urnacet
hroughAPHt
oassi
sti
ncombust
ion.
Suppl
ytot
alai
rfl
owt
othef
urnaceexceptwher
eani
ndependentat
mospher
icP.
Afan
i
sused.
Pr
ovi
desai
rforseal
i
ngr
equi
rementandexcessai
rrequi
rementi
nthef
urnace.
Axi
alf
an-
reacti
ontypewi
thbl
adepi
tchcont
rol
isusei
nthePul
ver
izedf
ir
ed
boi
l
er(
210/250/500MW).

5.Inathermalpowerpl antemploy
ingidealRankinecycl
e,super
heatedsteam at20bar
and400° Cisproducedintheboil
erandt hecondenserisoperat
edat0.2
bar.
Calculat
ethequal i
tyofst
eam atthet ur
bineout
letandthethermaleff
ici
encyof
thecycle(
MAY/ JUNE2014)
Ther
mal
eff
ici
ency=29.
9%
6.Descr
ibet
hest
epsi
nvov
edi
nthei
npl
anthandl
ingofcoal
?(MAY/
JUNE2014)
Thehugeamountofcoali susuall
ysuppli
edthr
oughrail
way s.Ar ail
waysi di
nglineis
takenintothepowerst ati
onandt hecoali
sdeli
veredi
nthest oragey ard.Thecoal is
unloadedfrom thepointofdeli
verybymeansofwagont ippler.Itisrackandpi nion
type.Thecoal i
stakenf r
om theunloadi
ngsitetodeadstoragebybel tconveyors.The
beltdeli
verthecoalto0m leveltothepenthouseandfurthermov estotransferpoint
8.

Thetransferpoint
sareusedt otr
ansfercoal
tothenextbelt.Thebel
televat
esthecoal
tobreakerhouse.Itconsist
sofar ot
arymachine,whi
chrotatesthecoalandsepar
ates
thel
ightdustfrom itt
hroughtheacti
onofgravit
yandtransferthi
sdusttorej
ectbi
n
housethroughbelt.

Thebeltf
urt
herelev
atesthecoal t
othetransf
erpoint7andi tr
eachest hecrusher
thr
oughbelt
.Inthecrusherahigh-
speed3-phaseinducti
onmot ori
susedt ocrushthe
coalt
oasizeof50mm soast obesuitabl
eformill
ingsystem.Coalrisesfrom crusher
houseandreachesthedeadstoragebypassingthroughtr
ansferpoint8.

7.Whatar
ethef
ourmai
nci
rcui
tsofaTher
malpowerpl
ant
?(NOV/
DEC2013)
8.Wr
it
etheuseofwat
erl
evel
indi
cat
ori
nboi
ler
.(NOV/
DEC2013)
Waterl
evel
Indi
cat
orWat erleveli
ndi
catorisl
ocatedi
nfrontofboil
er
i
nsuchapositi
onthatthelevelofwat
ercaneasilybeseenbyattendant
.
Twowaterl
eveli
ndicat
orsar eusedonallboi
ler
s.
Thefunct
ionofwat
erl
evel
indi
cat
ori
stoi
ndi
cat
ethel
evel
ofwat
eri
ntheboi
l
er
const
antl
y.

9.Whati st hefunct i
onofhotpr i
mar yair?(APRI L/MAY2013)
Anai rpr eheat er(APH)i sagener alterm usedt odescr ibeanydev icedesi
gnedt oheat
airbefor eanot herpr ocess(forexampl e,combust i
oni naboi ler)withthepri
mar y
objectiveofi ncreasi ngthethermal effi
ciencyoft hepr ocess.Theymaybeusedal one
ortor epl acear ecuper at
iveheatsy stem ort oreplaceast eam coi l.
10.Whati ssuper–cr it
icalboil
er?Giveanyt woadv antages.(APRI L/ MAY2013)
“Super criti
cal”isat hermody namicexpr essiondescr i
bingt hest ateofasubstance
wher et hereisnocl eardisti
ncti
onbet weent heli
quidandt hegaseousphase( i
.e.they
areahomogenousf l
uid)
.Wat erreachest hisstateatapr essur eabov e22.1MPa.The
effi
ciencyoft het hermody namicpr ocessofacoal -fi
redpowerdescr i
beshowmuchof
theener gythati sfedintothecy cleisconv ertedintoelectricalener gy
.

Someoft
hebenef
it
sofadv
ancedsuper
cri
ti
cal
powerpl
ant
sincl
ude:

(
a)Reducedf
uel
cost
sduet
oimpr
ovedpl
antef
fi
ciency
;

(
b)Si
gni
fi
canti
mpr
ovementofenv
ironmentbyr
educt
ioni
nCO2emi
ssi
ons;
 (c)Plantcostscompar
abl
ewi
thsub-
cri
ti
cal
technol
ogyandl
esst
hanot
her
cleancoaltechnol
ogi
es;

(
d)Muchr
educedNOx,
SOxandpar
ti
cul
ateemi
ssi
ons;

(
e)Canbef
ull
yint
egr
atedwi
thappr
opr
iat
eCO2capt
uret
echnol
ogy
.

11.Whatar
esuperheat
ersusedinsteam powerpl
ants?(NOV/DEC2012)
12.Commentonthethermalef
fi
ciencyofasteam powerplant
.(NOV/
DEC2012)
powerst
ati
on(
aheatengi
ne)showst
hatt
hemaxi
mum ef
fi
ciencyofsuchadev
icei
s
gi
venby(
THOT–TCOLD)
/THOT.I
nthi
sequat
ionTi
sinK,
theabsol
utet
emper
atur
e.
13.Whati
sthef
unct
ionofdeaer
atori
nat
her
malpowerpl
ant
?(May
/June2012)
A 
deaer
ator
 i
sadev
icet
hati
swi
del
yusedf
ort
her
emov
alofoxy
genandot
her
di
ssol
ved 
gases 
fr
om t
he 
feedwat
er 
tost
eam-
gener
ati
ng 
boi
l
ers.I
npar
ti
cul
ar,
di
ssol
ved 
oxy
gen 
i
nboi
l
erf
eedwat
erswi
l
lcauseser
iouscor
rosi
ondamagei
n
st
eam sy
stems 
14.
Whyt
her
malpl
ant
sar
enotsui
tabl
eforsuppl
yi
ngf
luct
uat
ingl
oads?
(
May
/June2012)
Becausechangei
nloaddemandr
equi
rescor
respondi
ngchangei
nthe
out
putener
gy.I
nthet
her
mal
plant
sther
mal
ener
gyi
spr
oducedby
bur
ningofcoal
andhencet
her
eisal
way
sal
arget
imel
apsebet
weent
he
changei
nener
gyatout
putandi
nput
,whi
chi
snotdesi
rabl
eandhence
suchpowerst
ati
onsar
eusedonl
yasbasel
oadst
ati
ons,
suppl
yi
ng
const
antpower
.
15.
Stat
eandexpl
aint
hecar
notcy
clepr
ocess.(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
I
tist
hemostef
fi
cientcy
clef
orconv
ert
ingagi
venamountoft
her
mal
ener
gyi
ntowor
k,orconv
ersel
y,cr
eat
ingat
emper
atur
edi
ff
erence(
e.g.
r
efr
iger
ati
on)bydoi
ngagi
venamountofwor
k.
16.
Def
ineboi
lermount
ingsandboi
leraccessor
ies..(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
I
. Boi
lermount
ings
Boi
l
ermount
ingsar
edef
inedast
hecomponent
sgener
all
ymount
edon
t
hesur
faceoft
heboi
l
ert
ohav
esaf
etydur
ingoper
ati
on.
I
I. Boi
lerAccessor
ies
I
tisdef
inedast
hedev
iceswhi
char
einst
all
edwi
thaboi
l
erandi
ts
nei
ghbor
ingar
eat
oincr
easet
heef
fi
ciencyoft
heboi
l
er.
17.
Ment
iont
hev
ari
ousmoder
nashhandl
ingsy
stems.(
Apr
il
/May2010)
a.Pneumat
icAshHandl
i
ngsy
stem
b.Hy
draul
i
cAshHandl
i
ngsy
stem
18.
Whatar
ethef
act
orsaf
fect
ingcool
ingofwat
eri
ncool
ingt
ower
?(Apr
il
/May
2010)
a.Temper
atur
eoft
heai
r.
b.Humi
dit
yoft
heai
r.
c.Vel
oci
tyofai
rent
eri
ngt
het
ower
.
d.Si
zeandhei
ghtoft
het
ower
.
19.
Whatar
ethepr
ocessesi
naRanki
necy
cle?(
Nov
/Dec2010)
TheRanki
necy
clei
sani
deal
i
sed 
ther
mody
nami
ccy
cle 
ofa 
heatengi
ne 
that
conv
ert
sheati
ntomechani
cal
wor
k.
 a.
20.
Def
ineFBC.(
Nov
/Dec2010)
Fl
uidi
zedbedcombust
ion 
(FBC)i
sacombust
iont
echnol
ogyusedi
npower
pl
ant
s. 
Flui
dizedbeds 
suspendsol
i
dfuel
sinupwar
d-bl
owi
ngj
etsofai
rdur
ing
t
hecombust
ionpr
ocess.Ther
esul
tisat
urbul
entmi
xi
ngofgasandsol
i
ds.The
t
umbl
i
ngact
ion,
muchl
i
keabubbl
i
ngf
lui
d,pr
ovi
desmor
eef
fect
ivechemi
cal
r
eact
ionsandheatt
ransf
er.
21.
Namet
hef
ourmaj
orci
rcui
tsi
nst
eam powerpl
ant
.
a.Coal
andashci
rcui
t
b.Ai
randf
luegasci
rcui
t
c.Feedwat
erandst
eam ci
rcui
t
d.Cool
i
ngwat
erci
rcui
t
22.
Namei
mpor
tanthi
ghpr
essur
eboi
ler
s?
a.LaMontboi
l
er
b.Bensonboi
l
er
c.Loef
fl
erboi
l
er
d.Vel
oxboi
l
er.
23.
Whatconsi
stsofai
randf
luegasci
rcui
t?
Ai
randf
luegasci
rcui
tconsi
stsoff
orceddr
aughtf
an,ai
r-
pre-
heat
er,
boi
l
er,f
urnace,
superheat
er,
economi
ser
,dustcol
l
ect
or,
induceddr
aught
f
anandchi
mney
.
24.
Whatconsi
stsoff
eedwat
erandst
eam f
lowci
rcui
tinst
eam power
?
Thef
eedwat
erandst
eam f
low ci
rcui
tconsi
stsoff
eedpump,
economi
serboi
l
erdr
um,
superheat
er,
tur
bineandcondenser
.
25.
Whatconsi
stsofcool
ingwat
erci
rcui
tandcoal&ashci
rcui
tinst
eam power
 pl
ant
?
Thecool
i
ngwat
erci
rcui
tconsi
stsofapump,
condenserandcool
i
ng
t
ower
.Thecoalandashci
rcui
tconsi
stsofcoaldel
i
ver
y,pr
epar
ati
on
ofcoal
,handl
i
ngofcoalt
otheboi
l
erf
urnace,
ashhandl
i
ngandash
st
orage.
26.
Whati
sthemai
npur
poseofhi
gh-
pressur
eboi
ler
s?
Thehi
gh-
pressur
eboi
l
ersar
eusedt
oincr
easet
heef
fi
ciencyoft
hepl
ant
andt
o r
educet
hecostofel
ect
ri
cit
ypr
oduct
ion.
27.
Stat
eimpor
tantadv
ant
agesofhi
gh-
pressur
eboi
ler
s?
Theamountofscal
efor
mat
ioni
sless,
sincet
hev
eloci
tyofwat
er
t
hroughpi
pesar
emor
e.Al
lpar
tsoft
hesy
stem ar
eheat
eduni
for
mly
,so
t
her
eisnodangerofov
erheat
ing

Uni
t-
1
Si
xteenMar
ks
1.Ex
plai
ntheconst
ruct
ionandwor
kingofSt
eam powerpl
antwi
thal
ayout
.(16)
(
Apr
il
/May2010)(
Nov
/Dec2010)
2.Descr
ibet
heoper
ati
onofabal
anceddr
aughtsy
stem wi
thneatsket
ch.
(6)
(
Nov
/Dec2010)
3.Namet
hev
ari
ousmet
hodsofashhandl
i
ng.Descr
ibet
hepneumat
icsy
stem of
ashhandl
i
ng.
(8)(
Nov
/Dec2010)(
May
/June2012)
4.Dr
awaRanki
necy
clef
oracoal
fir
edandst
eam t
her
mal
powerpl
ant
.St
atet
he
meansofi
ncr
easi
ngt
heef
fi
ciencyoft
hepl
ant
.(
16)(
Apr
il
/May2011)
5.Ex
plai
ntheai
dsket
chesoff
orceddr
aftandi
nduceddr
aftsy
stem.
(8)(
May
/June
2012)
6.Howar
ecool
i
ngt
ower
scl
assi
fi
ed?Expl
ainanyoneoft
hem wi
thaneat
sket
ch.
(16)(
Apr
il
/May2010)
 UNI
T-2
HYDROELECTRI
CPOWERPLANTS
TWOMARKS
1.Whatar
ethemi
niandmi
crohy
del
plant
?Whyar
etheyi
nthenewsr
ecent
ly?
(
APRIL/
MAY2015)

2.Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentf
actor
stobeconsi
der
edwhi
l
esel
ect
ingt
hesi
tef
orhy
dro
el
ect
ri
cpowerpl
ants??(
APRIL/
MAY2015)

3.Wr
it
eaboutt
ypesoft
urbi
nes(
NOV/
DEC2014)
 Fr
anci
stur
bine
Themostcommonl yusedturbineinHydro-Québec'spowersystem.Water
str
ikestheedgeoft herunner,pushesthebl adesandthenfl
owst owardtheaxi
s
oftheturbine.I
tescapesthroughthedr af
ttubel ocat
edunderthetur
bine.I
twas
namedaf terJamesBi chenoFrancis(1815-1892),theAmeri
canengineerwho
i
nventedt heapparatusin1849.

Kapl
ant
urbi
ne
Austr
ianengineerViktorKaplan(1876-1934)inv
entedt hi
sturbine.I
t'
ssimil
arto
thepropell
erturbi
ne,exceptthatit
sbladesareadjustable;t
heirpositi
oncanbe
setaccordingtotheav ai
l
ableflow.Thistur
bineistherefor
esui tabl
eforcer
tai
n
run-
of-r
ivergenerat
ingstati
onswher etheriv
erflowv ari
esconsi der
ably.

EachKapl
antur
bineatBri
saygenerat
ingst
ati
onwei
ghs300t
onnes.
..That
's
thewei
ghtof50Afri
canel
ephants.

Pr
opel
lert
urbi
ne
Sincetheycanreachveryhi
ghrotat
ionspeeds,
propel
l
erturbinesareeff
ect
ive
forlowheads.Consequentl
y,t
histy
peofturbi
neissui
tabl
ef orrun-
of-
ri
ver
powerst at
ions.

Pel
tont
urbi
ne
Namedafteri
tsAmericaninv
entor
,Lest
erPel
ton(1829-
1908)
,thi
stur
bineuses
spoon-
shapedbucket
st ohar
nesstheener
gyoffall
i
ngwater.

1.Peltonturbi
nes-Itisimpul seturbi
newhichisnormallyusedformorethan250m of
waterhead.
2.Francis-Thisisareactiont ur
binewhichisusedforheadv ar
yingbetween2.5m to
450m.
3.Kaplan-Itispropel
lertypeofpl antwit
hadjustabl
ebladeswhichareusedf orheads
varyi
ngbet ween1.5m to70m.
4.Propell
er-Itisusedforheadbet ween1.5to30m.
5.Tubular-Thisisusedf orlowandmedi um hei
ghtproj
ects.Normall
yforheadless
than15m.

4.Whatisasur getank?Whyitisimpor t
antinhydropowerplant
?(NOV/DEC2014)
Wheneverther equir
ementofWat ersuddenlydecreased,t
heValvemustsuddenl
y
cl
ose,result
ing a veryHi gh Pressure dev
eloped i
n enti
re pi
pe l
i
ne bet
ween t
he
Reser
voirandtheTurbine.Thi
si shappenedduet oWaterHammer .
 Toovercomethisproblem,aStorageReservoi
rcall
edas“PenStock”isfi
tt
edatsome
openi
ngmadeont hepipeli
neinor dertostoreWat erwhentheVal v
ei ssuddenl
y
cl
osed,ortodischargeWaterwheni ncr
easeddischar
gedisrequi
red.SuchaSt or
age
Reser
voiri
sknownas“ SurgeTank”. 

Funct
ionsofSur
geTank.

01)Tocontrolt
hePressur
eVari
ati
ons,duet
orapi
dchangesi
nthepi
pel
i
nef
low,t
hus
el
iminat
ingWaterHammerpossi
bil
i
ties.

02)Toregul
atet
hef
lowofWat
ert
otheTur
binebypr
ovi
dingnecessar
yret
ardi
ngHead
ofWater.

TheSurgeTanksar
eplacedneartotheTurbi
ne.TheHei
ghtofSurgeTanki
sgener
all
y
keptabov
ethemaximum WaterLeveli
nthesuppl
yLevel
Reser
voir
.

Ther
ear
ethr
eei
mpor
tantt
ypesofSur
geTanksusedi
nHy
droEl
ect
ri
cPowerPl
ant
.

01)Si
mpl
eSur
geTank

02)Rest
ri
ctedOr
if
icet
ypeSur
geTank

03)Di
ff
erent
ial
Sur
geTank

5.Di
ff
erent
iat
est
oragewi
thpondage.(
MAY/
JUNE2014)

6.Whatdoy
oumeanbywat
erhammer
?(MAY/
JUNE2014)

Thewat erhammeri
sdefi
nedast hechangeinpressur
erapi
dlyaboveorbel
ownor
mal
pressur
ecausedbysuddenchangeintherateofwaterfl
owthroughthepi
pe,
accordi
ngt ot
hedemandofpri
memov eri
.e.tur
bine

7.Forwhichpur poseHy droproject

saredevel
oped?(NOV/DEC2013)
Thecostofhy dr
oel
ect r
ici
tyisrel
ati
vel
ylow,maki
ngitacompeti
ti
vesour
ceof
renewableelectr
ici
ty.
8.DefineRun-off.(
NOV/ DEC2013)
 9.Whati sthefunct i
onofdr afttube?( APRIL/ MAY2013)
InaReact ionturbinesuchasaFr ancisturbineorKapl anturbi
ne,adif
fusertubeis
i
nst all
edatt heexi toftherunner ,knownasDr aftTube
Adr afttubeatt heendoft het urbi
nei ncreasest hepressureoftheexit
ingflui
datthe
expenseofi tsvelocit
y.Thismeanst hatthet urbinecanreducepressuretoahigher
extentwi thoutfearofbackf l
owf r
om t ai
l r
ace.TheDr af
ttubegivesanadv ant
ageof
placingthet urbi
neabov ethet ailr
acesot hatanyr equir
edinspecti
onscanbemade
easily.Mor eover,i
talsoconv er t
st hewast efulkineti
cenergyattheexitoftherunner
i
nt otheusef ulpressureener gy .

10.Li
stanyf
ouradv
ant
agesofhy
dro-
elect
ri
cpowerpl
ant
.(APRI
L/MAY2013)
1.Onceadam i sconst r
ucted, electr
icitycanbepr oducedataconst antrat e.
2.I
felect r
icityisnotneeded, t
hesl uicegat escanbeshut ,
stoppi ngelectricit
ygener at
ion.Thewat er
canbesav edf oruseanot hert i
mewhenel ectri
cit
ydemandi shi gh.
3.Damsar edesi gnedt olastmanydecadesandsocancont r
ibutet othegener at
ionofelectr
ici
tyfor
manyy ear s/decades.
4.Thel aket hatformsbehi ndt hedam canbeusedf orwaterspor tsandl eisure/pleasureactiv
iti
es.
Oftenlargedamsbecomet ouristattracti
onsintheirownright.
5.Thel ake'swat ercanbeusedf ori
rrigat
ionpurposes.
6.Thebui ldupofwat erint helakemeanst hatenergycanbest or edunt i
lneeded, whent hewat eri
s
rel
easedt opr oduceel ectri
city.
7.Wheni nuse, elect
ri
citypr oducedbydam sy st
emsdonotpr oducegr eenhousegases.Theydonot
poll
utet heat mosphere.

11.Whati
sthepur
poseofusi
ngofdams?(
NOV/
DEC2012)
12.
Thepur posesofdams
13.
 
14.
Mostoft hedamsar esingle-pur
posedams, butt
hereisnowagr owingnumber
ofmul ti
purposedams.Usi ngthemostrecentpubl i
cati
onoft heWor ldRegist
er
ofDams, i
rri
gationisbyfarthemostcommonpur poseofdams.Amongt he
singl
epur posedams, 48%ar eforir
ri
gati
on, 17%forhydropower( product
ionof
elect
rici
ty),
13%f orwatersupply,10%forfloodcontrol
,5%f orrecreati
onand
lessthan1%f ornavigat
ionandf i
shfarming.

15.Whatar
ethet
ypesofwat
ert
urbi
nes?(
NOV/
DEC2012)
16.
Enumer
atet
headv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofhy
dropowerpl
ant
s.
(
Apr
il
/May2010).(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
Adv
ant
ages
a.Doesnotdependoncost
sofur
ani
um,
oil
,orot
herf
uel
s
b.Pol
l
uti
oni
srar
elycr
eat
ed
c.I
tdoesn'
trequi
reasmanyempl
oyees
d.I
tcanbesetupi
nmanysi
zes
e.St
ati
onscanoper
ateandr
unf
orl
ongper
iodsoft
ime
f
. Reducesgr
eenhouseemi
ssi
ons
g.Rel
ati
vel
ylowmai
ntenancecost
s
h.Canbeusedt
hroughoutt
hewor
ld
i
.Iti
srenewabl
e
j
. Hy
droel
ect
ri
cit
ypr
oducesnogasemi
ssi
onsorwast
e.

Di
sadv
ant
ages
1.Hi
ghi
nvest
mentcost
s
2.Dependentonpr
eci
pit
ati
on
3.Somet
imesmessesupwi
l
dli
fe
4.Lossoff
ishspeci
es
5.Changei
nri
verorst
ream qual
i
ty
6.Costf
orconst
ruct
ion

17.
Whati
sasur
get
ank?(
Apr
il
/May2010)
A 
sur
get
ank 
(or
 sur
gedr
um)i
sast
andpi
peorst
orage 
reser
voi
r 
att
he
 downst
ream endofacl
osed 
aqueduct
 orf
eederoradam orbar
ragepi
pe
t
oabsor
b suddenr
isesofpr
essur
e,aswel
last
oqui
ckl
ypr
ovi
deext
ra
wat
erdur
ingabr
iefdr
opi
npr
essur
e.
18.
Whati
sthef
unct
ionofasur
get
anki
nthehy
droel
ect
ri
cpowerpl
ant
?
(
May
/June2012)(
Nov
/Dec2010)
I
tisusedt
omai
ntai
ntheconst
antpr
essur
einsi
det
hepenst
ock.
19.
Whati
sthepur
poseoft
rashr
ack?
I
tisusedt
opr
eventt
hedebr
isent
ryi
ntot
hepenst
ock.
20.
Classi
fyt
hehy
droel
ect
ri
ctur
bineswi
thr
espectt
ohi
ghmedi
um andl
owhead..
(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
a.LowHead-Fr
anci
s,Pr
opel
l
erorKapl
ant
ypet
urbi
nes.
b.Medi
um Head-Fr
anci
s,Pr
opel
l
erorKapl
ant
ypet
urbi
nes.
c.Hi
ghHead-Fr
anci
stur
bine.
21.
Onwhatf
act
orsdoest
hesel
ect
ionofawat
ert
urbi
nef
orhy
delpl
ant
sdepend
on?(
May
/June2012)
a.Rot
ati
onalspeed.
b.Speci
fi
cspeed.
c.Par
tloadef
fi
ciency
.
d.Maxi
mum possi
bleef
fi
ciency
.
22.
Whati
sthemai
npur
poseoft
hedam?
Themai
npur
poseoft
hedam i
stoi
ncr
easet
hehei
ghtofwat
er
l
evelandal
sot
oincr
easet
hewor
kingheadoft
hehy
draul
i
cpower
pl
ant
.
23.
Whyt
rashr
acki
sused?
Thet
rashr
acki
susedt
opr
eventt
heent
ryofdebr
is,whi
chmi
ght
damaget
het
urbi
ner
unner
sandchockupt
henozzl
eofi
mpul
set
urbi
ne.
24.
Whati
stheuseofsur
get
ank?
Thesur
get
anki
susedt
opr
ovi
debet
terr
egul
ati
onofwat
er
pr
essur
eint
hesy
stem.Thesur
get
ankcont
rol
sthewat
erwhent
he
l
oadont
het
urbi
nedecr
easesandsuppl
i
eswat
erwhent
hel
oadont
he
t
urbi
nei
ncr
eases.Thus,sur
get
ankcont
rol
sthepr
essur
evar
iat
ions
 r
esul
ti
ngf
rom t
her
api
dchangesi
nwat
erf
lowi
npenst
ockandhence
pr
event
swat
erhammer
.
25.
Expl
ainaboutpenst
ock?
Thepi
pebet
weensur
get
ankandpr
imemov
eri
sknownas
penst
ock.I
tisdesi
gnedt
owi
thst
andhi
ghpr
essur
e.I
tismadeupof
r
einf
orcedconcr
ete.I
nver
ycol
dar
eas,t
hepenst
ocki
sbur
iedt
o
pr
eventi
cef
ormat
ionandt
oreducet
heexpansi
onj
oint
s.
26.
Whati
stheuseofspi
llWay
s?
Spi
l
lwayi
sli
keasaf
etyv
alv
eoft
hedam.I
tdi
schar
gesmaj
orf
lood
wi
thoutdamagi
ngt
hedam.I
tkeepst
her
eser
voi
rlev
elbel
owt
he
maxi
mum l
evel
all
owed.
27.
Wri
teaboutpr
imemov
ers?
Pr
imemov
erconv
ert
stheki
net
icener
gyofwat
eri
ntomechani
cal
ener
gyt
opr
oduceel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy.pel
tonwheel
,tur
bine,
Franci
s
t
urbi
ne,Kapl
ant
urbi
neandPr
opel
l
ert
urbi
near
epr
imemov
ersusedi
n
hy
draul
i
cpowerpl
ant
s.
28.
Whatar
e-t
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesofst
ocker
s?
a.Ov
erf
eedst
ocker
s
b.Tr
avel
l
inggr
atest
ocker
s
c.Spr
eadst
ocker
s
d.Underf
eedst
ocker
s
e.Si
ngl
eret
ortst
ockerandMul
tir
etor
tst
ocker
29.
Whati
stheuseofpul
ver
izerandnamedi
ff
erentt
ypesofpul
ver
izi
ngmi
ll
s?
a.Thepul
ver
izeri
susedt
opul
ver
izet
hecoali
nor
dert
oincr
easet
he
sur
faceexposur
e.
b.Pul
ver
izedcoal
enabl
esr
api
dcombust
ion.Thedi
ff
erentt
ypesof
pul
ver
isi
ngmi
l
lsar
e
c.Bal
lmi
l
l
d.Hammermi
l
l
e.Bal
landr
acemi
l
l.
30.
Whatar
eadv
ant
agesofuni
t(or
)di
rectsy
stem ofpul
ver
isedf
uelf
ir
ing?
 a.Thel
ayouti
ssi
mpl
eandeconomi
cal
b.I
tgi
vesdi
rectcont
rol
ofcombust
ion
c.Coal
transpor
tat
ionsy
stem i
ssi
mpl
e

Uni
t-
2
Si
xteenMar
ks
1.Ex
plai
ntheconst
ruct
ionandwor
kingofhy
del
powerpl
antwi
thal
ayout
.(16)
(
Apr
il
/May2011)(
May
/June2012)
2.Ex
plai
nwi
thaneatsket
chapumpedst
oragepowerpl
ant
.(16)(
Apr
il
/May2010)
(
May
/June2012)
3.Whati
sthef
unct
ionofahy
draul
i
ctur
bine?Howar
ethet
urbi
nescl
assi
fi
ed?
Ex
plai
nanyonewi
thasui
tabl
esket
ch.
(16)(
Apr
il
/May2010)
4.Whatar
ethef
act
orst
obeconsi
der
edwhi
l
esel
ect
ingasi
tef
orhy
droel
ect
ri
c
powerpl
ant
?(8)(
Nov
/Dec2010)
5.Descr
ibet
hesel
ect
ionf
act
orsf
orahy
draul
i
ctur
bines.
(8)(
Nov
/Dec2010)
 UNI
T-3
NUCLEARPOWERPLANTS
TWOMARKS
1.Whatdoy ouunder
standbymoder ation?whyi
tisessent
ial
?(APRI
L/MAY2015)
Moderator.Mat
eri
ali
nt hecorewhichslowsdownt heneutr
onsrel
easedfrom f
issionso
t
hattheycausemorefission.I
tisusuall
ywater
,butmaybeheav ywaterorgr
aphite.
Theprobl
em li
esinthefactt
hatwheneverat
hermal neutr
oncausesfissionital
so
l
eadstotherel
easeoffastneutr
ons.Nowthesefastneutronshavet
obesl oweddown
andbr
oughttolowerenergylev
elsift
heyhavet
ocausesuccessf ulf
issionintur
n.I
tis
her
ethattheconceptofamoder at
orcomesinthepictur
e.
 

2.Dist
inguishbetweenf erti
l
eandfissil
emat eri
als?(APRIL/MAY2015)
Thef i
ssil
emat er
ialistheonewhi chundergoesnuclearfission(spli
tt
ingofat om)upon
bombar dmentbysl ow/ f
astneut
rons.Thef i
ssilemateri
alsusedar eUr ani
um 235,
Plut
onium239andUr ani
um233.(Indiai
stheonl ycountryinthewor l
dt ouseU233f uel
,
usedinPur ni
ma&Kami niReact
ors.Fert
il
emat er
ial
istheonewhi chbyi t
selfisnot
fi
ssi
onabl ebutwill
capt uret
heneut r
onandwi llgetconvertedtoaf i
ssilemat eri
al.
Exampl esareUranium 238becomi ngPlutoni
um 239.Thor ium 232becomi ngUr ani
um 233
etc.

3.Whati sanuclearf
ission?(NOV/ DEC2014)
Innuclearphysi
csandnucl earchemi st
ry,nuclearf
issioni
sei t
heranucl
earreact
ionora
radioact
ivedecayprocessinwhi chthenucl eusofanat om spli
tsi
ntosmal
lerpart
s
(l
ighternucl
ei)
.Thefissionprocessof t
enpr oducesfreeneutronsandphot
ons( i
nthe
form ofgammar ays),andreleasesav erylargeamountofener gyevenbytheenerget
ic
standardsofradi
oactivedecay

4.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyRadi
oact
ivedecay
?(NOV/
DEC2014)
Radi
oactivedecayisapr ocesst hatoccursamongstat omicnucleit
hataretoolargeandar e
unst
ableinthei
rnat ural
l
yoccur i
ngst ate.
 Thelargeatomicnucleusemitsradi
ationintheform
ofanalphaparticl
e,abetapar t
icle,orgammar adiati
on,wherei
temi tsapartofitself
,andin
sodoing,decaystoamor estableelement. Agoodexampl ewoul dbetheelementcar bon-
14,
whereitemitsradi
at i
ontoitsdecaydaught erelementnitr
ogen.
 Radioacti
vedecaywasf i
rst
di
scoveredin1896byHenr iBecquer eli
nhisexperimentswit
haphosphor escentur ani
um sal
t.
 

5.Compar
eNucl
earf
issi
onwi
thf
usi
onpr
ocesses.(
MAY/
JUNE2014)

Nucl
ear
Nucl
earFusi
on
Fi
ssi
on
Fi
ssi
oni
sthespl
i
tti
ngofalar
geat
om Fusi
onisthef
usi
ngoftwoormore
Def
ini
ti
on
i
ntot
woormoresmall
erones. l
ight
eratomsi
ntoal
argerone.

Natural
Fi
ssionreacti
ondoesnotnor
mal
l
y Fusi
onoccur
sinst
ars,
suchast
he
occurr
enceof
occuri
nnat ur
e. sun.
t
hepr ocess

Fewr adioact
ivepar
ti
clesar e
Bypr
oduct
sof Fissionproducesmanyhi
ghl
y producedbyf usi
onreacti
on, buti
fa
t
hereact
ion radioact
iveparti
cles. fi
ssion"tri
gger"i
sused,radioacti
ve
parti
cleswill
resul
tfr
om t hat.

Cr
iti
calmassofthesubst
anceand Highdensi
ty,
hightemperat
ure
Condi
ti
ons
hi
gh-speedneut
ronsar
erequi
red. envi
ronmentisrequi
red.

Extr
emelyhighenergyi srequi
redto
Energy Takesli
tt
leenergytospl
i
ttwoat
omsi
nbr i
ngtwoormor epr otonsclose
Requi
rement afi
ssionreact
ion. enoughthatnucl
earf orcesovercome
thei
rel
ectrost
ati
crepul si
on.

Theenergyreleasedbyf i
ssioni
sa
Theenergyr
eleasedbyfusi
onisthree
Energy mill
i
ontimesgr eatert
hant hatr
eleased
tofourt
imesgreatert
hantheenergy
Released i
nchemicalreactions,butlowerthan
rel
easedbyfi
ssion.
theener
gyreleasedbynucl earfusi
on.

Oneclassofnucl
earweaponi
sa Oneclassofnuclearweaponisthe
Nucl
earweaponfi
ssi
onbomb, al
soknownasanatomi
chy dr
ogenbomb, whichusesaf i
ssi
on
bomboratom bomb. r
eacti
onto"tr
igger"afusi
onreacti
on.

Energy Fusionisanexper
iment
alt
echnol
ogy
Fi
ssi
oni
susedi
nnucl
earpowerpl
ant
s.
pr
oducti
on forproduci
ngpower.

Fuel Ur
ani
um i
sthepr
imar
yfuel
usedi
n Hy
drogeni
sot
opes(
Deut
eri
um and
 Nucl
ear
Nucl
earFusi
on
Fi
ssi
on
Tri
ti
um)arethepri
maryf
uelusedin
powerpl
ant
s.
exper
iment
alfusi
onpowerpl
ants.

6.Whatar
ethedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofagoodmoder
ator
?(MAY/
JUNE2014)

7.Defi
neDemandf orEl
ect
ri
cit
y.(
NOV/DEC2013)
El
ectr
ici
tydemandist
heamountofel
ect
ri
cit
ybei
ngconsumedatanygi
vent
ime

8.Whatar eisotopes?(NOV/ DEC2013)

Anisot
opei saf orm ofachemi calelementwhoseatomicnucleuscont ai
nsaspeci f
ic
numberofneut rons, inaddi
ti
ont othenumberofprotonsthatuni quel
ydefinestheelement
.
Thenucleiofmostat om scontai
nneut ronsaswel
lasprotons.(Anexceptionisthecommon
for
m ofhy drogen,whosenucl eusconsistsofal
oneproton.)Everychemicalelementhas
morethanonei sotope.

9.WhatisanLMBFR?Whyi
sal
iqui
dmet
alt
hepr
efer
redcool
anti
naf
astbr
eederr
eact
or?
(
APRIL/MAY2013)

Li
qui
dMet
alFast
Breeder
React
or
Themostcommoncool antsli
kewaterandheav ywatercannotbeusedascool
ant
si n
afastreact
or.Non-
moderat
ingmateri
alslikeHelium andli
quidmetal
sli
kesodi
um,lead,
lead-
bismut
h
eutect
icqual
ifyt
obecool
antsowingtot heirnon-moderati
ngnatur
e.

10.
Whatdoy
oumeanbymassdef
ect
?(APRI
L/MAY2013)

11.Namet
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesoff
uel
susedi
nanucl
earr
eact
ors.(
NOV/
DEC2012)

React
orTy
pe Cool
ant Moder
atoFuel Comment
 r
Pressuri
sedwat
er Li
ghtwat
er Li
ght Enri
ched
St
eam gener-
ated
reactor
s(PWR, water urani
um
i
nsecondaryloop
VVER)
Li
ghtwat
er Li
ght Enri
ched Steam fr
om
Boili
ngwater
water urani
um boil
ingwaterf
ed
reactor
s(BWR)
toturbi
ne
Pressur i
sedheav y Heav ywaterHeav y Natur
al
wat erreactor water ur
anium  
(PHWR)
Gas- cooledreactor
s CO2 Graphi
te Natural
or
(Magnox, AGR, enri
ched  
UNGG) urani
um
Lightwat ergraphit
e Pr
ess-ur
isedGr aphi
te Enri
ched Sov
ietdesi
gn
reactors( RBMK) boi l
ingwat er urani
um

12.Whati
sthepur
poseofmoder
atori
nanucl
earr
eact
or?(
NOV/
DEC2012)
13.
Wri
teaboutat
omi
cnumber
?
Thenucl
euscont
ainspr
otonsandneut
rons.Thenumberofpr
otonsi
nagi
ven
at
om i
sanat
omi
cnumber(
Z).Theat
omi
cnumberf
orHi
s1andHe-
is2.
14.
Whati
smeantbynucl
earf
issi
on?(
May
/June2012)
Ur
ani
um exi
stsi
ndi
ff
erenti
sot
opesofU238,
tP34andU235.Outoft
hese,
EP35
i
smostunst
abl
e.Whenunst
abl
eheav
ynucl
eusi
sbombar
dedwi
thhi
gh-
ener
gyneut
rons,i
tspl
i
tsupr
oughl
yint
otwoequalf
ragment
sandabout
2.
5neut
ronsar
erel
easedandal
argeamountofener
gyi
spr
oduced.Thi
s
pr
ocessi
scal
l
ednucl
earf
issi
on
15.
Whatar
ether
equi
rement
soff
issi
onpr
ocess?(
Apr
il
/May2010)(
Nov
/Dec2010)
Ani
nducedf
issi
onr
eact
ion.A 
neut
roni
sabsor
bedbyaur
ani
um-
235nucl
eus,
t
urni
ngi
tbr
ief
lyi
ntoanexci
tedur
ani
um-
236nucl
eus,
wit
htheexci
tat
ionener
gy
pr
ovi
dedbyt
heki
net
icener
gyoft
heneut
ronpl
ust
hef
orcest
hatbi
ndt
heneut
ron.
Theur
ani
um-
236,
int
urn,
spl
i
tsi
ntof
ast
-mov
ingl
i
ght
erel
ement
s(f
issi
onpr
oduct
s)
andr
eleasest
hreef
reeneut
rons.
 
16.
Whatar
etheessent
ialcomponent
sofanucl
earr
eact
or?(
Apr
il
/May2010)
a.Cont
rol
rods.
b.Moder
ator
.
c.Heav
yWat
er
 d.Shi
eldi
ng
17.
Whati
sthef
unct
ionofamoder
ator
?(Nov
/Dec2010)
I
tisusedt
ocont
rol
thespeedoft
hef
astmov
ingneut
rons.
18.Whati
snucl
earf
issi
on?.(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
I
n nucl
earphy
sics 
and 
nucl
earchemi
str
y, 
nucl
earf
issi
on 
i
sei
thera 
nucl
ear
r
eact
ion 
ora 
radi
oact
ivedecay
 pr
ocessi
nwhi
cht
he 
nucl
eus 
ofanat
om spl
i
tsi
nto
smal
l
erpar
ts(
li
ght
er 
nucl
ei)
,of
tenpr
oduci
ngf
reeneut
rons 
and 
phot
ons 
(i
nthe
f
orm of
 gammar
ays)
,andr
eleasi
ngav
eryl
argeamountof
 ener
gy,
evenbyt
he
ener
get
icst
andar
dsofr
adi
oact
ivedecay
. 

19.St
atet
hef
uel
susedi
nthegast
urbi
nepowerpl
ant
s..(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
a)Li
qui
dfuel
s
b)Gaseousf
uel
s(Nat
ural
gas,
manuf
act
uredgener
atorgas)
20.Namet
het
hreemoder
ator
scommonl
yusedi
nnucl
earpowerr
eact
or.(
May
/June
2012)
Commonl
yusedmoder
ator
sincl
ude 
regul
ar(
li
ght
)wat
er 
(r
oughl
y75%oft
he
wor
ld'
sreact
ors)
,sol
i
d gr
aphi
te 
(20%ofr
eact
ors)and 
heav
ywat
er 
(5%of
[
1]
r
eact
ors)
.  
Ber
yll
i
um 
hasal
sobeenusedi
nsomeexper
iment
alt
ypes,
and 
hydr
ocar
bons 
hav
ebeensuggest
edasanot
herpossi
bil
i
ty.
21.Whatar
etheadv
ant
agesofgascool
edr
eact
ornucl
earpowerpl
ant
?
a.Fuel
processi
ngi
ssi
mpl
e
b.TheuseofC02ascool
antcompl
etel
yel
i
minat
est
hepossi
bil
i
tyofexpl
osi
on
i
nreact
or.
c.Nocor
rosi
onpr
obl
em
22.Whati
sbr
eedi
ngi
nnucl
earr
eact
or?
Thepr
ocessofpr
oduci
ngf
issi
onabl
emat
eri
alf
rom af
ert
il
emat
eri
alsuchas
ur
ani
um 238(
U238)andt
hor
ium 232(
Th232)byneut
ronabsor
pti
oni
sknownas
br
eedi
ng.
23.Wr
it
eabouti
sot
opesofanel
ement
?
Someel
ement
shav
ethesamenumberofpr
otonsi
nthenucl
eusbutdi
ff
erent
number
-ofneut
rons.Asar
esul
t,t
heseel
ement
shav
ethesameat
omi
c
numberbutdi
ff
erentmassnumber
.sucht
ypeofel
ement
swhi
ch'hav
ethe
 sameat
omi
cnumber– samenumberofpr
otons-t
he-
samechemi
cal
pr
oper
ti
esbutdi
ff
erentmassnumber
sduet
odi
ff
erentnumberofneut
rons,
ar
eknownasIt
hei
sot
opesofanel
ement
.
24.Whatar
ether
equi
rement
stosust
ainf
issi
onpr
ocess?
a.Thebombar
dedneut
ronsmusthav
esuf
fi
cientener
gyt
ocausef
issi
on
b.Thenumberofneut
ronspr
oducedmustbeabl
etocr
eat
etherat
eoff
issi
on
c.Thef
issi
onpr
ocessmustgener
ateener
gy
d.Thef
issi
onpr
ocessmustbecont
rol
l
ed
25.Def
inef
ert
il
emat
eri
alsandbr
eedi
ngi
nreact
ors
Ther
ear
emat
eri
alsl
i
ke U235andTh232whi
char
enotf
issi
l
ebutcanbe
conv
ert
edi
ntof
issi
l
emat
eri
alsbyt
hebombar
dmentofneut
rons.Suchmat
eri
als
ar
eknownasf
ert
il
emat
eri
als.Thepr
ocessofconv
ert
ingmor
efer
ti
lemat
eri
ali
nto
f
issi
l
emat
eri
ali
nar
eact
ioni
sknownasbr
eedi
ng.
26.Whatar
ethedesi
rabl
epr
oper
ti
esofagoodmoder
ator
?
a.I
tmustbeasl
i
ghtaspossi
ble.I
tmustsl
owdownt
heneut
ronasqui
ckas
possi
ble
b.I
tmusthav
eresi
stancet
ocor
rosi
on
c.I
tmusthav
egoodmachi
nabi
l
ity
d.I
tmusthav
egoodconduct
ivi
tyandhi
ghmel
ti
ngpoi
nt.
27.Namef
ewt
ypesofr
eact
ors.
Fastr
eact
ors,Ther
malr
eact
ors,nat
uralf
uelr
eact
ors,Enr
ichedUr
ani
um
r
eact
ors,wat
ermoder
atedr
eact
ors,heav
ywat
ermoder
atedr
eact
or,gr
aphi
te
moder
atedr
eact
or,gascool
edr
eact
orsandSodi
um cool
edr
eact
ors.
28.Whatar
etheadv
ant
agesusi
ngCOascool
ant
?
a.Gasesdonotr
eactchemi
cal
l
ywi
tht
hest
ruct
ural
mat
eri
als
b.Gascanat
tai
nanyt
emper
atur
eforapar
ti
cul
arpr
essur
e
c.Theydonotabsor
bneut
ron
d.Thel
eakageofgaswi
l
lnotaf
fectt
her
eact
ivi
ty
e.Thegascool
antpr
ovi
desbestneut
roneconomy
Uni
t-
3
Si
xteenMar
ks
1. Ex
plai
ntheconst
ruct
ionandwor
kingofNucl
earpowerpl
antwi
thal
ayout
.(16)
(
Apr
il
/May2010)
2. (
a)Wi
thneatsket
chexpl
aint
heboi
l
ingwat
err
eact
orpowerpl
ant
.(8)(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
(
b)Whatar
etheadv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofnucl
earpowerpl
ant
?(8)
3. Ex
plai
nthef
oll
owi
ngt
erms:
(Apr
il
/May2010)
Fi
ssi
onofnucl
earf
uel
.
Di
str
ibut
ionoff
issi
onener
gy.
Thechai
nreact
ion.(
May
/June2012)
4. Ex
plai
nwi
thneatsket
cht
hewor
kingoff
astbr
eederr
eact
orpl
ant
.(
8)(
Nov
/Dec
2010)
5. Di
scusswhy
?
a.Nucl
earpowerpl
ant
sar
eusedonl
yasbasel
oadpl
ant
s.(
4)(
May
/June
 2012)
b.Anucl
earr
eact
orneedsamoder
atormat
eri
al.
(6)(
May
/June2012)
c.Cont
rol
rodsar
eusedi
nnucl
earpowerr
eact
or.
(6)(
May
/June2012)

UNI
T-4
GASANDDI
ESELPOWERPLANTS
TWOMARKS

1.Whatdoy oumeanbysuperchar gingofdieselengi

nes?( APRIL/
MAY2015)
Asuperchargerisanaircompressorthatincr
easest hepressur
eordensi
tyofai
rsuppli
ed
t
oani nter
nalcombust i
onengine.Thi
sgiv eseachintakecycleoft
heengi
nemor eoxygen,
l
ett
ingitburnmor efuelanddomor ewor k,t
husincreasi
ngpower .
2.Whyisgast ur
binebestsuit
edforpeakload?( APRI
L/ MAY2015)
3.Whataret hemaindiff
erencesinworkoutputandthermaleffi
ciencyofgasturbi
ne?
(NOV/DEC2014)
4.Whattypesofcy cl
eisusedinGasTur bi
ne?( NOV/DEC2014)
Theidealcycl
eforthesimplegastur
bineistheJouleorBrayt
oncy cl
ewhichisrepresent
ed
bythecycle1234inthep-vandT-Sdiagram (Fi
gur
e4.3).Thecyclecomprisesofthe

f
oll
owi
ngpr
ocess.
5.Comparegast urbi
newi thdieselegi
nepowerpl ant
.(MAY/JUNE2014)
6.Airent
ersthecompr essorofaBr aytoncycleat100kPa,
3ooK,wi
thavol
umetr
icf
lowr
ate
of5m3/s.Thecompr essorpressureratioi
s10.Theturbi
nei
nlett
emperat
urei
s
1400°K.
Determinethet her
malef fi
ciencyf
orthecycle.(
MAY/JUNE2014)

7.Wr
it
ethecl
assi
fi
cat
ionofgast
urbi
ne.(
NOV/
DEC2013)

8.Wr
it
etwoadv
ant
agesofdi
esel
powrpl
ant
s.(
NOV/
DEC2013)
9.Howt
hesol
idi
nject
ionsy
stem i
scl
assi
fi
ed?(
APRI
L/MAY2013)

10.
Unitinj
ectorsystem.
11.
Indi
vidualpumpandnozzl
esy
stem.
12.
Distr
ibutorsyst
em.
13.
Commonr ai
lsystem.

14.
Whatdoy
oumeanbyr
egener
ati
oni
ngast
urbi
nepowerpl
ant
?(APRI
L/MAY2013)

Her e,t
hehotexhaustgasesf rom thet urbinear epassedt hroughaheatexchanger ,or
regener ator, t
oincr easet hetemper atureoft heai rleavingthecompr essorpr iorto
combust i
on.Thi sr educest heamountoff uel neededt oreacht hedesi r
edt urbine-inl
et
temper atur e.Thei ncr easei neffici
encyis, howev er ,t
iedtoal argei ncreasei ni nit
ialcost
andwi llbeeconomi cal onlyforunitsthatar er unal mostcont inuously .
15.
Whatar et hemet hodsbywhi cht hermal efficiencyofagast urbinepowerpl antbe
impr oved?( NOV/ DEC2012)
stati
onar ygast ur bineswher ecomponent smaybeaddedt oincreaseef fici
ency .
Impr ovement scoul di ncl
ude( 1)decreasingcompr essionwor kbyi ntermedi atecool ing,(2)
increasingt urbineout putbyreheat i
ngaf terpar t
ialexpansi on,or(3)decr easi ngf uel
consumpt ionbyr egener ati
on.
16.
Whati st hebasi cdi fferencebet weenadi esel engi neandast eam t urbine?( NOV/ DEC2012)
01)Thecombust ionoff uel(petrolordi esel),takenplacei nsidet heengi necy li
nder
incaseofi nt ernalcombust i
onengi ne, whileinst eam engi nef uelisbur ntinaboi ler
tor aiset hest eam whi chinturnsi susedi ntheengi necy li
nder .

02)Theworki
ngtemperat
ureandpressur
einsi
dethei
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
nes
aremuchhi
ghert
hanthoseinthest
eam engi
nes.

03)Mater
ialwit
hbett
erresist
ancearerequi
redforI.C.Engi
neasther
earever
y
hi
ghtemperatur
eandpressureini
nter
nalcombusti
onenginecompar
ingtost
eam
engi
ne.

04)Stuffi
ngboxgl andsforconnecti
ngrodareavoi
dedinint
ernalcombust
ion
engi
neast hesearemost l
ysingl
eacti
ngcyl
i
nderengi
ne.I
nst
eam enginest
uff
ing
boxglandsarerequi
redforpi
stonrod.
 05)Theef
fi
ciencyofinter
nalcombusti
onengi
nei
sashi ghas35to40% as
compar
edtot hatofst
eam engineswhi
chhaveef
fi
ciencyi
snearabout10t
o
15%.

Advant
agesofi
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
neoverst
eam engi
ne.

01)Itcanbest art
edinst
antaneousl
y,i
nsteam engi
neboi
l
erhast
obef
ir
edand
steam r
aisedbef
oretheengi
necanbestart
ed.

02)I
thasl
owwei
ghtt
opowerr
ati
obecauseofi
tscompactdesi
gn.

03)I
thashi
gheref
fi
ciency
.

13.
Stat
etheappl
icat
ionsofdi
eselpowerpl
ant
.
Assucht
hesepl
ant
sar
einst
all
edwher
esuppl
yofcoal
andwat
eri
snotav
ail
abl
ein
suf
fi
cientquant
it
yorwher
ethepoweri
stobegener
atedi
nsmal
lquant
it
yorwher
e
st
andbyset
sar
erequi
redf
orcont
inui
tyofsuppl
ysuchasi
nhospi
tal
s,t
elephone
exchanges,
radi
o-st
ati
onsandci
nemas.
14.
Whatar
etheappl
icat
ionsofgast
urbi
nepl
ant
?(Apr
il
/May2010)(
Nov
/Dec2010)
a. Gast
urbi
nepowerpl
ant
sar
eusedt
osuppl
ypeakl
oadsi
nst
eam orhy
dro-
pl
ant
s.
b. Theyar
eusedasst
andbypl
ant
sforhy
dro-
elect
ri
cpowerpl
ant
s.
c. Gast
urbi
nesar
eusedi
njet
,ai
rcr
aftandshi
ps.
15.
Listt
hev
ari
ouscomponent
sinadi
eselengi
nepowerpl
ant
.(Nov
/Dec2010)
a.Fuel
Tank.
b.Lubr
icat
ingTank.
c.JackWat
er
d.Cool
i
ngt
ower
16.
Dist
ingui
shbet
weenPHWRandLMFBR..(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
PHWR(
Pressur
isedHeav
yWat
erReact
or)
Br
eederr
eact
ori
sanucl
earr
eact
orcapabl
eofgener
ati
ngmor
efi
ssi
l
emat
eri
alt
hani
t
consumesbecausei
tsneut
roneconomyi
shi
ghenought
obr
eedf
issi
l
efuel
from
f
ert
il
emat
eri
all
i
keur
ani
um-
238or
thor
ium-
232.Br
eeder
swer
eatf
ir
stconsi
der
ed
at
tract
ivebecauseoft
hei
rsuper
iorf
uel
economycompar
edt
oli
ghtwat
err
eact
ors.
LMFBR.(
Liqui
dmet
alf
astbr
eederr
eact
or)
Li
qui
dmet
alf
astbr
eederr
eact
ors(
LMFBR)cool
edbyl
i
qui
dsodi
um.Thesehav
ebeen
ofoneoft
wodesi
gns:
Loop 
type,
inwhi
cht
hepr
imar
ycool
anti
sci
rcul
atedt
hroughpr
imar
yheatexchanger
s
out
sidet
her
eact
ort
ank(
buti
nsi
det
he 
biol
ogi
cal
shi
eld 
duet
oradi
oact
ivesodi
um-
24
i
nthepr
imar
ycool
ant
)
Pool
 
type,
inwhi
cht
hepr
imar
yheatexchanger
sandpumpsar
eimmer
sedi
nthe
r
eact
ort
ank.
17.
Whati
scombi
nedcy
clepowerpl
ant
?.(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
I
nel
ect
ri
cpowergener
ati
onacombi
nedcy
clei
sanassembl
yofheatengi
nes
t
hatwor
kint
andem of
fthesamesour
ceofheat
,conv
ert
ingi
tint
omechani
cal
ener
gy,
whi
chi
ntur
nusual
l
ydr
ivesel
ect
ri
cal
gener
ator
s.Thepr
inci
plei
sthatt
heexhaustof
oneheatengi
nei
susedast
heheatsour
cef
oranot
her
,thusext
ract
ingmor
eusef
ul
ener
gyf
rom t
heheat
,incr
easi
ngt
hesy
stem'
sov
eral
lef
fi
ciency
.Inanor
dinar
y(non
combi
nedcy
cle)heatengi
net
her
emai
ningheat(
e.g.
,hotexhaustf
umes)f
rom
combust
ioni
sgener
all
ywast
ed.
Combi
ningt
woormor
ether
mody
nami
ccy
clesr
esul
tsi
nimpr
ovedov
eral
l
ef
fi
ciency
,reduci
ngf
uel
cost
s.I
nst
ati
onar
ypowerpl
ant
s,awi
del
yusedcombi
nat
ioni
s
agast
urbi
ne(
oper
ati
ngbyt
heBr
ayt
oncy
cle)bur
ningnat
ural
gasorsy
nthesi
sgas
f
rom coal
,whosehotexhaustpower
sast
eam powerpl
ant(
oper
ati
ngbyt
heRanki
ne
cy
cle)
.Thi
siscal
l
edaCombi
nedCy
cleGasTur
bine(
CCGT)pl
ant
,andcanachi
eve
t
her
mal
eff
ici
encyofar
ound60%,
incont
rastt
oasi
ngl
ecy
clest
eam powerpl
ant
whi
chi
sli
mit
edt
oef
fi
cienci
esofar
ound35-
42%.Manynewgaspowerpl
ant
sinNor
th
Amer
icaandEur
opear
eoft
hist
ype.Suchanar
rangementi
sal
sousedf
ormar
ine
pr
opul
sion,
andi
scal
l
edacombi
nedgasandst
eam (
COGAS)pl
ant
.Mul
ti
plest
age
t
urbi
neorst
eam cy
clesar
eal
socommon.

18. Whatar
ethemet
hodsbywhi
cht
heef
fi
ciencyofanopency
clegaspl
antcan
bei
mpr
oved?(
May
/June2012)
Byi
ncr
easi
ngt
heef
fi
ciencyofcompr
essor
,tur
bineandcombust
ionchamberwecan
i
ncr
easet
heef
fi
ciencyofopency
clegaspl
ant
19. Whati
smeantbyr
egener
ati
on?(
May
/June2012)
Regener
ati
onhel
psi
mpr
ovet
heRanki
necy
cleef
fi
ciencybypr
eheat
ingt
hef
eedwat
er
i
ntot
heboi
l
er.Regener
ati
oncanbeachi
evedbyopenf
eedwat
erheat
ersorcl
osed
f
eedwat
erheat
ers.I
nopenf
eedwat
erheat
ers,
afr
act
ionoft
hest
eam exi
ti
ngahi
gh
pr
essur
etur
binei
smi
xedwi
tht
hef
eedwat
eratt
hesamepr
essur
e.I
ncl
osedsy
stem,
t
hest
eam bl
edf
rom t
het
urbi
nei
snotdi
rect
lymi
xedwi
tht
hef
eedwat
er,
andt
her
efor
e,
t
het
wost
reamscanbeatdi
ff
erentpr
essur
es.
20. St
atet
hemer
it
sanddemer
it
sofcl
osedcy
clegast
urbi
neov
eropency
clegas
t
urbi
nepowerpl
ant
.(Apr
il
/May2010)
Adv
ant
agesofCl
osedCy
cleGasTur
bine:
 Foragi
venout
putt
hesi
zeoft
heCompr
essorandt
heTur
binear
ever
ysmal
l
.
Thi
sisal
lhappenedduet
oLowSpeci
fi
cVol
umeofAi
rwhi
chent
ersi
nto
Compr
essor
,asAi
rispr
ecool
edi
nPr
ecool
ersal
sot
hePr
essur
eatt
hei
nlett
o
t
heCompr
essorcanbekeptwel
labov
etheAt
mospher
icandmai
ntai
ned
ar
oundt
hewhol
ecy
cle.
 Ther
eisnoCor
rosi
onandAccumul
ati
onofDeposi
tsofCar
bonorTaront
he
Bl
adeandNozzl
esoft
het
urbi
nenoi
nter
nal
cleani
ngr
equi
red.
 AnyFuel
ofHi
ghCal
ori
fi
cVal
uemaybeused,
ast
hepr
oduct
sofcombust
iondo
notmi
xwi
tht
hewor
kingf
lui
d.
 Bymaki
nganI
ner
tGasl
i
keHel
i
um ast
hewor
kingmedi
um,
usecanbemade
f
ormat
eri
alsi
ntheTur
bineDesi
gn,
li
keMol
ybdenum Al
l
oys.Thi
shasHi
gh
St
ressPr
oper
ti
esatel
evat
edTemper
atur
eabov
e1000degr
eecent
igr
ade.By
 suchmeanst
heTur
binePl
antef
fi
ciencyatov
er50%canbeachi
eved.
 Thewast
eHeatoft
heCombust
ionGasesf
rom t
heHeatandRe-
heat
erscanbe
f
urt
herusedf
orHeat
ingWat
er.Thi
scanbeusedf
orHotWat
ersuppl
yfor
I
ndust
ri
alorDomest
icpur
pose.
Di
sadv
ant
agesofCl
osedCy
cleGasTur
bine:
 Ex
ter
nal
fur
nacef
orcombust
ionpr
ocess
 Mor
ecompl
i
cat
edandcost
ly
 Sy
stem mustbest
rongenought
oresi
sthi
ghpr
essur
es.
 Cool
anti
susedf
orpr
e-cool
i
ngwher
easnocool
anti
srequi
redi
nopency
clegas
.

21. Whati
stheuseofdr
aftt
ube?
Thedr
aftt
ubei
susedt
oregai
ntheki
net
icener
gyofwat
ercomi
ngoutofr
eact
ion
t
urbi
ne.I
tenabl
est
her
eact
iont
urbi
net
obepl
acedov
ert
ail
racel
evel
.
22.Whati
sthef
unct
ion-
ofcool
i
ngsy
stem i
nDi
eselpowerpl
ant
?
Thef
unct
ionofcool
i
ngsy
stem i
stor
emov
eheatf
rom t
heengi
necy
li
ndert
o
keept
het
emper
atur
eoft
hecy
li
nderi
nlowr
angeandext
endengi
nel
i
fe.
23.Def
inet
urbochar
gingi
ncombi
nedgast
urbi
neanddi
eselcy
cles?
I
nthecombi
nedcy
cle,
theexhaustgasf
rom t
hedi
eselengi
nei
sexpandedi
nthe
t
urbi
ne,
whi
chi
scoupl
edwi
thcompr
essorwhi
chsuppl
i
espr
essur
izedai
rtot
he
di
eselengi
ne.Thi
sincr
easesdi
esel
engi
neout
put
.Thi
sar
rangementi
sknownas
t
urbochar
ging.
24.Whatar
ethei
mpor
tantadv
ant
agesofRe-
heat
ing?
a.Duet
oreheat
ing,
net
wor
kdonei
ncr
eases
b.Heatsuppl
yincr
eases
c.Ther
mal
eff
ici
encyi
ncr
eases
d.Duet
oreheat
ing,t
het
urbi
neexi
tdr
ynessf
ract
ioni
ncr
easessomoi
stur
e
decr
eases-sobl
adeer
osi
onbecomesmi
nimum -sol
i
feoft
het
urbi
newi
l
lbe
i
ncr
eased.
25.Namedi
ff
erentmet
hodsofr
eheat
ing?
a.GasReheat
ing
 b.Li
ve-st
eam r
eheat
ing
c.Combi
nedgasl
i
vest
eam r
eheat
er.
26.Def
inebl
eedi
ngi
nst
eam powerpl
ant
?
AssumeIkgofst
eam i
sexpandedi
nthet
urbi
ne.Bef
orecompl
eteamountof
st
eam -
isexpanded,
someamountofst
eam (
m kg)i
sext
ract
ed'Ext
ract
ingt
he
st
eam i
nthet
urbi
nebef
oreexhausti
scal
l
edbl
eedi
ng.Thi
sbl
edst
eam i
susedt
oheat
t
hef
eedwat
er.
27.Expl
aint
het
erm Regener
ati
on?
Regener
ati
onmeansheat
ingt
hef
eedwat
erbyst
eam t
akenf
rom t
het
urbi
ne.The
st
eam i
sexhaust
ed(
bled)f
rom t
het
urbi
neatsev
erall
ocat
ionsbef
oreexhaust
andi
ssuppl
i
edt
oregener
ator(
feedwat
erheat
er)t
oheatt
hef
eedwat
er.
Uni
t-
4
Si
xteenMar
ks
1.Di
scussbr
ief
lyt
hemet
hodsempl
oyedf
ori
mpr
ovementoft
her
mal
eff
ici
encyof
opengast
urbi
nepowerpl
ant
.(
16)(
Apr
il
/May2010)
2.St
atet
headv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofgast
urbi
nepowerpl
ant
sov
erdi
esel
andt
her
mal
powerpl
ant
s.(
16)(
Nov
/Dec2010)
3.Dr
awt
hel
ayoutofdi
esel
engi
nepowerpl
antandexpl
aint
hev
ari
ousf
unct
ionsof
v
ari
ouscomponent
sofdi
esel
engi
nepowerpl
ant
.(
16)(
Nov
/Dec2010)(
Apr
il
/May
2011)(
May
/June2012)
4.Wr
it
eindet
ail
edt
echni
cal
not
eont
hef
oll
owi
ng:
(Apr
il
/May2011)
i
)Reheat
ing i
i
)Regener
ati
on.
5.Dr
awdi
agr
amsandexpl
aint
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenopency
cleandcl
osedcy
clegas
t
urbi
nepl
ant
s.(
16)(
May
/June2012)
 UNI
T5
NON-
CONVENTI
ONALPOWERGENERATI
ON
TWOMARKS
1.Enumerat
ethef
act
orsaf
fect
ingt
hesui
tabi
l
ityoft
hesi
tef
ort
idal
powerpl
ant
.(APRI
L/MAY
2015)
Theycanincreasesil
tdeposit
s,whichcanblockoutsunl
i
ghtandpr
eventpl
ant
s
fr
om growing
Theycanchanget hestr
uctureofthecoastandleadtoer
osi
onofdunesandother
cri
ti
calhabi
tat
Theypreventaccesstori
versandcutoffshippi
ng
Costl
ytobuild
Locat
ionsarehighlyl
imit
ed

2.Whati sthepr incipleofoper at

ionofMHDgener ators?(APRI L/MAY2015)
TheMHDgener ationor ,alsoknownasmagnet ohydrody namicpowergener ati
onisadir
ect
ener
gyconversionsy stem whi chconv ert
stheheatenergydirectlyi
ntoelect
ri
calener
gy,
wit
houtanyintermedi at emechani calenergyconver
sion,asopposedt othecaseinal
lot
her
powergenerat
ingpl ants.Therefore,inthi
sprocess,substant
ialfueleconomycanbeachieved
duetotheeli
mi nationoft heli
nkpr ocessofproduci
ngmechani calenergyandthenagai
n
conver
ti
ngittoel ectricalenergy.

3.Whatar
ethet
ypesofSol
arcol
l
ect
or?(
NOV/
DEC2014)

4.Gi
veexampl
eofgeot
her
malr
esour
ces?(
NOV/
DEC2014)
Geother
mal ener gyusestheheatoftheearthtoprovi
dedirectheatorelectr
ici
ty
product
ion.Directheatgeother
mal useslowt omoderat
etemper atur
ewat erto
heatstr
uctures,growplantsingreenhouses,andi
nindustr
ialprocessessuchas
dryi
ngfoodorf ishfarming.

5.Whatisthepri
ncipl
eofOTECpl
ant
?(MAY/JUNE2014)
Oceant
hermalenergyconv
ersi
on(
OTEC)usest
hetemper
atur
edi
ff
erencebet
weencool
er
deepandwar mershal l
oworsur f
aceoceanwaterstorunaheatengi neandpr oduceuseful
work,usuall
yintheform ofel
ectri
cit
y.OTECisabaseloadelectri
cit
ygenerati
onsy stem,i.
e.
24hrs/dayally
earlong.However,si
ncethetemperatur
edi
fferenti
alissmall,
theef f
ici
encyis
l
ow, decreasi
ngtheeconomi cfeasi
bil
it
yofoceanthermal
ener gyforelect
ri
cit
ygener at
ion.

6.Specifyt
hesi gnifi
canceofpowerpr oducti
onusi ngMHDpl ant.(MAY/ JUNE2014)
IntheMHDgener atortheadvantageofhav ingnomov ingpar tsallowst owor kathigher
temperat
urest hanaconv enti
onal energyconversion.Itispossi bl
et owor kwithtemperatur
e
around3000K, andat hesetemper aturethemaximum t heoreticaleffi
ciencywouldbenear90%.
Inthesecti
onofnearf utureMHDpowergener ationsyst em thepl anteffi
ciencycanbe
i
ncreasedbyincr easi
ngthewor kingt emperat
ure, donot usecondenserofst eam-turbi
neto
reduceexhaustheat ,
andt oconstructenergyre-circul
atingtypesy st
em.

7.Def i
neLawofconser
vati
onofEnergy
.(NOV/DEC2013)
Thelawofconser
vat
ionofener
gyisalawofsci
encethatstat
esthatener
gycannotbecr
eated
ordestr
oyed,
butonl
ychangedfr
om oneformi
ntoanotherortr
ansfer
redfr
om oneobj
ectt
o
another

8.Wr i
tet heuseoft hermionicconv erter.(
NOV/ DEC2013)
Thermioni cconver
t ershav esev eraladv ant
agesov ertr
aditi
onalel
ectromechani calconvert
ers:
theabsenceofmov ingpar ts,compact ness, hi
ghreli
abil
ity
,andthepossi bil
i
tyofoper ati
on
withoutregularservicing.Asoft hemi d–1970’s,acontinuousoperat
ingl i
feofov er40,000
hourshadbeenachi evedf orani ndi
vidual t
hermionicconverter
.Apromi singapplicat
ionof
thermionicconvertersi stheiruseashi gh-t
emperatureunitsofmulti
stageener gy
converters—forexampl e,i
ncombi nati
onwi t
hthermoelectri
cconvert
ersoper at
ingatl ower
temper at
ur es

9.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyzer
oener
gyhouses?(
APRI
L/MAY2013)

10.Whatar
ethecl
assi
fi
cat
ionofgeot
her
mal
ener
gy?
(APRI
L/MAY2013)

11.Whatisasol
arcel
l?(NOV/DEC2012)
12.Li
stoutt
hetypesofgeot
hermalr
esour
ces?(
NOV/
DEC2012)
Hydrot
her
malresources
LowTemperatur
e:"DirectUse"orHeati
ng
HighTemper
ature:ProducingElect
ri
cit
y

Twomai
nty
pesofhy
drot
her
mal
resour
cesar
eusedt
ogener
ateel
ect
ri
cit
y:

 dryst
eam (vapor
-dominated)reser
v oi
rs,
and
 hotwater(
li
quid-
dominated)reservoir
s.
13.Whati
saf
uelcel
l?(
Apr
il
/May2010)
A 
fuelcel
l 
i
sadev
icet
hatconv
ert
sthechemi
cal
ener
gyf
rom af
uel
int
oel
ect
ri
ci
ty
[
1]
t
hroughachemi
cal
react
ionwi
thoxy
genoranot
heroxi
dizi
ngagent
.  
Hydr
ogen 
i
s
t
hemostcommonf
uel
,buthy
drocar
bonssuchasnat
ural
gasandal
cohol
s
l
i
ke 
met
hanol
 
aresomet
imesused.
 
14.
Whatar
etheadv
ant
agesandl
imi
tat
ionsoft
idalpowerpl
ant
?(Apr
il
/May2010)
Adv
ant
ages:
 
 Theener
gypr
oducedi
scl
eanandnonpol
l
uti
ng.
 
 Ther
eisnocar
bondi
oxi
deoranyot
herby
-pr
oduct
srel
eased
 I
tisar
enewabl
eener
gyt
hatwi
l
lhel
preduceourr
eli
anceont
hebur
ningof
f
ossi
l. 
Di
sadv
ant
ages:
 Hol
dingbackt
het
ideal
l
owssi
l
ttobui
l
dupont
her
iverbed.
 Thedamsandbar
ragessomet
imesi
nter
fer
ewi
thshi
ppi
ng.
 
 Youwi
l
lneedt
ofi
ndawayt
oconnectt
heel
ect
ri
cit
ytot
hegr
id.
 Posesamet
hreat
sasl
argedams,
alt
eri
ngt
hef
lowofsal
twat
eri
nandoutof
est
uar
ies,
whi
chchangest
hehy
drol
ogyandsal
i
nit
yandpossi
blynegat
ivel
y
af
fect
sthemar
inemammal
sthatuset
heest
uar
iesast
hei
rhabi
tat
15.
Def
inephot
ovol
tai
ccel
l.(
Nov
/Dec2010)
Aphot
ovol
tai
ccel
l(PVcel
l
)isaspeci
ali
zed 
semi
conduct
or 
diode 
thatconv
ert
s
v
isi
blel
i
ghti
ntodi
rectcur
rent(
DC)
.SomePVcel
l
scanal
soconv
erti
nfr
ared(
IR)or
ul
tr
avi
olet(
UV)r
adi
ati
oni
ntoDCel
ect
ri
cit
y.Phot
ovol
tai
ccel
l
sar
eani
ntegr
alpar
tof
sol
ar-
elect
ri
cener
gysy
stems,
whi
char
ebecomi
ngi
ncr
easi
ngl
yimpor
tantas
al
ter
nat
ivesour
cesofut
il
it
ypower
.
16.
Def
ineMHDpowergener
ati
on.(
Nov
/Dec2010)
The 
MHD 
(magnet
ohy
drody
nami
c) 
gener
ator
 t
ransf
orms 
ther
mal
ener
gy 
and 
kinet
icener
gy 
dir
ect
lyi
nto 
elect
ri
cit
y.MHDgener
ator
sar
edi
ff
erent
f
rom t
radi
ti
onal
 
elect
ri
cgener
ator
s i
nthatt
heyoper
ateathi
ght
emper
atur
es
wi
thout
 mov
ingpar
ts.MHDwasdev
elopedbecauset
hehotexhaustgasofan
MHDgener
atorcanheatt
heboi
l
ersofa 
steam 
powerpl
ant
,incr
easi
ngov
eral
l
ef
fi
ciency
.MHDwasdev
elopedasa 
toppi
ngcy
cle 
toi
ncr
easet
heef
fi
ciency
of
 el
ect
ri
cgener
ati
on,
especi
all
ywhenbur
ning 
coal
or 
nat
ural
gas.MHDdy
namos
ar
ethecompl
ementof
 MHDpr
opul
sions’
,whi
chhav
ebeenappl
i
edt
opumpl
i
qui
d
met
alsandi
nsev
eral
exper
iment
alshi
pengi
nes.
17.
Stat
etheappl
icat
ionsofsol
art
her
malsy
stem..(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
Sol
arTher
mal
Syst
em i
sdi
ff
erentf
rom andmuchmor
eef
fi
ci han[1][2][3] 
entt phot
o
v
olt
aics,
whi
chconv
ert
ssol
arener
gydi
rect
lyi
nto 
elect
ri
cit
y.Whi
l
eexi
sti
ng
gener
ati
onf
aci
l
iti
espr
ovi
deonl
y600megawat
tsofsol
art
her
mal
powerwor
ldwi
de
[
not
e1]
i
nOct
ober2009,  
plant
sforanaddi
ti
onal
400megawat
tsar
eunder
const
ruct
ionanddev
elopmenti
sunder
wayf
or 
concent
rat
edsol
arpower
 pr
oject
s
[
4]
t
otal
i
ng14,
000megawat
ts.
18.
Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentt
ypesofgeot
her
malf
lui
dandgi
vei
tst
emper
atur
erange?
.(
Apr
il
/May
2011)
Geochemi
cal
studi
esoft
hegeot
her
mal
flui
dscl
ari
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
Mostgeot
her
mal
flui
dsobt
ainedf
rom r
eser
voi
rsdev
elopedf
orgeot
her
mal
powergener
ati
onar
eoft
heneut
ral
Na-
CIt
ype.
Geot
her
mal
flui
dsor
igi
nat
efr
om acombi
nat
ionofmet
eor
icwat
er/
air(
i.
e.
deepl
yci
rcul
atedsubsur
facewat
er)andmagmat
ic/
vol
cani
cemanat
ions(
or
"
fossi
lseawat
er"al
ter
edf
rom deepl
yci
rcul
atedsubsur
faceseawat
er,
f
ormat
ionwat
erorconnat
ewat
er)
.
Asconcent
rat
ionsandcomposi
ti
onsofgeot
her
mal
flui
dsbecome
equi
l
ibr
atedchemi
cal
l
yandi
sot
opi
cal
l
ywi
tht
hesur
roundi
ngr
ocksand
mi
ner
alsofgeot
her
mal
reser
voi
rs,
geochemi
cal
ther
momet
ers(
sil
i
ca
concent
rat
ion-
,al
kal
irat
io-
,gascomposi
ti
on-andi
sot
opi
ccomposi
ti
on-geo
t
her
momet
ers)ar
eusedt
orecor
dthesepr
ocesses.
19.
Whati
sasol
arcel
l?(
May
/June2012)
A 
sol
arcel
l 
(al
socal
l
eda 
phot
ovol
tai
ccel
l)i
sanel
ect
ri
cal
dev
icet
hatconv
ert
sthe
ener
gyof
 l
ight
 di
rect
lyi
nto 
elect
ri
cit
y byt
he 
phot
ovol
tai
cef
fect
.Iti
saf
orm
of
 phot
oel
ect
ri
ccel
l 
(i
nthati
tsel
ect
ri
cal
char
act
eri
sti
cs—e.
g.cur
rent
,vol
tage,
or
r
esi
stance—v
arywhenl
i
ghti
sinci
dentuponi
t)whi
ch,
whenexposedt
oli
ght
,can
gener
ateandsuppor
tanel
ect
ri
ccur
rentwi
thoutbei
ngat
tachedt
oanyext
ernal
v
olt
agesour
ce.
20.
Whati
sthepr
inci
pleofat
her
moel
ect
ri
cpowergener
ator
?(May
/June2012)
Ther
moel
ect
ri
cgener
ator
s (
alsocal
l
ed 
Seebeckgener
ator
s)ar
edev
iceswhi
ch
conv
ertheat(
temper
atur
edi
ff
erences)di
rect
lyi
ntoel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy,
usi
nga
phenomenoncal
l
edt
he"
Seebeckef
fect
"(or"
ther
moel
ect
ri
cef
fect
").Thei
rty
pical
ef
fi
cienci
esar
ear
ound5-
8%.Ol
derSeebeck-
baseddev
icesusedbi
met
all
i
c
j
unct
ionsandwer
ebul
kywhi
l
emor
erecentdev
icesusesemi
conduct
or 
p-n
[
1]
j
unct
ions 
madef
rom bi
smut
htel
l
uri
de 
(Bi
2Te3)
, 
leadt
ell
uri
de 
(PbTe)
, cal
cium
[
2]
manganeseoxi
de,
orcombi
nat
ionst
her
eof
, dependi
ngont
emper
atur
e.Thesear
e
sol
i
dst
atedev
icesandunl
i
ke 
dynamos 
hav
eno 
mov
ingpar
ts,
wit
htheoccasi
onal
except
ionofaf
anorpump.
21.
Whati
ncl
udesf
ixedcost
?
 Fi
xedcosti
ncl
udest
hef
oll
owi
ngcost
.
 Costofl
and
 Costofbui
l
ding
 Costofequi
pment
 Costofi
nst
all
ati
6n
 I
nter
est
 Depr
eci
ati
oncost
 I
nsur
ance
 Managementcost
22.
Whati
ncl
udesoper
ati
ngcost
?
 Oper
ati
ngcosti
ncl
udest
hef
oll
owi
ngcost
.
 Costoff
uel
 Costofoper
ati
ngl
abour
,
 Costofmai
ntenancel
abour
sandmat
eri
als.
 Costofsuppl
i
erl
i
ke
 Wat
erf
orf
eedi
ngboi
l
ers,
forcondenserandf
orgener
aluse.
 Lubr
icat
ionoi
land,
grease.Wat
ert
reat
mentchemi
cal
s.
23.
Whatar
ethewast
emat
eri
als,
whi
chcanbeusedf
orf
uelf
orpowergener
ati
on?
 Muni
cipal
wast
e
 I
ndust
ri
alwast
e
 Paperwast
e
 Rubberwast
e.
24.
Def
inet
het
erm wast
eheatr
ecov
ery
?
Wast
eheati
stheheatwhi
chi
snotatal
lusedandexhaust
edoutasa
wast
epr
oduct
.Wast
eheati
snor
mal
l
yav
ail
abl
efr
om t
hei
ndust
ryi
nthef
orm
ofpr
ocessst
eam andwat
erathi
ght
emper
atur
e.Al
so,t
hewast
eheati
s
di
schar
gedwi
tht
heexhaustgasesi
nsomanyi
ndust
ri
es.Thi
sheatcanbe
r
ecov
eredf
orusef
ulpur
pose.Thi
spr
ocessi
sknown-
aswast
eheatr
ecov
ery
.
25.
Whati
stheneedofdepr
eci
ati
oncost
?
Depr
eci
ati
oncosti
stheamountt
obesetasi
depery
earf
rom t
hei
ncomeof
t
hepl
antt
omeett
hedepr
eci
ati
oncausedbyt
heageofser
vice,wearand
t
earoft
hemachi
ner
yandequi
pment
s.Depr
eci
ati
onamountcol
l
ect
edev
ery
y
earhel
psi
nrepl
aci
ngandr
epai
ri
ngt
heequi
pment
.
26.
Whati
smeantby'
Desul
phur
izat
ion'andnamet
hemet
hodsadopt
edf
or
Desul
phur
izat
ion?
 Desul
phur
isat
ionoff
ueli
sthepr
ocessofr
educi
ngt
hesul
phurcont
ent
i
nthef
uel
.Thef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodsar
eadopt
edf
ordesul
phur
isat
ion.
 Chemi
cal
treat
ment
 For
thf
lot
ati
on
 Magnet
icsepar
ati
on
27.
Whatar
ethemet
hodsadopt
edt
oremov
e'S02f
luegases?
 Wetscr
ubbi
ng
 Sol
i
dabsor
bent
 Cat
aly
ticoxi
dat
ion
Si
xteenMar
ks
1.Expl
ainwi
thaneatdi
agr
am ofwi
ndel
ect
ri
cgener
ati
ngpowerpl
ant
.(
16)(
Apr
il
/May
2010)
2.Descr
ibeopency
cleMHDsy
stem wi
thsui
tabl
esket
ch.
(16)(
Apr
il
/May2010)
3.Di
scusst
het
hreet
ypesofdi
rectener
gyconv
ersi
ondev
ices.
(16)(
Nov
/Dec2010)
4.Cl
assi
fyandexpl
aini
ndet
ail
aboutt
heTi
dal
Ener
gyConv
ersi
onSy
stem.
(16)
(
Apr
il
/May2011)
5.Wr
it
eat
echni
cal
not
eont
hef
oll
owi
ng:
(May
/June2012)
Fuel
Cel
l
Ther
mioni
cconv
ert
er.
Geot
her
mal
powergener
ati
on.
(16)

Par
t2:I
ntr
oduct
ion&Key

Thislessonwi
llcompar
ethef
ourwidel
yusedpowerst
ati
ons(
steam,
hydr
o,di
esel
and
nuclear)wi
thr
egardtot
hefol
l
owingaspect
s:

 Locat
ion&spacer
equi
red

 I
nit
ial&r
unni
ngcost

 Ov
eralef
fi
ciency&st
and-
byl
osses

 Mai
ntenancecost
s

 Li
mitofpowersour
ce

 CostofFuel&Cl
eanemi
ssi
ons

 St
art
ing

 Tr
ansmi
ssi
on&di
str
ibut
ioncost
s
Fort
heabov
ecompar
ison,
sor
tabl
eli
stswi
l
lbeusedwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngkeyofmer
it
:

1-
-Highestmeri
t(Hi
ghl
ydesir
able)
3-
-Secondlowestmeri
t(Tol
erabl
e)

2-
-Secondhi
ghestmerit(
Accept
abl
e)
4-
-Lowestmeri
t(Notdesi
rabl
e)

Youcanclickont hesor
ti
ngicontosor
tli
stsbyt
heit
em youar
eint
erest
edin.Thi
s
i
nformati
oni svit
ali
ndecidi
ngthety
peofpowerstat
iont
hatwoul
dbesuitabl
ein
di
ffer
entsi
t uat
ions.

hel
p|edi
t

Par
t4:ByLocat
ion&Spacer
equi
red
Power Ran Ran
Locat
ion Spacer
equi
red
St
ati
on k k

Steam
Wheret
her
eisampl
esuppl
yof Needssuf
fi
cientspacef
oral
l
Power 2 3
wat
erandcoal
. equi
pment.
st
ation

Hydr
o
Wherelar
gereser
voir
scanbe Needsveryl
argespacef
or
Power 4 4
obt
ainedbydam constr
uct
ion. const
ruct
ingadam
st
ati
on

Di
esel
Wheret
herei
srequi
redspace& Needsv
eryli
tt
lespacef
oral
l
Power 1 2
wat
er,t
huscanbelocat
edanywher
e. equi
pment
st
ati
on

Nucl
ear Wherether
eisenoughsupplyof Needstheleastspace,
Power 3wat
er,butmustnotbetoofaraway 1comparedanyot herpower
st
ati
on f
rom popul
atedar
eas. stat
ionofequalcapacit
y

hel
p|edi
t
Par
t6:ByLi
mitofsour
ceofpower
Ran
PowerSt
ati
on Li
mitofsour
ceofpower
k

St
eam Power
4HasmostLi
mit
edf
uel
Reser
ves.
st
ati
on

Hasundependabl
ewat
ersour
ceduet
oweat
her
Hy
droPowerst
ati
on 2
var
iat
ions.

Di
esel
Powerst
ati
on 3HasLi
mit
edf
uel
Reser
ves.

Nucl
earPower
1Hassuf
fi
ci
entf
uel
Reser
ves.
st
ati
on

hel
p|edi
t

Par
t8:ByMai
ntenancecost
s
Ran
PowerSt
ati
on Mai
ntenancecost
sJust
if
icat
ion
k

St
eam Power
3Hi
gh.Ski
l
ledst
affr
equi
red.
st
ati
on

Hy
droPowerst
ati
on 1Lowest
.

Di
esel
Powerst
ati
on 2Low.

Nucl
earPower Highest.Hi
ghl
yski
l
ledandspeci
ali
sedst
aff
4
st
ati
on requi
red.

hel
p|edi
t
Par
t10:BySt
art
ing
Ran St
arti
ng
PowerSt
ati
on
k Just
if
icati
on

St
eam Power Longestst
art
ing
4
st
ati
on ti
me.

Shor
testst
art
ing
Hy
droPowerst
ati
on 1
ti
me.

Di
esel
Powerst
ati
on 2Shor
tst
art
ingt
ime.

Nucl
earPower
3Longst
art
ingt
ime
st
ati
on

Par
t3:ByI
nit
ialCost&Runni
ngcost
Ran Ran
PowerSt
ati
on I
nit
ialCost Runni
ngcost
k k

St
eam Power Arel
owert
hant
hoseofHy
dro& Higherthanhy
dro&
2 3
st
ati
on Nucl
ear
. nuclear
.

Hydr
oPower Areveryhi
ghbecauseofdam Pract
ical
l
yNI
L;nof
uel
3 1
st
ati
on const
ructi
on. needed

Di
eselPower Lowestcompar
edt
oal
lot
herpower Hi
ghestduet
oDi
esel
1 4
st
ati
on stat
ions. pr
ices

Nucl
earPower Highestduet
ocompl
exnucl
ear
4 2Secondl
owest
st
ati
on react
ors.

hel
p|edi
t
Par
t5:ByOv
eralEf
fi
ciency&St
and-
byl
osses
Ran Ran
PowerSt
ati
on Ef
fi
ciency Losses
k k

St
eam Power Thi
sisplanti
s≈ Thisi
sduetoBoil
err
emaini
nginoper
ati
on
4 4
st
ati
on 25%eff
icient
. eveni
ftur
binei
sswit
chedoff
.

Hydr
oPower Thi
sisplanti
s≈
1 1Thi
sPl
anthasnost
and-
byl
osses
st
ati
on 85%eff
icient
.

Di
eselPower Thi
sisplanti
s≈
3 2Thi
sPl
anthasl
esserst
and-
byl
osses
st
ati
on 35%eff
icient
.

Nucl
earPower Thi
sisplanti
s≈
2 3Thi
sPl
anthasl
essst
and-
byl
osses
st
ati
on 55%eff
icient

hel
p|edi
t

Par
t7:ByCostofFuel&Cl
eanemi
ssi
ons
Power Ran Ran
CostofFuelJust
if
icat
ion Cl
eanemi
ssi
onsJust
if
icat
ion
St
ati
on k k

Steam Maximum, dueto

Power 4constantdemandofcoal 4Hashi
ghestpol
l
uti
ngemi
ssi
ons.
st
ation &transport
ati
on.

Hydr
o
Power 1Pr
act
ical
l
yni
l
. 1Pr
act
ical
l
ynoemi
ssi
on
st
ati
on

Di
esel
Hi
gherthanHydr
oand Hascl
eaneremissi
onscomparedto
Power 3 2
Nucl
earpowerst
ati
ons. st
eam &nucl
earpowerstat
ions.
st
ati
on

Nucl
ear 2Mi
nimum,
duet
osmal
l 3Hascl
eaneremi
ssi
onscompar
edt
o
 steam powerstat
ionsbutproduces
Power
quant
it
iesoff
uel
requi
red. nuclearwaste,
whichiscurr
entlyan
st
ati
on
unsolvedprobl
em.

hel
p|edi
t

Par
t9:ByTr
ansmi
ssi
on&Di
str
ibut
ioncost
s
Ran Tr
ansmi
ssi
on&Di st
ribut
ioncost
s
PowerSt
ati
on
k Just
if
icat
ion

St
eam Power
2Low.Pl
anti
scl
oset
oloadcent
er.
st
ati
on

Hy
droPowerst
ati
on 4Hi
ghest
.Pl
anti
sfur
thestf
rom l
oadcent
er.

Di
esel
Powerst
ati
on 1Lowest
.Pl
anti
satl
oadcent
er.

Nucl
earPower
3Hi
gh.Pl
anti
sfarf
rom l
oadcent
er.
st
ati
on