Republ

icofthePhi
l
ippi
nes
I
SABELASTATEUNI VERSITY
Ci
tyofIl
aganCampus

Col
l
egeofEngineer
ing,
Archi
tect
ureandTechnol
ogy
Depart
mentofEngineer
ing

Depar
tmentofCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing

1stSemest
er,
SY2020-
2021

WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG
CE-
80

PRELI
M EXAM

ARIANNEJOYCEA.DEGRACI
A Remar
ks:
Student
BSCE4
I
DNo.15- 10818

ENGR.RONEDUARDA.LUMABI
I
nstr
uct
or
HYDROLOGI
CCYCLE

 EVAPORATI
ON

Ev
apor
ati
onoccur
swhent
hephy
sical
stat
eofwat
eri
schangedf
rom al
i
qui
dst
atet
oagaseous
st
ate.Aconsi
der
abl
eamountofheat
,about600cal
ori
esofener
gyf
oreachgr
am ofwat
er,
is
exchangeddur
ingt
hechangeofst
ate.Ty
pical
l
y,sol
arr
adi
ati
onandot
herf
act
orssuchasai
r
t
emper
atur
e,v
aporpr
essur
e,wi
nd,
andat
mospher
icpr
essur
eaf
fectt
heamountofnat
ural
ev
apor
ati
ont
hatt
akespl
acei
nanygeogr
aphi
car
ea.Ev
apor
ati
oncanoccuronr
aindr
ops,
andon
f
reewat
ersur
facessuchasseasandl
akes.I
tcanev
enoccurf
rom wat
erset
tl
edonv
eget
ati
on,
soi
l
,
r
ocksandsnow.Ther
eisal
soev
apor
ati
oncausedbyhumanact
ivi
ti
es.Heat
edbui
l
dingsexper
ience
ev
apor
ati
onofwat
erset
tl
edoni
tssur
faces.Ev
apor
atedmoi
stur
eisl
i
ftedi
ntot
heat
mospher
efr
om
t
heocean,
landsur
faces,
andwat
erbodi
esaswat
erv
apor
.Somev
aporal
way
sexi
stsi
nthe
at
mospher
e.

 CONDENSATI
ON

Condensat
ioni
sthepr
ocessbywhi
chwat
erv
aporchangesi
t'
sphy
sical
stat
efr
om av
apor
,most
commonl
y,t
oal
i
qui
d.Wat
erv
aporcondensesont
osmal
lai
rbor
nepar
ti
clest
ofor
m dew,
fog,
or
cl
ouds.Themostact
ivepar
ti
clest
hatf
orm cl
oudsar
eseasal
ts,
atmospher
ici
onscausedby
l
i
ght
ning,
andcombust
ionpr
oduct
scont
aini
ngsul
fur
ousandni
tr
ousaci
ds.Condensat
ioni
sbr
ought
aboutbycool
i
ngoft
heai
rorbyi
ncr
easi
ngt
heamountofv
apori
ntheai
rtoi
tssat
urat
ionpoi
nt.
Whenwat
erv
aporcondensesbacki
ntoal
i
qui
dst
ate,
thesamel
argeamountofheat(600cal
ori
es
ofener
gypergr
am)t
hatwasneededt
omakei
tav
apori
srel
easedt
otheenv
ironment
.

 PRECI
PITATI
ON

Pr
eci
pit
ati
oni
sthepr
ocesst
hatoccur
swhenanyandal
lfor
msofwat
erpar
ti
clesf
all
from t
he
at
mospher
eandr
eacht
hegr
ound.Ther
ear
etwosub-
processest
hatcausecl
oudst
orel
ease
pr
eci
pit
ati
on,
thecoal
escencepr
ocessandt
hei
ce-
cry
stal
process.Aswat
erdr
opsr
eachacr
it
ical
si
ze,
thedr
opi
sexposedt
ogr
avi
tyandf
ri
cti
onal
drag.Af
all
i
ngdr
opl
eav
esat
urbul
entwakebehi
nd
whi
chal
l
owssmal
l
erdr
opst
ofal
lfast
erandt
obeov
ert
akent
ojoi
nandcombi
newi
tht
hel
eaddr
op.
Theot
hersub-
processt
hatcanoccuri
sthei
ce-
cry
stal
for
mat
ionpr
ocess.I
toccur
swheni
ce
dev
elopsi
ncol
dcl
oudsori
ncl
oudf
ormat
ionshi
ghi
ntheat
mospher
ewher
efr
eezi
ngt
emper
atur
es
occur
.Whennear
bywat
erdr
opl
etsappr
oacht
hecr
yst
alssomedr
opl
etsev
apor
ateandcondenseon
t
hecr
yst
als.Thecr
yst
alsgr
owt
oacr
it
ical
sizeanddr
opassnowori
cepel
l
ets.Somet
imes,
ast
he
pel
l
etsf
all
thr
oughl
owerel
evat
ionai
r,t
heymel
tandchangei
ntor
aindr
ops.

Pr
eci
pit
atedwat
ermayf
all
int
oawat
erbodyori
tmayf
all
ont
oland.I
tist
hendi
sper
sedsev
eral
way
s.
Thewat
ercanadher
etoobj
ect
sonorneart
hepl
anetsur
faceori
tcanbecar
ri
edov
erandt
hrough
t
hel
andi
ntost
ream channel
s,ori
tmaypenet
rat
eint
othesoi
l
,ori
tmaybei
nter
cept
edbypl
ant
s.

Whenr
ainf
all
issmal
landi
nfr
equent
,ahi
ghper
cent
ageofpr
eci
pit
ati
oni
sret
urnedt
othe
at
mospher
ebyev
apor
ati
on.

Thepor
ti
onofpr
eci
pit
ati
ont
hatappear
sinsur
facest
reamsi
scal
l
edr
unof
f.Runof
fmayconsi
stof
componentcont
ri
but
ionsf
rom suchsour
cesassur
facer
unof
f,subsur
facer
unof
f,orgr
oundwat
er
r
unof
f.Sur
facer
unof
ftr
avel
sov
ert
hegr
oundsur
faceandt
hroughsur
facechannel
stol
eav
ea
cat
chmentar
eacal
l
edadr
ainagebasi
norwat
ershed.Thepor
ti
onoft
hesur
facer
unof
fthatf
lows
ov
ert
hel
andsur
facet
owar
dst
hest
ream channel
siscal
l
edov
erl
andf
low.Thet
otal
runof
fconf
ined
i
nthest
ream channel
siscal
l
edt
hest
reamf
low.

 I
NTERCEPTI
ON

I
nter
cept
ioni
sthepr
ocessofi
nter
rupt
ingt
hemov
ementofwat
eri
nthechai
noft
ranspor
tat
ion
ev
ent
sleadi
ngt
ost
reams.Thei
nter
cept
ioncant
akepl
acebyv
eget
alcov
erordepr
essi
onst
oragei
n
puddl
esandi
nlandf
ormat
ionssuchasr
il
lsandf
urr
ows.

Whenr
ainf
ir
stbegi
ns,
thewat
erst
ri
ki
ngl
eav
esandot
heror
gani
cmat
eri
alsspr
eadsov
ert
he
sur
facesi
nat
hinl
ayerori
tcol
l
ect
satpoi
ntsoredges.Whent
hemaxi
mum sur
facest
orage
capabi
l
ityont
hesur
faceoft
hemat
eri
ali
sexceeded,
themat
eri
alst
oresaddi
ti
onal
wat
eri
ngr
owi
ng
dr
opsal
ongi
tsedges.Ev
ent
ual
l
ythewei
ghtoft
hedr
opsexceedt
hesur
facet
ensi
onandwat
erf
all
s
t
othegr
ound.Wi
ndandt
hei
mpactofr
aindr
opscanal
sor
eleaset
hewat
erf
rom t
heor
gani
c
mat
eri
al.Thewat
erl
ayeronor
gani
csur
facesandt
hedr
opsofwat
eral
ongt
heedgesar
eal
sof
reel
y
exposedt
oev
apor
ati
on.

Addi
ti
onal
l
y,i
nter
cept
ionofwat
eront
hegr
oundsur
facedur
ingf
reezi
ngandsub-
fr
eezi
ngcondi
ti
ons
canbesubst
ant
ial
.Thei
nter
cept
ionoff
all
i
ngsnowandi
ceonv
eget
ati
onal
sooccur
s.Thehi
ghest
l
evel
ofi
nter
cept
ionoccur
swheni
tsnowsonconi
ferf
orest
sandhar
dwoodf
orest
sthathav
enoty
et
l
ostt
hei
rleav
es.

 I
NFI
LTRATI
ON

I
nfi
l
trat
ioni
sthephy
sical
processi
nvol
vi
ngmov
ementofwat
ert
hrought
heboundar
yar
eawher
e
t
heat
mospher
eint
erf
aceswi
tht
hesoi
l
.Thesur
facephenomenoni
sgov
ernedbysoi
lsur
face
condi
ti
ons.Wat
ert
ransf
eri
srel
atedt
othepor
osi
tyoft
hesoi
landt
heper
meabi
l
ityoft
hesoi
lpr
ofi
l
e.
Ty
pical
l
y,t
hei
nfi
l
trat
ionr
atedependsont
hepuddl
i
ngoft
hewat
eratt
hesoi
lsur
facebyt
hei
mpact
ofr
aindr
ops,
thet
ext
ureandst
ruct
ureoft
hesoi
l
,thei
nit
ial
soi
lmoi
stur
econt
ent
,thedecr
easi
ng
wat
erconcent
rat
ionast
hewat
ermov
esdeeperi
ntot
hesoi
lfi
l
li
ngoft
hepor
esi
nthesoi
lmat
ri
ces,
changesi
nthesoi
lcomposi
ti
on,
andt
otheswel
l
ingoft
hewet
tedsoi
l
sthati
ntur
ncl
osecr
acksi
n
t
hesoi
l
.

Wat
ert
hati
sinf
il
tr
atedandst
oredi
nthesoi
lcanal
sobecomet
hewat
ert
hatl
ateri
s
ev
apot
ranspi
redorbecomessubsur
facer
unof
f.

 PERCOLATI
ON

Per
col
ati
oni
sthemov
ementofwat
ert
hought
hesoi
l
,andi
t'
slay
ers,
bygr
avi
tyandcapi
l
lar
yfor
ces.
Thepr
imemov
ingf
orceofgr
oundwat
eri
sgr
avi
ty.Wat
ert
hati
sint
hezoneofaer
ati
onwher
eai
r
exi
stsi
scal
l
edv
adosewat
er.Wat
ert
hati
sint
hezoneofsat
urat
ioni
scal
l
edgr
oundwat
er.Foral
l
pr
act
ical
pur
poses,
all
groundwat
eror
igi
nat
esassur
facewat
er.Onceunder
ground,
thewat
eri
s
mov
edbygr
avi
ty.Theboundar
ythatsepar
atest
hev
adoseandt
hesat
urat
ionzonesi
scal
l
edt
he
wat
ert
abl
e.Usual
l
ythedi
rect
ionofwat
ermov
ementi
schangedf
rom downwar
dandahor
izont
al
componentt
othemov
ementi
saddedt
hati
sbasedont
hegeol
ogi
cboundar
ycondi
ti
ons.

Geol
ogi
cfor
mat
ionsi
ntheear
th'
scr
ustser
veasnat
ural
subt
err
aneanr
eser
voi
rsf
orst
ori
ngwat
er.
Ot
her
scanal
soser
veascondui
tsf
ort
hemov
ementofwat
er.Essent
ial
l
y,al
lgr
oundwat
eri
sin
mot
ion.Someofi
t,howev
er,
mov
esext
remel
ysl
owl
y.Ageol
ogi
cfor
mat
ionwhi
cht
ransmi
tswat
er
f
rom onel
ocat
iont
oanot
heri
nsuf
fi
cientquant
it
yforeconomi
cdev
elopmenti
scal
l
edanaqui
fer
.
Themov
ementofwat
eri
spossi
blebecauseoft
hev
oidsorpor
esi
nthegeol
ogi
cfor
mat
ions.Some
f
ormat
ionsconductwat
erbackt
othegr
oundsur
face.Aspr
ingi
sapl
acewher
ethewat
ert
abl
e
r
eachest
hegr
oundsur
face.St
ream channel
scanbei
ncont
actwi
thanunconf
inedaqui
fert
hat
appr
oacht
hegr
oundsur
face.Wat
ermaymov
efr
om t
hegr
oundi
ntot
hest
ream,
orv
isav
ersa,
dependi
ngont
her
elat
ivewat
erl
evel
.Gr
oundwat
erdi
schar
gesi
ntoast
ream f
ormst
hebasef
lowof
t
hest
ream dur
ingdr
yper
iods,
especi
all
ydur
ingdr
ought
s.Ani
nfl
uentst
ream suppl
i
eswat
ert
oan
aqui
ferwhi
l
eandef
fl
uentst
ream r
ecei
veswat
erf
rom t
heaqui
fer
.

 TRANSPI
RATI
ON

Tr
anspi
rat
ioni
sthebi
ologi
cal
processt
hatoccur
smost
lyi
ntheday
.Wat
eri
nsi
deofpl
ant
sis
t
ransf
err
edf
rom t
hepl
antt
otheat
mospher
easwat
erv
aport
hroughnumer
ousi
ndi
vi
dual
leav
e
openi
ngs.Pl
ant
str
anspi
ret
omov
enut
ri
ent
stot
heupperpor
ti
onoft
hepl
ant
sandt
ocool
thel
eav
es
exposedt
othesun.Leav
esunder
goi
ngr
api
dtr
anspi
rat
ioncanbesi
gni
fi
cant
lycool
ert
hant
he
sur
roundi
ngai
r.Tr
anspi
rat
ioni
sgr
eat
lyaf
fect
edbyt
hespeci
esofpl
ant
sthatar
eint
hesoi
landi
tis
st
rongl
yaf
fect
edbyt
heamountofl
i
ghtt
owhi
cht
hepl
ant
sar
eexposed.Wat
ercanbet
ranspi
red
f
reel
ybypl
ant
sunt
ilawat
erdef
ici
tdev
elopsi
nthepl
antandi
twat
er-
rel
easi
ngcel
l
s(st
omat
a)begi
n
t
ocl
ose.Tr
anspi
rat
iont
hencont
inuesatamustsl
owerr
ate.Onl
yasmal
lpor
ti
onoft
hewat
ert
hat
pl
ant
sabsor
bar
eret
ainedi
nthepl
ant
s.

Veget
ati
ongener
all
yret
ardsev
apor
ati
onf
rom t
hesoi
l
.Veget
ati
ont
hati
sshadi
ngt
hesoi
l
,reduces
t
hewi
ndv
eloci
ty.Al
so,
rel
easi
ngwat
erv
aport
otheat
mospher
ereducest
heamountofdi
rect
ev
apor
ati
onf
rom t
hesoi
lorf
rom snowori
cecov
er.Theabsor
pti
onofwat
eri
ntopl
antr
oot
s,al
ong
wi
thi
nter
cept
iont
hatoccur
sonpl
antsur
facesof
fset
sthegener
alef
fect
sthatv
eget
ati
onhasi
n
r
etar
dingev
apor
ati
onf
rom t
hesoi
l
.Thef
orestv
eget
ati
ont
endst
ohav
emor
emoi
stur
ethant
hesoi
l
beneat
hthet
rees.

 RUNOFF

Runof
fisf
lowf
rom adr
ainagebasi
norwat
ershedt
hatappear
sinsur
facest
reams.I
tgener
all
y
consi
stsoft
hef
lowt
hati
sunaf
fect
edbyar
ti
fi
cial
div
ersi
ons,
stor
agesorot
herwor
kst
hatsoci
ety
mi
ghthav
eonori
nast
ream channel
.Thef
lowi
smadeuppar
tl
yofpr
eci
pit
ati
ont
hatf
all
sdi
rect
ly
ont
hest
ream ,
sur
facer
unof
fthatf
lowsov
ert
hel
andsur
faceandt
hroughchannel
s,subsur
face
r
unof
fthati
nfi
l
trat
est
hesur
facesoi
l
sandmov
esl
ater
all
ytowar
dst
hest
ream,
andgr
oundwat
er
r
unof
ffr
om deepper
col
ati
ont
hrought
hesoi
lhor
izons.Par
toft
hesubsur
facef
lowent
erst
he
st
ream qui
ckl
y,whi
l
ether
emai
ningpor
ti
onmayt
akeal
ongerper
iodbef
orej
oini
ngt
hewat
eri
nthe
st
ream.Wheneachoft
hecomponentf
lowsent
ert
hest
ream,
theyf
ormt
het
otal
runof
f.Thet
otal
r
unof
fint
hest
ream channel
siscal
l
edst
reamf
lowandi
tisgener
all
yregar
dedasdi
rectr
unof
for
basef
low.

 STORAGE

Ther
ear
ethr
eebasi
clocat
ionsofwat
erst
oraget
hatoccuri
nthepl
anet
arywat
ercy
cle.Wat
eri
s
st
oredi
ntheat
mospher
e;wat
eri
sst
oredont
hesur
faceoft
heear
th,
andwat
erst
oredi
nthegr
ound.

Wat
erst
oredi
ntheat
mospher
ecanbemov
edr
elat
ivel
yqui
ckl
yfr
om onepar
toft
hepl
anett
o
anot
herpar
toft
hepl
anet
.Thet
ypeofst
oraget
hatoccur
sont
hel
andsur
faceandundert
hegr
ound
l
argel
ydependont
hegeol
ogi
cfeat
uresr
elat
edt
othet
ypesofsoi
landt
het
ypesofr
ockspr
esentat
t
hest
oragel
ocat
ions.St
orageoccur
sassur
facest
oragei
noceans,
lakes,
reser
voi
rs,
andgl
aci
ers;
under
groundst
orageoccur
sint
hesoi
l
,inaqui
fer
s,andi
nthecr
evi
cesofr
ockf
ormat
ions.

Themov
ementofwat
ert
hrought
heei
ghtot
hermaj
orphy
sical
processesoft
hewat
ercy
clecanbe
er
rat
ic.Onav
erage,
wat
ert
heat
mospher
eisr
enewedev
ery16day
s.Soi
lmoi
stur
eisr
epl
acedabout
ev
eryy
ear
.Gl
obal
l
y,wat
ersi
nwet
landsar
erepl
acedaboutev
ery5y
ear
swhi
l
ether
esi
dencet
imeof
l
akewat
eri
sabout17y
ear
s.I
nar
easofl
owdev
elopmentbysoci
ety
,gr
oundwat
err
enewal
can
exceed1,
400y
ear
s.Theunev
endi
str
ibut
ionandmov
ementofwat
erov
ert
ime,
andt
hespat
ial
di
str
ibut
ionofwat
eri
nbot
hgeogr
aphi
candgeol
ogi
car
eas,
cancauseext
remephenomenasuchas
f
loodsanddr
ought
stooccur
.
2.Wat
erResour
cesEngi
neer
ingandi
tsi
mpor
tancei
nthesoci
etyandCi
vi
lEngi
neer
ing

-Wat
erResour
cesEngi
neer
ingi
sabr
anchofci
vi
lengi
neer
ingconcer
nedwi
tht
hedev
elopment
oper
ati
onsandmai
ntenancewat
err
esour
cesy
stems.

Andwat
err
esour
cesy
stemsi
sthatsomet
hingwer
elyondayt
odaybasi
sofourl
i
fe.
Wit
houtt
hese
wat
err
esour
cesy
stemswecannotl
i
ve.
Someoft
hewat
ersy
stemsandt
hei
rwor
ksar
e:

Reser
voi
rs:
Tocont
rol
wat
er

Canal
s:Fort
ransf
err
ingwat
er

I
rr
igat
ionChannel
s:Foragr
icul
tur
edev
elopment

Wat
erTower
s:I
nor
dert
ogi
vepr
essur
etot
hewat
ersuppl
ytor
eachy
ourt
ap.

Hy
droEl
ect
ri
cit
ypower
:Whi
chi
srel
i
abl
ethanwi
ndandsol
arener
gy.

Dur
ingdr
oughtcondi
ti
onst
hewat
erst
oredi
ndamscanber
eleasedf
ori
rr
igat
ionanddr
inki
ng
pur
pose.

Dur
ingf
loods,
wat
erwhi
chi
sinTMC-
thousandmi
l
li
oncubeamountcanbedi
ver
tedf
rom l
owl
yi
ng
ar
eascanr
educet
heef
fectofdamage.

3.Maj
orFunct
ionsofWat
erResour
cesEngi
neer
ingi
nFaci
li
tat
ingHumanNeedst
oEnhancet
he
Qual
it
yofLi
fe?

Wat
err
esour
cesengi
neer
inggener
all
ydeal
swi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionofwat
erf
orhumanuse,
andt
he
dev
elopmentoft
echni
quesf
ort
hepr
event
ionofdest
ruct
ionf
rom f
loods.Wat
err
esour
ces
engi
neer
ingal
soi
ncl
udest
hepl
anni
ngandmanagementoff
aci
l
iti
est
hatar
econst
ruct
edf
ort
hese
t
asksl
i
kemaki
ngcanal
sfori
rr
igat
ionandsewer
sfordr
ainageandt
oav
oidwat
erl
oggi
ng,
andal
l
ot
heri
ssuesr
elat
edwi
tht
heusageandcont
rol
ofwat
er.

Tomeett
hewat
err
equi
rement
sofsoci
etyandt
heenv
ironment
,ini
ti
all
yanest
imat
eiscar
ri
edout
r
egar
dingt
hewat
erav
ail
abl
e,t
hedemandnowandpr
oject
eddemandwhent
hewor
kwi
l
lcompl
ete
andf
utur
econsi
der
ati
ons,
andt
hent
her
equi
sit
einf
rast
ruct
urei
sdesi
gned,
incl
udi
ngt
hewat
er
t
reat
mentpl
ant
sandt
hepi
pesnet
wor
k,f
ort
heconv
eyanceofwat
ert
othet
apsandwast
ewat
er
f
rom t
het
oil
etst
othet
reat
mentuni
ts.
4.
Listdownatl
eastei
ght(
8)amazi
ngwat
err
esour
cesi
nfr
ast
ruct
urebui
lti
nthePhi
li
ppi
nes,
i
ll
ust
rat
eandhav
easi
mpl
edescr
ipt
ionofi
t.

1. TheMol
i
noDam orPr
inzaWat
erDam i
sagr
avi
tydam ont
heZapot
eRi
verl
ocat
edont
he
bor
derbet
weenBar
angaySanNi
col
asI
,Bacoor
,Cav
iteandBar
angayTal
onDos,
LasPi
ñas,
Met
roMani
l
a,Phi
l
ippi
nes.I
twasbui
l
tbyhandi
nthe19t
hcent
uryt
oir
ri
gat
ethesur
roundi
ng
r
icef
iel
dinLasPi
ñasandBacoor

2.
MagatDam i
sal
arger
ock-
fi
ll
dam i
nthei
slandofLuzoni
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.Thedam i
son
t
heMagatRi
ver
,amaj
ort
ri
but
aryofCagay
anRi
ver
.Const
ruct
ionoft
hedam st
art
edi
n1975
andwascompl
etedi
n1982.MagatDam i
soneoft
hel
argestdamsi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.I
tisa
mul
ti
-pur
posedam whi
chi
susedpr
imar
il
yfori
rr
igat
ingabout85,
000hect
ares(
210,
000
acr
es)ofagr
icul
tur
all
ands,
[
1]f
loodcont
rol
,andpowergener
ati
ont
hrought
heMagat
Hy
droel
ect
ri
cPowerPl
ant
.

Thewat
erst
oredi
nther
eser
voi
risenought
osuppl
yaboutt
womont
hsofnor
mal
ener
gy
r
equi
rement
s.

Thedam wasconst
ruct
edt
olastf
or50y
ear
sbuti
ncr
easedsi
l
tat
ionandsedi
ment
ati
oni
n
t
her
eser
voi
r,sl
ash-
and-
bur
nfar
ming,
il
legal
loggi
ngandf
ish-
cagi
ngr
esul
tedi
nthe
det
eri
orat
ionoft
hedam'
swat
ershed.The1990Luzonear
thquakeal
socont
ri
but
edt
othe
i
ncr
easedsi
l
tat
ioni
ntheMagatRi
versy
stem.Becauseoft
his,
Presi
dentGl
ori
aMacapagal
-
Ar
roy
oinst
ruct
edv
ari
ousgov
ernmentagenci
est
ocr
eat
ear
ehabi
l
itat
ionpl
ant
oimpr
ovet
he
l
i
fespanoft
hedam sy
stem.

3.
TheLaMesaDam andReser
voi
risanear
thdam i
nQuezonCi
ty,
Phi
l
ippi
nes.I
tsr
eser
voi
r
canhol
dupt
o50.
5mi
l
li
oncubi
cmet
ers(
1,780mi
l
li
oncubi
cfeet
),occupy
inganar
eaof27
squar
eki
l
omet
ers(
10sqmi
).I
tispar
toft
heAngat
-I
po-
LaMesawat
ersy
stem,
whi
ch
suppl
i
esmostoft
hewat
ersuppl
yofMet
roMani
l
a.

4.
Cal
i
ray
aDam i
sanembankmentdam l
ocat
edi
nthet
ownofLumbanpr
ovi
nceof
Laguna,
int
heSi
err
aMadr
eMount
ainRangeoft
hePhi
l
ippi
nes.Ther
eser
voi
rcr
eat
edby
t
hedam,
LakeCal
i
ray
a,i
nit
ial
l
ysuppl
i
edoneoft
heol
desthy
droel
ect
ri
cpl
ant
sint
he
Phi
l
ippi
nes,
andl
aterbecameapopul
arr
ecr
eat
ional
areaf
ornumer
ouswat
erspor
tsand
f
ishi
ng.Thedam'
sconst
ruct
ionwasst
art
edi
n1939undert
hesuper
visi
onoft
he
ar
chi
tect
uref
ir
m ofPedr
oSi
ochi
andCompanyandasmal
lhy
droel
ect
ri
cpl
antwas
oper
atedi
n1942.

LakeCal
i
ray
awasl
aterconnect
edwi
thanot
herman-
madel
ake,
LumotLake,
topr
ovi
de
mor
ewat
ert
hrougha2.
3km (
1.4mi
)under
groundpenst
ock.
[5]Lat
erst
il
lthedam and
l
akewer
eusedast
heupperr
eser
voi
rfort
heKal
ayaanPumped-
Stor
ageHy
droel
ect
ri
c
pl
antl
ocat
edwestofLakeCal
i
ray
a,wi
thLagunadeBayast
hel
owerr
eser
voi
r
5.
Bust
osDam al
soknownasAngatAf
ter
bayRegul
atorDam i
sasmal
li
rr
igat
iondam at
Bust
os,
Bul
acani
sof
tenmi
stakenbyt
hel
ocal
sasAngatDam si
ncei
tisl
ocat
edcl
oset
othe
near
byt
ownofAngat
.Thepr
ojecti
slocat
edatBar
angayTi
bagan,
Bust
os,
Bul
acan,
ser
ved
byt
heAngatRi
ver
.Themai
ndam i
sabout18met
ersabov
eseal
evel
.Amongt
he2.
5-met
er
hi
gh,
six-
spandam'
smai
nfeat
uresar
eeasi
l
ydef
lat
abl
eandi
nfl
atabl
erubberbody
,
r
esi
stancet
osedi
ment
ati
on,
economi
cal
andhav
ingaut
o-def
lat
ionsy
stem.

6.Ambukl
aoDam i
spar
tofahy
droel
ect
ri
cfaci
l
ityi
nBr
gy.Ambucl
ao,
Bokod,
Benguet
pr
ovi
ncei
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.Wi
thmaxi
mum wat
erst
oragecapaci
tyof327,
170,
000cubi
c
met
res(
265,
240acr
e⋅f
t),
thef
aci
l
ity
,whi
chi
slocat
ed36km (
22mi
)fr
om Bagui
oci
ty,
can
pr
oduceupt
o105megawat
tsofel
ect
ri
cit
ytoLuzongr
id.Themai
nsour
ceofwat
ercomes
f
rom t
heAgnoRi
verwhi
chor
igi
nat
esf
rom MountDat
a.I
tisl
ocat
edi
naconser
vat
ionar
ea
knownast
heUpperAgnoRi
verBasi
nResour
ceReser
ve.

Thedam andot
hernon-
powercomponent
sar
eownedbyt
hegov
ernmentt
hrought
he
Nat
ional
PowerCor
por
ati
on(
NAPOCOR)
.
7.Bi
ngaDam i
sadam i
nAgnoRi
verconnect
edt
oahy
droel
ect
ri
cpowerpl
antsi
tuat
edat
Bar
ri
oBi
nga,
Bar
angayTi
nongdani
nthemuni
cipal
i
tyofI
togoni
nBenguetpr
ovi
nceoft
he
Phi
l
ippi
nes.

Thedam wasconst
ruct
edi
nAugust1956andopenedi
nMay1960undert
hegov
ernment
ownedNat
ional
PowerCor
por
ati
on(
NAPOCOR)
,thr
eey
ear
saf
teri
tssi
sterf
aci
l
ityAmbukl
ao
Dam.I
tisl
ocat
ed31ki
l
omet
res(
19mi
)sout
heastofBagui
oand19ki
l
omet
res(
12mi
)
downst
ream ofAmbukl
aoDam wi
thi
ntheUpperAgnoRi
verBasi
nResour
ceReser
ve.
[2]
[3]
I
mpr
ovementoft
hedam i
songoi
ngf
ori
thadr
ecei
vedheav
ydamagedur
ingt
he1990Luzon
ear
thquake,
andi
tsi
nst
all
edcapaci
tyof100MW i
sbei
ngupgr
adedt
o140MW.

TheBi
ngaf
aci
l
itywasconst
ruct
edi
n1956f
orpowergener
ati
onandf
loodcont
rol
.Thedam
andot
hernon-
powercomponent
sar
eownedbyt
hegov
ernmentt
hrought
heNat
ional
Power
Cor
por
ati
on.

8.CasecnanI
rr
igat
ionandHy
droel
ect
ri
cPl
anti
sadam di
ver
ti
ngwat
erf
rom t
heCasecnan
andTaanRi
ver
stot
hePant
abanganReser
voi
rthr
ougha25-
kil
omet
re(
16mi
)longt
unnel
 l
ocat
ednearPant
abanganandMuñozi
nNuev
aEci
j
apr
ovi
nceoft
hePhi
l
ippi
nes.Themul
ti
-
pur
posedam pr
ovi
deswat
erf
ori
rr
igat
ionandhy
droel
ect
ri
cpowergener
ati
onwhi
l
eit
s
r
eser
voi
raf
for
dsf
loodcont
rol
.Itwasconsi
der
edoneoft
hemostexpensi
vehy
droel
ect
ri
c
pl
ant
sbui
l
tint
hecount
ry,
[
1]bei
ngnextonl
ytoSanRoqueDam.

TheCasecnanI
rr
igat
ionandPowerGener
ati
onPr
ojecti
sal
sol
ocat
edi
nRi
zal
,Nuev
aEci
j
a.
TheP6.
75-
BPr
ojectpr
ovi
desi
rr
igat
iont
o26,
920hect
aresofnewf
armsi
ntheSci
enceCi
ty
ofMunoz,
Tal
ugt
og,
Gui
mba,
Cuy
apo,
andNampi
cuan,
all
ofNuev
aEci
j
a.I
tgener
ates140
megawat
tsofpowerf
ort
heLuzongr
idt
hatwi
l
lsuppl
ycheapel
ect
ri
cit
ytomi
l
li
onsofpeopl
e
i
nLuzoni
ncl
udi
ngMet
roMani
l
a.

5.Whatar
etheobj
ect
ivesofPDNo.1067andwhatar
etheunder
lyi
ngpr
inci
plesofwat
ercode?

TheWat
erCodehast
hef
oll
owi
ngobj
ect
ives:

(
a)Toest
abl
i
sht
hebasi
cpr
inci
plesandf
ramewor
krel
ati
ngt
otheappr
opr
iat
ion,
cont
rol
and
conser
vat
ionofwat
err
esour
cest
oachi
evet
heopt
imum dev
elopmentandr
ati
onal
uti
l
izat
ionof
t
heser
esour
ces;

(
b)Todef
inet
heext
entoft
her
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionsofwat
eruser
sandowner
sincl
udi
ngt
he
pr
otect
ionandr
egul
ati
onofsuchr
ight
s;
(
c)Toadoptabasi
clawgov
erni
ngt
heowner
shi
p,appr
opr
iat
ion,
uti
l
izat
ion,
expl
oit
ati
on,
dev
elopment
,conser
vat
ionandpr
otect
ionofwat
err
esour
cesandr
ight
stol
andr
elat
edt
her
eto;
and

(
d)Toi
dent
if
ytheadmi
nist
rat
iveagenci
eswhi
chwi
l
lenf
orcet
hel
aw.

Theunder
lyi
ngpr
inci
plesoft
heWat
erCodear
e:

(
a)Al
lwat
ersbel
ongt
otheSt
ate;

(
b)Al
lwat
erst
hatbel
ongt
otheSt
atecannotbesubj
ectt
oacqui
sit
ivepr
escr
ipt
ion;

(
c)TheSt
atemayal
l
owt
heuseordev
elopmentofwat
ersbyadmi
nist
rat
iveconcessi
on;

(
d)Theut
il
izat
ion,
expl
oit
ati
on,
dev
elopment
,conser
vat
ionandpr
otect
ionofwat
err
esour
cesshal
l
besubj
ectt
othecont
rol
andr
egul
ati
onoft
hegov
ernmentt
hrought
heNat
ional
Wat
erResour
ces
Boar
d;

(
e)Pr
efer
encei
ntheuseanddev
elopmentofwat
ersshal
lconsi
dercur
rentusagesandbe
r
esponsi
vet
othechangi
ngneedsoft
hecount
ry.

Undert
heCode,
aper
sonappr
opr
iat
ingorusi
ngnat
ural
bodi
esofwat
ermustsecur
eawat
erper
mit
exceptt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

(
a)Appr
opr
iat
ionofwat
erbymeansofhand-
car
ri
edr
ecept
acl
es;
and

(
b)Bat
hingorwashi
ng,
wat
eri
ngordi
ppi
ngofdomest
icorf
arm ani
mal
s,andnav
igat
ionof
wat
ercr
aft
sort
ranspor
tat
ionofl
ogsandot
herobj
ect
sbyf
lot
ati
on.