DELOSSANTOS,

JOVENS.

DVM-
3A

1901850

del
ossant
os.
jov
en91272@gmai
l
.com

Chapt
er4:
Demonst
rat
ionofMi
croor
gani
sms

Gui
dedQuest
ions:

1.Whatar
ethedi
ff
erentpar
tsofacompoundmi
croscope?Whatar
ethemai
nfunct
ionofeach
oft
hesepart
s?

A.Eyepi
ece(ocul
arlens)wi
thorwi
thoutPoi
nter
:Thepar
tthatisl
ookedthr
oughatt
het
opof
thecompoundmicroscope.Ey
epi
ecestypi
cal
lyhaveamagnif
icat
ionbet
ween5x&30x.

MonocularorBinocul
arHead:
Str
uct
ural
suppor
tthathol
ds&connect
stheey
epi
ecest
othe
obj
ect
ivelenses.

B.Ar
m:Suppor
tst
hemi
croscopeheadandat
tachesi
ttot
hebase.

Nosepiece:
Holdst
heobj
ect
ivelenses&at
tachest
hem t
othemi
croscopehead.Thi
spar
t
r
otatestochangewhi
chobj
ecti
velensi
sacti
ve.

C.Base:
Bott
om baseoft
hemi
croscopet
hathousest
hei
l
lumi
nat
ion&suppor
tst
hecompound
micr
oscope.

D.Obj ecti
vel
enses:Thereareusually3-5opti
callensobject
ivesonacompoundmi croscope
eachwi thdif
fer
entmagni f
icati
onlevel
s.4x,10x,40x,and100xar et
hemostcommon
magni fyi
ngpowersusedf ortheobjecti
ves.Thetotalmagnif
icationofacompoundmi cr
oscope
i
scal culat
edbymultipl
yingtheobjecti
velensmagni f
icat
ionbyt heeyepi
ecemagnif
icati
onlevel
.
So,acompoundmi croscopewi t
ha10xey epi
ecemagni f
icat
ionlookingt
hrought
he40x
objectivel
enshasat ot
al magnifi
cati
onof400x( 10x40) .

E.Speci
menorsli
de:
Theobjectusedtoholdthespeci
meninpl
aceal
ongwi
thsl
i
decov
ersf
or
vi
ewing.Mostsl
i
des&sl
idecoversarethi
nglassrect
angl
es.

F.St
ageorPlat
for
m: Thepl
atf
orm uponwhi
cht
hespeci
menorslidearepl
aced.Thehei
ghtof
themechani
calst
ageisadj
ustabl
eonmostcompoundmicr
oscopes.
G.St
agecli
psormechani
cal
stage:
Cli
psont
hest
aget
hathol
dthesl
i
dei
npl
aceont
he
mechani
calst
age.

H.Aper
tur
e-DiscorI
ri
sDiaphr
agm: Cir
cularopeni
ngi
nt hestagewher
ethei
l
lumi
nat
ionf
rom
t
hebaseofthecompoundmicroscopereachesthepl
atf
orm ofthest
age.

I.AbbeCondenser:Thislenscondensesthelightfrom t
hebaseil
luminationandf
ocusesi
tont
o
thestage.Thispi
eceofthecompoundmi croscopesitsbel
owt hestage&t ypi
cal
l
yactsasa
struct
uralsuppor
tthatconnectsthestagetoar m orfr
ameofthemi croscope.

J.Coarseandfi
neadj
ustmentcontr
ols:Adj
ust
sthefocusoft
hemicr
oscope.Theseknobs
i
ncreaseordecr
easethel
evelofdetai
lseenwhenl
ookingatt
hesl
i
deorspeciment hr
oughthe
eyepi
eceofthecompoundmicroscope.

K.Stageheightadj
ust
ment :
Adjust
stheposit
ionoft
hemechani
cal
stagever
ti
cal
ly&
hori
zontal
l
y.Itisi
mportantt
oadjustt
heseknobssothatt
heobj
ect
ivel
ensisnev
ercomi
ngi
nto
contactwi
ththesli
deorspecimenonthestage.

L.Mirror
:Refl
ectsl
i
ghti
ntot
hebaseoft
hemicr
oscope.Ear
li
ermicr
oscopesusedmirror
sthat
refl
ectedli
ghti
ntot
hebaseoft
hemicr
oscopei
nst
eadofhalogenbul
bsastheirsour
ceof
i
lluminati
on.

M.Il
l
uminati
on:Lightusedt
oill
umi
nat
ethesl
i
deorspeci
menfrom t
hebaseoft
hemicr
oscope.
Lowvolt
agehalogenbulbsaret
hemostcommonl
yusedsour
ceofil
lumi
nati
onf
orcompound
micr
oscopes.

N.Bott
om LensorFiel
dDiaphragm:Knobusedt
oadj
ustt
heamountofl
i
ghtt
hatr
eachest
he
speci
menorsli
defrom thebaseil
lumi
nati
on.

2.Whatar
ethepossi
bleer
ror
sthatcouldbeencount
ereddur
ingGr
am st
aini
ngmet
hods?What
aret
hepossi
bleout
comesofthi
serrors?

A.Iti
salsopossi
bleforGram-negat
ivestoappearasGram-posit
ives.Thiscanoccurwhenthe
smearistoothi
ck,r
esult
inginGram-negati
vebacter
ianotbeingfull
ydecolori
sedduri
ngthe
decol
ori
sati
onstepsandappear i
ngasGr am-posi
ti
vebacter
ia.Ot
herer r
orsincl
ude:

B.Smeari
mpr
oper
lyheat
-f
ixed.Asar
esul
t,t
hebact
eri
awi
l
lboi
landt
hecel
l
ularmor
phol
ogywi
l
l
belost
.

C.Whenapr act
iti
onerfor
gottousedI
odineinperfor
mingt hegram st
ain.Asar esul
t,i
tis
bel
iev
edt hatwithoutiodi
nei
ngram stai
ning,t
hebacter
ialcell
wall(Gr
am positi
v eandGram
negat
ive)losetheprimaryst
ain(cr
yst
alviol
et)duetodecolouri
zat
ionwithalcoholandtakeup
thecount
erstai
n(saf
frani
norbasicfuchsi
n).I
odi
neisusedasamordanttobindthedye
(pr
imaryst
ain)t
otheorgani
sm makingitdi
ffi
cul
ttol
osethest
ain,
especi
all
yingram posi
ti
ve
bacter
iawi
ththi
ckpept
idogly
canlayers.

D.Theprimar
yerrori
sthroughmi
s-i
dent
if
yingGr
am-
posi
ti
vesasGr
am-
negat
ivesandGr
am-
negat
ivesasGram-posi
ti
ves.

Det
ecti
onerror
scanal
sooccurt
hroughthefai
lur
et ouseposi
ti
veandnegati
vecont
rol
smear
s
onthesl
ide,
whichmeanst
hatpr
ocedurali
naccuraci
esmaygoundetected.

3.Nameatleast10bact
eri
aunderGr am-posi
ti
vebact
eri
a,Gr
am-
negat
ivebact
eri
a,Gr
am-
var
iabl
ebacter
ia,
andAcid-
fastbact
eria.

10Gr
am-
Posi
ti
veBact
eri
a

1.St
aphy
lococcusaur
eus

2.St
aphy
lococcusepi
der
midi
s

3.Ent
erococcusav
ium

4.St
aphy
lococcussi
mul
ans

5.St
rept
ococcusMi
l
ler
i

6.St
aphy
lococcusaur
eussubspeci
es

7.St
aphy
lococcushomi
nis

8.Ent
erococcusFaecal
i
s

9.Haybaci
l
lus

10.Ar
canobact
eri
um

11.Spor
osar
cina

12.Mi
crococcus

13.Act
inomy
cet
es

14.Br
ochot
hri
x
15.Cel
l
ulomonas

10Gr
am-
Negat
iveBact
eri
a

1.Aer
omonashy
drophi
l
aATCC7966

2.Agr
obact
eri
um t
umef
aci
ensA208

3.Azospi
ri
ll
um br
asi
l
enseSp7

4.Bor
det
ell
aav
ium 197N

5.Br
evundi
monasdi
minut
aLMG2088

6.Bur
khol
der
iacepaci
aLMG1222

7.Bur
khol
der
iagl
adi
oli
LMG2216

8.Bur
khol
der
iav
iet
namensi
sLMG10927

9.Chr
omobact
eri
um v
iol
aceum CV026

10.Ci
tr
obact
erf
reundi
iATCC8090

11.Ent
erobact
eraer
ogenesATCC13048

12.Er
wini
aamy
lov
oraCFBP1430

13.Er
wini
acar
otov
oraLMG2458

14.Pr
oteusv
ulgar
isLMM2011

15.Pseudomonasaer
ugi
nosaPA14

16.Pseudomonasent
omophi
l
aL48

17.Pseudomonasf
luor
escensPf
0-1

18.Pseudomonasput
idaKT2440

19.P.sy
ringaepv
.tabaci
LMG5192

20.Rhi
zobi
um et
liCNPAF512Rhi
zobi
um et
liCNPAF512

21.Sal
monel
l
aent
eri
ti
disATCC13076

22.Ser
rat
iaent
omophi
l
aDSM12358
23.Shi
gel
l
afl
exner
iLMG10472

24.Sphi
ngomonaswi
tt
ichi
iRW1

25.Var
iov
oraxpar
adoxusLMG1797

26.Vi
bri
ohar
oev
iBB120

27.nt
homonasaxonopodi
spv
.mani
hot
isLMG784

28.Xant
homonasal
fal
faepv
.al
fal
faeLMG497

29.Yer
sini
aent
erocol
i
ticaLMG7899

10Gr
am-
var
iabl
eBact
eri
a

1.Gar
dner
ell
avagi
nal
i
s

2.Li
ster
ia

3.Cl
ost
ri
dium spp.

4.Cor
ynebact
eri
um di
pht
her
iae

5.St
rept
ococcuspneumoni
ae.

6.Lept
otr
ichi
a

7.Act
inomy
cet
ales

8.Cut
ibact
eri
um acnes

9.Bi
fi
dobact
eri
um

10.Ar
thr
obact
eror
yzae

10Aci
d-FastBact
eri
a

1.My
cobact
eri
um t
uber
cul
osi
s

2.My
cobact
eri
um l
epr
ae

3.My
cobact
eri
um av
ium-
int
racel
l
ular
ecompl
ex

4.Nocar
diaf
arci
nica
5.Nocar
dianov
a

6.My
cobact
eri
um smegmat
is

7.My
cobact
eri
um Av
ium compl
ex

8.My
cobact
eri
um kansasi
i

9.Nocar
diaspeci
es

10.My
cobact
eri
um