JawaharNav

oday
aVi
dyal
aya
Vat
tem,
Nagur
kur .
nool

Phy
sicsi
nvest
igat
orypr
oject
“
Hal
fwav
erect
if
ier
”
Doneby
Nav
eenkumar.
N
Rol
lno:
18
 Acknowl
edgement
Iwouldliketoexpressmyspecialthanksofgrat
it
udet omyteacherMr
,Manu
yohanansiraswel lasourpri
ncipalM BhaskarKumarsirwhogav emethe
goldenopportuni
tytodothiswonder f
ulpr
ojectonthetopi
cofhalfwav
erecti
fi
er,
whichalsohelpedmei ndoingalotofResearchandi cametoknowaboutso
manynewt hi
ngsIam real
lythankfult
othem.

Ourthanksshouldnotstopal onewithteachers.Ourfr
iendsandpar ent
seven
play
edbi gr
oleinit.Isawt hi
sprojectasar esul
tofhardwor kfrom usand
i
nnov at
ionfrom ourteachers,Soweonceagai nthankst oall
ofthem whoput
thei
rhandsInitandmadet hi
spr oj
ectsuccessful.
I
ndex:
1.Ai
m

2.I
ntr
oduct
ion

3.Mat
eri
alr
equi
red

4.
Theor
y

5.
Wor
kingpr
inci
ple

6.Ci
rcui
tdi
agr
am

7.pr
ocedur
e

8.
obser
vat
ions

9.Concl
usi
on

10.Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
Ai
m:
Toconst
ructahal
fwav
erect
if
ier

I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Ahalfwaverectif
ieri
sat y
peofrect
if
ierwhi
chconv ert
stheposit
ivehalfcycl
eof
thei
nputsignali
ntopulsati
ngDCoutputsi
gnal.Thehalfwaverect
ifi
eristhe
simpl
estform oftherect
if
ier
.Weuseonlyasinglediodetoconstr
uctthehalf
waverect
ifi
er.

Half-
waverecti
fi
ers t
ransform ACvolt
agetoDCvol
tage.Ahalfwaver
ecti
fi
erci
rcui
tuses
onlyonediodeforthetransformati
on.Ahal
fwav
erectif
ieri
sdefi
nedasatypeof
recti
fi
ert
hatall
owsonl yone- hal
fcycl
eofanACvol
tagewav ef
ormtopasswhil
e
blocki
ngtheotherhalfcycle.
Mat
eri
alsr
equi
red:
1.
cent
ert
appedt
ransf
ormer
:-Whenanaddi
ti
onal
wir
eisconnect
ed
acr
osstheexactmiddl
eoft
hesecondar
ywi
ndi
ngofat
ransf
ormer
,iti
sknownas
acent
ertappedtr
ansfor
mer
.

2.
Diode: 
Adi
odei
sanel
ect
roni
ccomponentwi
tht
woel
ect
rodes.I
tal
l
ows
el
ect
ri
cit
ytogot
hroughi
tonl
yinonedi
rect
ion.

3.
Resi
stor
s: Theresi
stori
sapassi
veel
ect
ri
cal
componentt
ocr
eat
e
r
esi
stancei
nthef
lowofel
ect
ri
ccur
rent
.
4.
LED:
AnLEDpr
oducesl
i
ghtwhenel
ect
ri
cit
yfl
owst
hrough.

5.
Sol
der
ingI
ron:
 Tosol
dert
hev
ari
ouscomponent
susedi
nthi
spr
oject
.

6.
Capaci
tor
:-Acapaci
tori
sat
wo-
ter
minal
,el
ect
ri
cal
component
.Al
ong
wit
hresi
storsandi
nduct
ors,
theyar
eoneoft
hemostf
undament
alpassi
ve
componentsweuse.
Theor
y:
Thehalfwav er ect
if
ierci
rcui
tismadebyusingasemiconductordi
odewit
ha
l
oadr esi
stanceRL.Thedi odeisconnect
edinseri
eswit
hsecondaryofthe
tr
ansformerandt heloadresi
stanceRL.thepri
maryofthetr
ansfor
meri
sbeing
connectedtot heAcsuppl ymains.

Theacv olt
ageacr osssecondar ywi ndingchangespol ari
ti
esaf tereveryhalf
wavecy cleofi
nputwav e.Duri
ngt heposi ti
vehalfcy cleofthei nputAcv olt
age
whenupperendoft hesecondarywi ndingsispositivewi threspecttoi t
slower
endthedi odei
sf orwardbiasedandt heref
oreconduct scur rent.tI
ftheforward
resi
stanceofthedi odei sassumedt obezer othei nputv oltagedur i
ngthe
posit
ivehalfcycleisdir
ectlyappl
iedt ot heloadresistanceRLmaki ngitsupper
endpositivewi
t hrespecttotheitslowerendThewav eform oft heoutput
volt
agear ethesameshapeast hatofi nputsacv oltage

Duri
ngthenegat i
vehal fcycl
esoft hei
nputAcv ol
tageWhent helowerendsof
thesecondarywindingi sposit
ivei
tsupperendthediodeisrever
sebiasedand
sodopesnotconductThusdur ingthenegati
vehalfcy
cleofsheinputAcvolt
age
zeroTher ev
ersecur rentbeingverysmalli
nmagni t
udeisneglectedThusfor
thenegati
vehalfcyclesnopoweri sdeli
ver
edThust otheload

Thustheout putdevelopedacr ossloadresi

stanceRLisseri
esofpositi
vehalf
cycl
esofthealternat
ingv olt
agewi thinventi
ngv er
ysmallconst
antnegativ
e
volt
agel
evelsItsisobv iousfrom thefi
gurethattheout
putisnotasteadydc
powersupplywehav esmoot handusef ulli
nAcpowersuppl yWEhav etousea
fi
lt
eracr
osst heloadSi nceonlyhalfwavecyclesofthei
nputwavearei tiscal
led
HalfWaverectif
ier

Wor
kingofhal
fwav
erect
if
ier
:
Whenhi ghACv oltage i
sapplied,thestep-downt ransfor
merr educesthi
shi gh
volt
ageintolowv olt
age.Thus, alowv ol
tagei sproducedatthesecondar y
windingofthetransformer.Thelowv oltagepr oducedatthesecondar ywinding
ofthetransfor
meri scall
edsecondar yvoltage( VS).TheACv oltageorACsi gnal
appli
edt othetr
ansf or
merisnot hingbutani nputACsi gnalorinputACv ol
tage.
ThelowACv ol
tagepr
oducedbyt
hest
ep-
downt
ransf
ormeri
sdi
rect
lyappl
i
edt
o
thediode.

Adv
ant
agesofhal
fwav
erect
if
ier
:
 Weusev er
yfewcomponent
stoconst
ructt
hehal
fwav
erect
if
ier
.Sot
he
costi
sveryl
ow.
 Easyt
oconstruct

Di
sadv
ant
agesofhal
fwav
erect
if
ier
:
 Powerl oss:
Thehal fwaverect
if
ierei
therallowst hepositi
vehalfcycl
eor
negativ
ehalfcy cle.Sotheremaini
nghal fcyclei
swast ed.Approximatel
y
halfoftheappliedv ol
tageiswastedinhalfwav er ect
if
ier
.
 Pu l
sati
ngdirectcur r
ent:Thedi
rectcurrentproducedbyt hehalfwav e
recti
fi
erisnotapur edir
ectcur
rent;i
tisapul sat
ingdirectcur
rentwhichis
notmuchusef ul.
 Produceslowout putvolt
age
Ci
rcui
tdi
agr
ams:
Pr
ocedur
e
Takeacardboardsheetandplaceallmaterialsrequiredforthewave
model
ofhal
fwav
erect
if
ier

TakeaACsupplyAndconnectittoswitch.
ConnecttheterminalpartoftheACtothepositivepartoftheDiodeusing
wi
re

Thenmakejointofthepositivewiretodiodewithhelpofsolderingiron
NowconnecttheotherpartoftheActerminaltothecapacitor.
Connectthenpartofthediodetothecapacitor
Andalsoconnectthesamewiretotheresistor
NowconnecttheboththeendstotheLEDlight
Placeaconnectionbetweenvoltmeterandresistanceboxbyjoiningthe
t
ermi
nal
sofv
olt
met
er

Now makealljointsperfectlywithsolderingiron
NowslowlypowerontheActransformerandfindoutthewhetherLEDis
gl
owi
ngornot.
Finallyweconstructedthehalfwaverectifier.
Precautionwehavefallowwhilepreparingthismodeliscapacitorofless
v
oltmi
ghtbeconnect
edt
othedi
ode

 Donotswi
tchont
heci
rcui
tbef
orechecki
ngt
hemodel
iti
scor
rectornot
Obser
vat
ions:
 
1.Observetheout putwavefor
mf r
om CRO.
2.Measuret hev alueofACandDCv ol
tagesoft heoutputwav ef
ormfrom the
CRO
3.whileprepar i
ngmodelmakej oi
ntoft hewireper f
ectl
yorsol dert
hewi re
perf
ectl
y
4.Whent hei nputsignalisposi
ti
ve,thedi odei
sf orwar
dbi asedandconducts
curr
ent 
. 
5.Whent
  hei nputsignal
isnegat
ivethedi
odei sr
ev er
sebiasedanddoesnot
conductcur
r ent
Concl
usi
on
Ahalfwaverect
if
ieri
srarel
yusedinpract
ice,i
tisneverpreferr
edast hepower
suppl
yofanaudiocir
cuitbecauseoftheveryhi
ghrippl
ef actorHighrippl
efact
or
wil
lresul
tinnoi
seininputaudiosi
gnalwhichintur
nwi l
laffectaudi
oqualit
y

Advantageofhal
fwaverect
ifi
eri
sonlythati
tscheapsimpleandeasyto
const
ructIt
scheap,si
mpleandeasytoconstructi
tisv
er ycheapbecauseofthe
l
ownumbercomponent sinvol
vedinsi
mplebecauseoft hestrai
ghtf
orwardi
n
ci
rcui
tdesign

Thisal
sohelpf
orthemeasuringt
hemeancurr
entfl
owhel
psustounder
stand
theamountaccur
rentpassedthr
ought
heci
rcui
tandal
sohel
pcanfi
ndglowing
ofLEDli
ght
Bi
bli
ogr
aphy
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pfr
om t
eacher
s

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pfr
om i
nternet

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