PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT WORK JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA, VATTEM - 509203 BRIDGE RECTIFIER PRESENTED BY - B. NAVEEN 12th CLASS MPC. -RollNo. 19INDEX 1 CERTIFICATE 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. 3. INTRODUCTION 4. AIM 5. MATERIAL REQUIRED 6. THEORY/WORKING 7. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 8. PROCEDURE 9. OBSERVATION 10. CONCLUSION 11, REFERENCESACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the accomplishment of the project successfully many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support this time I am utilising to thank all the people who have concerned with project. Primarily would thank God for being able to complete this project with success. ‘Then 1 would like to thank my principal BHASKAR KUMAR SIR and physics teacher MANU J YOHANNAN SIR those valuable guidance has been the once that helped me pateh this project and make it full proof suecess. His suggestions an He has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as anc when need, He has taken pain to go through the project and make necessary correction as and when needed, ‘Then 1 would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful project I owe a great many thanks to great and well wisher various phases of the completion of the ‘any people wha helped and supported meINTRODUCTION + A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. + Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission systems, Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power, As noted, detectors of radio signals serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of flame. + The simple process of rectification produces a type of DC characterized by pulsating voltages and currents (although still unidirectional). Depending upon the type of end-use, this type of DC current may then be further modified into the type of relatively constant voltage DC characteristically produced by such sources as batteries and solar cells. + A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding. * Physically take a number of forms, including vaccum tube diodes,mercury arc valves,copper and selenium oxide rectifiers semiconductor diodes,silicon-controlled rectifiers and other silicon based semiconductor switches + Rectifier circuits may be single-phase or multi phase. Most low powered rectifiers for domestic equipment are single phase but three phase rectification is very important for individual applications and for the transmission of energy as DCad S JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA, VATTEM, MAHABUBNAGAR SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2022-23 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Master/Miss carried out the Investigatory Project in Physics as prescribed by the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi as a part of the syllabus for class Xi. Subject Teacher PrincipalAIM To Construct a Bridge rectifier and show that the alternating current[AC] is rectified into direct current[DC].MATERIALS REQUIRED 1. CONNECTING WIRES 2.A PLUG 3. SINGLE LEAD WIRE-2M. 4. THREE NUTS AND BOLTS [ 2-3CM ] 5. CIRCUIT BOARD 6. A TRANSFORMER [12V] 7. ARESISTOR 8. P-N JUNCTION DIODES[4NOS] 9.ALED 10. INSULATION TAPE,BLADES, SOLDERING WAX, SOLDERING LEAD, SOLDERING IRON 11, SAND PAPERTHEORY And WORKING + Many electronic circuits require a rectified DC power supply to power various electronic basic components from the available AC mains supply. Rectifiers are used to convert an AC power to a DC power. Among the rectifiers, the bridge rectifier is the most efficient rectifier circuit. We can define bridge rectifiers as a type of full wave rectifier that uses four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration to efficiently convert alternating (AC) current to a direct (DC) current. In the next few sections, let us learn more about its construction, working, and more, + Construction + The construction of a bridge rectifier is shown in the figure below. The bridge rectifier circuit is made of four diodes D1, D2, D3, D4, and a load resistor RL. The four diodes are connected in a closed-loop configuration to efficiently convert the alternating current (AC) into Direct Current (DC). The main advantage of this configuration is the absence of the expensive centre-tapped transformer. Therefore, the size and cost are reduced. « Bridge Rectifier Construction «+ The input signal is applied across terminals A and B, and the output DC signal is obtained across the load resistor RL connected between terminals C and D. The four diodes are arranged in such a way that only two diodes conduct electricity during each half cycle. D1 and D3 are pairs that conduct electric current during the positive half cycle. Likewise, diodes D2 and D4 conduct current during a negative cycle. Working + When an AC signal is applied across the bridge rectifier, terminal A becomes positive during the positive half cycle while terminal B becomes negative. This results in diodes D1 and D3 becoming forward biased while D2 and D4 becoming reverse biasedThe current flow during the positive half-cycle is shown in the figure below:. + working-of-bridge-rectifier-1 * During the negative half-cycle, terminal B becomes positive while terminal A becomes negative. This causes diodes D2 and D4 to hecome forward biased and diode D1 and D3 to be reverse biased.The current flow during the negative half cycle is shown in the figur e below Load + working-of-bridge-rectifier-2 + From the figures given above, we notice that the current flow across load resistor RL is the same during the positive and negative half-cycles. The output DC signal polarity may be either completely positive or negative. In our case, it is completely positive. If the diodes’ direction is reversed, we get a complete negative DC voltage. + Thus, a bridge rectifier allows electric current during both positive and negative half cycles of the input AC signal.The output waveforms of the bridge rectifier are shown in the below figure: AC Input DC output (pulsating form)CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AC Supply www.electroSome.comPROCEDURE + Take the transformer and attach it to one end of the circuit board. + Attach the plug with the wire of desired length and connect it to the transformer AC In .now, take four diodes and connect the 4 diodes into a loop. Connect the anode of diode D1 to the anode of D2. Connect the cathode of D2 to anode of D3. Connect the cathode of D3 to anode of D4 and connect the anode of D4 to cathode of DIPROCEDURE + Take the transformer and attach it to one end of the circuit board. * attach the plug with the wire of desired length and connect it to the transformer AC In .now, take four diodes and connect the 4 diodes into a loop. Connect the anode of diode D1 to the anode of D2. Connect the cathode of D2 to anode of D3. Connect the cathode of D3 to anode of D4 and connect the anode of D4 to cathode of DIhggg + The output of transformers should be connected to A and C. Now, take two end connect its -ve terminal to -ve and +ve terminal to +ve . And connect both the capacitors to B and D. Connect a resistor and a LED to the capacitor. Attach wire from the capacitors in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.+ In subsequent Half cycles of the AC Current the above process are repeated. In both the half cycles it is clear that current flows through the resistor in only one direction, Even though the voltage across load in unidirectional it will still contains a few AC components. This is filtered and made smooth using a capacitor, which filters 99% of the AC Current.A resistor is then used to adjust the output voltage. + Capacitor also nearly filters Se civonenis from supply and resistance is adjusted for the required output. As dimple eit two capacitors and one resistor are being used. The output Direct and valtage light up the LED and other source connected with itADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES “*advantages: * disadvantages : ET AdvantagesThe efficiency of the bridge rectifier is higher than the efficiency of a half-wave rectifier. However, the rectifier efficiency of the bridge rectifier and the centre-tapped full-wave rectifier is the same. The DC output signal of the bridge rectifier is smoother than the output DC signal of a half-wave rectifier. Ina half-wave rectifier, only half of the input AC signal is used, and the other half is blocked, Half of the input signal is wasted in a half-wave rectifierHowever, in a bridge rectifier, the electric current is allowedduring bothpositive and negative half cycles of the input AC signal. Hence, the output DC signal is almost equal to the input AC signal The circuit of a bridge rectifier is complex when compared to a half-wave rectifier and centre-tapped full-wave rectifier Bridge rectifiers use 4 diodes while half-wave rectifiers and centre-tapped full wave rectifiers use only two diodes When more diodes are used more power loss occurs Ina centre-tapped full-wave rectifier, only one diode conducts during each half cycle. But in a bridge rectifier, two diodes connected in series conduct during each half cycle. Hence, the voltage drop is higher in a bridge rectifierOBSERVATION AND CONCLUSION + Alternating current [AC] is converted into Direct current [DC].REFERENCE Rwww.google.com ¢ www.scribd.com * www. wikipedia.com «««THANK YOU...