AEC5

02SUMMARY

LANDRESOURCEECONOMI
CS

PROFOLADEEBO

SCOPEOFLANDECONOMI
CS

L
andr
esour
ceec
onomi
csmaybedes
cri
beds
impl
yast
hef
iel
dofs
tudyt
hatdeal
s
wi
thman'
sec
onomi
crel
ati
ons
hipwi
thot
her
swi
thr
espec
ttol
and.I
tisc
onc
ernedwi
th
t
heal
l
ocat
ionandus
eofs
car
cer
esour
ces
.
L
andr
esour
ceec
onomi
csi
sof
tenc
har
act
eri
zedbyi
tspr
act
ical
,i
nst
it
uti
onaland
pr
obl
em s
olv
ingappr
oac
h.I
tus
esc
onc
ept
sandwor
kingt
ool
sfr
om manyandv
ari
ed
di
sci
pl
ines s
uch as L
aw, Pol
i
tic
al Sc
ienc
e, Geogr
aphy, Ps
ychol
ogy, Soc
iol
ogy,
Ar
chi
tec
tur
e,Es
tat
emanagementet
c.(
Takenot
e)
Bas
icConcept
sinLandRes
our
ceEconomi
cs
Thef
ourbas
icConc
ept
sar
e:
1
. Theec
onomi
cconc
eptofl
andandl
andr
esour
ces
2
.Thec
las
sif
icat
ionofl
andus
esbyt
ype
3.Thec
onc
eptofl
andus
ecapac
ity
4
.Thec
onc
eptofhi
ghes
tandbes
tus
e

ECONOMI
CCONCEPTOFLAND
 L
andi
nit
smos
tac
cept
edus
eref
erst
osol
i
dpor
ti
onsoft
heear
thbuti
tmayal
so
appl
ytonat
ions
,peopl
eorapol
i
tic
aldi
vi
si
on.
 Fr
om al
egalv
iew,l
and(
orr
eales
tat
e)maybec
ons
ider
edasanypor
ti
onoft
he
s
urf
aceoft
heear
thov
erwhi
chowner
shi
pri
ght
sar
eexer
cis
ed.
 Ec
onomi
st
sregar
dlandast
hes
um t
otal
ofnat
ural
andmanmader
esour
cesov
er
whi
cht
hepos
ses
sionoft
heear
ths
urf
acegi
vesc
ont
rol
.

CLASSI
FI
CATI
ONOFLANDUSESBYTYPE
Theyar
eint
enf
olds
1
. Res
ident
ial
land
2
.Commer
cial
andi
ndus
tri
als
it
e

1
 3.Cr
opl
and
4
.Pas
tur
eandgr
azi
ngl
and
5
.For
estl
and
6.Mi
ner
all
and
7
.Rec
reat
ional
land
8
.Tr
ans
por
tat
ionl
and
9.Ser
vic
ear
ease.
gbar
rac
ks,
cemet
ery
1
0.Bar
renandwas
tel
and
Concept
sofLand
L
andmeansmanyt
hingst
omanypeopl
edependi
ngupont
hec
onc
ept
,i
nter
estat
t
hemoment
,thec
ont
exti
nwhi
chi
tisus
edandt
hec
irc
ums
tanc
esunderwhi
chi
tis
c
ons
ider
ed.
 Landass
pace:i
nthi
svi
ew,
landi
sthoughtasr
oom ands
urf
acewi
thwhi
chand
uponwhi
cht
hel
i
fet
akespl
ace
.Land i
sfi
xed i
nquant
it
yand i
ndes
truc
tibl
e
bec
aus
espac
ecannotbedes
troyedori
ncr
eas
ed.
 Landasanat
ure:i
nthi
ssens
e,l
andi
scondi
ti
onedbyi
tsac
ces
stos
unl
i
ght
,
r
ainf
all
,wi
nd,c
hangi
ngc
li
mat
icc
ondi
ti
ons
,soi
landt
opogr
aphi
ccondi
ti
ons
.Due
t
othi
s,s
omear
easar
eri
chi
nsoi
l
,for
estandot
herr
esour
ceswhi
l
eot
her
sar
e
bar
renandbl
eak.
 Land asa f
act
orofpr
oduct
ion:i
tisc
ons
ider
ed al
ongs
ideot
herf
act
orsof
pr
oduc
tion(
labour
,capi
tal
,management
).L
andi
sseenasanat
ure-
giv
ens
our
ce
off
ood,mi
ner
als
,bui
l
dingmat
eri
als
,fi
breand ot
herr
aw mat
eri
alsus
ed i
n
moder
nsoc
iet
ies
.(Takenot
e)
 Landascons
umpt
iongood:
landi
sof
tenhel
dandc
ovet
edbec
aus
eitaddsv
alue
asac
ons
umergoodoni
tsownr
ight
.
 Land ass
it
uat
ion:t
hisi
nvol
vesl
ocat
ion wi
thr
espec
tto mar
ket
s,geogr
aphi
c
f
eat
ures
,ot
herr
esour
cesandot
herc
ount
ri
es.I
tiss
igni
fi
cantbec
aus
ethev
alue
and us
eofmos
tland i
sli
kel
y det
ermi
ned by i
tsl
ocat
ion and ac
ces
sibi
l
it
y,
s
trat
egi
cimpor
tanc
eofl
ocat
ionf
act
ori
nmoder
nec
onomi
caf
fai
rsandwor
ld
pol
i
tic
s.E.
gCompar
ingaL
andi
nLekki
,LagosSt
atet
oal
andi
nOdo-
Oba,Oyo

2
 St
ate.
(Takenot
e)
 Land asa pr
oper
ty:i
tinv
olv
esr
eales
tat
eand hasl
egalc
onnot
ati
ons
.Iti
s
c
onc
ernedwi
thar
easwher
eri
ght
sofowner
shi
par
eexer
cis
edandus
ewi
tht
he
nat
ureofr
ight
sandr
espons
ibi
l
iti
eshel
donl
and.
 Landasacapi
tal
:i
nthi
sconc
ept
,fr
om t
hes
tandpoi
ntoft
hei
nves
tor
,landmus
t
bepur
chas
edorl
eas
edl
i
keot
herc
api
tal
goods
.

DEMANDFORLAND
Demand f
orl
and i
sa der
ived demand.The demand f
orl
and i
sinf
luenc
ed by
t
echnol
ogi
caldev
elopme
nts
,cus
tom andt
radi
ti
on,i
ndi
vi
dualt
ast
esandper
sonalgoal
s
and by t
hec
hangi
ng at
ti
tudest
hatc
omewi
th adv
anc
ing age.Thebas
icf
act
ors
af
fec
tingt
hedemandf
orl
andi
sthatofpopul
ati
onnumber
s.
Demandf
orAgr
icul
tur
alLands
1
. Popul
ati
onnumber
s
2
.Nut
ri
ti
onal
andc
ons
umpt
ions
tandar
ds
3.L
andpr
oduc
tiv
ity

SUPPLYOFLAND
 Phys
icals
uppl
y:i
sconc
ernedwi
tht
heexi
st
enc
eofl
andr
esour
cesi
.
ephys
ical
l
andmus
tbeav
ail
abl
e.
 Economi
csuppl
y:i
sconc
ernedonl
ywi
tht
hepor
ti
onofphys
icals
uppl
ythatman
us
es.
Iti
sgr
eat
lyaf
fec
tedbypr
iceanddemandf
act
ors
.
Fac
tor
sAf
fect
ingEconomi
cSuppl
yofLand
 Nat
uralPhys
icalChar
act
eri
sti
cs:t
hisr
elat
eswi
ths
unl
i
ghtand t
emper
atur
e,
pr
eci
pi
tat
ion and ac
ces
sto wat
er s
uppl
y,t
opogr
aphy and dr
ainage,s
oil
c
ondi
ti
ons and pr
esenc
e of mi
ner
als
, phys
ical l
ocat
ions (
mar
ket
s and
t
rans
por
tat
ion)
.
 Economi
cFact
ors
:itbec
omesec
onomi
cal
l
ysi
gni
fi
cantwhenev
erpeopl
ebegi
nto
us
eland,c
ompet
ewi
thot
her
sforus
e/c
ont
rol
,putapr
iceorv
alueonl
andor
as
sumet
hec
ostas
soc
iat
edwi
tht
hei
rdev
elopment
.

3
  I
nst
it
uti
onalDet
ermi
nant
sofLandUs
e:t
hef
act
orsi
nvol
vedar
ecul
tur
eand
c
ust
om,gov
ernmentl
aw,publ
i
copi
nion,andc
onc
eptofpr
oper
tyr
ight
.(Take
Not
e)
Cul
tur
e:i
ntheYor
ubas
ett
ing,
ever
ymal
echi
l
dhasr
ightt
obegi
venl
andunl
i
kei
n
Ghanawher
eiti
sfemal
e.
Gov
ernmentl
aw:
Gov
ernmenti
stheowne
roft
hel
and
Publ
i
copi
nion:
sti
mul
atesi
nter
esti
nenv
ironment
alqual
i
tyandpubl
i
cac
qui
si
ti
on
ofr
ecr
eat
ionar
eas
.
Pr
oper
tyr
ight
s:youc
annoti
mpr
oveal
andi
fyoudonothav
ether
ightov
eri
tas
t
heowner
.
 Technol
ogi
calFact
ors
:theyaf
fec
tbypoi
nti
ngt
hewayt
othef
ull
erandmor
e
ext
endedus
eofexi
st
ings
uppl
i
esandbyf
aci
l
it
ati
ngt
hedi
scov
erydev
elopmentof
news
our
ceofs
uppl
y.

PROFAKI
NNI
RAN
PROPERTYRI
GHTSI
NLANDRESOURCES
 Pr
oper
tyr
ight
stendt
oinf
luenc
einc
ent
ivesandt
hebehav
iour
s
 Pr
oper
tyr
ightas
signment
saf
fec
ttheal
l
ocat
ionofr
esour
ces
,compos
it
ionof
out
putanddi
st
ri
but
ionofi
ncome
 Pr
oper
tyr
ightdi
ff
ersf
rom f
reegoodsi
nthes
ens
ethati
tinv
olv
esonl
yappr
opr
iat
e
obj
ect
sofv
alueov
erwhi
chmanc
ananddoesexer
tpos
ses
sion
 Pr
oper
tyr
ightunt
ilt
her
eisbot
hanownert
opos
ses
sandus
ethepr
oper
tyobj
ect
i
nques
ti
onandot
heri
nter
est
edper
sonswhoc
anbeexc
ludedf
rom pos
ses
sion
andus
e
 Pr
oper
tyr
ightc
omei
ntoexi
st
enc
eonl
ywhent
woormor
epeopl
ecompet
efort
he
pos
ses
sionandus
eofs
omeobj
ect
sandneeddev
elopsf
ort
heal
l
ocat
ionofr
ight
s
bet
weent
hem.
 Pr
oper
tydoesnotexi
stwhent
her
eisnopopul
ati
onandnoout
si
dec
lai
mant
s.
Twooft
hemos
timpor
tantat
tri
but
esofpr
oper
tyobj
ect
ivesar
e:
a.Appr
opr
iabi
l
ity
b.Val
ue

4
 SOCI
ALCONTROLOVERLANDEDPROPERTY
Soc
iet
yhasi
nher
enti
nter
esti
nal
lar
rangement
sinv
olv
ingt
heowner
shi
pandus
eof
l
andedpr
oper
ty.
Theyexi
stbec
aus
eof
:
 Theor
igi
nalr
oles
oci
etypl
aysi
ngr
ant
ing,r
ecogni
zi
ngandpr
otec
tingpr
oper
ty
r
ight
s
 Theec
onomi
cands
oci
als
igni
fi
canc
eofpr
oper
tyi
ndai
l
yli
fe
 Ov
eral
lres
pons
ibi
l
itys
oci
etyhasf
ormaxi
mizi
ngs
oci
alr
etur
nsbot
hnow andi
n
t
hef
utur
e
Pr
oper
ti
esar
eal
wayss
ubj
ectt
osoc
ial
cont
rol
ands
omeoft
hes
ear
einf
ormal
inf
orm of
c
ust
oms
,tr
adi
ti
ons
,rel
i
gions
,res
trai
ntsandpubl
i
copi
ni
on.

FORMALCONTROLS:ar
einf
orm ofs
over
eignpowerwhi
chi
nter
pret
sandi
mpl
ement
t
hewi
l
lofs
oci
ety.
Fi
veI
mpor
tantFor
malPower
sexer
cis
edbyGov
ernment
1
. Pol
i
cepower
2
.Emi
nentdomai
n (
Power
sofcont
rolov
erl
andedpr
oper
ty)
3.Taxat
ionpower

4
.Spendi
ngpower
5
.Pr
opr
iet
arypower (
Auxi
l
iar
ypower
stoachi
evepar
ti
cul
arobj
ect
ive)

Pol
i
cePower
:ist
hepowerofgov
ernmentt
oli
mitper
sonall
i
ber
ti
esandper
sonalr
ight
sin
t
hei
nter
estofpubl
i
cheal
th,
saf
ety,
mor
alsandgener
alwel
far
e.
Emi
nentDomai
n:enabl
esgov
ernmentt
oappr
opr
iat
epr
ivat
epr
oper
ti
esf
orpubl
i
cus
es
wi
thoutt
heowner
’sc
ons
entasl
ongasl
ongast
hepr
oper
tyi
stakenunderduel
aw
pr
oces
swi
thj
ustpaymentofj
ustc
ompens
ati
on.
Taxat
ion:mos
ttaxesar
elev
ied t
ocol
l
ectr
evenue
.Itc
an be us
ed t
ofor
cet
he

r
edi
st
ri
but
ionofpr
oper
tyhol
dings
.Exc
ept
ionsc
anbeus
edt
ofav
ourpar
ti
cul
arc
las
ses

5
ofowner
s.

PROFEZEKI
EL
LANDTENURESYSTEM
L
andt
enur
eisac
onc
eptwhi
chi
nvol
vesmanyr
elat
ions
hipses
tabl
i
shedamong
me
nthatdet
ermi
nesei
therv
aryi
ngr
ight
stoc
ont
rol
,oc
cupyandus
elandedpr
oper
ti
es.I
t
c
onc
ernsal
loft
hewaysi
nwhi
chpeopl
e,c
orpor
atebodi
esandgov
ernments
har
eint
he
bundl
eofr
ight
sandi
tconc
ernst
het
imeper
ioddur
ingwhi
cht
hes
eri
ght
sar
ehel
d.
Tenur
e:meanst
hehol
dingofpr
oper
tyes
pec
ial
l
yreales
tat
eorbyr
efer
enc
etoas
uper
ior
i
nher
enti
nthewor
ld‘
hel
d’i
sthei
deaofexc
lus
iont
hati
stos
etas
ideandkeepasone’
s
ownbys
hif
ti
ngoutandexc
ludi
ngot
her
s.
 I
ntheNor
th,
thel
awhasbeenc
odi
fi
edi
ntoabookc
all
ed1
962l
andt
enur
elaw.
 I
nthes
out
hac
ust
omar
ylandt
enur
esys
tem i
sus
edwher
eindi
vi
duali
sgi
ven
l
andbyt
heheadoft
hec
ommuni
tye.
gChi
ef,Oba,et
c.Thei
mpl
i
cat
ionoft
hisi
s
t
hatl
andwi
l
lber
edi
st
ri
but
edandyouwi
l
lnotbeal
l
owedt
oal
i
enat
ethel
and
f
rom t
hec
ommuni
ty.
 I
ntheEas
t,t
heyhav
eCompoundl
and/
far
m,NearandFarFar
m.Compound
l
and i
snotr
edi
st
ri
but
ed.Nearand f
arf
armsar
eper
iodi
cal
l
yshar
ed among
member
sandnomemberi
sal
l
owedt
ogr
ow per
manentc
ropsont
hel
andasi
t
al
sos
har
edac
cor
dingt
ose
nior
it
y.Thei
mpl
i
cat
ionoft
hisi
sthati
flandi
sshar
ed
andt
her
e'sr
otat
ion,
itmayt
ake1
5year
sbef
orei
tret
urnt
hel
andor
igi
nal
l
ytobe
gi
venyoui
nit
ial
l
y.
Pr
obl
emsAr
is
ingFr
om Cus
tomar
yLandTenur
eSys
tems
 Pr
obl
em ofTenant
s:t
het
enant
sdonothav
esec
ureac
ces
stol
andt
hati
sthey
hav
enos
ecur
it
yofexpec
tat
ion.
 I
nal
i
enabi
l
ityorr
efus
alt
osel
l:f
ami
l
ylandi
snots
ubj
ectt
osal
e.Ther
eas
oni
s
t
hatt
her
eismul
ti
pl
ic
ityofi
nter
estonapi
eceofl
and.Thel
aw s
ayst
hatt
hes
ale
ofl
andbyi
ndi
vi
dual
memberwi
thoutf
ami
l
ymember
scons
enti
svoi
d.
 Fr
agment
ati
onofl
andi
ntouneconomi
csi
zedt
ract
s:t
hisi
sduet
other
uleof
i
nher
it
anc
ewhi
chs
aysev
erymal
emus
tshar
efr
om t
hel
and.

6
L
andRef
orm:i
sameansofbr
ingi
ngabouts
truc
tur
alc
hangei
ntheagr
icul
tur
als
ect
ors
t
her
ebyal
ter
ingt
hes
izedi
st
ri
but
ionofhol
dingsordi
st
ri
but
ionofi
ncome.
For
ms/
TypesofLandRef
orms
i
. Redi
st
ri
but
ionofpubl
i
corpr
ivat
elandi
not
hert
ochanget
hepat
ter
nofl
and
di
st
ri
but
ionands
izeofhol
dings
i
i
. Cons
oli
dat
ionofi
ndi
vi
dual
hol
dings
i
i
i. Changes i
nland owner
shi
p and t
enanc
yri
ght wi
th orwi
thout phys
ical
r
edi
st
ri
but
ingofl
and
i
v. Changei
ncondi
ti
onoft
enur
ewi
thoutc
hangi
ngowner
shi
porr
edi
st
ri
but
ingl
and
t
enanc
yref
orm

L
ANDUSEDECREENO.
6,1
978
 I
twaspr
omul
gat
ed i
n Mar
ch,1
978 and i
tspur
pos
e wast
osoc
ial
i
ze l
and
owner
shi
p
 I
tdi
vi
dest
hec
ount
ryi
ntor
ural
andur
banar
eas
 Ur
banar
easi
scont
rol
l
edbyt
heGov
ernorandRur
alar
easi
scont
rol
l
edbyt
he
L
ocal
Gov
ernment

L
andUs
eandal
locat
ioni
nUr
banandRur
alAr
easaccor
dingt
olandus
eDecr
eeno.6
of,
197
8
Ur
banAr
eas Rur
alAr
eas
St
atut
oryc
ert
if
icat
eofoc
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L
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Thepur
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ini
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ompens
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ompens
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imel
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orpr
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sModel
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Thi
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Cons
erv
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8
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1
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our
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:LandofNi
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St
udi
esNeeded
 Needt
ocont
rol
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dsas
soc
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edwi
thi
rr
igat
ion

1
3
 Needt
ocons
truc
tcanals
yst
em byt
hef
eder
algov
ernmentofNi
ger
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act
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igat
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rr
igat
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ort
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obl
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oir
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s
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eder
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undt
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efor
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act
ical
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igat
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yst
em

1
4