D.

METHOLOGI
ESANDAPPROACHESOFCOMMUNI
TY
ACTI
ONANDI
NVOLVEMENTACROSSDI
SCI
PLI
NES

1.
PARTNERSHI
PBUI
LDI
NGWI
THLOCALGROUPS
Par
tner
shi
ps ar
eint
ended f
or j
oints
olvi
ng ofpr
obl
ems
,res
our
ce
exc
hange,c
ooper
ati
on,c
oor
dinat
ionandc
oal
it
ionbui
ldi
ng.

A par
tner
shi
p br
ingst
oget
heri
nst
itut
ionalc
apabi
li
ti
esand human
r
esour
cesi
nthef
orm ofs
kil
ls,exper
ienc
esandi
deast
otac
klec
ommon
pr
obl
emst
hatar
eof
ten beyondt
hec
apac
ityofas
ingl
eor
gani
zat
ion or
gr
oup

The r
elat
ions
hip among par
tner
scan be t
empor
ary(
loc
albodi
es,
i
ncl
udi
nggover
nment
,gr
ass
root
sNGO'
S)orper
manent
.

3TYPESOFPARTNERSHI
P
1.
NETWORKS

•Ther
elat
ions
hipsamongpar
tner
swi
thi
nnet
wor
ksar
eof
tenl
essf
ormal
ori
nfor
mal
.

•Themai
npur
pos
eofmos
tnet
wor
ksi
stoexc
hangei
nfor
mat
ionamong
member
sandt
oshar
eexper
ienc
esi
nthei
rloc
alac
tivi
ti
es.

2.
COORDI
NATI
ON

•Rel
ati
onsamongmember
sar
emor
ecl
osel
yli
nked.

•Def
ini
ti
onofs
pec
ifi
ctas
ksamongor
gani
zat
ions
,whi
chr
equi
rer
esour
ces
(
for r
epr
esent
ati
on,management
,ful
fi
ll
mentofs
pec
ifi
ctas
ks)beyond
i
nfor
mat
ions
har
ing.

3.
COLLABORATI
ON

•
Rel
ati
onsamongmember
sar
est
rongwi
thf
unc
tionalmor
ebr
oadr
angi
ng
r
easdef
inedf
orj
ointac
tivi
ti
es.
 "PRI
NCI
PLESOFPARTNERSHI
P"

TRUST
•
Trus
tist
hemos
timpor
tanti
fthepar
tner
shi
pcr
oss
esmanyboundar
ies-
i
nter
per
sonal
,int
er-i
nst
itut
ional
,cr
ossc
ult
ural
-att
hes
amet
ime.

•
Trans
par
enc
yamongpar
tner
sist
hebas
isf
oras
oli
dandhones
t
r
elat
ions
hip

MUTULI
TY
•
int
hisc
ase,t
hepar
tner
shi
prel
ati
onsar
eopent
odi
alogueandexc
hange
ofvi
ewsRes
pec
tisofut
mos
timpor
tanc
e.

SOLI
DARI
TY
•
Sol
idar
itymeanss
ens
iti
vit
yandc
ommi
tmentt
othepr
obl
ems
,ef
for
tsand
c
ons
trai
ntsofot
herpar
tner
spar
tic
ular
lyoft
hos
eli
vingi
ncondi
ti
onsof
pover
tyandoppr
ess
ion

•i
timpl
iesar
eadi
nes
stor
espondappr
opr
iat
elyandi
nat
imel
ymannert
o
var
iedneeds
.

ACCOUNTABI
LITY
•
Anypar
tner
shi
pinvol
vesr
ight
sandobl
igat
ions
2.
COMMUNI
TYPROFI
LING
PROFI
LLI
NG-
Isapr
oces
sofc
reat
ingas
eri
esofi
nfor
mat
iont
hati
sappl
ied.
t
osomet
hingors
omeonet
hrought
echni
quesofdat
ael
abor
ati
on.
communi
typrof
ili
ngi
samet
hodus
edt
oes
tabl
ishabet
terunder
standi
ng
anddes
cri
pti
onoft
hec
ommuni
tyi
nas
pec
ifi
cgeogr
aphi
call
ocat
ionand
i
tsc
ommuni
tymember
scont
extandr
eal
it
y.Pr
act
icedbyvar
ious
devel
opmentagenc
ies
,st
akehol
der
s,orpr
act
iti
oner
sfordi
ffer
entpur
pos
es.
Butt
hec
ommondenomi
nat
ori
ncommuni
typr
ofi
lesi
sthati
tser
vesasa"
meansofobt
aini
ngac
cur
atei
nfor
mat
ionofr
elevanc
etopol
icypl
anni
ng,
i
mpl
ement
ati
on,moni
tor
ingandeval
uat
ion"
.
communi
typrof
ili
ngpl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
nident
ifyi
ngdi
ffer
ent
c
ommuni
tys
ituat
ions
,needs
,and.r
esour
cest
hatc
anbeus
edf
or
devel
opmentc
ampai
gns
,br
oaderandc
reat
ivedevel
opments
trat
egi
es,and
as
ses
sment
sforf
utur
edevel
opment
.

-
Communi
typr
ofi
li
ngi
simpor
tantbec
aus
eitmayj
ust
ifyt
hei
dent
ifi
ed
needsoft
hec
ommuni
ty

9Res
ourcest
obeCons
ideredi
nCommuni
tyProf
ili
ng
 Hi
stor
y
 Peopl
eoft
heCommuni
ty
 Pr
esenc
eofdi
ffer
entagenc
ies
,suppor
tgr
oups
,andi
nst
itut
ons
 Heal
thandwel
far
eanddevel
opmentpr
ogr
ams
 Wor
kandec
onomy
 Hous
ingneedsandr
esour
cesas
ses
sment
 Lel
sur
e
 Rel
igi
on
 As
pec
tsr
elat
edt
opeopl
ewi
ths
pec
lalneeds

Typesofcommuni
typrof
ili
ng
1.Rapi
dapprai
sal
-thi
stypeofpr
ofi
li
ngdeal
swi
thhow t
he
r
esear
cher
sext
rac
tdat
abymeansofobs
ervat
ionandbyc
onduc
tinga
di
scus
sionwi
tht
hekeyi
nfor
mant
sfr
om t
hec
ommuni
ty.Thi
stypeof
pr
ofi
li
ngi
sdeemedasbudget
-fr
iendl
yandc
ans
aveal
otoft
ime.Rapi
d
appr
ais
ali
scal
ledass
uchbec
aus
eofi
tss
peedi
ngat
her
ingt
heneededdat
a
f
rom t
hec
ommuni
ty.
2.Pri
ori
tySearchi
ng-i
nthi
stypeofpr
ofi
li
ng,t
hepr
imar
ymeans
ofdat
acol
lec
tioni
saf
ocusgr
oupdi
scus
sion.Agener
alques
tioni
sas
kedi
n
t
heFGDandt
hegat
her
edr
espons
eswi
llt
henbeus
edasbas
isoft
he
r
esear
chs
urvey(s
pec
ifi
cal
ly,aques
tionnai
re)
.
3.Compas
s-thi
smet
hodus
esa400-
it
em ques
tionnai
re,whi
chal
so
al
lowst
her
espondent
stoaddt
hei
rownques
tions
.Bec
aus
ethi
smet
hodof
pr
ofi
li
ngr
equi
resexper
tis
ewheni
tcomest
osampl
ingandr
epor
twr
iti
ng,
i
tisnotc
ommonl
yus
edbyc
ommuni
tygr
oups
.
4.
NeedsAs
ses
sment
-thi
sisus
ual
lydonebyc
ert
ainagenc
iest
o
pl
anoutwhatt
ypeofpol
icyi
sneededi
ncer
tai
ncommuni
ty.Thi
stypeof
pr
ofi
li
ngmakesus
eofexi
sti
ngdat
aand/
ori
sbac
kedupbyot
herdat
athat
may
beofhel
pindet
ermi
ningt
hec
ommuni
ty'
sneeds
.
5.Communi
tyCons
ult
att
ons
-Invol
vesc
onduc
tingmeet
ingsand
c
ons
ult
ati
onswi
tht
hec
ommuni
tymember
s.Thes
econs
ult
ati
onsmaybei
n
t
hef
orm off
ocusgr
oups
,onl
ineques
tionnai
res
,ci
ti
zenpanel
sandc
iti
zen
j
uri
esandpl
anni
ngf
orr
ealexer
cis
es.
6.Soci
alAudi
t-Thi
sdeal
swi
thmeas
uri
ngandpr
oduc
ingr
epor
ts
r
egar
dingt
heheat
hofac
ert
ainc
ommuni
ty,whi
chi
ntur
n,gi
ves
r
esear
cher
sani
deaof
thec
ommuni
ti
es'
stat
usandwel
l-
bei
ng.Soc
ialaudi
ts
c
anbec
onduc
tedi
nvar
iousl
evel
ssuc
hasc
ommuni
ty,c
ityordi
str
ictl
evel
.
St
rengt
hsofCommuni
tyProf
ili
ng
 Empower
mentofc
ommuni
tymember
s
 Al
ignmentwi
ths
ocl
alwor
kcodesofpr
act
iceandval
ues
 Ant
i-
oppr
ess
ivei
nnat
ure
 Hol
ist
ici
nnat
ure
Li
mit
ati
onsofcommuni
typrof
ill
ng
 Lac
kofr
esour
ce
 Exper
tis
eint
hemet
hoc
  I
nvol
vementofc
ommuni
tymember
 St
ruc
tur
alc
ons
trai
nt

3.
NEEDSASSESSMENT
Aneedsas
ses
smentl
etst
hec
ommuni
tyi
dent
ifyt
het
hingsi
tneeds
.Iti
s
us
edt
odet
ermi
net
hegapsbet
weent
hec
ommuni
ty’
spr
esentc
ondi
ti
on
andi
tsdes
iredc
ondi
ti
on.Needsas
ses
smentc
anbec
onduc
tedt
hrougha
s
urveyf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngpur
pos
e:

 Todoc
umentorr
ecor
dneedswhi
chc
anbeus
edi
nappl
yingf
undi
ng
andadvoc
ati
ngc
aus
es;and
 Toensuret
hatt
heac
tionyout
akei
srel
atedt
otheneedsoft
he
c
ommuni
ty.

Component
sofaNeedsAssessment

Themai
nout
comesofac
ommuni
tyneedsas
ses
smentar
ein3mai
n
c
ategor
ies
:Pol
icyChange,Sys
temsChange,andEnvi
ronment
alChange

Pol
icyChange

Thi
sinvol
vesl
aws
,regul
ati
ons
,rul
es,pr
otoc
ols
,andpr
ocedur
est
hatar
e.
des
ignedt
ogui
deori
nfl
uenc
ebehavi
or.Pol
ici
esc
anbeei
therl
egi
slat
ive
oror
gani
zat
ional
.Pol
ici
esof
tenmandat
eenvi
ronment
alc
hangesand
i
ncr
eas
ethel
ikel
ihoodt
hatt
heywi
llbec
omei
nst
itut
ional
izedor
s
ust
ainabl
e.

Exampl
esofl
egi
slat
ivepol
ici
esi
ncl
udet
axesont
obac
copr
oduc
ts,
pr
ovi
sionofc
ount
yorc
itypubl
icl
andf
orgr
eens
pac
esorf
armer
s’
mar
ket
s,r
egul
ati
onsgover
ninganat
ionals
chooll
unc
hpr
ogr
am,and
c
leani
ndoorai
rlaws
.Exampl
esofor
gani
zat
ionalpol
ici
esi
ncl
udes
chool
s
r
equi
ringheal
thyf
oodopt
ionsf
oral
lst
udent
s,menul
abel
ingi
n
r
est
aur
ant
s,andr
equi
redqual
it
yas
sur
anc
epr
otoc
olsorpr
act
ices(
e.g.
,
c
lini
calc
arepr
oces
ses
).
Syst
em Change

Thi
sinvol
vesc
hanget
hataf
fec
tsal
lcommuni
tyc
omponent
sinc
ludi
ng
s
oci
alnor
msofanor
gani
zat
ion,i
nst
itut
ionors
yst
em.I
tmayi
ncl
udea
pol
icyorenvi
ronment
alc
hanges
trat
egy.Pol
ici
esar
eof
tent
hedr
ivi
ng
f
orc
ebehi
nds
yst
emsc
hange.
Exampl
esar
eimpl
ement
inganat
ionals
chooll
unc
hpr
ogr
am ac
ros
sa
r
egi
onorpr
ovi
nci
als
chools
yst
em orens
uri
ngahos
pit
als
yst
em bec
omes
t
obac
cof
ree.

Envi
ronment
alChange

Thi
stypeofc
hanger
elat
est
othephys
ical
,soc
ial
,orec
onomi
cfac
tor
s
des
ignedt
oinf
luenc
epeopl
e’spr
act
icesandbehavi
ors
.
Exampl
esofal
ter
ati
onsorc
hangest
otheenvi
ronmenti
ncl
ude:

Phys
ical
:St
ruc
tur
alc
hangesort
hepr
esenc
eofpr
ogr
amsors
ervi
ces
,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hepr
esenc
eofheal
thyf
oodc
hoi
cesi
nres
taur
ant
sorc
afet
eri
as,
i
mpr
ovement
sint
hebui
ltenvi
ronmentt
opr
omot
ewal
king(
e.g.
,wal
king
pat
hs)
,theavai
labi
li
tyofs
moki
ngc
ess
ati
ons
ervi
cest
opat
ient
sorwor
ker
s,
andt
hepr
esenc
eofc
ompr
ehens
ives
choolheal
theduc
ati
onc
urr
icul
ain
s
chool
s.

Soci
al:Apos
iti
vec
hangei
nat
tit
udesorbehavi
oraboutpol
ici
est
hat
pr
omot
eheal
thorani
ncr
eas
eins
uppor
tiveat
tit
udesr
egar
dingaheal
th
pr
act
ice,i
ncl
udi
ngani
ncr
eas
einf
avor
abl
eat
tit
udesofc
ommuni
ty
dec
isi
onmaker
saboutt
hei
mpor
tanc
eofnons
moki
ngpol
ici
esoran
i
ncr
eas
einnonac
cept
anc
eofexpos
uret
osec
ond-
hands
mokef
rom t
he
gener
alpubl
ic.

Economi
c:Thepr
esenc
eoff
inanc
ialdi
sinc
ent
ivesori
ncent
ivest
o
enc
our
ageades
iredbehavi
ori
ncl
udi
ngc
har
ginghi
gherpr
icesf
ort
obac
co
pr
oduc
tst
odec
reas
ethei
rus
eort
hepr
ovi
sionofnons
mokerheal
th
i
nsur
anc
edi
scount
s.
4.
WORKI
NGWI
THACOREGROUPOF
LEADERS/
LEADERSHI
PDEVELOPMENT
PARTI
CIPATORYACTI
ONPLANNI
NG

CoreGroup
 I
smadeupof5-
7indi
vidual
sfr
om t
hec
ommuni
tys
elec
tedand
r
ecr
uit
edbyt
heCommuni
tyOr
gani
zer(
CO)t
ohel
pfac
ili
tat
ethe
f
ormat
ionoft
he"
Communi
tyBas
edOr
gani
zat
ion"

I
mport
anceofCoreGroups

 The"CoreGroup"workstogetherwiththeCommunityOrganizer(CO)
andpr
ovi
desc
ommuni
tyl
eader
shi
ptowar
dst
hef
ormat
ionoft
he
"
Communi
tyBas
edOr
gani
zat
ion(
CBO)

COREGROUPFORMATI
ON
A.TheNGOdevel
opscri
teri
aforrecrui
ting“
CoreGroup"members
whi
chmayi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 Leader
shi
p
 I
ntegr
ity
 Avai
labi
li
ty
 Commi
tment
 Knowl
edgeandSki
ll
s
B.Tas
ksofCommuni
tyOrgani
zer(
C0)
 Obs
erveandt
alkt
opeopl
eint
hec
ommuni
ty.
 I
dent
ifypot
ent
ial"
Cor
eGr
oup"member
sus
ingc
rit
eri
a.
 Sel
ectandr
ecr
uit5-
7pot
ent
ial“
cor
egr
oup"member
s.Women
s
houl
dbei
ncl
uded.
 Conduc
tor
ient
ati
onmeet
ingwi
thal
lcor
egr
oup"member
s.
I
ntr
oduc
eandexpl
aint
hewor
kofNGO.Expl
ainandc
lar
ify
r
espons
ibi
li
ti
esof"
cor
egr
oup"member
s.
 TheCor
eGr
oupr
epr
esent
sthemos
tadvanc
egr
oupi
nthe
c
ommuni
tyi
nter
msofc
ons
cious
nes
s.
  Youc
ani
nit
iat
eas
eri
esofmeet
ingsanddi
scus
sionsamongt
he
member
soft
hec
oregr
oup,s
otheyc
anexc
hangeknowl
edgeand
i
nsi
ght
stowar
dsadeeperunder
standi
ngoft
hepr
obl
ems
,res
our
ces
anddynami
csoft
hei
rcommuni
ty.
 Thec
oregr
oupc
ant
henl
ayoutt
hepl
ansandt
asksf
ores
tabl
ishi
nga
c
ommuni
tyor
gani
zat
ionc
ompos
edof
.var
iouss
ect
orsoft
he
c
ommuni
ty.

Leaders
hipDevel
opment

 r
efer
stoac
tivi
ti
est
hati
mpr
ovet
hes
kil
ls,abi
li
ti
esandc
onf
idenc
eof
l
eader
s.Pr
ogr
ammesvar
ymas
sivel
yinc
ompl
exi
ty,c
ostands
tyl
eof
t
eac
hing.Coac
hingandment
ori
ngar
etwof
ormsofdevel
opment
of
tenus
edt
ogui
deanddevel
opmentof
tenus
edt
ogui
deand
devel
opl
eader
s

 Ac
cor
dingt
oBal
dwi
nandFor
d(1998)
,thes
ucc
essofl
eader
shi
p
devel
opmenti
sinf
luenc
edheavi
lybyt
hequal
it
yofpr
ogr
amme,
l
evelofs
uppor
tandac
cept
anc
efr
om s
uper
ior
s,andt
he
c
har
act
eri
sti
cs/l
ear
nings
tyl
eoft
heper
sonbei
ngdevel
oped.

 Leader
shi
pdevel
opmenti
sac
ommonpr
oces
sinSuc
ces
sionpl
anni
ng,
whi
chai
mst
opr
oduc
ehi
gh-
cal
ibr
eleader
stot
akeovers
eni
or
pos
iti
onswhent
heybec
amevac
ant
.

Part
ici
pat
oryAct
ionPl
anni
ng

 I
sapr
oces
sbywhi
chac
ommuni
tyunder
takest
oreac
hagi
vens
oci
o-
ec
onomi
cgoalbyc
ons
cious
lydi
agnos
ingi
tspr
obl
emsandc
har
tinga
c
our
seofac
tiont
ores
olvet
hos
epr
obl
ems
.Exper
tsar
eneeded,but
onl
yasf
aci
li
tat
ors
.

 Par
tic
ipat
oryPl
anni
ng-
isanur
banpl
anni
ng-par
adi
gm t
hat
emphas
izesi
nvol
vingt
heent
irec
ommuni
tyi
nthes
trat
egi
cand
managementpr
oces
sesofur
banpl
anni
ng;orc
ommuni
ty-
level
pl
anni
ngpr
oces
ses
,ur
banorr
ural
.Iti
scons
ider
edaspar
tof
c
ommuni
tydevel
opment
.
Purpos
eofPart
ici
pat
oryAct
ionPl
anni
ng

 I
dent
ifi
cat
ionoft
hef
eltneedsoft
hepeopl
e
 Theempower
mentofl
ocaldi
sadvant
agedgr
oups
 I
ntegr
ati
onofl
ocalknowl
edges
yst
emsi
ntopr
ojec
tdes
ign.
 Pol
it
icalc
ommi
tmentands
uppor
t
 Two-
waypr
oces
sbet
weent
hepr
ojec
tandl
ocalpeopl
e

Met
hodPl
anni
ng

 Rapi
dRur
alAppr
ais
alMet
hods(
RRA)
 Canbedef
inedasaqual
it
ati
ves
urveymet
hodol
ogyus
ingmul
ti
-
di
sci
pli
net
eam t
ofor
mul
atepr
obl
emsf
orr
esear
chanddevel
opment
.

 Par
tic
ipat
oryRur
alAppr
ais
al
 enabl
eloc
alpeopl
etomaket
hei
rownappr
ais
al.

5.
RESOUCESMOBI
LIZATI
ON
Res
our
cemobi
li
zat
iont
heor
yisus
edi
nthes
tudyofs
oci
almovement
sand
ar
guest
hatt
hes
ucc
essofs
oci
almovement
sdependsonr
esour
ces(
time,
money,s
kil
ls,et
c.)andt
heabi
li
tyt
ous
ethem.Whent
het
heor
yfi
rst
appear
ed,i
twasabr
eakt
hroughi
nthes
tudyofs
oci
almovement
sbec
aus
e
i
tfoc
usedonvar
iabl
est
hatar
esoc
iol
ogi
calr
athert
hanps
ychol
ogi
cal
.No
l
ongerwer
esoc
ialmovement
svi
ewedasi
rrat
ional
,emot
ion-
dri
ven,and
di
sor
gani
zed

TypesofResources
Ac
cor
dingt
osoc
iol
ogi
stswhos
tudyr
esour
cemobi
li
zat
ion,t
het
ypesof
r
esour
cesneededbys
oci
almovement
scanbegr
oupedi
ntof
ivec
ategor
ies
:

1.
Mat
eri
alres
ources
.Thes
ear
ethet
angi
bler
esour
ces(
suc
hasmoney,
al
ocat
ionf
ort
heor
gani
zat
iont
omeet
,andphys
icals
uppl
ies
)nec
ess
aryf
or
anor
gani
zat
iont
orun.Mat
eri
alr
esour
cesc
ani
ncl
udeanyt
hingf
rom
s
uppl
iesf
ormaki
ngpr
otes
tsi
gnst
otheof
fic
ebui
ldi
ngwher
eal
arge
nonpr
ofi
tisheadquar
ter
ed.

2.
Humanres
ources
.Thi
sref
erst
othel
aborneeded(
whet
her
vol
unt
eerorpai
d)t
oconduc
tanor
gani
zat
ion'
sac
tivi
ti
es.Dependi
ngont
he
or
gani
zat
ion'
sgoal
s,s
pec
ifi
ctypesofs
kil
lsmaybeanes
pec
ial
lyval
uabl
e
f
orm ofhumanr
esour
ces
.
 Forexampl
e,anor
gani
zat
iont
hats
eekst
oinc
reas
eac
ces
sto
heal
thc
aremayhaveanes
pec
ial
lygr
eatneedf
ormedi
cal
pr
ofes
sional
s,whi
leanor
gani
zat
ionf
ocus
edoni
mmi
grat
ionl
aw
mays
eekouti
ndi
vidual
swi
thl
egalt
rai
ningt
ogeti
nvol
vedi
nthe
c
aus
e.

3.
Soci
al-
organi
zat
ionalres
ources
.Thes
eres
our
cesar
eonest
hat
SMOsc
anus
etobui
ldt
hei
rsoc
ialnet
wor
ks.
 Forexampl
e,anor
gani
zat
ionmi
ghtdevel
opanemai
lli
stofpeopl
e
whos
uppor
tthei
rcaus
e;t
hiswoul
dbeas
oci
al-
organi
zat
ional
r
esour
cet
hatt
heor
gani
zat
ionc
oul
dus
eit
sel
fands
har
ewi
thot
her
SMOst
hats
har
ethes
amegoal
s.

4.
Cul
turalres
ources
.Cul
tur
alr
esour
cesi
ncl
udeknowl
edgenec
ess
ary
t
oconduc
ttheor
gani
zat
ion'
sac
tivi
ti
es.

 Forexampl
e,knowi
nghow t
olobbyel
ect
edr
epr
esent
ati
ves
,dr
afta
pol
icypaper
,oror
gani
zear
all
ywoul
dal
lbeexampl
esofc
ult
ural
r
esour
ces
.Cul
tur
alr
esour
cesc
anal
soi
ncl
udemedi
apr
oduc
ts(
for
exampl
e,abookori
nfor
mat
ionalvi
deoaboutat
opi
crel
atedt
othe
or
gani
zat
ion'
swor
k).

5.
Moralres
ources
.Moralresourcesaret
hos
ewhi
chhel
pthe
or
gani
zat
iont
obes
eenasl
egi
ti
mat
e.
 Forexampl
e,c
elebr
ityendor
sement
scans
erveasat
ypeofmor
al
r
esour
ce:whenc
elebr
iti
ess
peakoutonbehal
fofac
aus
e,peopl
e
maybes
pur
redt
olear
nmor
eaboutt
heor
gani
zat
ion,vi
ew t
he
or
gani
zat
ionmor
epos
iti
vel
y,orevenbec
omeadher
ent
sor
c
ons
tit
uent
soft
heor
gani
zat
iont
hems
elves

Feat
uresofResourceMobi
lizat
ion
1.Res
our
cei
dent
ifi
cat
ion
2.I
dent
ifi
cat
ionofRes
our
cePr
ovi
der
3.I
dent
ifi
cat
ionofmec
hani
smt
orec
eiver
esour
ce16
4.Expans
ionofr
elat
ionswi
tht
heRes
our
cePr
ovi
der
5.Ri
ghtus
eofr
esour
ce
6.Knowl
edgeands
kil
lst
oRes
our
ceMobi
li
zat
ion
7.Humans
kil
ls,s
ervi
ce,i
nfor
mat
ion,equi
pment
8.Seeki
ngoutnew r
esour
ce
9.Thoughtofi
nst
itut
ionals
ust
ainabi
li
ty
10.Lowerf
inanc
ialr
isk

I
mport
anceofResourceMobi
lizat
ion
1.Todi
ver
sif
yandexpandr
esour
ces
.
2.Res
our
ceMobi
li
zat
ionhel
pst
ofor
mul
ateani
ndependentbudget
.To
br
eak t
het
radi
ti
onofr
unni
ngt
hes
pec
ifi
cpr
ogr
amsofanydonoragenc
ies
onl
y.Tos
pendi
nthepr
ogr
am oft
heOr
gani
zat
ion'
sli
king.
3.Todec
reas
edependenc
yonot
her
s.
4.Tos
aveones
elf
/l
ess
ent
hec
hanc
eofbec
omi
ngc
ont
rac
tor
soff
orei
gn
donoragenc
ies
.
5.Fors
ust
ainabi
li
tyoft
heOr
gani
zat
ionandpr
ogr
am.
6.Formaxi
mum us
eofdomes
ticc
api
talands
kil
ls.
7.Toexpanddeepr
elat
ionswi
tht
hes
takehol
derandc
ommuni
ty.
8.Toc
leant
hei
mageoft
hec
ommuni
tyandexpandr
elat
ions
.
9.Tof
ulf
il
lres
pons
ibi
li
ti
est
owar
dst
hec
ommuni
ty.
10.Tor
unpr
ogr
amsbas
edont
hegenui
neneedsoft
hec
ommuni
tyandt
o
advoc
atef
ors
uchpr
ogr
ams
.
11.Todi
ssemi
nat
ethegoodpr
act
icesoft
heOr
gani
zat
ion.
12.Todevel
opnew t
hinki
ngandc
hal
lenget
heol
dtr
adi
ti
ons
.
13.Toenhanc
ethedi
gni
tyofone'
sOr
gani
zat
ion.
6.
SOCI
ALACTI
ON
Soc
ialac
tion,i
ngener
al,i
sanac
tiont
hati
sinf
luenc
edandaf
fec
tsot
her
peopl
edur
ings
oci
ali
nter
act
ions
.Att
hes
amet
ime,s
oci
ali
nter
act
ioni
sa
r
elat
ions
hipbet
weent
woormor
eindi
vidual
swhoi
nfl
uenc
eeac
hot
her
.
  Unders
tandi
ngAccordi
ngt
oExpert
s
Sever
alexper
tst
henexpl
ainedt
hedef
ini
ti
onofs
oci
alac
tion.Thes
eexper
ts
t
henexpr
ess
edt
hei
ropi
nion.I
nsoc
iol
ogy,t
woexper
tsdef
ines
oci
alac
tion
andar
ewi
del
yknownwor
ldwi
de.Thati
s:

A.MaxWeber

Thef
irs
texper
ttodef
ines
oci
alac
tionwasMaxWeber
,af
igur
ein
s
oci
ology.Ac
cor
dingt
oWeber
,thenot
ionofs
oci
alac
tioni
sanac
tionbas
ed
ons
oci
alf
act
sthathaveamaj
ori
nfl
uenc
eons
oci
all
if
e,wher
ethes
oci
al
s
yst
em i
nthi
sinf
luenc
eisc
reat
edf
rom t
her
elat
ions
hipofi
ndi
vidual
sin
t
hei
rgr
oups
.

B.Ri
tzer

Ri
tzerc
onveyedt
hes
econdopi
nion;ac
cor
dingt
ohi
m,t
henot
ionofs
oci
al
ac
tioni
sar
epet
iti
vebehavi
orc
arr
iedouti
ntent
ional
lyduet
opas
sivel
y
i
nfl
uenc
ings
ituat
ionswi
ths
imi
largoal
sinc
ert
ainc
ondi
ti
ons
.

TYPESOFSOCI
ALACTI
ON

1.I
nst
rument
alRat
ionalAct
ion
 Thef
irs
ttypei
sins
trument
alr
ati
onalac
tion;ast
henamei
mpl
ies
,
t
hiss
oci
alac
tioni
srat
ional
.Sowhens
omeonet
akesanac
tion,i
twi
ll
beadj
ust
edt
othef
inalgoalt
obeac
hieved.
 Aper
sonwi
llnott
akeac
tionwi
thoutac
learpur
pos
e;t
hen,hi
s
nat
urebec
omesr
ati
onalandl
ogi
cal
.Ac
tionswi
thac
learpur
pos
e
l
eadt
oac
learwayaswel
l.

 Forexampl
e,t
hes
oci
alac
tionofahi
ghs
chools
tudents
tudyi
ng
har
dal
lni
ght
.Thegoali
stobebet
terpr
epar
edf
ort
heexam t
henext
day.Sol
ear
ningbec
omesas
oci
alac
t,andt
hegoali
stober
eadyf
or
exams
.

2.Val
ueOri
ent
edAct
ion
 Thes
econdt
ypei
sval
ue-
ori
ent
eds
oci
alac
tion,whi
chi
scar
riedout
byc
ons
ider
ingt
heval
uest
hatexi
sti
nsoc
iet
y.Sot
hisac
tionadapt
s
 t
owhati
scons
ider
edgoodbyt
hewi
derc
ommuni
ty.

 Thes
copeofval
uess
tar
tsf
rom et
hic
alval
ues
,aes
thet
ics(
beaut
y),
r
eli
gion,andot
herval
uest
hatexi
sti
nsoc
iet
y.Val
ue-
ori
ent
eds
oci
al
ac
tionf
ocus
esont
hebenef
itsandpr
osandc
onsoft
heac
tioni
nthe
eyesofs
oci
ety,whi
chover
ridest
hegoal
.

 Anexampl
eoft
hist
ypeofs
oci
alac
tioni
swhenc
hil
drens
top
pl
ayi
ngf
oot
bal
lbec
aus
ethec
allt
opr
ayerf
ort
hemi
ddaypr
ayerhas
s
ounded.Sot
heydec
idedt
ost
oppl
ayi
ngandpr
ayf
irs
t,t
hen
c
ont
inuet
hegame.

3.Af
fect
iveAct
ion
 Thet
hir
dtypei
saf
fec
tiveac
tion,namel
ysoc
ialac
tiont
hati
scar
ried
outbas
edont
hef
eel
ingsoremot
ionsf
eltbyani
ndi
vidual
.Sot
hat
t
hiss
oci
alac
tioni
sunac
cept
abl
e,c
ons
ider
edi
ll
ogi
cal
,ori
rrat
ional
.

 I
tiss
aids
obec
aus
ethi
ssoc
ialac
tioni
scar
riedoutbypr
ior
iti
zing
f
eel
ingsoremot
ionss
othatt
hisac
tiondoesnoti
nvol
vet
hemi
nd,
whi
chal
somakest
heac
tionunac
cept
abl
e.

 Anexampl
eiswhenat
eac
hers
col
dsas
tudenti
ncl
assf
orbei
ng
c
aughtc
heat
ing,t
hent
hiss
tudentc
ries
.Cr
yingher
eisaf
orm of
af
fec
tiveac
tionbec
aus
eitr
eli
esonemot
ionsorf
eel
ings
.

4.Tradi
tionalAct
ion
 Thel
asti
str
adi
ti
onalac
tion,whi
chi
sat
ypeofs
oci
alac
tionc
arr
ied
outbec
aus
eithasbec
omeahabi
toranac
tionbas
edonahabi
tand
i
singr
ained.
 Theni
trel
atest
oal
lfor
msofc
ult
ureorc
ust
omss
othatal
lsoc
ial
ac
tionsoft
hist
ypear
ebas
edont
hec
ult
ureappl
iedbyt
he
c
ommuni
ty.Thi
sac
tioni
sher
edi
tar
y,s
oithasbeenhappeni
ngf
ora
whi
le.

 Anexampl
eisanyac
tiont
hati
sdonebec
aus
eofc
ust
om,s
uchast
he
Ngabenc
eremonyf
ort
hepeopl
einBal
i,t
heNgebal
icer
emonyi
n
Lampung,t
heBat
uBakarPar
tyeventi
nPapua,ands
oon.
El
ement
sofSoci
alAct
ionbyTal
cot
tParsons

a.TheAct
or-I
tist
hei
ndi
vidualwhoper
for
mst
heac
t.
b.TheGoal-Thes
ear
etheai
msorobj
ect
ivesf
orwhi
cht
heac
tionwas
done.
c.Soci
alSi
tuat
ion-Theac
torper
for
mshi
s/herr
olei
nthepr
esenc
eof
s
omes
oci
als
ituat
ion.
d.Normat
iveOri
ent
ati
on-I
tisper
for
medons
omes
oci
alpat
ter
n,c
ust
om.
Al
lthes
efor
msar
ecal
lednor
msofs
o-c
iet
y.
e.Energy-Thi
srequi
resener
gyf
ori
tsper
for
manc
e.Phys
icalener
gyand
t
rai
ningar
ees
sent
ialf
oranac
t.

7.
EVALUATI
ON
Communi
tyeval
uat
ionhel
psust
ounder
standhow wel
las
oci
al
pr
ogr
am i
swor
king.I
tinvol
vesr
esear
chi
ngandc
oll
ect
ingi
nfor
mat
ion
abouti
mpor
tantas
pec
tsofapr
ogr
am,s
uchast
heevent
s,el
ement
sand
out
comes
,wi
tht
hegoalofi
mpr
ovementanddec
isi
on-
maki
ng.Eval
uat
ion
c
ant
elluswhati
swor
kingandwhati
snotac
cor
dingt
othepr
ogr
am’
s
ai
msandobj
ect
ives
.Theeval
uat
ionpr
oces
scangui
deust
owhatwec
ando
t
omakes
oci
alpr
ogr
amsmor
eef
fec
tive,mor
einc
lus
ive,andhel
pust
o
r
efi
neours
hor
t-andl
ong-
ter
m pr
ior
iti
es.I
tal
sokeepst
hepr
ogr
am
ac
count
abl
etokeys
takehol
der
s,s
uchass
ervi
cepr
ovi
der
s,c
ommuni
ty
gr
oupsandt
hec
ommuni
tyi
ngener
al.

SOURCEANDREFERENCES

•
htt
ps:
//
www.
studoc
u.c
om/
ph/
doc
ume
nt/
don-
honor
io-
vent
ura-
tec
hnol
ogi
cal
-
s
tat
e-uni
ver
sit
y/c
ommuni
ty-
engage
ment
-sol
idar
ity-
and-
cit
ize
nshi
p/
•
htt
ps:
//
www.
scr
ibd.
com/
pre
sent
ati
on/
490334062/
Cor
e-Gr
oup
•
htt
ps:
//
www.
thought
co.
com/
•
htt
ps:
//
grannyt
ele
vis
ion.
com/
diavghs
c08?we
niu=84&r
efe
r=ht
tps
%3A%2F%2
Fs
inaume
dia.
com
ht
tps
://
www.
ats
dr.
cdc
.gov/
communi
tye
ngage
ment
/i
nde
x.ht
ml
BACAYAWANNATI
ONALHI
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Sul
tanDumal
ondongL.
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DARI
TYAND
CITIZENSHIP
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c
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ionsandinvol
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