AFourSt

rokeCy
clePet
rol
Engi
ne

1.
0.I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Pet
rol
engi
ne(
Bri
ti
shEngl
i
sh)orgasol
i
neengi
ne(
Amer
ican
English)i sani nt ernalcombust ionengi newi t
hspar k-ignition,desi gnedt orunon
petrol (gasoline)andsi mi l
arv olatil
efuels.Inmostpet r olengines, thef uelandai rare
usuallypr e-
mi xedbef orecompr ession( alt
houghsomemoder npet rol enginesnow
usecy l
inder -
directpet r
ol i
njection).Thepr e-mi xingwasf ormer l
ydonei nacar buretor,
butnowi tisdonebyel ectronical l
ycont r
olledf uel i
nject ion,excepti nsmal lengines
wher et hecost /compl icati
onofel ectronicsdoesnotj ust i
fytheaddedengi ne
effi
ciency .Thepr ocessdi ff
er sfrom adi esel engi nei nt hemet hodofmi xingt hef uel
andai r, andinusi ngspar kpl ugst oiniti
atet hecombust ionpr ocess.I nadi esel engine,
onlyai riscompr essed( andt her efor
eheat ed),andt hef uel i
si njectedi ntov eryhotai r
attheendoft hecompr essionst roke,andsel f-
ignit
es. Af our-
st r
oke( alsof our-cycle)
enginei sani nternal combust i
on( IC)engi neinwhi cht hepi st
oncompl etesf our
separ atest rokeswhi leturningt hecr ankshaf t.Ast roker eferst othef ulltr
avel oft he
pist
onal ongthecy li
nder ,i
nei therdirection[1].

2.
0.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofI
.C.Engi
nes:

Thei
nter
nalcombust
ionengi
nesmaybecl
assi
fi
edi
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

1.Accor
dingt
othet
ypeoff
uel
used

a)Pet
rol
engi
nes,
b)Di
esel
engi
nes,
andc)Gasengi
nes.

2.Accor
dingt
othemet
hodofi
gni
ti
ngt
hef
uel

a)Spar
kigni
ti
onengi
nes,
andb)Compr
essi
oni
gni
ti
on

engi
nes.

3.Accor
dingt
othenumberofst
rokespercy
cle

a)Fourst
rokecy
cleengi
nes,
andb)Twost
rokecy
cle

4.Accor
dingt
othecy
cleofoper
ati
on

a)Ot
tocy
cleengi
nes,
b)Di
esel
cycl
eengi
nes,
andc)Dual

cy
cleengi
nes.
 5.Accor
dingt
othespeedoft
heengi
ne

a)Sl
owspeedengi
nes,
b)Medi
um speedengi
nes,
andc)Hi
ghspeedengi
nes.

6.Accor
dingt
othecool
i
ngsy
stem

a)Ai
r-
cool
edengi
nes,
andb)Wat
er-
cool
edengi
nes.

7.Accor
dingt
othemet
hodoff
uel
inj
ect
ion

a)Car
bur
etorengi
nes,
andb)Ai
rinj
ect
ionengi
nes.

8.Accor
dingt
othenumberofcy
li
nder
s

a)Si
ngl
ecy
li
nderengi
nes,
andb)Mul
ti
-cy
li
nderengi
nes.

9.Accor
dingt
othear
rangementofcy
li
nder
s

a)Vert
icalengines,
b)Horizontalengines,
c)Radi
alengi
nes,d)In-
li
nemul
ti
-cy
li
nder
engi
nes,e)V-typemulti
-cy
linderengines,f
)Opposi
te-
cyl
inderengi
nes,
andg)
Opposi
te-pist
onengines.

10.Accor
dingt
othev
alv
emechani
sm

a)Ov
erheadv
alv
eengi
nes,
andb)Si
dev
alv
eengi
nes.

11.Accor
dingt
othemet
hodofgov
erni
ng

a)Hi
tandmissgover
nedengi
nes,b)Quant
it
ati
vel
ygov
ernedengi
nes,
and
Qual
i
tat
ivel
ygover
nedengi
nes[
2].

3.
0.Themai
nPar
tsofaf
ourst
rokepet
rolEngi
ne:

Thef
oursepar
atest
rokesar
eter
med:
Intake:Al
soknownasi nducti
onorsucti
on.Thisstrokeofthepist
onbeginsattopdead
center(T.D.C.
)andendsatbot tom deadcenter(B.
D.C.)
.Inthi
sstrokethei
ntakev al
ve
mustbei nt heopenposi t
ionwhil
ethepist
onpul l
sanair-f
uelmixt
ureintot
hecy li
nder
bypr oducingvacuum pressur
eintothecyl
inderthr
oughitsdownwar dmotion.The
pistonismov ingdownasai ri
sbeingsuckedi nbythedownwar dmot i
onagainstthe
piston.

Compression:Thi
sstrokebeginsatB.D.
C,orj
ustatt
heendofthesuct
ionstr
oke,and
endsatT.D.C.Int
hisstroket
hepistoncompressest
heai
r-
fuel
mixtur
einprepar
ation
forigni
ti
ondur
ingthepowerst
roke(
bel
ow)
.Bot
hthei
ntakeandexhaustv
alv
esar
e
closedduri
ngt
hisstage.

Combust i
on: Al
soknownaspowerori gni
ti
on.Thi sisthestartofthesecond
revolut
ionoft hefourst r
okecy cl
e.Atthi
spointt hecrankshafthascompletedaful
l
360degr eer evol
ut i
on.Whilethepist
onisatT.D. C.(t
heendoft hecompressi
on
str
oke)t hecompr essedair-f
uelmixt
ureisi
gnitedbyaspar kplug(inagasoli
ne
engine)orbyheatgener atedbyhighcompr ession(dieselengines)
,for
ceful
ly
ret
urningt hepistont oB.D.C.Thi
sstrokepr
oducesmechani calworkfr
om theengi
ne
toturnthecr ankshaf t
.

Exhaust
:Alsoknownasout l
et.Duri
ngtheexhauststr
oke,
thepiston,
onceagai
n,
ret
urnsfr
om B.D.C.toT.
D.C.whil
etheexhaustvalv
eisopen.Thisacti
onexpel
sthe
spentai
r-
fuelmixtur
ethr
ought heexhaustv
alve[
3].

4.
0.Pr
inci
pleofaFourSt
rokePet
rol
Engi
ne:
Theprincipleusedinaf ourstr
okepetrolengi
nei scommonl yknownasOt t
oCy cl
e.It
stat
est hattherewouldbeonepowerst r
okef oreveryfourstr
okes.Suchenginesuse
asparkpl ugwhi chi
susedf ortheigni
ti
onoft hecombust ibl
efuelusedintheengine.
Mostoft hecars, bi
kesandt r
ucksusea4st r
okeengi nes.
IneveryOttocycl
ethereis
anadiabat i
ccompr ession,
additi
onofheatatconst antvolume,anadiabati
c
expansionandt hereleaseofheatatconstantv ol
ume.

5.
0:Wor
kingofaFourSt
rokePet
rolEngi
ne:
Ast
rokei
sthemov
ementoft
hepi
stonf
rom t
het
op,
tot
hebot
tom oft
hecy
li
nder
.

Asthenamesuggestt
heFourSt
rokePet
rolEngi
neusesacy cl
eoffourstrokesand
pet
rolasthef
uel
.Eachcy
clei
ncl
udes2rotat
ionsoft
hecrankshaf
tandf ourstr
okes,
namely:

1.
AnI
ntakeSt
roke

2.
ACompr
essi
onSt
roke

3.
ACombust
ionSt
rokeal
socal
l
edPowerSt
roke

4.
AnEx
haustSt
roke

Thest
epsi
nvol
vedar
easf
oll
ows:

1.
Int
akeSt
roke:
Ast
henamesuggest
sint
hisst
roket
hei
ntakeoff
uel
takespl
ace.
Whent heengi
nest art
s,t
hepist
ondescendst othecyl
inder'
sbott
om fr
om thet
op.
Thusthepressureinsi
dethecyl
inderr
educes.Nowt heintakeval
veopensandthe
fuel
andairmixtureenter
sthecyli
nder
.Thev alv
ethencloses.

2.Compr essi
onSt r
oke:Thi
sst r
okeisknownascompr essi
onstr
okebecauset he
compr essionofthefuelmixtur
etakespl aceatthisstage.Whentheintakeval
v e
closes(exhaustvalvei
salreadyclosed),thepist
onf orcedbacktothetopofthe
cyli
nderandt hefuelmixt
uregetscompr essed.Thecompr essi
onisaround1/8t hof
theorigi
nal vol
ume.Anengi neisconsideredmor eeffi
cienti
fit
scompr essi
onr ati
ois
higher.

3.Combust ion/PowerStr
oke: Nowi ncaseofpet r
ol engi
newhent hefuelmixture
compr essest othemaximum v aluethesparkpl ugpr oducesspar
kwhi chignit
esthe
fuelmixture.Thecombust i
onl eadst otheproductionofhighpressur
egases.Duet o
thistr
emendousf or
cethepi st
oni sdr i
venbackt othebot t
om ofthecyli
nder.Asthe
pistonmov esdownwar ds,thecr ankshaftr
otateswhi chrotat
esthewheel softhe
vehicl
e.

4.
ExhaustStr
oke:Asthewheel movestothebot
tom theexhaustv alv
eopensupand
duetothemoment um gainedbyt
hewheel t
hepist
oni spushedbackt ot hetopofthe
cyl
inder
.Thegasesduet ocombusti
onarehenceexpelledoutofthecy li
nderint
othe
atmospher
ethroughtheexhaustval
ve.
Theexhaustvalveclosesaftertheexhaust
str
okeandagaintheintakeval
veopensandthefourstrokesarerepeated[4.

6.
0.p-
VandT-
SDi
agr
am ofaf
ourst
rokepet
rolEngi
ne:
7.
0.v
alv
eti
mingdi
agr
am of4st
rokepet
rolengi
ne:

8.
0.Rat
ingofSIEngi
neFuel
s:
Thehy drocarbonf uelsusedi nspar kigni ti
on( S.I
.)enginehav eatendencyt ocause
engineknockwhent heengi neoper atingcondi t
ionsbecomesev er e.Theknocki ng
tendencyofaf uelinS.I.engi nesi sgener al
lyexpr essedbyi t
soct anenumber .The
percent age,byv olume, ofiso-oct anei nami xtureofi so-
octaneandnor mal heptane,
whichexact lymat chest heknocki ngint ensityofagi venfuel,i
nast andardengine,
undergi venst andardoper ati
ngcondi tions, i
stermedast heoctanenumberr ati
ngof
uit
hatf uel.Thus, ifami xtureof50per centi so-octaneand50per centnor mal heptane
mat chest hef uelundert est,thent hisf uel i
sassi gnedanoct anenumberr atingof50.
Ifaf uelmat chesi nknocki ngi ntensityami xtureof75per centiso-oct aneand25
percentnor mal heptane, t
hent hi
sf uel woul dbeassi gnedanoct anenumberr ati
ngof
75.Thi soct anenumberr ati
ngi sanexpr essionwhi chindicat
estheabi l
it
yofaf uel t
o
resi
stknocki naspar kigniti
onengi ne.

Si
nceiso-
oct
aneisaverygoodanti
-knockf
uel,
ther
efor
eitisassi
gnedar at
ingof100
oct
anenumber.Ontheotherhand,
normalhept
anehasav erypoorant
i-
knock
quali
ties,t
herefore,iti
sgivenar at
ingofzer ooctanenumber .Theset wofuels,i
.e.
,iso
-oct
aneandnor malheptaneareknownaspr i
maryr eferencefuels.I
tmaybenot ed
thathighertheoct anenumberr ati
ngofaf uel,thegr eaterwil
lbei t
sr esist
anceto
knockandhi gherwi llbethecompr essi
onr ati
o.Sincet hepowerout putandspeci fi
c
fuelconsumpt ionaref unct
ionsofcompr essionratio,theref
orewemaysayt hatthese
arealsofunctionsofoct anenumberr ati
ng.Thi sfactindicat
est heext reme
i
mpor tanceoft heoct anenumberr ati
nginf uel
sforS.I .engines.[
6]

9.
0.Appl
icat
ionofPet
rolEngi
ne:

Pet
rolengi
neshav
emanyappl
icat
ions,
incl
udi
ng:
Fourst
rokeengi
neshav
ehi
gherf
uel
eff
ici
encyi
ncompar
isi
ont
otwost
rokeengi
nes.

Thef ourstrokepetrolengi nesar ethemostcommonl yusedenginesintoday’s

automobi l
esect orandv ehicles, bot
hincasesofsi ngl
ecyli
nderandmul t
icy l
i
nder
appli
cations.Fourstrokepet rol engi
necommonl yusedinpetr
olcars,motorbi
kes,
scooters,smal lpr
opellerai rcrafts,f
ormulaone, small
motorpower edboats,auto-
ri
ckshaw, wat erspraysy stems, etc.
Thepetrolfourstr
okehasawi deapplicat
ionsince
thehigherv al
ueoft hel owendpunchcapabi l
i
tiesofthe
engines.Automobi l
e,Mot orcy cles,Ai
rcr
aft
,Motorboats,
Smallengi
nes,suchasl awn
mower s,chainsawsandpor tableengine-
generat or
s.

10.
0.Di
scussi
on:
High- qualit
yandcost -
effectivefour-str
oke,single-cyli
nderpet r
olenginef orusewi t
h,
theengi neincludesanexhaustt her
mocoupl e, ahalf-coupli
ngt oli
nktot het estset
dynamomet erandal lessent i
al hosesandf i
ttings.Inaddi t
ion,eachengi neincl udesa
colour codedf uel t
ankwi thself-seali
ngcouplings.Thecoupl ingsensuret heengi ne
canbeconnect edanddi sconnect edquickl
yandef f
icientl
ywi t
hmi ni
mum l ossor
spil
lageoff uel.Forconv enienceandsaf et
y,thef uel t
ankcanber emov edf orf i
ll
ingor
forst oragei naf uell
ockerwhennoti nuse.Remov i
ngt hefuel t
ankalsopr ev ents
unaut hor i
seduseoft heequi pment .Theenginei smount edonast urdypr ecisionbed
plate.Thebedpl atehasdowel sandsl otswhi chalignandl ocateitaccur at
elywi ththe
dynamomet ert estset.Thismi nimisesthetimespentr epl
acingoneengi newi th
anot her.

11.
0.Concl
usi
on:
Duri
ngengineoper ati
on,pi
stonsgot hrough4ev ent stoachi
eve
eachpowercy cle.Thedefi
nit
ionofanev entisanupordown
pist
onmot i
on.Uponcompl et
ionofthe4ev ents,
t hecycl
eis
completeandr eadytobeginagain.4-str
okeengi nesdeliv
era
goodbalanceofpower ,rel
i
abili
tyandef f
iciency.
a4- st
rokepat
rol
engineusedinmanyi ndustri
alpurposes.

12.
0.Ref
erence:

[1]
htt
ps://en.
m.wikipedia.
org/wi
ki/
Four-
str
oke_engine#:
~:text=A%20four%2Dst
roke%20(also%20four
,st
r
okes%20whi l
e%20turning%20the%20cr
ankshaf
t.
&t ext
=In%20thi
s
%20stroke%20the%20pi st
on,t
he%20power%20stroke%20(bel
ow)
.

[2]
https:
//www. ener
gy.
gov/eer
e/v
ehi
cles/
arti
cles/
int
ernal
-
combust i
on-engine-
basics#:
~:text
=There%20are%20t
wo%20kinds%20of,
needed%20
to%20compl ete%20a%20cy
cle.

[
3]ht
tps:
//www.discountr
ebui
l
tengi
nes.
com/
blog/
what
-ar
e-mai
n
-
part
s-of
-an-
engine.php

[4]
htt
ps://cour
ses.
washington.edu/engr100/
Secti
on_Wei/
engin
e/UofWindsorManual
/Four%20St r
oke%20Cy cl
e%20Engi
nes.ht
m
#:~:
text
=A%20f our
%2Dstroke%20cy cle%20engi
ne,
to%20comple
te%20one%20operati
ng%20cy cle.

[
5]ht
tp:/
/www.about
mech.
com/
2016/
01/
oct
ane-
number
-r
ati
ng-
of
-si
-engi
ne-
fuels.
html?m=1#:~:t
ext=The%20knocking%20t
endency
%20of%2
0a,expressed%20by%20it
s%20octane%20number.&t
ext=On%20t
he%20ot her%20hand%2C%20normal,known%20as%20pri
mary%
20reference%20fuel
s.

[
6]ht
tp:
//www.about
mech.com/
2016/
02/
val
ve-
ti
ming-
diagr
am-
of
-pet
rol
-engi
ne.
html?m=1

Name:
Tit
uNat
h

Rol
l:1905087