CLASS–X (

HISTORY)
CH-3Nat
ional
ism I
nIndi
a
Q1.Whatwasnat
ional
ism i
nEur
opeassoci
atedwi
th?

Ans1.
a)Asyouhaveseen,
moder
nnat
ional
i
sm i
nEur
opecamet
obeassoci
atedwi
tht
he
for
mati
onofnat
ion-
stat
es.

b)Ital
someantachangeinpeopl
e’
sunder
standi
ngofwhot
heywer
e,andwhatdef
inedt
hei
r
i
denti
tyandsenseofbel
ongi
ng.

c)Newsymbolsandi
cons,
newsongsandi
deasf
orgednewl
i
nksandr
edef
inedt
heboundar
ies
ofcommuni
ti
es.

d)I
nmostcount
ri
est
hemaki
ngoft
hisnewnat
ional
ident
it
ywasal
ongpr
ocess.

Q2.Howwasnat
ional
ism per
cei
vedi
nIndi
a?Whatwer
ethepr
obl
ems?

Ans2.a)I
nIndi
a,t
hegr
owt
hofmoder
nnat
ional
i
sm i
sint
imat
elyconnect
edt
otheant
i-
col
oni
al
movement.

b)Peopl
ebegandi
scov
eri
ngt
hei
runi
tyi
nthepr
ocessoft
hei
rst
ruggl
ewi
thcol
oni
ali
sm.

c)Thesenseofbeingoppressedundercol
oni
ali
sm pr
ovi
dedashar
edbondt
hatt
iedmany
di
ffer
entgroupst
ogether
.

Pr
obl
ems

a)Buteachcl
assandgroupfel
ttheef
fect
sofcoloni
ali
sm di
ff
erent
ly,
thei
rexper
ienceswer
e
var
ied,
andthei
rnoti
onsoffr
eedom werenotal
waysthesame.

b)TheCongressunderMahat
maGandhi
tri
edtofor
get hesegr
oupst
oget
herwi
thi
none
movement.Buttheuni
tydi
dnotemer
gewit
houtconfl
i
ct .

Q3.Howdi
dthe1stWor
ldWarcr
eat
eaneweconomi
csi
tuat
ion?

Ans3.
a)Thewarcr
eat
edaneweconomi
candpol
i
tical
sit
uat
ion.

b)I
tledtoahugeincr
easei
ndefenceexpendi
tur
ewhi chwasf
inancedbywarl
oansand
i
ncr
easingtaxes:
cust
omsduti
eswer er
aisedandincometaxi
ntroduced.

c)Thr
ought
hewaryearspr
icesi
ncr
eased–doubl
i
ngbet
ween1913and1918–l
eadi
ngt
o
ext
remehar
dshi
pfort
hecommonpeopl e.
d)Vill
ageswerecal
ledupont
osuppl
ysol
dier
s,andt
hef
orcedr
ecr
uit
menti
nrur
alar
eascaused
widespr
eadanger.

e)Thenin1918-
19and1920-
21,cr
opsfai
ledinmanypart
sofI
ndi
a,r
esul
ti
ngi
nacut
eshor
tages
offood.Thi
swasaccompani
edbyaninfl
uenzaepi
demic.

f
)Peopl
ehopedt
hatt
hei
rhar
dshi
pswoul
dendaf
tert
hewarwasov
er.Butt
hatdi
dnothappen.

Q4.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbySat
yagr
aha?

Ans4.a)Thei
deaofSat
yagr
ahaemphasi
zedt
hepoweroft
rut
handt
heneedt
osear
chf
ort
rut
h.

b)Itsuggest
edthati
fthecausewastrue,i
fthestr
ugglewasagai
nsti
njust
ice,
thenphysi
cal
for
cewasnotnecessar yt
ofightt
heoppressor
.Wi t
houtseeki
ngv
engeanceorbeingaggr
essi
ve,
aSatyagrahi
couldwinthebatt
let
hroughnonviol
ence.

c)Thiscouldbedonebyappeal i
ngt
otheconsci
enceoftheoppr
essor
.Peopl
e–includingthe
oppressors–hadtobeper suadedt
oseethetr
uth,i
nst
eadofbei
ngforcedt
oaccepttruth
thr
ought heuseofvi
olence.

d)Bythi
sst
ruggl
e,trut
hwasboundtoult
imatel
ytr
iumph.Mahat
maGandhi
bel
i
evedt
hatt
his
dhar
maofnon-vi
olencecoul
duni
teal
lIndi
ans.

Q5.Ment
iont
heSat
yagr
aha’
sor
gani
sedbyMahat
maGandhi
.

Ans5.Aft
erarri
vingi
nIndi
a,Mahat
maGandhi
successf
ull
yor
gani
sedSat
yagr
ahamov
ement
sin
var
iousplaces.

a)I
n1916hetravel
ledt
oChampar
ani
nBi
hart
oinspi
ret
hepeasant
stost
ruggl
eagai
nstt
he
oppr
essi
vepl
antati
onsyst
em.

b)Theni n1917,heorgani
sedaSatyagr
ahatosupportthepeasantsoftheKhedadi
str
ictof
Gujarat
.Affectedbycropf
ail
ureandaplagueepi
demic,thepeasantsofKhedacoul
dnotpay
therevenue,andweredemandingthatr
evenuecol
lect
ionberelaxed.

c)I
n1918,MahatmaGandhi
wentt
oAhmedabadt
oor
gani
seaSat
yagr
ahamov
ementamongst
cot
tonmil
lworker
s.

Q6.WhatwastheRowlattAct?Howdi
dMahat
maGandhiopposei
t?Whatwast
her
eact
ionof
t
heBri
ti
shtothisopposi
tion?

Ans6.a)Rowlat
tAct(1919)hadbeenpassedt
hrought
heI
mper
ial
Legi
slat
iveCounci
ldespi
te
theuni
tedopposit
ionoftheI
ndianmembers.

b)I
tgavethegover
nmentenor
mouspowerst
orepr
esspol
i
tical
act
ivi
ti
es,
andal
l
oweddet
ent
ion
ofpol
i
tical
pri
soner
swit
houttr
ial
fort
woyear
s.
c)MahatmaGandhiwantednon-
viol
entci
vi
ldi
sobedi
enceagai
nstsuchunj
ustl
aws,
whi
ch
woul
dstartwi
thahar
talon6Apri
l.

d)Ral
li
eswereor
gani
sedi
nvar
iousci
ti
es,
wor
ker
swentonst
ri
kei
nrai
l
waywor
kshops,
and
shopscl
oseddown.

e)Alar
medbyt hepopul
arupsur
ge,andscar
edthatl
inesofcommunicati
onsuchast
he
rai
l
way sandtel
egr
aphwouldbedisrupt
ed,t
heBri
ti
shadmi ni
str
ati
ondeci
dedtocl
ampdownon
nati
onali
sts.

f)Local
leader
swer
epi
ckedupf
rom Amr
it
sar
,andMahat
maGandhi
wasbar
redf
rom ent
eri
ng
Delhi
.

g)On10Apr il
,thepoli
cei
nAmr i
tsarf
ir
eduponapeacef
ulpr
ocessi
on,pr
ovoki
ngwidespread
attacksonbanks,postof
fi
cesandrai
lwayst
ati
ons.Mar
ti
all
awwasi mposedandGeneralDyer
tookcommand.

h)AsthenewsofJal
l
ianwal
l
aBaghspr
ead,
crowdst
ookt
othest
reet
sinmanynor
thI
ndi
an
towns.

I
)Therewerestri
kes,cl
asheswit
hthepoliceandat
tacksongov
ernmentbui
l
dings.The
gov
ernmentrespondedwithbrut
alr
epression.

Q7.Whydi
dJal
li
anwal
laBaghi
nci
dentt
akepl
ace?

Ans7.On13Apr
ilt
hei
nfamousJal
l
ianwal
l
aBaghi
nci
dentt
ookpl
ace.

a)Onthatdayacrowdofvil
l
agerswhohadcomet
oAmr
it
sart
oat
tendaf
airgat
her
edi
nthe
encl
osedgroundofJal
l
ianwall
aBagh.

b)Bei
ngf
rom out
sidet
heci
ty,
theywer
eunawar
eoft
hemar
ti
all
awt
hathadbeeni
mposed.

c)Dy
erent
eredt
hear
ea,
blockedt
heexi
tpoi
nts,
andopenedf
ir
eont
hecr
owd,
kil
l
inghundr
eds.

d)Hi
sobject
,ashedecl
aredlat
er,
wasto‘
produceamor
alef
fect
’,
tocr
eat
eint
hemi
ndsof
Sat
yagr
ahisafeel
i
ngofterr
orandawe.

Q8.Whydi
dMahat
maGandhical
lof
ftheRowl
attSat
yagr
aha?

Ans8.a)Whi
letheRowlat
tSat
yagr
ahahadbeenawi
despr
eadmov
ement
,itwasst
il
ll
imi
ted
mostlyt
ocit
iesandtowns.

b)Mahat
maGandhi
nowf
eltt
heneedt
olaunchamor
ebr
oad-
basedmov
ementi
nIndi
a.

c)Buthewascert
ainthatnosuchmov
ementcoul
dbeor
gani
sedwi
thoutbr
ingi
ngt
heHi
ndus
andMusli
msclosertoget
her.

Q9.Whatwast
heKhi
laf
atMov
ement
?Whydi
dMahat
maGandhisuppor
tit
?
Ans9.a)TheFir
stWor l
dWarhadendedwiththedef
eatofOt
tomanTurkeyandt
her
ewere
rumoursthataharshpeacet
reat
ywasgoingtobeimposedontheOt
tomanemperor–t
he
spi
ri
tualheadoftheIsl
amicworl
d(t
heKhali
fa).

b)Todef
endt
heKhal
i
fa’
stempor
alpower
s,aKhi
l
afatCommi
tt
eewasf
ormedi
nBombayi
nMar
ch
1919.

c)Ayounggener
ati
onofMusl
i
mleader
sl i
ket
hebrother
sMuhammadAliandShaukatAlibegan
di
scussi
ngwithMahat
maGandhi
aboutthepossi
bil
i
tyofauni
tedmassact
ionontheissue.

d)Gandhi
j
isawt
hisasanoppor
tuni
tyt
obr
ingMusl
i
msundert
heumbr
ell
aofauni
fi
ednat
ional
movement.

e)AttheCal
cutt
asessi
onoftheCongr
essi
nSeptember1920,heconvincedotherl
eadersof
theneedtost
artanon-
cooper
ati
onmovementi
nsupportofKhil
afataswellasforswaraj
.

Q10.Whatwassuggest
edbyMahat
maGandhii
nhi
sbook”
HindSwar
aj.
”

Ans10.InhisfamousbookHi ndSwaraj(
1909)Mahat maGandhidecl
aredthatBr
it
ishrul
ewas
establ
i
shedi nIndiawit
hthecooper
ati
onofIndi
ans,andhadsurvi
vedonlybecauseofthi
s
cooperat
ion.IfIndi
ansref
usedtocooper
ate,Br
it
ishrulei
nIndi
awouldcoll
apsewithi
nay ear
,
andswar ajwouldcome.

Q11.Howdi
dMahat
maGandhipr
oposet
olauncht
heNonCooper
ati
onMov
ement
?

Ans11.Gandhi
j
ipr
oposedt
hatt
hemov
ementshoul
dunf
oldi
nst
ages.

a)I
tshouldbeginwiththesur
renderofti
tl
esthatthegov er
nmentawarded,andaboy
cot
tofci
vi
l
ser
vices,
army,pol
ice,cour
tsandlegi
slat
ivecouncil
s,schools,
andf
oreigngoods.

b)Then,i
ncaset
hegov
ernmentusedr
epr
essi
on,
aful
lci
vi
ldi
sobedi
encecampai
gnwoul
dbe
l
aunched.

c)Thr
oughthesummerof1920Mahat
maGandhi
andShaukatAl
itour
edext
ensi
vel
y,mobi
l
izi
ng
popul
arsuppor
tfort
hemovement
.

Q12.Whywer
esomeamongt heCongr
essr
eluct
antt
osuppor
ttheNonCooper
ati
on
Movement
?Howwasitf
inal
lyadopt
ed?

Ans12.Manywi
thi
ntheCongr
esswer
e,howev
er,
concer
nedaboutt
hepr
oposal
s.

a)Theywer
erel
uct
antt
oboy
cottt
hecounci
lel
ect
ionsschedul
edf
orNov
ember1920,
andt
hey
fear
edt
hatt
hemovementmi
ghtl
eadt
opopularvi
olence.

b)Int
hemont
hsbet
weenSept
emberandDecembert
her
ewasani
ntenset
ussl
ewi
thi
nthe
Congr
ess.
c)Forawhi
let
her
eseemednomeet
ingpoi
ntbet
weent
hesuppor
ter
sandt
heopponent
soft
he
movement.

d)Fi
nall
y,att
heCongresssessionatNagpuri
nDecember1920,
acompr
omi
sewaswor
kedout
andtheNon-Cooper
ati
onprogrammewasadopt ed.

Q13.Howdi
dthemi
ddl
ecl
asspar
ti
cipat
eint
heNonCooper
ati
onMov
ement
?Whydi
ditsl
ow
down?

Ans13.TheNCM st
art
edwi
thmi
ddl
e-cl
asspar
ti
cipat
ioni
ntheci
ti
es.

a)Thousandsofst
udentsl
eftgover
nment-
contr
oll
edschoolsandcol
l
eges,
headmast
ersand
teacher
sresi
gned,
andlawyersgaveupt
heirl
egalpract
ices.

b)Thecounci
lel
ect
ionswer
eboy
cot
tedi
nmostpr
ovi
ncesexceptMadr
as.

c)For
eigngoodswer
eboy
cot
ted,
li
quorshopspi
cket
ed,
andf
orei
gncl
othbur
nti
nhugebonf
ir
es.

d)Theimpor
toff
orei
gncl
othhal
vedbet
ween1921and1922,
itsv
aluedr
oppi
ngf
rom Rs102
cr
oret
oRs57crore.

e)Inmanypl
acesmer
chant
sandt
rader
sref
usedt
otr
adei
nfor
eigngoodsorf
inancef
orei
gn
tr
ade.

f
)Peopl
ebegandiscardi
ngi
mport
edclot
hesandwear
ingonl
yIndi
anones,
product
ionofI
ndi
an
t
ext
il
emill
sandhandloomswentup.

Reasonsf
orsl
owi
ngdown

Butt
hismov
ementi
ntheci
ti
esgr
adual
l
ysl
oweddownf
orav
ari
etyofr
easons.

a)Khadicl
othwasoft
enmor
eexpensi
vet
hanmass-
producedmi
l
lcl
othandpoorpeopl
ecoul
d
notaff
ordtobuyi
t.

b)Simil
arl
ytheboycottofBri
ti
shinst
it
uti
onsposedaprobl
em.Fort
hemov
ementt
obe
successf
ulalt
ernat
iveIndi
aninst
it
uti
onshadtobesetupbutt
hesewer
esl
owtocome.

c)Sost
udent
sandteacher
sbeganj
oini
nggov
ernmentschool
sandcol
l
egesandl
awy
ersj
oined
backwor
kingov
ernmentcour
ts.

Q14.Descr
ibet
hepeasant
’smov
ementi
nAwadh?Whatwasi
tsout
come?

Ans14.I
nAwadh, peasantswerel
edbyBabaRamchandr
a–asany
asi
whohadear
li
erbeent
o
Fi
jiasanindent
uredlabourer
.

a)Themovementher
ewasagai
nsttal
ukdarsandlandl
ordswhodemandedf
rom peasant
s
exor
bit
ant
lyhi
ghrent
sandavar
iet
yofothercesses.
b)Peasant
shadt
odobeggarandwor
katl
andl
ords’
far
mswi
thoutanypay
ment
.

c)Astenant
st heyhadnosecur
it
yoft
enur
e,bei
ngr
egul
arl
yev
ict
edsot
hatt
heycoul
dacqui
re
nori
ghtovertheleasedl
and.

d)Thepeasantmovementdemandedr
educt
ionofr
evenue,
abol
i
tionofbegar
,andsoci
al
boycot
tofoppressi
vel
andl
ords.

e)I
nmanypl acesnai–dhobi
bandhswer
eor
gani
sedbypanchay
atst
odepr
ivel
andl
ordsoft
he
ser
vicesofevenbarber
sandwasher
men.

f
)InJune1920,Jawahar
lal
Nehrubegangoi
ngaroundt
hev
il
lagesi
nAwadh,
tal
ki
ngt
othe
v
il
lager
s,andt
ryingt
ounderst
andthei
rgr
iev
ances.

g)ByOctober
,theOudhKi
sanSabhawassetupheadedbyJawahar
lal
Nehr
u,Baba
Ramchandraandafewother
s.

h)Wi
thi
namont
h,ov
er300br
ancheshadbeensetupi
nthev
il
lagesar
oundt
her
egi
on.

i
)SowhentheNon-
Cooper
ati
onMov ementbeganthef
oll
owingyear
,theef
for
toft
heCongr
ess
wast
oint
egrat
etheAwadhpeasantst
ruggl
eint
othewiderst
ruggl
e.

Out
come

a)Thepeasantmov
ement
,howev
er,
dev
elopedi
nfor
mst
hatt
heCongr
essl
eader
shi
pwas
unhappywit
h.

b)Asthemovementspr
eadin1921,t
hehousesoftalukdar
sandmer
chant
swer
eat
tacked,
bazaar
swerel
ooted,
andgrai
nhoardsweretakenover.

c)I
nmanypl
acesl
ocall
eader
stol
dpeasant
sthatGandhij
ihaddecl
aredthatnotaxesweret
o
bepai
dandl
andwastoberedi
str
ibut
edamongthepoor.Thist
heCongressdidnotli
ke.

Q15.Descr
ibet
het
ri
balmov
ementofAndhr
aPr
adesh.

Ans15.I
ntheGudem Hil
l
sofAndhraPradeshamili
tantguer
ri
ll
amov
ementspr
eadi
ntheear
ly
1920s–notaform ofst
ruggl
ethatt
heCongresscouldappr
ove.

a)Here,asinotherfor
estregions,
thecol
oni
algover
nmenthadclosedlar
geforestar
eas,
prev
enti
ngpeoplefrom ent
eringthefor
est
stograzethei
rcat
tl
e,ortocoll
ectf
uelwoodand
fr
uit
s.Thisenr
agedt hehi
ll
peopl e.

b)Notonl
ywer
ethei
rli
vel
i
hoodsaf
fect
edbutt
heyf
eltt
hatt
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onal
right
swer
ebei
ng
deni
ed.

c)Whenthegovernmentbeganf
orci
ngt
hem t
ocont
ri
but
ebegarf
orr
oadbui
l
ding,
thehi
l
l
peopl
erevol
ted.
d)Thepersonwhocamet oleadthem wasanint
erest
ingfigur
e.All
uri
Sitar
am Rajucl
aimedthat
hehadav ari
etyofspeci
alpowers:hecouldmakecorrectastr
ologi
calpr
edict
ionsandheal
peopl
e,andhecouldsurvi
veev enbull
etshot
s.

e)Capt
ivat
edbyRaj
u,t
her
ebel
spr
ocl
aimedt
hathewasani
ncar
nat
ionofGod.

f)Raj
utalkedoft
hegreatnessofMahatmaGandhi
,sai
dhewasinspi
redbyt
heNon-
Cooperat
ionMovement,andpersuadedpeopl
etowearkhadi
andgi
veupdri
nki
ng.

g)Butatthesamet
imeheasser
tedt
hatI
ndi
acoul
dbel
i
ber
atedonl
ybyt
heuseoff
orce,
not
non-
viol
ence.

h)TheGudem r
ebelsatt
ackedpoli
cestat
ions,
att
empt
edt
oki
l
lBr
it
ishof
fi
cial
sandcar
ri
edon
guer
ri
ll
awarf
areforachi
evingswaraj
.

i
)Raj
uwascapt
uredandexecut
edi
n1924,
andov
ert
imebecameaf
olkher
o.

Q16.Howdidthepl
ant
ati
onwor
ker
sofAssam t
akepar
tinNonCooper
ati
onMov
ement
?What
happenedt
othem?

Ans16.a)Forpl
antat
ionworkersi
nAssam,f
reedom meantt
heri
ghttomovefr
eelyinandoutof
theconfi
nedspaceinwhichtheywer
eencl
osed,andi
tmeantret
aini
ngal
inkwit
ht hevi
ll
age
from whi
chtheyhadcome.

b)Undert
heInl
andEmigrati
onActof1859,plant
ati
onworker
swerenotpermit
tedtoleav
ethe
teagar
denswit
houtper
mi ssi
on,
andinfacttheywerer
arel
ygivensuchper
mission.

c)WhentheyheardoftheNon-Cooper
ati
onMovement
,thousandsofwor
ker
sdef
iedt
he
aut
hori
ti
es,l
eftt
heplantat
ionsandheadedhome.

d)Theybel
i
evedt
hatGandhi
Raj
wascomi
ngandev
ery
onewoul
dbegi
venl
andi
nthei
rown
vi
ll
ages.

Resul
t

They,however
,neverr
eachedthei
rdesti
nat
ion.Str
andedonthewaybyar
ail
wayandst
eamer
st
rike,t
heywerecaughtbythepol
iceandbrutal
l
ybeatenup.

Q17.HowdidtheNonCooper
ati
onMov
ementhel
ptouni
fyt
hev
ari
ousgr
oupst
hat
par
ti
cipat
edinit
?

Ans17.a)Thev
isi
onsoft
hesemov
ement
swer
enotdef
inedbyt
heCongr
esspr
ogr
amme.

b)Thedi
ff
erentsoci
algr
oupsinter
pretedt
heterm swaraj
int
hei
rownway
s,i
magi
ningi
ttobea
ti
mewhenallsuff
eri
ngandall
t r
oubleswouldbeov er
.

c)Yet
,whent
het
ri
bal
schant
edGandhi
j
i’
snameandr
aisedsl
ogansdemandi
ng‘
Swat
ant
ra
Bhar
at’
,t
heywer
eal
soemot
ional
l
yrel
ati
ngt
oanal
l
-Indi
aagi
tat
ion.

d)WhentheyactedinthenameofMahatmaGandhi,
orli
nkedtheirmovementtot
hatoft
he
Congr
ess,theywereident
if
yingwi
thamovementwhichwentbeyondthel
imit
softhei
r
i
mmedi at
elocal
it
y.

Q18.Whydi
dMahat
maGandhiwi
thdr
awt
heNonCooper
ati
onMov
ement
?

Ans18.MahatmaGandhi deci
dedtowit
hdr awt heNon-Cooper
ati
onMov ement.Hef el
tthe
movementwast urningv
iol
entinmanyplacesl i
keatChauriChaur
ai nGorakhpur,
apeaceful
demonstrat
ioninabazaartur
nedint
oav i
ol entcl
ashwiththepoli
ce.Ther
eforehebeli
evedthat
theSaty
agrahisneededtobeproper
lyt
rainedbef or
etheywouldbereadyformassst r
uggl
es.

Q19.Whof
oundedt
heSwar
ajpar
ty?Whatwer
eit
sai
ms?

Ans19.Wit
hintheCongr
ess,someleaderswerebynowt i
redofmassst
ruggl
esandwantedt
o
par
tici
pat
einelect
ionst
otheprov
incialcounci
l
sthathadbeensetupbytheGov
ernmentof
I
ndiaActof1919.

a)Theyfel
tthati
twasimportantt
oopposeBr
iti
shpoli
cieswi
thi
nthecounci
l
s,ar
guef
orr
efor
m
andalsodemonstrat
ethatt
hesecounci
lswer
enottrul
ydemocrati
c.

b)C.R.DasandMot i
l
alNehr
ufor
medt
heSwar
ajPar
tywi
thi
ntheCongr
esst
oar
guef
orar
etur
n
tocounci
lpol
i
tics.

Q20.Descr
ibet
he2i
mpor
tantf
act
orst
hatshapedI
ndi
anPol
it
icsf
rom l
ate1920’
s.

Ans20.Gr
eatEconomi
cDepr
essi
on

a)Duetot
heeff
ectoft
hewor l
dwi
deeconomi
cdepr
essi
on,
agr
icul
tur
alpr
icesbegant
ofal
lfr
om
1926andcol
l
apsedaft
er1930.

b)Asthedemandforagr
icult
uralgoodsfel
landexpor
tsdecl
i
ned,
peasant
sfoundi
tdi
ff
icul
tto
sel
lthei
rhar
vest
sandpayt hei
rrevenue.

c)By1930,
thecount
rysi
dewasi
ntur
moi
l
.

Si
monCommi
ssi
on

a)Agai
nstthi
sbackgr
oundthenewTor
ygov
ernmenti
nBr
it
ainconst
it
utedaSt
atut
ory
CommissionunderSi
rJohnSi
mon.

b)Setupinresponset
othenati
onali
stmovement
,thecommissionwastol
ooki
ntot
he
funct
ioni
ngoftheconst
it
uti
onalsy
stem i
nIndi
aandsuggestchanges.

c)Theprobl
em wast
hatt
hecommi
ssi
ondi
dnothav
easi
ngl
eIndi
anmember
.Theywer
eal
l
Bri
ti
sh.
Q21.Di
scussbr
ief
lyt
hesi
gni
fcanceof26thJanuar
i y1930.

Ans21.
a)InDecember1929,undert
hepresi
dencyofJawaharl
alNehru,
theLahor
eCongr
ess
for
mali
zedthedemandof‘PurnaSwaraj
’orf
ull
independencef
orIndi
a.

b)Itwasdecl
aredthat26January1930,woul
dbecelebr
atedast heIndependenceDaywhen
peopleweret
ot akeapledgetostr
uggl
eforcompl
eteindependence.Butthecelebr
ati
ons
att
ractedv
eryl
ittl
eatt
ention.

Q22.Whatwer
etheci
rcumst
ancest
hatl
edt
otheCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ement
/Sal
t
Sat
yagr
aha?Di
scuss.
t
h
Ans22.a)I
ndependenceDaycelebr
ati
onof26 Januar
y1930att
ract
edver
ylit
tl
eatt
ent
ion.
Theref
oreMahat
maGandhi foundinSal
tapowerf
ulsymbolt
hatcoul
duni
tethenat
ion.

b)On31Januar
y1930,
hesental
ett
ert
oVi
cer
oyI
rwi
nst
ati
ngel
evendemands.

c)Someoft hesewereofgeneral
int
erest
;otherswerespecif
icdemandsofdif
ferentclasses,
fr
om industr
ial
i
ststopeasant
s.Theideawast omaket hedemandswide-
rangi
ng, sothatall
cl
asseswi t
hinIndi
ansoci
etycoul
didenti
fywit
ht hem andever
yonecoul
dbebr oughttogetheri
n
aunit
edcampai gn.

d)Themostst
ir
ri
ngofallwasthedemandtoabol
i
shthesaltt
ax.Sal
twassomethi
ng
consumedbyt
herichandthepooral
i
ke,andi
twasoneofthemostessent
ial
itemsoff
ood.

e)Thet
axonsal
tandthegovernmentmonopol
yoveri
tspr
oduct
ion,
Mahat
maGandhi
decl
ared,
rev
eal
edthemostoppr
essi
vefaceofBri
ti
shrul
e.

f
)MahatmaGandhi’
slet
terwas,
inaway ,
anulti
matum.I
fthedemandswerenotful
fi
ll
edby11
Mar
ch,t
helet
terst
ated,
theCongresswouldl
aunchaciv
ildi
sobedi
encecampai
gn.

g)Ir
winwasunwi
ll
i
ngtonegoti
ate.SoMahatmaGandhi
star
tedhi
sfamoussal
tmar
ch
accompani
edby78ofhi
strust
edv ol
unt
eer
s.

h)Whereverhestopped,andhet
oldt
hem whathemeantbyswar
ajandur
gedt
hem t
o
peacef
ull
ydefytheBrit
ish.

i
)On6Apr i
lhereachedDandi,
andceremoni
all
yviol
atedthel
aw,manuf
actur
ingsal
tbyboi
l
ing
seawat
er.Thi
smar kedthebeginni
ngoft
heCivi
lDisobedi
enceMovement
.

Q23.Gi
veanaccountoft
hesuccessofCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ementi
nIndi
a?Howdi
dthe
Br
iti
shr
eactt
oit?

Ans23.a)Gandhi
ji
start
edfr
om theSabar
mat
iAshr
am wi
th78v
olunt
eer
sandwasj
oinedby
hundr
ed’sti
l
lhereachedDandi
.
b)Peoplewer
easkednotonl
ytoref
usecooper
ati
onwi
tht
heBr
it
ish,
ast
heyhaddonei
n1921-
22,butal
sotobr
eakcol
onial
laws.

c)Thousandsi
ndi
ff
erentpar
tsofthecountr
ybroket
hesal
tlaw,
manuf
act
uredsal
tand
demonstrat
edi
nfr
ontofgovernmentsal
tfact
ori
es.

d)Ast
hemov
ementspr
ead,
for
eigncl
othwasboy
cot
ted,
andl
i
quorshopswer
epi
cket
ed.

e)Peasantsref
usedtopayrev
enueandchauki
dar
itaxes,
vil
l
ageoffi
cial
sresi
gned,andi
nmany
pl
acesf or
estpeopl
eviol
atedf
orestl
aws–goingi
ntoReservedFor
eststocol
lectwoodand
grazecatt
le.

React
ions

a)Worr
iedbyt
hedev
elopment
s,t
hecol
oni
algov
ernmentbeganar
rest
ingt
heCongr
essl
eader
s
onebyone.

b)Thi
sledt
ovi
olentcl
ashesi
nmanypal
aces.

c)WhenAbdulGhaf
farKhan,
adevoutdi
sci
pleofMahat
maGandhi,
wasarrest
edinApri
l1930,
angr
ycrowdsdemonstr
atedi
nthestr
eet
sofPeshawar,
faci
ngar
mouredcarsandpol
icefi
ri
ng.

d)Manywer eki
ll
ed.Amont hlat
er,whenMahatmaGandhihimsel
fwasarr
est
ed,i
ndust
ri
al
worker
sinSholapurat
tackedpoli
ceposts,muni
cipal
bui
l
dings,l
awcour
tsandrai
l
waystati
ons
–allst
ruct
uresthatsy
mbol i
zedBri
tishr
ule.

e)Afri
ghtenedgov
ernmentr
espondedwit
hapol
icyofbr
utal
repressi
on.Peacef
ulsaty
agrahi
s
wereatt
acked,womenandchil
drenwer
ebeat
en,
andabout100,000peoplewerearr
ested.

Q24.WhatwasGandhi
-I
rwi
npact
?Whydi
ditf
ail
?Whatwast
her
esul
t?

Ans24.a)Bythi
sGandhi -
Ir
winPact,
Gandhij
iconsent
edtopar
ti
cipat
einaRoundTable
Conference(
theCongresshadboycottedt
hefir
stRoundTabl
eConference)i
nLondonandt
he
governmentagreedt
or el
easethepoli
ti
cal
pri
soners.

b)I
nDecember1931,Gandhij
iwenttoLondonf
ort
heconf
erence,
butt
henegot
iat
ionsbr
oke
downandheret
urneddisappoi
nted.

c)Backi
nIndi
a,hedi
scoveredt
hatthegover
nmenthadbegunanewcycleofrepressi
on.
Ghaff
arKhanandJawaharl
alNehr
uwer ebot
hinj
ail
,theCongr
esshadbeendeclaredil
legal
,
andaseri
esofmeasureshadbeenimposedtopr
eventmeeti
ngs,
demonstrat
ionsandboy cott
s.

Resul
t

d)Withgreatappr
ehensi
on,MahatmaGandhirel
aunchedtheCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ement
.For
overayear,t
hemov ementcont
inued,
butby1934itl
ostit
smomentum.
Q25.Whof
oundedt
heHSRA?Whatwer
eit
sai
ms?

Ans25.In1928,
theHindust
anSocial
i
stRepubl
i
canArmy(
HSRA)wasfoundedatameeti
ngin
Fer
ozeshahKotl
agroundinDel
hi.Amongsti
tsl
eader
swer
eBhagatSi
ngh,Jat
inDasandAj
oy
Ghosh.

AI
M
a)Thei
rai
m wast
otar
getBr
it
ishsy
mbol
s.

b)Encour
agi
ngt
heI
ndi
any
out
htosacr
if
icef
ort
hei
rmot
her
land.

Q26.Whyandhow di
dthevar
iousr
eli
giousandsoci
algr
oupst
akepar
tandr
elat
etot
heCi
vi
l
Di
sobedi
enceMovement?

Ans26.1.RI
CHPEASANTS

a)I
nthecount
rysi
de,r
ichpeasantcommunit
ies–l
i
ket
hePat
idar
sofGuj
aratandt
heJat
sof
Utt
arPr
adesh–wer eacti
veinthemovement.

b)Bei
ngproducer
sofcommer
cial
crops,
theywer
ever
yhar
dhi
tbyt
het
radedepr
essi
onand
fal
l
ingpr
ices.

c)Asthei
rcashi
ncomedi
sappear
ed,
theyf
oundi
timpossi
blet
opayt
hegov
ernment
’sr
evenue
demand.

d)Andt her
efusal
oft
hegov
ernmentt
oreducet
her
evenuedemandl
edt
owi
despr
ead
resent
ment.

e)Theserichpeasant
sbecameent
husi
asti
csuppor
tersoft
heCiv
ilDisobedi
enceMovement
,
organi
singthei
rcommunit
ies,
andatt
imesfor
cingr
eluct
antmembers,topart
ici
pat
eint
he
boycot
tprogrammes.

f
)Fort
hem t
hef
ightf
orswar
ajwasast
ruggl
eagai
nsthi
ghr
evenues.

g)Butt
heyweredeepl
ydisappoi
ntedwhent
hemov
ementwascal
l
edof
fin1931wi
thoutt
he
rev
enuerat
esbei
ngrevi
sed.

h)Sowhent
hemov
ementwasr
est
art
edi
n1932,
manyoft
hem r
efusedt
opar
ti
cipat
e.

POORPEASANTS

a)Thepoor
erpeasant
rywasnotj
usti
nter
est
edi
nthel
ower
ingoft
her
evenuedemand.

b)Manyoft hem wer

esmalltenant
scul
ti
vat
inglandtheyhadrent
edfr
om landl
ords.Asthe
Depressi
onconti
nuedandcashincomesdwi
ndled,t
hesmal l
tenant
sfounditdi
ff
icultt
opay
thei
rrent
.
c)Theywant
edt
heunpai
drentt
othel
andl
ordt
ober
emi
tt
ed.

d)Theyj
oinedav
ari
etyofr
adi
cal
mov
ement
s,of
tenl
edbySoci
ali
stsandCommuni
sts.

e)Apprehensi
veofraisi
ngissuesthatmightupsettheri
chpeasantsandlandl
ords,t
he
Congr
esswasunwi ll
ingtosupport‘
norent’campaignsinmostplaces.Sother
elati
onshi
p
bet
weent hepoorpeasantsandtheCongressremai neduncer
tai
n.

BUSI
NESSCLASS

a)Duri
ngt
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
,Indi
anmer
chant
sandi
ndust
ri
ali
stshadmadehugepr
ofi
tsand
becomepower
ful
.

b)Keenonexpandi
ngt
hei
rbusi
ness,
theynowr
eact
edagai
nstcol
oni
alpol
i
ciest
hatr
est
ri
cted
busi
nessact
ivi
ti
es.

c)Theywantedprot
ect
ionagai
nsti
mport
soffor
eigngoods,
andar
upee-
ster
li
ngf
orei
gn
exchanger
atiot
hatwoulddi
scour
agei
mport
s.

d)Toor
gani
sebusinessint
erest
s,theyfor
medtheIndi
anI
ndustr
ial
andCommer ci
alCongr
ess
i
n1920andtheFederat
ionoftheIndianChamberofCommerceandIndust
ri
es(
FICCI)i
n1927.

e)Ledbypr omi
nentindustr
iali
stsli
kePurshot
tamdasThakurdasandG.
D.Birl
a,t
he
i
ndustri
ali
stsat
tackedcolonialcontr
olovert
heIndianeconomy,
andsuppor
tedtheCi
vi
l
Disobedi
enceMov ementwheni twasfi
rstl
aunched.

f)Theygavefinanci
alassi
stanceandref
usedtobuyorselli
mportedgoods.Mostbusinessmen
camet oseeswar aj
asat i
mewhencol oni
alrest
rict
ionsonbusi
nesswouldnolongerexistand
tradeandindustr
ywouldfl
our i
shwit
houtconstr
aint
s.

g)Butaf
tert
hef ail
ureoft
heRoundTabl
eConf
erence,
busi
nessgr
oupswer
enol
onger
uni
for
mlyenthusiasti
c.

h)Theywereappr
ehensiveoft
hespr
eadofmil
it
antacti
vi
ti
es,andworr
iedaboutprol
onged
di
srupt
ionofbusi
ness,aswell
asoft
hegrowi
nginfl
uenceofsoci
ali
sm amongsttheyounger
member soft
heCongress.

I
NDUSTRI
ALWORKI
NGCLASS

a)Thei
ndustr
ialwor
kingcl
assesdi
dnotpar
ti
cipat
eint
heCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ementi
nlar
ge
number
s,exceptint
heNagpurregi
on.

b)Asthei
ndustr
ial
i
stscameclosertotheCongr ess,wor
ker sst
ayedal oof.Butinspi
teoft
hat
,
someworker
sdidpar t
ici
pat
eintheCiv
ilDisobedienceMov ement,selecti
velyadopti
ngsomeof
thei
deasoftheGandhianpr
ogramme, l
ikeboycottoffor
eigngoods, aspar tofthei
rown
movementsagai
nstlowwagesandpoorwor ki
ngconditi
ons.
c)Therewer
estri
kesbyr ai
l
wayworker
sin1930anddockworkersin1932.I
n1930thousands
ofworker
sinChotanagpurti
nminesworeGandhicapsandpar
ti
cipat
edinprot
estr
all
iesand
boycot
tcampai
gns.ButtheCongresswasrel
uctantt
oincl
udeworkers’
demandsaspartofit
s
progr
ammeofstruggle.

d)I
tfel
tthatt
hiswoul
dal
i
enat
eindust
ri
ali
stsanddi
vi
det
heant
i-
imper
ial
for
ces.

WOMEN

a)Anotheri
mport
antf
eat
ureoft
heCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ementwast
hel
arge-
scal
e
par
ti
cipati
onofwomen.

b)Dur
ingGandhi
j
i’
ssal
tmar
ch,
thousandsofwomencameoutoft
hei
rhomest
oli
stent
ohi
m.

c)Theypar
ti
cipat
edi
npr
otestmar
ches,
manuf
act
uredsal
t,andnat
ional
i
stpr
ocessi
ons.

d)Duri
ngthenat
ional
movement
,manywomen,
fort
hef
ir
stt
imei
nthei
rli
ves,
mov
edoutof
thei
rhomesontoapubli
car
ena.

e)Amongstt
hemar
cher
syoucanseemanyol
dwomenandmot
her
swi
thchi
l
dreni
nthei
rar
ms.

f
)Theypi
cket
edf
orei
gncl
othandl
i
quorshops.Manywentt
ojai
l
.

g)Inurbanareast
hesewomenwer
efr
om hi
gh-
cast
efami
l
ies;
inr
ural
areast
heycamef
rom r
ich
peasanthousehol
ds.

h)Mov edbyGandhij
i’
scal
l,t
heybegantoseeservi
cet
othenat
ionasasacreddut
yofwomen.
Yet,
thisincr
easedpubl
icrol
edidnotnecessar
il
ymeananyr
adi
calchangei
nthewaythe
posi
tionofwomenwasv i
sual
ised.

i
)Gandhi j
iwasconv
incedthati
twast hedutyofwoment ol
ookaft
erhomeandhearth,begood
mot her
sandgoodwives.Andforalongti
met heCongresswasrel
uctantt
oall
owwoment o
holdanyposi
ti
onofauthori
tywit
hintheorgani
sat
ion.I
twaskeenonlyonthei
rsymbol
ic
presence.

Q27.Whower
etheDepr
essedCl
asses?Whatst
epswer
etakenf
ort
hei
rupl
if
tment
?

Ans27.Notal
lsoci
algr
oupswer
emov
edbyt
heabst
ractconceptofswar
aj.

a)Onesuchgroupwasthenati
on’s‘
unt
ouchabl
es’
,whof
rom ar
oundt
he1930shadbegunt
o
cal
lthemsel
vesdal
i
toroppressed.

b)Forl
ongtheCongresshadi gnoredt
hedali
ts,forfearofoffendi
ngthesanat
anis,
the
conser
vati
vehi
gh-casteHindus.ButMahat
maGandhi decl
aredthatswar
ajwouldnotcomef
or
ahundredyear
sifuntouchabil
it
ywasnoteli
mi nated.

c)Hecal
l
edt
he‘
unt
ouchabl
es’
har
ij
an,
ort
hechi
l
drenofGod,
organi
sedsat
yagr
ahat
osecur
e
t
hem ent
ryi
ntot
empl
es,
andaccesst
opubl
i
cwel
l
s,t
anks,
roadsandschool
s.

d)Hehimselfcl
eanedtoi
let
stodi
gni
fytheworkofthebhangi(t
hesweepers)
,andper
suaded
uppercast
estochangethei
rhear
tandgiveup‘
thesinofuntouchabi
l
ity
’.

Q28.Whywasdal
itpar
ti
cipat
ioni
nCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
enceMov
ementl
imi
ted?

Ans28.a)Manydal
i
tleader
swer
ekeenonadi
ff
erentpol
i
tical
sol
uti
ont
othepr
obl
emsoft
he
communi t
y.

b)Theybeganorganisi
ngthemsel
ves,demandi
ngr
eserv
edseatsineducati
onalinst
it
uti
ons,
and
aseparat
eelect
oratethatwoul
dchoosedali
tmembersforl
egi
slat
ivecounci
ls.

c)Pol
i
tical
empower
ment
,theybel
i
eved,
woul
dresol
vet
hepr
obl
emsoft
hei
rsoci
aldi
sabi
l
iti
es.

d)Dal
itpart
ici
pat
ioni
ntheCiv
ilDisobedi
enceMovementwasther
efor
eli
mited,
par
ti
cul
arl
yin
theMaharasht
raandNagpurregi
onwher ethei
ror
gani
sat
ionwasquit
est
rong.

Q29.Underwhatci
rcumst
anceswast
hePoonaPactsi
gned?

Ans29.a)DrB.R.Ambedkar
,whoorgani
sedt
hedali
tsi
ntotheDepr
essedClassesAssociat
ioni
n
1930,cl
ashedwithMahatmaGandhiatt
hesecondRoundTabl
eConferencebydemanding
separ
ateelect
orat
esfordal
i
ts.

b)Whent heBri
tishgovernmentconcededAmbedkar’
sdemand,Gandhi
j
ibeganaf astunt
o
death.Hebeli
evedthatseparat
eelector
atesf
ordal
it
swouldsl
owdownt heprocessoftheir
i
ntegrati
onint
osociety.

c)Ambedkarul
ti
mat
elyaccept
edGandhi
j
i’
sposi
ti
onandt
her
esul
twast
hePoonaPactof
Sept
ember1932.

d)Itgav
etheDepressedClasses(lat
ertobeknownastheSchedul
eCast
es)reser
vedseatsin
provi
nci
alandcent
rallegi
slat
ivecounci
l
s,butt
heyweretobevotedi
nbythegeneral
elect
orat
e.

e)Thedal
i
tmov
ement
,howev
er,
cont
inuedt
obeappr
ehensi
veoft
heCongr
ess-
lednat
ional
movement.

Q30.Anal
yset
her
easonf
orl
imi
tedpar
ti
cipat
ionofMusl
imsi
ntheCi
vi
lDi
sobedi
ence
Movement.

Ans30.SomeoftheMusli
m pol
it
ical
organi
zat
ionsi
nIndi
awer
eal
sol
ukewar
mint
hei
rresponse
totheCiv
ilDi
sobedi
enceMovement.

a)Afterthedecl
ineoft
heNon- Cooper
ati
on-
Khi
l
afatmov
ement
,al
argesect
ionofMusl
i
msf
elt
al
ienatedfrom t
heCongress.

b)Fr
om t
hemi
d-1920st
heCongr
esscamet
obemor
evi
sibl
yassoci
atedwi
thopenl
yHi
ndu
r
eli
giousnat
ional
i
stgr
oupsl
i
ket
heHi
nduMahasabha.

c)Asr el
ati
onsbet
weenHindusandMusli
msworsened,
eachcommunityorgani
sedr
eli
gious
processi
onswithmil
i
tantf
ervour
,pr
ovoki
ngHi
ndu-Musl
im communal
clashesandri
otsi
n
vari
ousciti
es.

d)TheCongressandt
heMuslim Leaguemadeef
for
tst
orenegot
iat
eanal
l
iance,
andi
n1927i
t
appear
edthatsuchauni
tycoul
dbef orged.

e)Theimpor
tantdi
ff
erenceswer
eov
ert
hequest
ionofr
epr
esent
ati
oni
nthef
utur
eassembl
i
es
thatwer
etobeelect
ed.

f)MuhammadAl iJinnah,oneoftheleadersoft
heMuslim League,
waswi l
li
ngt ogi
veupt he
demandf orseparateelector
ates,
ifMuslimswereassuredreser
vedseatsi
nt heCentr
al
Assemblyandr epresentat
ioninproport
iontopopul
ati
onintheMuslim-dominatedpr
ovinces
(Bengal
andPunj ab).

g)Negoti
ationsoverthequest
ionofr
epresentati
oncont
inuedbutallhopeofr
esol
vi
ngtheissue
attheAllPart
iesConfer
encein1928disappearedwhenM.R.JayakaroftheHi
nduMahasabha
str
onglyopposedeffort
satcompromise.

Q31.Menti
ont
hef act
orst
hatledtot
hegrowthofNati
onal
ism i
nIndi
a./Di
scusst
hef
act
ors
t
hatledt
othecreati
onofcol
lect
ivei
dent
it
yinIndi
a.

Ans31.Thesenseofcol
lect
ivebelongi
ngcamepar t
lyt
hroughtheexper
ienceofunit
ed
str
uggles.Butt
her
ewerealsoav ari
etyofcul
tur
alpr
ocessesthroughwhichnat
ional
ism
captur
edpeople’
simagi
nati
on.

USEOFALLEGORI
ESANDSYMBOLS

a)Thei
dent
it
yoft
henat
ioni
smostof
tensy
mbol
i
zedi
naf
igur
eori
mage.

b)Thi
shel
pscr
eat
eani
magewi
thwhi
chpeopl
ecani
dent
if
ythenat
ion.

c)I
twasinthet
wenti
ethcentury
,wit
hthegrowt
hofnati
onal
i
sm,
thatt
hei
dent
it
yofI
ndi
acame
tobev
isual
l
yassoci
atedwiththeimageofBhar
atMata.

d)Abani
ndranat
hTagor
epaint
edhisf
amousi
mageofBharatMata.I
nthispai
nti
ngBhar
atMat
a
i
sportr
ayedasanascet
icf
igur
e;shei
scal
m,composed,
div
ineandspir
it
ual.

e)I
nsubsequentyear
s,t
hei
mageofBharatMataacquir
edmanydi
ff
erentf
orms,
asi
tci
rcul
ated
i
npopul
arprint
s,andwaspai
ntedbydi
ff
erentar
ti
sts.

REVI
VALOFFOLKLORE

a)I
deasofnat
ional
i
sm al
sodev
elopedt
hroughamov
ementt
orev
iveI
ndi
anf
olkl
ore.
b)Inl
ate-
ninet
eent
h-cent
uryIndi
a,nat
ional
i
stsbeganrecor
dingf
olkt
alessungbybar
dsand
theyt
ouredvil
l
agestogatherfol
ksongsandlegends.

c)Thesetal
es,t
heybeli
eved,gaveat r
uepict
ureoft
radit
ionalcul
tur
ethathadbeencorr
upt
ed
anddamagedbyout si
deforces.Itwasessent
ial
topreservet
hisfolkt
radit
ioni
nordert
o
di
scoverone’
snati
onalident
ityandrestor
easenseofprideinone’spast.

d)I
nBengal
,Rabi
ndr
anathTagorehimsel
fbegancol
l
ect
ingbal
l
ads,
nur
ser
yrhy
mesandmy
ths,
andl
edthemovementforf
olkrevi
val
.

e)I
nMadras,NatesaSastr
ipubl
i
shedamassi
vef
our
-vol
umecol
l
ect
ionofTami
lfol
ktal
es,
The
Fol
kl
oreofSouthernI
ndia.

USEOFSYMBOLSANDI
CONS

a)Asthenat
ional
movementdeveloped,
nati
onali
stl
eadersbecamemoreandmoreawar
eof
suchi
consandsymbol
sinunif
yingpeopleandinspi
ri
nginthem af
eel
i
ngofnat
ional
i
sm.

b)Duri
ngtheSwadeshimov ementinBengal
,atri
col
ourfl
ag(r
ed,greenandy el
l
ow)was
desi
gned.Ithadei
ghtl
otusesrepr
esenti
ngeightpr
ovi
ncesofBri
ti
shI ndi
a,andacr
escentmoon,
repr
esent
ingHindusandMuslims.

c)By1921,
Gandhij
ihaddesi
gnedtheSwar
ajf
lag.I
twasagainatr
icol
our(red,greenandwhi
te)
andhadaspinni
ngwheeli
nthecentr
e,r
epr
esenti
ngtheGandhi
anidealofself
-help.

REI
NTERPRETATI
ONOFHI
STORY

a)Anothermeansofcreati
ngafeel
i
ngofnational
i
sm wasthroughrei
nter
pret
ati
onofhi
stor
y.By
theendoftheninet
eenthcent
urymanyIndi
ansbeganfeel
i
ngt hatt
oinsti
l
lasenseofpr
idein
thenat
ion,I
ndi
anhistor
yhadtobethoughtaboutdif
fer
ent
ly.

b)TheBr i
ti
shsawIndiansasbackwar
dandprimi
tiv
e,i
ncapabl
eofgoverni
ngthemsel
ves.I
n
response,
Indi
ansbeganlooki
ngint
othepastt
odiscov
erIndi
a’
sgreatachi
evement
s.

c)Theywroteaboutt
heglori
ousdevelopmentsinanci
entt
imeswhenar
tandar
chi
tect
ure,
sci
enceandmat hemati
cs,r
eli
gionandcult
ure,l
awandphil
osophy
,cr
aft
sandtr
adehad
fl
ouri
shed.

d)Thi
sglor
ioust
ime,
int
hei
rvi
ew,
wasf
oll
owedbyahi
stor
yofdecl
i
ne,
whenI
ndi
awas
col
oni
zed.

e)Thesenati
onali
sthi
stor
iesur
gedt
her eaderstotakepri
deinI
ndi
a’sgr
eatachi
evement
sin
thepastandstr
ugglet
ochangethemiserablecondit
ionsofl
i
feunderBr
it
ishrul
e.