Lesson 1-RA1425"

TheRi
zalLaw"
●Backgr
ound
-The1950s(t
imewhenRA1425waspassed)t
hePhi
l
ippi
neswasbesetbysever
al
probl
ems:
a.Woundsbroughtbytheworldwar2werenotful
l ed(
yheal meaning:woundsFil
i
pino
suf
fer
edlostl
iveones,l
osses,heal
i
ng,r
ecover
ing,emoti
onalheal
i
ngaswardi st
urbed
manypeople)
b.Theeconomyhadnotyetr ed(
ecover Phwassti
llabouttostandupindependently,
onlyfew indust
ri
esoper
atingsi
ncemostweredevast
ated.Onlytheveryrichhadt he
resourcestori
seandoperatet
hei
rcompani
esasmostbusinessmenlosseveryt
hing)
c.Thecount rywassubj ect
edtounequaltreati
es,sotherewasnonat ionalconfi
dence.
(Nonat i
onalconfidence.Unequaltreati
esi ncl
udes:mutualdef enset reatythatwas
unfai
rtothePhbecausewhenUSdr aggedt owarPhassi sstoraid,butnoguar ant
ee
US willalsodefendPh.Anot her
,US gavemor efavortosecur i
tyandwel f
aretothe
Japantheirformerenemyt hant
oPhi tsall
y,fri
end,andformercolony.WWI IJapanwas
theenemy,butl ateri
nsteadofaidi
ngt hePhUSpourmor eai dtoJapanwhowast he
aggressorduringWWI I)
●Sen.Cl
aroM.Rect
o(1890-
1960)
-t
oawakennt
ionaldi
gni
tyhef
il
edt
hebi
l
l
-per
sonbehi
ndRA1425
-sponsor
edt
hebi
l
l
-splungednational
istst
ofil
eabi l
ltoencouragest udentstostudytheli
feofRi zal
i
ncludi
ngt heunexpurgat
edversi
onsoft
heNoliandElFi libecausethr
ymenti
onedthat
someoft hepassagesofNol
iandElFil
iwereobject
ionableandsomewer eheret
ical
.
-t
hebi
l
lcr
eat
edast
orm opposedbyt
heCat
hol
i
cChur
ch
●TheCat
hol
i
cChur
ch
-st
rongl
ycondemnedt
hemeausur
e
-manychur
chmen&l
aygr
oupst
houghtt
hatRi
zalwas:
a.Ant
i-
chur
ch,and
b.Notagoodexampletothey h(
out why?Bcs.Theyt houghtthatheisl
eavi
ngan
i
mmor all
i
fewhenhewasinDapi
tansi
ncehewasnotmar r
iedtoJosephi
neBr
ackenbut
hetookherashi
sownwif
ewit
houtthebenef
itofmar
ri
ageinthechurch)
-opposi
ti
on was l
ed by CBCP,the di
ff
erentr
eli
gious congr
egat
ions,l
ay gr
oups
i
ncl
udi
ngtheKnight
sofCol
umbus.
-Therewere3senat
orswhol edtheopposi
ti
on:Fr
anciscoRodri
goknownlayleader
,
Mari
anoCuencoaconservati
ve& brot
heroftheArchbishopofIl
o-i
l
o,andDec or
oso
Rosalesal
sot
hebrot
heroftheArchbi
shopofCebuJulioRosaleswholat
erbecamea
car
dinal
.
●I
ssues
-BecauseRi
zalat
tackedt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
a.Thepossi
bil
i
tyofmi
r es (
acl hei
sthoughtt
omadef
unofmi
racl
esanddoubt
ed
mir
acl
es)
b.I gences(
ndul li
keMar
ti
nLut
her
king.Hedi
dnotl
i
ket
hei
deaofi
dul
gences)
c.Pur
gat
ory(
doubt
ed)
d.Pr sat
ayer tacked
e.Thesacr sat
ament tacked
f
.Thevener
ati
onofsai
ntsandt
hei
rr csat
el
i tacked
g.Papalaut
hor
it
y
h.Thebl
essedvi
rgi
n
i
.God'
somni encepowerofGod
pot
●Pr
oRi
zal
-theVeteranosdel aRevol
ucion(veteransoft he1896revol
uti
onagai
nstSpai
n,about
4000stagedar al
lytopromotethet eachingofRi zal
'
sli
feandworks,andtodenounce
t
heCat hol
icheir
archy)andothergroupsr easonedoutthatbynott
eachi
ngtheNoliand
t
heElFi li
,itwas" l
ikeputt
ingthecount ryonceagai nundertheyokeoftheSpanish
f
ri
ars.
"
-ther
ewerefewchur chmenwhowant edt hemeasuretobepassed:BishopCesarMa.
Guerr o(
er ver
ycontrover
sialf
ortr
yingt
ost opthepassageofthebill
,hi
ssignat
urewas
saidt
ohavebeenf orgedasifheagreedwi t
hthemeasure)andFr .JohnSchumacher
,
SJ-Hement i
onedthatRizalwasnotant i
-Chur
chbutagainsttheabusescomitt
edin
thenameoftheChurchbyi t
srepr
esentat
ives
●Vi
ctor
y
-despi
tet
heopposi
ti
on,t
hemeasurewaspassedonJune12,1956( si
gnif
icantbcsthi
s
i
stheanni
ver
saryoft
geptrocl
aimat
ionofi
ndependence)butwi
thf
oll
owingpr ovi
si
ons:
a.TheNol
i&ElFi
l
iwer
etober
eadandst
udi
edi
nit
sunexpur
gat
edf
orm.
b.St
udent
smaybeexempt
edf
orr
easonsofr
eli
giousbel
i
efi
ftheyr
equestso,i
nwr
it
ing.
c.TheNol
iandElFi
l
iwer
etobet
ransl
atedi
ntoEngl
i
sh,Tagal
og,andmaj
orPhi
l
ippi
ne
l
anguagesandcopi
eswer
etobegi
venf
r ge.(
eeofchar Fewi
nci
rcul
ati
on)
●Lesson2-ThePhi
l
ippi
nes&TheWor
ldi
nthe19t
hCent
ury
Condit
ionsinSpai n&i nEur ope
»The19thcent urywasat imeofupheavali
nEur ope.
»Broughtbyeconomi c,poli
ti
calandsoci
alchanges:
A.Industri
alrevolut
ion
B.Pol i
ti
calchangesbr oughtbytheFrench&Americanr
evol
uti
ons,and
C.Intell
ectualdevelopments-TheEnlight
enment

TheIndustr
ialRevol
uti
on
»Thetransi
ti
onf r
om tonewmanuf act
uri
ngprocessesduetothei
nvent
ionoft
hest
eam
engi
newhichst ar
tedinEngland&spr eadtoEuropeandtheUS.
»Eff
ects:
-thestandardofl
ivi
ngoft hepeoplebegantoincr
ease
-unprecedentedpopulat
ionincr
ease

Pol
it
icalchanges
»Peoplelearnedaboutt heFrenchr evol
uti
onwhi chtoppledt
hemonar chyinFrance&
t
hevaluesofliber
ty,equali
ty&brotherhood.
»Theywer ealsoinfl
uencedbyt heAmer icanrevolut
ion.Amer
icancoloni
stsobj
ectedt
o
bei
ngtaxedbyt heBr i
ti
shparl
iament.Warbet weenPat ri
ots&Loyal
i
sts.

Intell
ectualdevelopment
s
»Al soknownas“ AgeofReason”-i deascent
eredonthepursui
tofhappi
ness,the
sovereignt
yofr eason and t
he evi
dence ofthe sensesasthe pri
mar
ysourcesof
knowledge.
»Theageofphi losopher
s&scienti
stswhichundermi
nedtheposi
ti
onoft
hemonar chy
&theChur ch.

I
twasal soatimeofupheaval inSpai n.
-Therewasaconf l
i
ctbet
weenr oyali
sts&liberal
s
-Also,aconfl
ictbet
weent hepious/conservati
ves&liberal
s/masons.
-Spaininit
ial
l
ywasbusyf ight
ingof fthesecessioni
stmovement sinLat i
nAmeri
ca
but soon l ost cont
rol. Latin Amer i
can count r
ies began decl ari
ng t
hei
r
i
ndependencei n1810.
-Thegovernmentbecameunst able.Noi mplementat
ionofconsist
entlaws.
-Therewasal soinst
abi
li
tyinthePhi li
ppi
nes .
●Lesson3-Pr
obl
emsi
n19t
hCent
uryPhi
l
ippi
nes&TheDevel
opment
sofPhi
l
ippi
ne
Nati
onal
ism
●Pr
obl
emsoft
he19t
hCent
uryPhi
l
ippi
nes
1.Thel
ackoft
echni
calandqual
i
fi
edper
sonnel
Appoint
edoff
ici
alswer
eunqual
i
fi
ed,wi
thoutdedi
cat
iont
odut
y& st
rengt
htor
esi
st
cor
rupti
on.
Gov.Gen.wer eonlyappoi
ntedbyt hekingofSpain,ther
forei
tisnotalwayst
ruethat
t
heyarequalif
iedsi
ncetheonlyrequir
ementisbei
ngamemberoft heroyalf
ami
lyoran
ar
ist
ocr
atoraf amousgeneral.Result
:mostoffi
ci
alswer ecorr
upt,causesomewho
wereappoi
ntedinPhwer enotnecessari
lyr
ichi
ntheircountr
y.
2.Theinabi
l
it
yofmanycommuni
ti
es&pr
ovi
ncesi
sol
atedbygeogr
aphi
calf
eat
urest
o
rai
set
hei
rownfunds
Devel
opment
swer
econcent
rat
edi
naf
ewar
easonl
y.
Resul
tofsmal
ltaxes,l
essdevel
opment
s,onl
yinmaj
orci
ti
esorf
ewar
eas
3. The unbr
idl
ed use ofpowerofl
ocalof
fi
ci
alsr
esul
ti
ng i
nrampantabuse &
mi
scar
ri
ageofjust
ice
Localof
fi
ci
alsof
tenpl
acedj
ust
icei
nthei
rownhands.
Theyplacejust
icei
ntheirownhandsbcs.j
udi
cialsyst
em wasnotwor
king.Theyal
so
admini
stert
heli
calj
ust
icesonat
ural
lyt
heyabusethepower
4.Ther
iseofbr
igandage&soci
alr
est
lessnessr
ender
ingl
ocalpol
i
cei
nef
fect
ive.
Ext
remepover
ty&l
ackofj
obsbecamebandi
tsandr
ebel
s.
The onl
y comfort
abl
e arethe Spani
ards and some mezt
izos,as a r
esultpeopl
e
committ
edbandit
ryandrebel
l
ed.Theywenttomountai
nsandlaunchedat
tacks.
5.Thei
nadequancyofpubl
i
cimpr
ovement
s&gener
alser
vices
Li
tt
lepubl
i
cinf
rast
ruct
ures&l
i
mit
edser
vicesf
orr
esi
dent
s.
6.The rat
ional
it
y ofbal
anci
ng eccl
esi
ast
icalpower.
..and ofsecul
ari
zi
ng publ
i
c
i
nst
ruct
ion(
incl
udingt
het
eachi
ngi
fSpanisht
omakei tmoref
uncti
onal
)
Thef
ri
arswer
epower
ful
.Ther
ewer
ecl
ashesbet
weent
hechur
chandt
hest
ate.
Govtfi
ndithar
dtocheckonchurches.Chur
chcont
rol
l
ededucationandmajori
tyt
hat
wastaughtwer
erel
i
gionsoschool
swerenotr
eal
l
yfunct
ional
.Spanishmott
aught
7.Theneedf
ormor
eeconomyi
nadmi
nist
rat
ion
Fundswer
eof
tenwast
edonusel
esspr
ogr
ams&t
hroughcor
rupt
ion.
Pr
obl
emsi
ntaxcol
l
ect
ion
8.Thenecessi
tyofext
endi
ngef
fect
iveaut
hor
it
y&cont
roloverf
ront
ierar
eas
Ther
ewer
elesssol
dier
sinf
arawaypl
acessot
hesear
easof
tenbecamenoman'
slands
Fr
ont
ierar
easar
elandsnotf
ull
yunderSpani
ardcont
rol
s.Lessef
fect
iveaut
hor
it
y.
9.Theneedf
orpr
omot
ingagr
icul
tur
eandi
ndust
ry
Agr
icul
tur
ewasnotpr
omot
edbutonl
ycashcr
ops.
Agr
icul
tur
alcount
rybutagr
icul
tur
ewasnotpt
omot
ed.Maj
ori
tyofl
andswer
ewast
ed.

●Whati
snat
ional
i
sm?
-ident
if
icat
ionwit
hone'sownnat i
onandsupportfori
tsi
nter
est
s,especi
all
ytot
he
excl
usi
onordetri
mentoft
heint
erest
sofot
hernat
ions.
Loveofcount
ryandpat
ri
oti
sm

●Devel
opmentofNt
ional
i
sm i
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes
1.Openi
ngoft
hePhi
l
ippi
net
owor
ldt
rade.
-Ph j oined t
he Gall
i
on Trade (
1565-1815)broughtexportproduct
sf r
om Ph to
Accapulco,Mexico.Expor
ted l
uxury goods t
hough notfrom Phil
i
ppines butf
rom
nei
ghbor i
ngcountr
iesl
i
keChinaorMalaysia(
spi
ces,si
lk,et
c.)
-Unfortunat
elythetr
adeonl ybenef
it
tedtheGov.Gen.andf ew Spani
ards/
cit
izens.
Result
ingtoeconomylanguishi
ngf
ormanyyear
sunti
lPhopenedt owor
ldtr
adein1834
thatur
gedt hechangei nthesoci
oeconomics
tat
usoftheFil
ipinosastheyexpor t
ed
cashcropstoworldmarket
.
-Lat
erPhport
swereopenedl i
ketheSuwali nPangasi
nan,I
lo-
il
oandZamboanga
(
1855)
,Cebu(
1860)
,LegazpiandLeyt
e(1873)
.
-Gr
eat
estevebi
nPhhi
stor
ythatl
aterl
edt
oot
herf
act
orsl
i
ke:

2.Ri
seoft
hemi
ddl
ecl
ass.
-ManyFi li
pinofami
li
eswereencour
agedtopartakeintheeconomicoppor
tuni
ti
es
broughtbytheopeni
ngofthepor
tsastheyst
art
edplanti
ngcashcropsi
nthei
rlands
andevenacquiredmorel
andst
oplant
.
3.I
nfl
uxofEur
opeanl
i
bef
ali
deas.
-Openi
ngt
owor
ldt
radedevel
opmenti
ncl
udedi
ntel
l
ect
ualdevel
opment
s.
-I
deaswerebr
oughtbyforeignersnotonl
ythr
oughmout
hsbuti
nbooksaswel
l
.Li
ke
t
heAmeri
canandFrenchrevolut
ions.

4.Openi
ngoft
heSuezCanal(a193km l
ongwat
erwaywhichusedt obedr ysandl
and
t
hatl
inkst
heMedi
tt
eraneanSea&RedSeaaft
ert
heforcedlaborconst
ruct
ion)
-Travelt
imeontr
ipsi
nandoutofPhli
ket
hetri
pofMagel
lant
hatst
art
edonSept
.1591
andendedi nMarch16,1521wascutshortaft
erSuezCanalopenedi
n1869and
st
eam engineswerei
nvent
edasshipsnolongerhavet
otur
naroundAfr
icat
oreach
Europe.

5.Secul
ari
zat
ioncont
rover
sy
-Secular
izati
onifPar i
shesinvolv
edthetransf
erofParishesrunbythecicul
arcler
gy
whi
chmeanst hetransferofpari
shesr
unbyt heAgusti
nians,Fr
anci
scans,Domini
cans,
andrecol
lectmissi
onariesbegiventoFi
li
pinocl
ergy.
-Asearl
yas1583theSpanishKingal
readyorder
edthatt
hedevel
opedPar
ishesmust
bet
ransf
eredt
otheci
rcul
arcler
gybutf
ri
arsref
used.
-Beingthef
ir
stintel
l
ectual
sint
hecountr
y,educat
edFi
li
pinopr
iest
swer
ethef
ir
stt
o
r
eal
izethedi
scr
iminat
ionamongt
hem andtheSpani
shf
ri
ars.
-Hi
stor
ianTheodor
oAgonci
l
local
l
edFi
l
ipi
nopr
iest
sourf
ir
stpol
i
ti
caldynami
tes.

6.Li
ber
aladmi
nist
rat
ionofGov.Car
losMa.del
aTor
re
-Pol
it
icalst
abi
l
it
yinSpainwasbroughti
nthePhwhenthesuccessi
onofGov.Gen.
cameliket
heli
ber
alsandt
heconser
vati
vest
ookt
urnsi
nrunni
ngt
hecentr
algovtl
i
kei
n
Madr
id.
-Alsoaf fect
edsit
uat
ioninthePhatsomepointali
ber alGov.Gen.delaTorr
ewasalso
sentint hecountr
yon1869.HeengagedhimselfinFi l
ipi
nos,ashegotri
dofhisguar
ds
and mi xed some Fil
ipi
noswi t
hthem.He abrogated flaggi
ng asa puni
shment.He
procl
aimedf r
eedom ofspeech.Wantedt
omaker eformsbutwassoonr eplacedbya
conservat i
veGov.Gen.

7.TheCavi
t
yMut
iny(
1872)
-Fi
li
pinoworker
sintheArsunalofCavit
ediscover
edt heunr
easonabl
ededucti
onin
t
hei
rsmallwagesduetot
her ei
mposi
sti
onoft
ributebythenewGov.Gen.RafaelMar
ia
deEscuer
dowhentheyweresupposedtobeexempt ed.
-Workersst
agedast r
ike/welga.Evenifitwasasmal llabori ssue,theSpani
shgovt
dar
edi tasachall
enget otheirrul
e,sotheyarrest
edandexecut edfat
hersMar
iano
Gomez,JoseBorguz,andJaci nt
oZamor aasagitat
orsoft hest ri
kedespit
ehavi
ngno
evi
dencesandCathol
i
cchurchi nt
erveni
ngtoscar
epot ent
ialdisentors.
-Theexecuti
oni
ftheGOMBURZAbecamePaci
anoRi
zal
'
s(ol
derbr
otherofJoseRi
zal
)
i
nspi
rat
ion.
●OnPanci
anoandFat
herBur
gos
Ournarrati
veonJoseRi zal,t
hestudent,hastobeginwithanotherstor
yonhi sel
der
br
otherPaci ano,and t his beggi
ning mustbe shared almostfull
y by one ofthe
mostout
standingandr ever edfi
guresinPhi l
i
ppi
nehistor
y,Fr.JoseBur gos,pr
izeand
pr
ideofthePhi l
ippi
neclergy.Burgos,Paciano

ONPACI
ANOANDFATHERBURGOS

Ournar r
ativeonJoseRi zal,thest udent,hastobegi nwithanotherstor
yonhi s
elderbr otherPaci ano,andt hi
sbegi nni
ngmus tbeshar edalmostf ul
l
ybyoneoft he
mostout standi
ngandr everedfi
gur esi nPhi l
i
ppinehist
ory,Fr.JoseBur gos,pri
zeand
prideoft hePhi l
ippinecler
gy.Bur gos,Paci anoandJoseRi zalhaveoneacci dent
albut
remar kablet hi
ngi ncommon:t heirhavi ngbeenst udentsatt heUniversit
yofSanto
Tomasdur ingoneoft hemostcr ucialperiodsofthehi st
oryoft hi
scountryofthesai
d
Uni versi
ty.

Every Fi li
pino studentknows t hatRi zaldedicated his second novel El
Fil
ibust
erismo“ t
othememor yofthepr i
estsDonMar i
anoGomez,DonJoseBur gosand
DonJaci ntoZamor a,
”executedintheBagumbayanFi el
d(LunetaPar k)onFebr uary17,
1872,al l
egedlyf orconspir
ingagainsttheSpani shruleinthePhi l
ippinesbyi nst
igat
ing
theCavi t
emut inyonemont hear l
i
er.Wear eoft
ent ol
dthatt heCavi terevoltandi t
s
fri
ghtf
ull
yr epr essi
ve consequences ar oused the imaginat
ion ofyoung Ri zal
,i t
s
memor ieslingeringinhismi ndfortherestofhislif
e.Butitshouldbenot edthatRizal’
s
knowledgeoft hoseevent sdi dnotcomet ohimf rom personalinvolvement,butf r
om
hearsay,mai nlybywor dofhi sel
derbrotherwhowast henauni versi
tystudentinMani l
a
andwhocer t
ainlywit
nessedmanyoft hosedr amati
candt r
agicinci
dent s.
 Paciano“issai
d”tohavelivedinthehouseofBur gos;hei sfurt
her“said”tohave
beenapupi loft
hefamouspriest.Undoubtedlybothofthem joinedwi thenthusiasm the
ref
ormistcampai gn t
hatsweptMani l
ai n 1869 and provoked st udentunresti nt he
Universi
tyofSant oTomas.Inthewakeoft hatcampaignandunr estthereoccur r
edt he
CaviteMutinyandt heexecuti
onofBur goswhohadgr aduatedf r
om theUni versi
tyas
DoctorofCanonLaw l essthatoneyearear li
er.I
tisalso“sai d”thatinthesameyear
1872Paci anoRi zalwasexpelledfrom theUni ver
sit
yaf t
erf ail
ingcontinuouslyinhi s
examinati
ons.Sur el
ythereweremanyt hingsPacianocoul dhavet oldhiski dbrother
Jose.

Wedonotknowwhatki ndofst ori

es,ifanyatal l
,Paci
anocouldtel
lhisbrot
her.
Butwe do know thatnotever yt
hing some histor
iansallege t
o have happened t
o
Pacianodidreal
l
yhappen.I
tisthereforenecessar
ytot akeasecondlookattherecor
ds
ofthoseti
mesandf i
ndwhatkindofr el
ati
onshipboundBur gosandPaciano,andhow
welltheyf
aredasst
udentsoft
heUni versi
tyofSantoTomas.

Letusbegi nwi t
hthepriest,FatherJoseApol onioBurgos.Tenyear sagowhen
thefirstcentennialofhisdeathoccur red,i twasmypr ofoundpleasuretoresearchon
theleastknownaspectoft heli
feoft hisext raordi
naryman,namel y,hi
sstudentli
fe,and
af ew t hi
ngsofwhatIwr otet hen maybe r epeated here.IfBur gos’nati
onalist
ic
campai gninf avoroft heFil
ipi
nosecul arcl er
gycat apult
edhimt onat i
onalprominence
andf ame,whatr eall
yoccupi
edhi sattentionmostofhi sli
fewerehi sacademicactivi
ti
es.
Hel i
ved,l i
keRi zal,onl
y35year s,andhespent25oft hem asast udentoftheCol egi
o
deSanJuandeLet ranandoft heUni ver sit
yofSant oTomas,l iving17oft hem asa
boarderundert hesamer oofofhisDomi nicanpr of
essors.

Onewonder swhyBur goswassoobsessedwi thacademi ccar eersanddegr ees

andi ntel
lect
ualexcel l
ence.Per hapshewant edt opr ovetot hePeni nsul arSpani ards
t
hatacr eolepr iestofor dinar ysocialstatuscouldr eacht hecul turalst andardsoft he
bestmenoft hosedays.I ft
hatwast hecase,hepr oveditwit
hhi sdegr ees:Bachel orof
Art
s( 1855)andLi centiateinPhi l
osophy( 1860);Bachel orofTheol ogy( 1860)Licent i
ate
i
nTheol ogy( 1862)andDoct orofTheol ogy( 1868);BachelorofCanonLaw ( 1866) ,,
Li
cent i
ateofCanonLaw ( 1868)andDoct orofCanonLaw ( 1871) ,thel astdoc torate
havingbeenr ecei vedpr acticall
yont heeveofhi sdeat h.Tomyknowl edge,Fr .Jose
Burgoshol dst heabsol uter ecor dofthenumberofdegr eesobt ai
nedf rom t hePont i
fical
Universit
yofMani l
ai nit
st hr eeandahal fcentur
iesofexi st
ence.Ei ghtt i
meshewent
t
hrough t he gr aduation exer ci
ses and t he eightThomasi an di plomas wer e mor e
meani ngfulandusef ulforhi mt hanf ortheaver agest udentofhi st ime,l aymeni nt he
majorit
y,sincet hecur ri
culawer emar kedlyecclesiasti
calandther eforemor erel
evantt o
t
hel if
eofacl eric.Itwasunf ort
unatethathi sli
fewascutshor tbef orehecoul dputhi s
t
rai
ningt
oagooduseasapr
iest
,asapossi
blebi
shoporasauni
ver
sit
ypr
ofessor
.

Foritspart
,theUni versityofSantoTomasdul yacknowledgedtheext r
aor
dinar
y
t
alent
s ofBur gos by promot ing hi
m tot he postofSuper vi
sorofThe Secondar y
Educati
oninthecapit
al(1866)andMast erofCeremoniesoftheUniver
sit
y( 1863-
1872),
andbyi nvi
ti
nghimtositinatt heexami nat
iont
ribunal
sforgraduati
onatleast46ti
mes,
eventhoughhewasnotapr ofessor.

Butnei therallthis academi cinvolvementnorhi s pastoralmi ni

str
yi nt he
prestigious Parish f
ort he Spani ards at
tached tot he Mani l
a Cat hedral
,whi ch he
admi nistered from 1865,pr evented Bur ggos from engagi ng himselfwi th equal
dedicat i
oni nadoublecampai gnt hatwouldevent uall
y,wit
horwi thoutreason,mar khim
asanon- conf
ormistandasar ebel.Thefir
stwashi svigorousandsut ai
neddef enseof
t
her i
ght soft heFili
pinoclergy,especiall
yaf terthedeathoft hestandar dbearerFr .
PedroPel aez,himselfabri
ll
iantmemberoft heUni versi
tyClaustro.

In hisfamous Mani fiesto que a la noble naci on Español a diri

gen losl eales
Fil
i
pi nos,publ i
shed in 1864,and i n severalar t
icles thatappear ed int he Madr i
d
newspaperLaDi scusionin1870,Fr .Bur gosmor et hansuf fi
cientl
ypr ovedt hathehad
i
nher itedtheviewsandi dealsofPel aez.Ont heonehand,hedecr i
edt hefactt hatthe
secul arclergyhadbeendr i
venf rom par i
shest owhicht heyhadr ight,andont heot her,
hemai nt
ainedthattheFi l
i
pi nopr i
estsshoul dnotbebar r
edf rom r unningfirstclass
parishesf orraci
alorot hertypesofdi scri
mination.Ont hisl
atterpointBur goswasmor e
outspokent hanPelaez,butheneverst eppedbeyondt heduel imitsofobediencet othe
HolySeeort othel ocalHi erar
c hyasGr egor i
oAgl ipaywoul ddoatt heturnoft he
centur y.

Thesecondact ivi
tyt
hatabsorbedBur gos ’at
tentionwhi lestil
lpur
suingdegr eeat
theUniversi
tywast heli
vel
ycampai gnf orli
ber alreformsi nt heI sl
andswhi chalmost
carri
edManilabyassaul tf
rom 1868t o1870f ol l
owingt hear r
ivalofGover norCar l
os
Mar i
adelaTor re.Bymoder nstandardsthoseevent sl ookedl i
kemi normani fest
ati
ons
ofdemocrati
cstirr
ings,buttheywereconsider ablyimpor tantforthelif
eofBur gosandof
Paciano,and indirect
lyeven forJose Ri zalhi mself,si nce to allappearancest hey
provi
dedthef ut
ureher owithsomet hemef orachapt erofhi snovelElFi li
busteri
smo.
Whatmat t
ersmost lyhereiswhathappenedatt heUni versit
yofSant oTomas.

Fortwoandahal fcent
uri
es,sinceit
sfoundati
onin1611,theUniversi
tyofSanto
Tomasneverexper i
enc
edanyser iouschall
enget oit
stradi
ti
onalst
ruct
uresandor der
f
rom i
ts const
it
utedaut
hori
ti
es.Butast heschoolyear1869-
1870begant ounfold,t
hat
tranquili
tywast hreatenedbyawaveofdemocr aticcur r
entsthatar
ri
vedfrom Spai nasa
bypr oductoft heso- call
edSept emberRevol ut
ionof1868.ThatyearQueenI sabelI I
wast oppledfrom hert hronebyapr onunci
ami ent o,andamor el
i
beralmi ndedr egi
me
tookt ransit
orychar geoft henat i
on.Asaconsequence,anewsenseofci vicfreedoms
wasdawni ngint heSpani shcoloni
es-t hef ew oft hem thatremained;andi nMani l
a
peopl ebegant ot alkuni nhibi
tedl
yandent husiastical
lyabouthumanr ights,rightof
assembl y,ofspeech,oft hepress,ofconscienc e.Andt hemor eeasil
ytodi scussand
spr eadt heseideas,onJune23,1869asui tablenew Gover norGeneralar ri
ved,Don
Car losMar iadel aTor r
e,whom somef el
low r evoluti
onari
esdescr i
bedas“ apr oven
l
iber al
,nay,asi ncerer adical
.”Thet i
meswer er ipe,somepeopl et hought,fort he
i
naugur ati
onint heI sl
andsofamor edemocr ati
cl i
fet oreplacetheformert heocrati
c
structures.

Duringt heent i
reyear1869,gr oupsofFi lipi
noi nt
ellect ualsandbusi nessmen
wereseengat heri
ngt ogethertodi scusst hegr owi ngeager nesst hei ssuesofpol it
ical
l
iberti
esof f
eredbyt henew Spani shConst i
tution.Theyf ormedapol i
ti
call
y-or
iented
organizati
onwhi chtheai m ofpr essingf orthei mmedi at
ei nt roducti
onofdemocr atic
processes,andt hegroupwascal ledComi si
ondel oshi josdelPai s,accordi
ngt oPedr o
GutierrezSalazar ,orComi tedeRef ormador esaccor dingt oManuelAr ti
gasyCuer va,
orratherPar ti
doLi beralaccordingtoFel ipeBuencami no.What everit
sname,st atutes,
specif
icobj ecti
vesornumberofaf fi
li
ates,themovementi ncl udedi ni t
sr ankswel l
knownpr i
estsandl aymenbel ongingt ot hecreol e,mest i
zoandpur enat iveclasses.
Prominentamongt helaymenwer eAnt onioMa.Regi dor ,Ambr osioRianzaresBaut i
sta,
EnriquePar aiso,Maxi moPat ernoandt heUni versitycat edraticoDonJoaqui nPar dode
Tavera,toment i
onaf ew;themember soft hec l
er gywer eFat herJoseBur gos,Jacinto
Zamor a,Agust i
n Mendoza and Mar i
ano Sevi ll
a.Al lthese men had st udied att he
Universit
yofSant oTomasorwer eactuallymember sofi t
sfacul tybody.

Interestedi nhavingtheirideaspenet rat

etheUni versitycampus,thesereformers
conceivedandsponsor edthef ormati
onofapar al
lelst
udentf rontwhich,accordingto
Art
igasyCuer va,wasnamedJuv entudEscol arLiberal
,theai m ofwhichwast oser ve
as“ auxil
iarysol diers”oftheseni orreformistgroup,asoneoft heyoungsters,Fel i
pe
Buencami no,at tests.Buencami no (studentofRoman Law and Cannon Law)was
declaredl eaderoft heJuventudEscol arwhi chincluded“thecr eam ofthestudent r
yin
socialstatusandi nint
ell
i
gence. ”Oft hefew member swhosenamesar eknownt ous
somewoul dl aterbecomepr ominentnat i
onali
stsorl eadi ngciti
zens,li
keFl orenti
no
Torres (studentofSpani sh Law) ,Ger gorio Sancianco ( Roman and Canon Law) ,
Mamer t
oNat i
vidad( SpanishLaw) ;andt wobr ot
hersofFel ipeBuencami no,Potenciano
andFor tunato.

Panci
anoandcompani onsweresoonmoti
vatedforacton.Thee Comi
i t
ede
Ref
ormadores,t
hepr
ofessor
s,busi
nessmenandpr
iest
s,usedtomeetinthehouseof
oneoft hest udents,Fl or
entinoTor r
es( futureJusticeoft heSupr emeCour t)
.Oneday,
st
Januar y31 ,1869,t hreelawst udent s,Fel ipeBuencami no,Paci anoRi zalandGr egori
o
Sanci anco,wer e presented t ot he gat her ing ofseni orr eformists,and Ant onio Ma.
Regi doraskedt hem whet hert heirt extbookswasi nSpani shori nLat i
n.Whent hey
answer edt hati twasi nLat in,Regi dorst ar t
edt or i
diculet hest upidi
tyofusi ngLat i
n
textbooksi naSpani shcolonypar t
icularlyi nthecar eerofLaw.Thet hreeyoungst ers
wer e so ar oused byRegi dor’shar angue t hatnextday,att he Canon Law cl ass,
Buencami nowascal leduponbyt hepr ofessor ,FatherBeni t
oCor ominas,t oreci
tethe
l
essonsoft heday,andt ot heast onishmentoft hepr ofessor ,her ecit
edt helessonsin
Spani sh!The Domi nican kepthi speace t hr
oughoutand t hen di smissed the cl
ass
withoutcommentandwi t
houtanger .Butt hest udentswer enat ur
allypleased,andsi nce
Buencami nohadbeent hecausef ort hatunexpect edmor ningvacat ion,theybrought
him ont heirshoulder salongt heSanJuandeLet ranSt reetshout ng:Vi
i vaelCastell
ano
yabaj oelLat i
n!

Buencaminol at
erwrot
et hathewasi mpr isonedf orthisincident
,whichi snot
histor
icall
ycorrect.Act
ual
l
yhef i
nishedunmolestedt hatschoolyearinMar ch1869,and
i
nJunehest art
edanewsemest er.Andallt
hatsemest erthesoundsofl i
beralrefor
ms,
freedomsofmanysor t
sanddemandsf orpol
it
icalassimilati
onwitht hePeninsulafi
ll
ed
theairoft hecit
y.Thenonemor ningearlyi
nOct ober ,t
heUni ver
sityofSantoTomasas
caughtbysur pri
sewhensomeanonymousl eaflet
swer ef oundscat t
eredonthef l
oorof
theclassroom ofCanonLaw,whi chread:

Abaj
oelSiPadr
e
Abaj
oElRever
enci
a
Abaj
oElBesamano
Abaj
oelt
upar
anosot
ros

(
Downwit
hthe“Yes,Fat
her
”,downwi
tht
he“
Rever
ence”
,downwi
thhandki
ssi
ng,down
wi
tht
heTufi
rus).

Thelastli
orneseemst oi
ndi
catethatt
heDomi nicans,oratleastt
heCanonLaw
prof
essorFr.Corominas,werei
nthehabitofaddressingthestudentswiththefamili
ar
t
reatmentoftuinst
eadoft dUst
hewor ed,whi
chisusedf orsuper
iorsorforstr
angers.
Thattr
eatmentwast akenbytheaut
hororauthor
soft heleaflet
sasasi gnofdisregard
orcontempt
,justasJoseRi zalmanyyearswouldal sointerpr
etthetuteoofthef ri
ar
prof
essorsi
nthesameway.
 Foreightconsecut
ivedaysnewl eaf
let
sappear edinthesamecl assroom andin
ot
hers,whi epasqui
l norl ampoonwrit
tenbyst udent
swasf oundpost edi nt hePuente
Provi
sional(PuentedeEspaña,todayJonesBr i
dge).I
nallcasestheti
r adesendedwi t
h
acallforacademicfreedom,butwhatr eal
l
yalarmedt heUniversi
tyauthor i
ti
eswast he
new polit
icalandsubversivecol
orgivent othel at
estleaf
let
swhi chal ludedtor ace
di
ffer
ences,toslaveryandtosubj
ugati
on.

Tobesur e,t her ewerenost udentmassdemonst rat

ions,breaksofbulicorderin
thecampus,r all
iesoremot i
onalharangui ng.I nf act,thevastmaj ori
tyofthestudents
reacted i ndignantly agai nstthe vil
li
fi
cation campai gn agai nstt hei
rprofessors and
showed t heirsol idar i
ty wit
ht he admi nistr
at i
on by si gni ng a numberofcount er-
mani fest
oes.Thecl assesofPhysi cs,Logi c,Rhet ori
candsecondyearofPhi losophy
madest rongpr ot
est ationsofloyal
tytotheUni versity.Thecl assofCanonLaw,i nwhose
classroom t hef i
rstl eaflet
shadappear ed,di dnotpr ot
est,butont heotherhand,t he
classoft heSpani shLaw( whichi
ncludedsomef ami l
i
arnat ional
istnameslikeMamer t
o
Nat i
vidad,Fl orenti
noTor r
esandFel ixResur r eccionHi dalgo)signedt hemostst rongl
y
wor dedpr ot
estofal l,endorsedbyt hesi gnatureoft heirprofessorDonJoaqui nPar do
deTaver a.

Ani ni
ti
alinvestigat i
onintot heleafl
etsaffairseemedt oshowt hatthetr
oublehad
i
ndeedst ar t
edi nt heCl assofCanonLaw ( Paci ano’sclass);andt herewasenough
evi
dencet opr ovet hattheunr estwasdevel opi
ngi ntoapol it
ical
lysubversi
vemovement ,
whichprompt edt heUni versi
tyRect orFr.Domi ngoTr eserrator eportt
heeventstothe
GovernorGener al,whi chhedi donOct ober15,poi nti
ngt oFelipeBuencaminoast he
possi
ble aut horoft he mani festoes oras t he l eaderoft he responsi
ble group.
Buencami nowast heref orearrested,imprisonedi nBi l
ibi
dpr i
sonandwaskeptconf i
ned
forfourmont hs.Meanwhi l
e,al linvestigat
ions made by t he ad hoc appoi nt
ed
commissioner ,JudgeJosedeAr r
ieta,fai
ledtopr ovet heculpabil
ityofBuencamino.

WhenBuencami nowasr eleasedf r

om prisonattheendofFebr uary,1870,t he
schoolyearwasaboutt o end,and he beseeched t he RectorofSant o Tomast o
dispensehi mfrom thefourmont hsoff orcedabsencesot hathecoul dgraduate.The
requestwasgr antedpr ovidedthathemadeupf ortheabsencesbyt akingprivate
classesofCanonLawunderawi l
lingment orofhischoi
ce.Andhechosenoot herthan
FatherJoseBur gos,whot aughthim duringthesummerper iod.Thenhewasexami ned
by a paneloft hree exami ners presided overby t he catedr
ati
co FatherBeni t
o
Cor ominas,whoappr ovedhi m nemi nediscrepate(byunanimity)
.AndFr .Coromi nas
personallyconf
erredonhi mt hedegr eeofBachel orofCanonLawonJul y24,1870.

Ourhist
ori
calexcur
sioni
ntot
hesecampusinci
dentsmayseem t
ohavegonetoo
f
ar,butnotwit
houtreason.Thi
rt
eenyear
slat
er,Panciano’
scol
l
eagueintheJuvent
ud
Escol arLi ber al,Gr egorio Sancianco wr otei n Spaint hatt he anonymous l eafl
ets
expressed “ the di sapprovaloft he st udents aboutt he teaching met hods oft he
Domi ni
canFat hers.TheyWer easki ngf ortheappoi ntmentofmor ecapabl epr ofessors
andt hebr oadeni ngofeducat i
onl iket hatinSpai n.Theyal soaskedt heGover nmentt o
take di rectcont roloft he Uni ver sit
y and t or emove t he Domi ni
cans f r
om i ts
admi nistrati
on,becauseeducat i
oni sanat ionali
nterestofthehi ghestimpor tance”;and
heconcl uded:“ Thismovementofyoungst udentswasent i
relyharml ess;itcouldnotbe
at hreatt othei nt
egr it
yoft heSpani shnat ion,notonl ybecauseoft heageandcapaci ty
ofi t
spr esumedl eader s-student sofRoman,Ci vi
landCanonLaws-butal soofi ts
charact erandobj ectives.Thestudent s’demandswer enotsubver sive,butr easonable,
j
ustandl egal.
”

Sanciano,thebr ai
nyandj udi
ciousaut horofElPr ogresodeFi l
ipinas,andabook
thatmadesomei mpacti nthePeni nsula,wasr ightindowngr adingthepol i
ti
caldanger
ofthe1869st udentunr est,buthewasnotathi s“reasonablebesti ndef endi
ngt he
“j
usti
ce”and“ legali
ty”oft aki
ngawayf r
om theDomi nicanOr deraUni versi
tythatwas
l
egiti
matelyher sbyf oundat i
on.Butwhati simpor t
anttounder li
neher ei sthatal at
ent
fearremainedint hecircl
esoft heGover nmentthatsomesubver sivemovementagai nst
the“int
egri
tyoft heSpani shnation”mi ghtspringoutsomewher eintheI slands.Andt he
fearswerenotunf ounded,f orifthest udentunr estwasonl yayout hfulgame,i twas
succeeded,al it
tlel
esst hant woyear slater,byt hetr
agi cepisodeoft heCavi teMutiny
of1872.

On January 20th oft hatyear ,the Ar t

il
l
ery and Mar i
ne Inf
antry Regiment s
stati
onedi nCavit
er oseagai nsttheGover nmentf ormot i
vesvar i
ouslyexplai
nedasa
separatistcoupandasapr otestagai
nstt heunfai
rtaxationofthewor kersoftheCavi t
e
arsenal.Onedaywasenoughf ortheloyalistt
roopssentf rom Manilatoputdownt he
rebell
ion.Buttheaft
ermat hwasast r
agicast heshor tf
ighti
nghadbeem bl oody.Itwas
foll
owedbyawaveofar rests,deport
ationsandexecut i
onst hathadat ar
getpromi nent
cit
izensoft henati
ve,mest i
zoandcr eoleclasseswhohaddi st
ingui
sedt hemselvesin
thedemandsf orl
i
beralreforms.

How trueorhow deept hecompl i

ci
tyoft heseci ti
zenswi ththeCavi tesoldiers
was,nobodyseemst oknow f orsure.Itsti
llremainsamyst eryt othehistori
an,par tl
y
becauset hefirsthanddocument ationont het r
ialoft hethreeexecutedpr i
est
si sst i
ll
hiddeni nsomeSpani shar chi
ves ,andpar t
lybecauset heper sonswhower einvol ved
mor eorl essdi r
ectl
yi nthoseevent sdidnotwr i
teaboutt hem i nat otal
lyclearand
convi nci
ngmanner .Notal ltheac cusedsuf f
eredt hesamepenal t
y.Sentencedt odi es
byt hegar rot
ewer ethepriestsJoseBur gos,Mar ianoGomezandJaci ntoZamor a,wi t
h
thel aymanFr anciscoZaldua.Twent ysixot herFili
pinoswer eexi l
edtot heMar i
anas
Isl
ands,ofwhom t heleadingnamesar eJoseMa.Basa,Ant onioMa.Regi dor,Maxi mo
Pater no,Fr.Mar i
anoSevi l
laandt heuniversityprofessorofSpani shLaw( andpr ofessor
ofPaci
ano)DonJoaqui
nPar
dodeTaver
a.

Why was Bur gos singled outf ort

he death sentence? The l i
ber al-
minded
el
ement softheI slandswer enotsl owi npoi
nti
nganaccusi ngfingertothef ri
ars,who,
accor
dingtot hem,hadseeni nBur gosadanger ousleaderwagi ngadamagi nganti-
Spanishfi
ghtfort hesecul ari
zat i
onoft hepari
shes.Act
uall
y,itwasnosecr etthatsome
member softher egularcl er
gydi sl
ikedt hei
nvolvementofBur gosint hatcont r
oversy.
TheSuper i
oroftheJesui ts,Fat herPedr oBeltr
an,gavehim aver ysternwar ningabout
t
hehazar dousr oadhehadt aken,whi chcoul
dl eadhimt oasadend.Buti stotal
ly
unthi
nkabl
et hatt her eli
giousi nstit
uteswouldpr odtheGover nmenti ntoget t
ingr i
dof
t
hatil
lust
ri
oussecul arpri
est .

The Fi li
pino hi
stori
an ManuelAr t
igas y Cuer va,whose aut hor
it
y on t he
revolut
ionary per i
od cannotbe under estimated of f
erst wo expl anati
ons for the
condemnat i
onofBur gos.Onei sthatDonJosedeAr ri
eta“ f
iguredprominentl
yint he
tri
alofBur gos,i
nwhi chAr r
iet
adi dnotplayacl eanr ole… Betweent hetwo(Burgosand
Arri
eta)t her
eexistedast at
eofenmi t
y.”Theot herexpl anati
oni sthatGovernorGener al
RafaelI zqui
erdo,wellknownpr ominentfreemas on,di dnotper mitthatanymemberof
thelodges,accusedofcompl i
cit
y,suff
ert hatlas tpenal t
y,implyingthathefoundint he
cleri
csaconveni entscapegoat .Inhisof fi
cialrepor ttoMadr id,I zi
qui
erdomai nt
ained
thatBur goswaoneoft hel eadersofther evoltandt hathedeser vedthesentence,but
Izi
quierdos’test
imonyisopent omanyquest ions.

Asf ortheUniver sit

y’
sbehavi ortowar dsBur gosbef ore,dur i
ngandaf terthe
CaviteMut i
ny,itwasent i
rel
yaf ri
endlyandcor di
alr elati
onship,andt hisfeelingwas
mutual .Inhi sfamous Mani fi
esto of1864,Bur gossi gnifi
cantl
yhadsi ngledoutt he
Domi nicanFat hersf
ort heir“edi
fyi
ngconduct ,
”whilehecr i
ti
cizedthereligi
ouscl ergyin
general .OnDecember3,1871,heat tendedasaMast erofCer emoniest hei nvest
it
ure
ri
tesf ort heDomi ni
cangr aduateFr .Mi guelNar ro.Thi swasl essthant womont hs
beforet heCavi t
euprisi
ng,andbyt hattimeBur gos’rolei ntheact i
vi
ti
esoft heComi t
e
deRef ormadoresandt hecont entsofhisar t
icl
eswer eal readyper f
ect
lywel lknown.Yet
nothi
ng oft hi
sdampened t he warmr elat
ionsoft he Mast erofCer emoni esoft he
UniversityofhisAlmaMat er.

Bl
asAlcuaz,SecretaryGeneraloft
heUni versi
ty,assur edAr t
igasyCuer vathat
FatherBurgos“ washel di n hi
gh est
eem byCar di
nalZef er i
no Gonzales(Burgos’
profes
sorofPhil
iosophyaswel lastheRectoroftheUni versi
tyFr .(
Domi ngo)Treserr
a,
andes peci
all
ybyt helat
ter,t
osuchanext entthatevenaf tert he(Cavit
e)insur
recti
on,
he( Tr
eserr
a)defendedhim withtruenobl
esse,vouchingf orthepat ri
oti
csenti
ment sof
Burgos.”
 I
tis also on r ecordt hatthe Domi nican Bi shop ofNueva Cacer es (Naga) ,
FranciscoGai nza,anot herformerpr ofessorofBur gos,sentf rom Bicolandi aanur gent
pleat oGovernorI zqui
erdoint heset erms:“ Par dont hepr i
soners( Burgos,Gomezand
Zamor a)andl etnopr i
estsbecar ri
edt ot hescaf f
old,becauseourr obesar ethesame,
andi fsomegoupt her
e,otherswi l
lfoll
ow,andt hest rugglethatstart
edi nt hesacristi
es
willspreadout side,andt hi
swi l
lbet heendoft heCat holi
cclergywi tht helossofi t
s
presti
geabdt heconsequentst r
uggl ef orcount ry.”Bi shopGai nza-saysCuer va-
“appreciat
edBur gosgr eatl
y,aswel l
-informedper sonshaveassur edme. ”Finall
yt he
scholarl
yhistorianoft heUni versit
y,Fr .Al bertoSant amaria,cert
ifi
edt hat“ agtraditi
on
has been per ser ved among t he Domi nican pr ofessors oft he Uni versit
yt hatt heir
predecessorsi nsist
entl
y asked Gover norI zquierdo t o acquitBur gos,Gomez and
Zamor a.Thiswehavehear edf rom t
hel ipsofFr .(Serapio)Tamayo. ”

Thepol i
ti
calmar t
yrdom oft het hreepr i
ests,especiall
yoft hehi ghlyregarded
Burgos,l eftanal mostindel
ibl
ewoundi nt hes ouloft henew gener ati
onofFi li
pinos.
Rizal,wr i
tingin1889t ohi sfr
iendMar ianoPonce,r ecall
edhow “ evenasaboy”hi s
i
ndignat i
onwasawakenedandhowheswor etoavenget hevict
imssomeday.But ,l
etit
ber epeat ed,Rizalwasnoti nvolvedper sonal
lyinthoseevent s.Wencesl aoRet anai s
enti
relymi sinf
ormedwhenhest atest hatonFebr uaryof1872,JoseRi zalwasaboar der
i
nBur gos’house,t hatfr
om thefirstmomenthear ri
vedt hereheatonce“ knew,l oved,
respectedandr everenced”thepr iest,andt hatRizal“saw withhisowneyeshow on
Februar yof1872,t heGovernmentar restedagoodnumberofFi li
pinoi nt
ell
ectual
s.”

And whati s more amazing i sthatAnt oni

o Ma.Regi dor
,one oft he main
protagoni st
soft hepoli
ti
calcommot i
onsoft hoseyear s,ar restedandbani shedafterthe
Caviter evolt
,wast hesour ceofRetana.Thi r
tyyearsaf terthoseevent s,Regidorwrote
thatRi zal“hadbeenast udentofBur gos”andt hathe“ hadl i
veinthehouseofBur gos
asaboar der”
;thatRizalwaaJesui tlaybrother“at7: 00i nthemor ningofJanuar y21
comi ngt othehouseofBur gostoinvitehimt otaker efugei nSanI gnaci o”
;thatRi zal
“whoknewal lthesecretsoft hehouse”alsoknewt hatBur goswasi nnocent,andwas
determi ned to prot
estalwaysagai nstthe “destr
uctive and deadl yi nfl
uence oft he
rel
igiousOr dersi nt
hePhi l
i
ppines.”

Todayno ser i
ousFili
pino hi
storian wi
llrepeatthese st
atement
s.Jose Rizal
,
elevenyear soldwhenBur gosdied,nevermetBur gos.Heneverhadt hechancet o
knowt hepr i
est.Whenhecamet oMani laforthefir
stti
meonJune10,1872,Bur gosno
l
ongerexi st
ed.WereRetanaandRegi dordeli
beratel
yinvent
ingstor
iesaboutRizal’
s
youth?I fnot,t
heymusthaveconfusedJosewi t
hhisbr ot
herPaci
ano,att
ri
but
ingt
5ot he
nationalherosomebiogr
aphicaldatoftheelderbrother.
 PacianoMer cadoRizalwast enyearsol derthanJose,havi ngbeencor nin
Calambai n1851.Thef i
rstfor
tyyearsofhisli
fe,thatis,fr
om birt
ht oar
ound1887,
Paciano’sli
fewasat t
achedt ot
heDomi ni
canOrderbyst r
ongboundsofper sonaland
famil
yr elat
ionships.And the l
eastknown aspectoft hatr el
ati
onshipi
shi shaving
studi
edforsever alyearsattheUni
versi
tyofSant
oTomas.

ManyRi zali
anschol arsarei ncli
nedt obel ievethatJoseRi zalinherit
edf rom
Pacianoaver ynegat i
veimageoft heUni versity.ItistruethatJose,writi
ngt ohisfri
end
FernandoBl ument r
ittmanyyear slater,saidthatPanci ano“ hadtoleavet heUni ver
sit
y
becausehewasal i
beralandt hefriarsdidnotl i
kehi m becauseheheadl i
vedwi t
h
Burgos”(porhabervi vi
doconBur gos) .Heal sosai dthatsincePancianohadusedt he
famil
ynameofMer cadoatt heUniver si
ty,he( Jose)wasadvi sedtouset heot herfamil
y
name,t hatisRi zal
,i nordertoavoidi dentif
icationwi thhisbr ot
her.Thesest atements
mustbet akeni ntoconsi der
ati
on.Butbef orecomment ingont hem letmepoi ntout
somei naccuraciesorer rorscommi t
tedbysomebi ogr
aphersofnot e,Aust i
nCr aigand
Austi
nCoat es,mustbequot edher ebecauset heirinfor
mat iononPaci anoi sfarfrom
corr
ect,yettheirinf
luenceonourt extbooksisnot iceabl
e.

SaysCr aig:“ Paci

anohad( by1872)beenast udentofSanJoseCol legi nManil
a
forsomeyear sandhadr egular
lyfail
edi npassi nghi sexami nationsbecauseofhi s
outspokennessagai nsttheevilsofthecount ry.Paci anowasaf avour itewi t
hBur gosin
whosehomehel i
vedandf orwhom heact edasmessengerandgobet weeni nthe
deli
catenegot iationsoft hepropagandawhi cht heDoct orwascar ryingon. ”Forhi spart,
AustinCoat esaf f
ir
ms:“ Asitbecameappar entwi thtime,theDomi nicanf ri
ars,whor un
SanJoseandwhoknewPanci ano’sformerassoci ati
onwi t
hBur gos,wer edet er
mined
thattheel derRi zalshouldnotat t
aintheBaccal aureate…”Andso,“ aft
erkeepi nghimin
thesamecl assf orsever alyears,theyf ai
ledhi m.”Event houghCr aignew Paci ano
personallyint heear l
ydecadespft hiscentur y,Idonott hi
nkt hisi nformat i
on-whi ch
Coates r epeats gr atuit
ously adding morei naccur aci
es -r efl
ectst he mi nd ort he
reminiscencesoft heel derRizal,becauset he“ regularfai
lures”,t he“ keepingi nthe
samecl ass”andt he“ deli
catenegotiati
ons”cannotbef oundanywher ei nr ealhist
ory.
Obviousl yneitheroft het woAust inseverbot her edt ofi
ndandexami net heacademi c
recordsofPaci ano.

Paci
anostudiedatt
heCol egiodeSanJosefortwoyearsandattheUniversi
tyof
SantoTomasforsi
xyears.Thef i
rstt
hingt
hatoccur
stoexamineaswecomeacr osshis
schol
ast
icr
ecordsis,ofcourse,thequesti
onofhisname.What everi
nter
pret
ationwe
mayt r
yt ogivetot hewor dsofJose,quot
edabove,andbywhat evernamePaciano
mighthavebeencal ledinthes tr
eetorsoci
all
if
e,thefactisthatoffi
ci
all
yhewas
enrol
l
edandr egi
steredasast udentwit
hthenameofMer cadoand/orRizal
.Inproof
t
hereofwet r
anscri
beher ehi sf
ullnameasenter
edannuall
yintheenr ol
mentbookof
t
heUni ver
sit
ycaleedLi br
odeMat ri
cul
as.

SchoolYear School Name

1863-
1864 Lat
ini
tySchoolofDon Paci
anoMer
caso
Cat
ali
noJosedeVi
l
laf
ranca
A864-
1865 Col
l
egeofSanJose Paci
anoMer
cado
1865-
1866 Col
l
egeofSanJose Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1866-
1867 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1867-
1868 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1868-
1869 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1869-
1870 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1870-
1871 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1871-
1872 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado

Thec ler
koft
heSecr etar
yGener al
’
sOf fi
cemisspel
l
edhisname(Rizal
),buti
tis
clearthatPacianosubmi t
tedt ot heregi
str
arsofthecor r
espondi
ngschool
shi stwo
family names,and theref
or e his name Rizalwas notunknown tothe Univer
sit
y
professorat
eoreventothest udents.

Wel ackinfor
mationabouttheprivateschoolofDonCat ali
noJosedeVi ll
afanca
wherePaci anot ookhiselementar
ygrammarcour ses.Butt heColegiodeSanJosei sa
allt
oof amili
arnamei nthePhi l
i
ppineeducat i
onalhistory,noteasilytobeconf usedwi t
h
anyuni versit
yorwi ththeDomi ni
cansi nt hepre-Rizalper i
od.SanJoseCol leges( or
Semi nary)isoneoft heoldesti
nsti
tut
ionsi nthi
scount r
y,foundedi n1601,ent rust
edt o
theJesui tFathersin1610and,aftertheexpul si
onoft heirSociet
yfr om t
hePhi li
ppines
i
n1768,conf iscat
edbyt heGovernment ,andt henaf ter1777r unbyt hesecularclergy
ofMani l
a.TheCol egiooff
eredsomecour sesofhumani t
iesandphi losophyasr equired
curr
iculaforadmi ssi
ontothehigherst
udi esoftheUni versityofSantoTomas.
 Duri
ngPaciano’
sdayst heCol l
egeofSanJosewasnotr unbyt heDomi ni
cans
butbyt hesecul
arcler
gy.Thecol lege,however,wasboundt ohaveitsenrol
mentand
examinati
onrecordsregist
eredi nt hebookoft heUniversit
y.Thereisabi gi
ff
erence
betweenPacianoandJoser egar dingtheirst
udi
esi nt
hisi nst
it
uti
on.Forin1875,San
Joselostit
shighschoolcharacterandr oleforanewpur pose,tohousetheFaculti
esof
Medici
neandPhar macyoft heUni ver
sit
yofSant oTomas,wher eJosewoul dstudy
medici
ne.Itwasnoti nPaciano’ st i
mebuti nJose’swhent hecoll
egewasr unbyt he
DominicanFather
s.

IfDon Fr ancisco Mar i

ano,Paci ano’sFat her,studied i
n San Jose assome
scholarsmaintain,thechoi ceofthatschoolf orPacianowoul dbejustamat t
eroffamil
y
tr
adit
ion.Paciano’sdepar turefrom thatcoll
egeaf t
ert woyear sandhisenr oll
mentinthe
Universi
tycoincided-al uckycoi nci
dence- withtheepoch- makingeducat ionalref
orms
i
ntroducedinthePhi l
i
ppinesi n1866,whi chbr oughtthecount ryi
ntothemoder nage.By
vi
rtueofanew Pl anforSecondar yEducat iontheCol egi
odeSanJose-l ikethe
coll
egesofLet ranandBacol orandt heAt eneoMuni cipal-becameaSecondar ySchool
offir
stclassofferinghumani st
iccoursesl eadingtot hedegr eeofBachel orofAr t
s.At
SanJose,Paci anost il
lst
udi edundert heoldeducat ionalsystem,t
hel astclassdoso.

Iti
st otal
l
yunhistori
caltos aythatPacianowasapupi lofFatherBur gos.Onl yi
n
t
heschoolyear1855- 1856,att heageofei ght
eenandst i
l
laboar dingst udent,was
Burgos ent rust
ed wi t
h t eachi
ng t he studentst aki
ng Gr ammar ( cuarti
stas and
oracioni
stas)attheCol egi
odeSanJuandeLet ran.Exceptforthatsti
ntasat eacher,
FatherBur gosneverwasapr ofessorofanyoneei t
heratSanHoseoratt heUni ver
sit
y,
t
houghaspost -
graduatehewasmemberoft heClaustr
oandexami ner.Heneverwas
professorofPaciano,norwasPac i
anohisacademicpupil.

In1886wehavePaci anoiniti
ati
nghi shi gherstudiesofPhi losophyandLaw at
theUni versit
yandent eri
ngi ntothef atefulperi
odofhi slif
e.Di dhe,asaThomasi an
student,takeupr esi
dence“ i
nt hehouseofBur gos,”assomewr i
tersmaintai
n?Jose
Rizalwoul dl at
ersayt hat“Pacianowasdi sl
ikedbyt hef r
iarsbecausehel i
vedwit
h
Burgos.”Butt hisphr
asecanal someant hathel ivedinassociati
onwi thBurgos,andit
i
sunl i
kelyt hatFat
herBur gos,ParishPr iestoftheMani laCat hedral
,atthatti
me,would
fi
ndt i
met or unaboardinghousef orstudents.Itisnoti mpossibl
et houghthathewould
acceptsome young boy l i
ke Paciano i n consi derat
ion ofsome f amil
yr el
ati
on of
fri
endship.

Thetwower
ecert
ainl
yassoci
atedinl
if
e,t
her
ei snoquest
ionabouti
t.Wehave
seenBurgosl
eadagroupofprofessi
onal
sdemandingli
ber
alrefor
msinthecolony,
whilePaci anoj oi
nedtheranksoft heJuventudEscol arLiberal.Andthroughoutal lt
hose
daysofpeacef ulmarchesandr al l
i
es,ofstudentl eafl
etsandcount er-pr
otest
s,oft he
arrestandi mpr i
sonmentofFel ipeBuencami no,Paci anoRi zalwasseenamongt he
activi
sts,thoughnotr eall
yshowi nghi msel
fasal eaderorasaf er
ventr evol
ut i
onary.
However ,mny year slater,Buencami no woul d wr i
te ofhi s days inj ail
:“ Balbi
no
Vent ur
a… wi th Paciano Ri zal;Gr egori
o Sanci ano,Ar i
ston Reyes and Engr aci
o
Gonzaga… usedt ovi
sitme( i
nt hecellofBilibidin1869)t or emindmeofourvol untary
commi tmentofwor kf
orthepol iti
calemanci pationofourcount r
yandaboveal lofthe
oathwehadt akenaf ew daysaf tertheexecut i
onofBur gos,Gomez,andZamor a,to
avenge f ort heirdeaths so unj ustand so bi as”Ther ei sa f law int he reportof
Buencami nobecausebyt hetimehewasvi si t
edi njailbyFat herBur goshadnotyet
died.

Whent heCaviteMut inycameal lofasuddenonJanuar y20,1872,Paci anowas

fi
nishinghist hi
rdyearoft hecar eerofLaw underPr ofessorDonJoaqui nPar dode
Taver a.Taverwasal i
beralinpolitics,softspokenandaf fecti
onate,andsopopul arwi t
h
thest udents,saysAr t
igasyCuer va,that“ af
tertheendoft hel ectures,hi sstudents
usedt ogat heraroundhim att hegat eoft heUni ver
sit
y,conversingint i
mat elywit
hhi m,
somet hingtheydidnotdowi t
hot herpr ofessors.Itwasnotdi f
fi
culttoseeamongt hose
studentssomewhosenamesar eal lt
oof amili
artous… Fl orenti
noTor res,AntonioMa.
Regi dor,Mamer t
oNat ivi
dad,Fel ipeBuencami no,HugoI lagan,JoseAl bertandmany
otherswhosawi nt hi
sprofessornotonl yamanoft al
entbutalsoaper sonofdi st
inct
ion
asr efl
ectedinhiselegantcount enance,whi chtheyalwayst r
iedtoi mitate.”

ButTavera has the mi

s f
ort
une ofbei ng rounded up by long arm ofthe
Governmentforal l
eged compl
ici
tyint he mi l
i
tar
yr evol
tand was banished tothe
MarianasIsl
ands.Andhi smisf
ortunehadt ocausei nconveni
encestohi sst
udents.
Whathappenedt ohisclassofCivilandMer canti
leLaw att
endedbyPaci anoandhi s
col
leagues? Were some suspected ofcompl ici
tytoo? Was Paciano in par
ti
cul
ar
accusedofanythi
ng?Washef ai
ledinhisstudiesonaccountoftheseevent
s?

The questions ar
e many butt hey mustbe asked because ourRi zal
ian
biographersCraigandCoat esunderl
inet hatPacianowas“ regul
arl
yf ai
l
edi npassing
hisexami nat
ions”
becauseofhisoutspokenness ”andt hattheDomi nicanfr
iars,“”
aft
er
keepinghimint hesameclassforseveralyears,fai
ledhim.”Itbecomesnecessar ynow
totranscr
ibetheacademicrecor
dsofPaci anoincludinghisgrades.

Thefir
stcommenntwemustmakeaboutt hesegradesi
sthatt
heyaremedi
ocr
e.
Thereisnotasi esobr
ngl esali
ent
e( excel
l
ent
).Pacianoowasnotast al
ent
edashis
brot
herJoseint
her eal
m ofacademics.Butcert
ainl
yhewasnotkept“i
nthesamecl
ass
f
orseveralyears”nor“regul
arl
yf ai
ledi npassi
nghi sexami
nati
ons.
”Notatall
.His
academi ccoursesappearpr ogressivel
ymovi ngexceptf
ort heschoolyear1868-1869,
whichshowsnogr adesintheregist
erbooks.Hewasnotgi vensuspensoorreprobado,
andt hismeanst hathedr oppedt hecour seandhehadt otakeitagaininthenext
schoolyear1869- 1870,whichhedi d.What evermaythecase,itisdi
ff
icul
ttobel
ievthat
theDomi nicansbl ackl
ist
edhi mforanyi nvol
vementwit
hBur goswhenot hers t
udent
l
eader s,includi
ng t he i
mprisoned Felipe Buencamino successf
ull
y arri
ved atthe
graduati
on.

Thelastandmor edi f
ficultquest
ionconcerni
ngPacianoiswhydidheabandon
hiscareerattheendoft hethirdyearofLawi n1872.Thisquesti
onwil
lbeaskedagai n
l
aterinthisnarr
ativeinconnectionwithJoseRizalwhoalsolef
ttheUni
versit
yaft
erfour
coursesofMedi cine.A carefullookatt he academi
cr ecor
dsshowst he f
oll
owing
i
nformation:

Ofthet woprofessorsofthet hi
rdyearofLaw,Par dodeTaver ahadt oleavehi s
professi
onmoment aril
yashewasdepor tedtotheMar i
anasI sl
andsinFebr uary,j ust
beforetheendoft heschoolyear .Thet askofexamininghisstudentsfel
lonhi sfellow
ProfessorCar dellyPl anas,andt heexami neesincl
udedstudentsofthet hir
d,four th,
andf i
fthyearsofLaw.I twillbeseent hatagr eatnumberofst udent
sdidnotpr esent
t
hemsel vesf orthefinalexami nat
ion.(Poli
ti
calandAdmi ni
str
ati
veLaw 33di dnott ake
outof57.Ci vilandMer canti
leLaw22di dnottakeoutof48)

Near l
y one halfofthe student
s enr ol
led di
d notpr esenttheemselves for
examination.Among t hose examined and approved wer efutur
e ChiefJustice of
SupremeCour tCayetanoArell
anoandt hefamouspai nterFeli
xResurr
eccionHidalgo.
Amongt hosewhodi dnottaketheexami nat
ionwasPaci anoRizalMercado.Theonl y
st
udentwhowasbot hexaminedandf ai
ledwasFel ipeBuencami no-i
nt roubl
eagain-
buther epeatedthecourseandwentont oobtainhisLicenti
atei
nLawin1876.

Whatspeci fi
creasonsmovedPaci anot odi
scont i
nuehislegalcar eerisnotcl ear.
What evert heywer e,itisnotcor r
ecttospeakofhi s“unhappyexper iencesatSanJose”
asamot i
ve,ort osayt hathewasf ai
ledregularl
yatSant oTomas.Hi snon- appear ance
beforet hepanelofexami nerswasnotauni quecasenorar easonf orsuspect i
ngt hat
theUni versit
yhadacaseagai nsthim.Itwast hecaseofdozensofst udent sleavingt he
careerforavar i
etyofr easonsever yyear.Couldithavebeent hatPaci anowasaf raidof
beingst igmatizedasanol dfr
iendoft heexiledleader s?How canwei nterpretJose
Rizal’
swor ds:“ He( Paciano)hadt oleavet heUni versit
ybecausehehadl ivedwi th
Burgos?”Thei nter
pretationisnoteasyconsi der
ingt hatBuencami nohadbeenmor e
l
iberalthanhe,andt hatanephewofFat herBurgos,ManuelXer ezBur gos,wasnear er
tothenat i
onalpr i
estthanhe,yetbot hoft hem continuedandf i
nishedt heirr espect ive
careersofLawandMedi cinet
otall
yunmol est
ed.
 Thenextmovement sofPacianodonotr efl
ectsignsoffearsorworr
ies.Inj
uneof
thatsamey ear1872hewaswal ki
ngaboutI ntr
amur osafterbringi
nghislit
tl
ebrother
Joset otheLetranCol l
eget oundergoanent r
anceexami nat
ionforthehighs chool
career.Andfrom t
henon,i twasnoti nf
requenttoseet hetwoRi zal
sagaini nManila
withnoacademi corcivi
lauthori
tycar
ingtomol estthem.Int he1890sthingschanged
total
l
y,butt
hatwast wentyyearslat
er.
ONPACI
ANOANDFATHERBURGOS

Ournar r
ativeonJoseRi zal,thest udent,hastobegi nwithanotherstor
yonhi s
elderbr otherPaci ano,andt hi
sbegi nni
ngmus tbeshar edalmostf ul
l
ybyoneoft he
mostout standi
ngandr everedfi
gur esi nPhi l
i
ppinehist
ory,Fr.JoseBur gos,pri
zeand
prideoft hePhi l
ippinecler
gy.Bur gos,Paci anoandJoseRi zalhaveoneacci dent
albut
remar kablet hi
ngi ncommon:t heirhavi ngbeenst udentsatt heUniversit
yofSanto
Tomasdur ingoneoft hemostcr ucialperiodsofthehi st
oryoft hi
scountryofthesai
d
Uni versi
ty.

Every Fi li
pino studentknows t hatRi zaldedicated his second novel El
Fil
ibust
erismo“ t
othememor yofthepr i
estsDonMar i
anoGomez,DonJoseBur gosand
DonJaci ntoZamor a,
”executedintheBagumbayanFi el
d(LunetaPar k)onFebr uary17,
1872,al l
egedlyf orconspir
ingagainsttheSpani shruleinthePhi l
ippinesbyi nst
igat
ing
theCavi t
emut inyonemont hear l
i
er.Wear eoft
ent ol
dthatt heCavi terevoltandi t
s
fri
ghtf
ull
yr epr essi
ve consequences ar oused the imaginat
ion ofyoung Ri zal
,i t
s
memor ieslingeringinhismi ndfortherestofhislif
e.Butitshouldbenot edthatRizal’
s
knowledgeoft hoseevent sdi dnotcomet ohimf rom personalinvolvement,butf r
om
hearsay,mai nlybywor dofhi sel
derbrotherwhowast henauni versi
tystudentinMani l
a
andwhocer t
ainlywit
nessedmanyoft hosedr amati
candt r
agicinci
dent s.

Paciano“issai
d”tohavelivedinthehouseofBur gos;hei sfurt
her“said”tohave
beenapupi loft
hefamouspriest.Undoubtedlybothofthem joinedwi thenthusiasm the
ref
ormistcampai gn t
hatsweptMani l
ai n 1869 and provoked st udentunresti nt he
Universi
tyofSant oTomas.Inthewakeoft hatcampaignandunr estthereoccur r
edt he
CaviteMutinyandt heexecuti
onofBur goswhohadgr aduatedf r
om theUni versi
tyas
DoctorofCanonLaw l essthatoneyearear li
er.I
tisalso“sai d”thatinthesameyear
1872Paci anoRi zalwasexpelledfrom theUni ver
sit
yaf t
erf ail
ingcontinuouslyinhi s
examinati
ons.Sur el
ythereweremanyt hingsPacianocoul dhavet oldhiski dbrother
Jose.

Wedonotknowwhatki
ndofst
ori
es,i
fanyatal
l
,Paci
anocoul
dtel
lhi
sbr
other
.
Butwe do know thatnotever yt
hing some hist
ori
ansall
ege to have happened t
o
Pacianodidreal
l
yhappen.I
tisthereforenecess
arytotakeasecondlookattherecor
ds
ofthoseti
mesandf i
ndwhatkindofr el
ati
onshi
pboundBur gosandPaciano,andhow
welltheyf
aredasst
udentsoft
heUni versi
tyofSantoTomas.

Letusbegi nwi t
hthepriest,FatherJoseApol onioBurgos.Tenyear sagowhen
thefirstcentennialofhisdeathoccur red,i twasmypr ofoundpleasuretoresearchon
theleastknownaspectoft heli
feoft hisext raordi
naryman,namel y,hi
sstudentli
fe,and
af ew t hi
ngsofwhatIwr otet hen maybe r epeated here.IfBur gos’nati
onalist
ic
campai gninf avoroft heFil
ipi
nosecul arcl er
gycat apult
edhimt onat i
onalprominence
andf ame,whatr eall
yoccupi
edhi sattentionmostofhi sli
fewerehi sacademicactivi
ti
es.
Hel i
ved,l i
keRi zal,onl
y35year s,andhespent25oft hem asast udentoftheCol egi
o
deSanJuandeLet ranandoft heUni ver sit
yofSant oTomas,l iving17oft hem asa
boarderundert hesamer oofofhisDomi nicanpr of
essors.

Onewonder swhyBur goswassoobsessedwi thacademi ccar eersanddegr ees

andi ntell
ectualexcel l
ence.Per hapshewant edt opr ovetot hePeni nsul arSpani ards
t
hatacr eolepriestofor dinar ysoci alstatuscoul dreacht hecul turalst andar dsoft he
bestmenoft hosedays.I ft
hatwast hecase,hepr oveditwit
hhi sdegr ees:Bachel orof
Art
s( 1855)andLi centiateinPhi l
osophy( 1860);Bachel orofTheol ogy( 1860)Li cent i
ate
i
nTheol ogy( 1862)andDoct orofTheol ogy( 1868);BachelorofCanonLaw ( 1866) ,,
Li
cent i
ateofCanonLaw ( 1868)andDoct orofCanonLaw ( 1871) ,thel astdoc torate
havingbeenr eceivedpr acticallyont heeveofhi sdeat h.Tomyknowl edge,Fr .Jose
Burgoshol dstheabsol uter ecor doft henumberofdegr eesobt ai
nedf rom t hePont i
fical
UniversityofMani l
ai nit
st hr eeandahal fcenturi
esofexi st
ence.Ei ghtt i
meshewent
t
hrough t he graduation exer cises and t he eightThomasi an di plomas wer e mor e
meani ngfulandusef ulforhi mt hanf ortheaver agest udentofhi st ime,l aymeni nt he
major i
ty,sincethecur ri
culawer emar kedlyecclesiasti
calandther eforemor erelevantt o
t
hel ifeofacl er
ic.Itwasunf ortunatethathi sli
fewascutshor tbef orehecoul dputhi s
t
rainingt oagooduseasapr iest,asapossi bl
ebishoporasauni ver sityprof essor.

Foritspart
,theUni versityofSantoTomasdul yacknowledgedtheext r
aor
dinar
y
t
alent
s ofBur gos by promot ing hi
m tot he postofSuper vi
sorofThe Secondar y
Educati
oninthecapit
al(1866)andMast erofCeremoniesoftheUniver
sit
y( 1863-
1872),
andbyi nvi
ti
nghimtositinatt heexami nat
iont
ribunal
sforgraduati
onatleast46ti
mes,
eventhoughhewasnotapr ofessor.

Butneit
herallt
his academicinvol
vementnorhis past
oralminist
ryi
nt he
pr
est
igi
ous Pari
sh f
ort
he Spani ar
ds at
tached t
othe Mani
la Cathedr
al,whi
ch he
admini
stered fr
om 1865,pr evented Burggos from engagi ng himselfwith equal
dedi
cati
oni nadoublecampaignt hatwoul
devent uall
y,wit
horwi thoutr
eason,markhim
asanon- conf
ormistandasar ebel
.Thefir
stwashi svigorousandsut aineddef
enseof
t
her i
ghtsoft heFili
pinocl
ergy,especial
l
yaf terthedeathoft hestandardbearerFr.
Pedr
oPel aez,himselfabr
il
l
iantmemberoft heUni versi
tyClaustro.

In hisfamous Mani fiesto que a la noble naci on Español a diri

gen losl eales
Fil
i
pi nos,publ i
shed in 1864,and i n severalar t
icles thatappear ed int he Madr i
d
newspaperLaDi scusionin1870,Fr .Bur gosmor et hansuf fi
cientl
ypr ovedt hathehad
i
nher itedtheviewsandi dealsofPel aez.Ont heonehand,hedecr i
edt hefactt hatthe
secul arclergyhadbeendr i
venf rom par i
shest owhicht heyhadr ight,andont heot her,
hemai nt
ainedthattheFi l
i
pi nopr i
estsshoul dnotbebar r
edf rom r unningfirstclass
parishesf orraci
alorot hertypesofdi scri
mination.Ont hisl
atterpointBur goswasmor e
outspokent hanPelaez,butheneverst eppedbeyondt heduel imitsofobediencet othe
HolySeeort othel ocalHi erar
c hyasGr egor i
oAgl ipaywoul ddoatt heturnoft he
centur y.

Thesecondact ivi
tyt
hatabsorbedBur gos ’at
tentionwhi lestil
lpur
suingdegr eeat
theUniversi
tywast heli
vel
ycampai gnf orli
ber alreformsi nt heI sl
andswhi chalmost
carri
edManilabyassaul tf
rom 1868t o1870f ol l
owingt hear r
ivalofGover norCar l
os
Mar i
adelaTor re.Bymoder nstandardsthoseevent sl ookedl i
kemi normani fest
ati
ons
ofdemocrati
cstirr
ings,buttheywereconsider ablyimpor tantforthelif
eofBur gosandof
Paciano,and indirect
lyeven forJose Ri zalhi mself,si nce to allappearancest hey
provi
dedthef ut
ureher owithsomet hemef orachapt erofhi snovelElFi li
busteri
smo.
Whatmat t
ersmost lyhereiswhathappenedatt heUni versit
yofSant oTomas.

Fortwoandahal fcent uri

es,sinceit
sf oundat i
oni n1611,t heUni versi
tyofSant o
Tomasneverexper ienc edanyser iouschallenget oitstraditi
onalstruct
uresandor der
from its consti
tut
edaut hor it
ies.Butast heschoolyear1869- 1870begant ounf ol
d,that
tranquili
tywast hreatenedbyawaveofdemocr aticcur r
entst hatarr
ivedfrom Spai nasa
bypr oductoft heso- cal l
edSept emberRevol ut
ionof1868.ThatyearQueenI sabelI I
wast oppledfrom hert hronebyapr onunci
ami ent o,andamor eli
beralmi ndedr egi
me
tookt ransit
orychar geoft henat i
on.Asaconsequence,anewsenseofci vicfreedoms
wasdawni ngint heSpani shcolonies-t hef ew oft hem t hatremai ned;andi nMani l
a
peopl ebegant ot alkuni nhibit
edlyandent husiastical
lyabouthumanr ights,rightof
assembl y,ofspeech,oft hepr ess,ofconscienc e.Andt hemor eeasi l
ytodi scussand
spr eadt heseideas,onJune23,1869asui tablenew Gover norGener alar ri
ved,Don
Car losMar iadel aTor re,whom somef el
low r evoluti
onar i
esdescr i
bedas“ apr oven
l
iber al
,nay,asi ncerer adical.
”Thet imeswer er ipe,somepeopl et hought,fort he
i
naugur ati
onint heI slandsofamor edemocr ati
cl if
et or eplacethef ormert heocrati
c
structures.
 Duringt heent i
reyear1869,gr oupsofFi lipi
noi nt
ellect ualsandbusi nessmen
wereseengat heri
ngt ogethertodi scusst hegr owi ngeager nesst hei ssuesofpol it
ical
l
iberti
esof f
eredbyt henew Spani shConst i
tution.Theyf ormedapol i
ti
call
y-or
iented
organizati
onwhi chtheai m ofpr essingf orthei mmedi at
ei nt roducti
onofdemocr atic
processes,andt hegroupwascal ledComi si
ondel oshi josdelPai s,accordi
ngt oPedr o
GutierrezSalazar ,orComi tedeRef ormador esaccor dingt oManuelAr ti
gasyCuer va,
orratherPar ti
doLi beralaccordingtoFel ipeBuencami no.What everit
sname,st atutes,
specif
icobj ecti
vesornumberofaf fi
li
ates,themovementi ncl udedi ni t
sr ankswel l
knownpr i
estsandl aymenbel ongingt ot hecreol e,mest i
zoandpur enat iveclasses.
Prominentamongt helaymenwer eAnt onioMa.Regi dor ,Ambr osioRianzaresBaut i
sta,
EnriquePar aiso,Maxi moPat ernoandt heUni versitycat edraticoDonJoaqui nPar dode
Tavera,toment i
onaf ew;themember soft hec l
er gywer eFat herJoseBur gos,Jacinto
Zamor a,Agust i
n Mendoza and Mar i
ano Sevi ll
a.Al lthese men had st udied att he
Universit
yofSant oTomasorwer eactuallymember sofi t
sfacul tybody.

Interestedi nhavingtheirideaspenet rat

etheUni versitycampus,thesereformers
conceivedandsponsor edthef ormati
onofapar al
lelst
udentf rontwhich,accordingto
Art
igasyCuer va,wasnamedJuv entudEscol arLiberal
,theai m ofwhichwast oser ve
as“ auxil
iarysol diers”oftheseni orreformistgroup,asoneoft heyoungsters,Fel i
pe
Buencami no,at tests.Buencami no (studentofRoman Law and Cannon Law)was
declaredl eaderoft heJuventudEscol arwhi chincluded“thecr eam ofthestudent r
yin
socialstatusandi nint
ell
i
gence. ”Oft hefew member swhosenamesar eknownt ous
somewoul dl aterbecomepr ominentnat i
onali
stsorl eadi ngciti
zens,li
keFl orenti
no
Torres (studentofSpani sh Law) ,Ger gorio Sancianco ( Roman and Canon Law) ,
Mamer t
oNat i
vidad( SpanishLaw) ;andt wobr ot
hersofFel ipeBuencami no,Potenciano
andFor tunato.

Pancianoandcompani onswer esoonmot ivat edf oraction.Thee Comi t

ede
Ref ormador es,thepr ofessors,busi nessmenandpr iest s,usedt omeeti nthehouseof
oneoft hest udents,Fl or
entinoTor r
es( futureJusticeoft heSupr emeCour t)
.Oneday,
st
Januar y31 ,1869,t hreelawst udent s,Fel ipeBuencami no,PacianoRi zalandGr egori
o
Sanci anco,wer e pr esented t ot he gat her ing ofseni orr eformists,and Ant onio Ma.
Regi doraskedt hem whet hert heirt extbookswasi nSpani shori nLat i
n.Whent hey
answer edt hati twasi nLat in,Regi dorst ar t
edt or i
di culet hest upidi
tyofusi ngLat i
n
textbooksi naSpani shcolonypar t
icularlyi nthecar eerofLaw.Thet hreeyoungst ers
wer e so ar oused byRegi dor’shar angue t hatnextday,att he Canon Law cl ass,
Buencami nowascal leduponbyt hepr ofessor ,FatherBeni t
oCor ominas,t oreci
tethe
l
essonsoft heday,andt ot heast onishmentoft hepr ofessor ,her ecit
edt helessonsin
Spani sh!The Domi nican kepthi speace t hr
oughoutand t hen di smissed the cl
ass
withoutcommentandwi t
houtanger .Butt hest udentswer enat ur
allypleased,andsi nce
Buencami nohadbeent hecausef ort hatunexpect edmor ningvacat ion,theybrought
him ont heirshoulder salongt heSanJuandeLet ranSt reetshout ng:Vi
i vaelCastell
ano
yabaj
oelLat
in!

Buencaminol at
erwrot
et hathewasi mpr isonedf orthisincident
,whichi snot
histor
icall
ycorrect.Act
ual
l
yhef i
nishedunmolestedt hatschoolyearinMar ch1869,and
i
nJunehest art
edanewsemest er.Andallt
hatsemest erthesoundsofl i
beralrefor
ms,
freedomsofmanysor t
sanddemandsf orpol
it
icalassimilati
onwitht hePeninsulafi
ll
ed
theairoft hecit
y.Thenonemor ningearlyi
nOct ober ,t
heUni ver
sityofSantoTomasas
caughtbysur pri
sewhensomeanonymousl eaflet
swer ef oundscat t
eredonthef l
oorof
theclassroom ofCanonLaw,whi chread:

Abaj
oelSiPadr
e
Abaj
oElRever
enci
a
Abaj
oElBesamano
Abaj
oelt
upar
anosot
ros

(
Downwit
hthe“Yes,Fat
her
”,downwi
tht
he“
Rever
ence”
,downwi
thhandki
ssi
ng,down
wi
tht
heTufi
rus).

Thelastli
orneseemst oi
ndi
catethatt
heDomi nicans,oratleastt
heCanonLaw
prof
essorFr.Corominas,werei
nthehabitofaddressingthestudentswiththefamili
ar
t
reatmentoftuinst
eadoft dUst
hewor ed,whi
chisusedf orsuper
iorsorforstr
angers.
Thattr
eatmentwast akenbytheaut
hororauthor
soft heleaflet
sasasi gnofdisregard
orcontempt
,justasJoseRi zalmanyyearswouldal sointerpr
etthetuteoofthef ri
ar
prof
essorsi
nthesameway.

Foreightconsecut
ivedaysnewl eaf
let
sappear edinthesamecl assroom andin
ot
hers,whi epasqui
l norl ampoonwrit
tenbyst udent
swasf oundpost edi nt hePuente
Provi
sional(PuentedeEspaña,todayJonesBr i
dge).I
nallcasestheti
r adesendedwi t
h
acallforacademicfreedom,butwhatr eal
l
yalarmedt heUniversi
tyauthor i
ti
eswast he
new polit
icalandsubversivecol
orgivent othel at
estleaf
let
swhi chal ludedtor ace
di
ffer
ences,toslaveryandtosubj
ugati
on.

Tobesure,ther
ewer enost udentmassdemonst r
ati
ons,br
eaksofbuli
corderi
n
thecampus,rall
iesoremotionalharanguing.Infact
,thevastmajor
it
yofthestudent
s
react
ed indi
gnantl
y agai
nstt he vil
l
if
icati
on campai
gn againstt
heirprof
essor
s and
showed thei
rsol i
dari
ty wi
tht he admi ni
str
ati
on by si
gni
ng a numberofcount er
-
manifest
oes.Thecl assesofPhysi cs,Logic,Rhet ori
candsecondyearofPhi l
osophy
madest rongprotestationsofloyal
tytotheUniversity.Thecl assofCanonLaw,i nwhose
cl
assroom thef irstleaflet
shadappear ed,didnotpr otest,butont heotherhand,the
cl
assoft heSpani shLaw( whichi
ncludedsomef ami l
i
arnat ional
istnameslikeMamer t
o
Nati
vidad,Fl or
ent i
noTor r
esandFel ixResurreccionHi dalgo)signedt hemoststrongl
y
wordedpr otestofal l,endorsedbyt hesignatur
eoft heirprofessorDonJoaquinPar do
deTaver a.

Ani ni
ti
alinvestigat i
onintot heleafl
etsaffairseemedt oshowt hatthetr
oublehad
i
ndeedst ar t
edi nt heCl assofCanonLaw ( Paci ano’sclass);andt herewasenough
evi
dencet opr ovet hattheunr estwasdevel opi
ngi ntoapol it
ical
lysubversi
vemovement ,
whichprompt edt heUni versi
tyRect orFr.Domi ngoTr eserrator eportt
heeventstothe
GovernorGener al,whi chhedi donOct ober15,poi nti
ngt oFelipeBuencaminoast he
possi
ble aut horoft he mani festoes oras t he l eaderoft he responsi
ble group.
Buencami nowast heref orearrested,imprisonedi nBi l
ibi
dpr i
sonandwaskeptconf i
ned
forfourmont hs.Meanwhi l
e,al linvestigat
ions made by t he ad hoc appoi nt
ed
commissioner ,JudgeJosedeAr r
ieta,fai
ledtopr ovet heculpabil
ityofBuencamino.

WhenBuencami nowasr eleasedf r

om prisonattheendofFebr uary,1870,t he
schoolyearwasaboutt o end,and he beseeched t he RectorofSant o Tomast o
dispensehi mfrom thefourmont hsoff orcedabsencesot hathecoul dgraduate.The
requestwasgr antedpr ovidedthathemadeupf ortheabsencesbyt akingprivate
classesofCanonLawunderawi l
lingment orofhischoi
ce.Andhechosenoot herthan
FatherJoseBur gos,whot aughthim duringthesummerper iod.Thenhewasexami ned
by a paneloft hree exami ners presided overby t he catedr
ati
co FatherBeni t
o
Cor ominas,whoappr ovedhi m nemi nediscrepate(byunanimity)
.AndFr .Coromi nas
personallyconf
erredonhi mt hedegr eeofBachel orofCanonLawonJul y24,1870.

Ourhi st ori
calexcur sionintothesecampusi ncidentsmayseem t ohavegonet oo
far,butnotwi thoutr eason.Thi rt
eenyear sl at
er,Panci ano’
scol l
eaguei ntheJuvent ud
Escol arLi ber al,Gr egorio Sancianco wr otei n Spaint hatt he anonymous l eafl
ets
expressed “ the di sapprovaloft he st udents aboutt he teaching met hods oft he
Domi ni
canFat hers.TheyWer easki ngf ortheappoi ntmentofmor ecapabl epr ofessors
andt hebr oadeni ngofeducat i
onliket hatinSpai n.Theyal soaskedt heGover nmentt o
take di rectcont roloft he Uni ver sit
y and t or emove t he Domi nicans f r
om i ts
admi nistrati
on,becauseeducat i
oni sanat ionali
nterestofthehi ghestimpor tance”;and
heconcl uded:“ Thismovementofyoungst udentswasent ir
elyharml ess;itcouldnotbe
at hreatt othei nt
egr it
yoft heSpani shnat ion,notonl ybecauseoft heageandcapaci ty
ofi t
spr esumedl eader s-st udentsofRoman,Ci vi
landCanonLaws-butal soofi ts
charact erandobj ectives.Thest udent s’demandswer enotsubver sive,butr easonable,
j
ustandl egal.
”
 Sanciano,thebr ai
nyandj udi
ciousaut horofElPr ogresodeFi l
ipinas,andabook
thatmadesomei mpacti nthePeni nsula,wasr ightindowngr adingthepol i
ti
caldanger
ofthe1869st udentunr est,buthewasnotathi s“reasonablebesti ndef endi
ngt he
“j
usti
ce”and“ legali
ty”oft aki
ngawayf r
om theDomi nicanOr deraUni versi
tythatwas
l
egiti
matelyher sbyf oundat i
on.Butwhati simpor t
anttounder li
neher ei sthatal at
ent
fearremainedint hecircl
esoft heGover nmentthatsomesubver sivemovementagai nst
the“int
egri
tyoft heSpani shnation”mi ghtspringoutsomewher eintheI slands.Andt he
fearswerenotunf ounded,f orifthest udentunr estwasonl yayout hfulgame,i twas
succeeded,al it
tlel
esst hant woyear slater,byt hetr
agi cepisodeoft heCavi teMutiny
of1872.

On January 20th oft hatyear ,the Ar t

il
l
ery and Mar i
ne Inf
antry Regiment s
stati
onedi nCavit
er oseagai nsttheGover nmentf ormot i
vesvar i
ouslyexplai
nedasa
separatistcoupandasapr otestagai
nstt heunfai
rtaxationofthewor kersoftheCavi t
e
arsenal.Onedaywasenoughf ortheloyalistt
roopssentf rom Manilatoputdownt he
rebell
ion.Buttheaft
ermat hwasast r
agicast heshor tf
ighti
nghadbeem bl oody.Itwas
foll
owedbyawaveofar rests,deport
ationsandexecut i
onst hathadat ar
getpromi nent
cit
izensoft henati
ve,mest i
zoandcr eoleclasseswhohaddi st
ingui
sedt hemselvesin
thedemandsf orl
i
beralreforms.

How trueorhow deept hecompl i

ci
tyoft heseci ti
zenswi ththeCavi tesoldiers
was,nobodyseemst oknow f orsure.Itsti
llremainsamyst eryt othehistori
an,par tl
y
becauset hefirsthanddocument ationont het r
ialoft hethreeexecutedpr i
est
si sst i
ll
hiddeni nsomeSpani shar chi
ves ,andpar t
lybecauset heper sonswhower einvol ved
mor eorl essdi r
ectl
yi nthoseevent sdidnotwr i
teaboutt hem i nat otal
lyclearand
convi nci
ngmanner .Notal ltheac cusedsuf f
eredt hesamepenal t
y.Sentencedt odi es
byt hegar rot
ewer ethepriestsJoseBur gos,Mar ianoGomezandJaci ntoZamor a,wi t
h
thel aymanFr anciscoZaldua.Twent ysixot herFili
pinoswer eexi l
edtot heMar i
anas
Isl
ands,ofwhom t heleadingnamesar eJoseMa.Basa,Ant onioMa.Regi dor,Maxi mo
Pater no,Fr.Mar i
anoSevi l
laandt heuniversityprofessorofSpani shLaw( andpr ofessor
ofPaci ano)DonJoaqui nPar dodeTaver a.

Why was Bur gos singl

ed outf ort
he death sentence? The l i
ber al-
minded
el
ement softheI slandswer enotslowi npoi
nti
nganaccusi ngfingertothef ri
ars,who,
accor
dingtot hem,hadseeni nBur gosadanger ousleaderwagi ngadamagi nganti-
Spanishfi
ghtfort heseculari
zati
onoft hepari
shes.Act
uall
y,itwasnosecr etthatsome
member softher egularcler
gydi sl
ikedt hei
nvolvementofBur gosint hatcont r
oversy.
TheSuper i
oroftheJesui t
s,FatherPedr oBeltr
an,gavehim aver ysternwar ningabout
t
hehazar dousr oadhehadt aken,whi chcoul
dl eadhimt oasadend.Buti stotal
ly
unthi
nkabl
et hatt her el
igi
ousinstit
uteswouldpr odtheGover nmenti ntoget t
ingr i
dof
t
hati
l
lust
ri
oussecul
arpr
iest
.

The Fi li
pino hi
stori
an ManuelAr t
igas y Cuer va,whose aut hor
it
y on t he
revolut
ionary per i
od cannotbe under estimated of f
erst wo expl anati
ons for the
condemnat i
onofBur gos.Onei sthatDonJosedeAr ri
eta“ f
iguredprominentl
yint he
tri
alofBur gos,i
nwhi chAr r
iet
adi dnotplayacl eanr ole… Betweent hetwo(Burgosand
Arri
eta)t her
eexistedast at
eofenmi t
y.”Theot herexpl anati
oni sthatGovernorGener al
RafaelI zqui
erdo,wellknownpr ominentfreemas on,di dnotper mitthatanymemberof
thelodges,accusedofcompl i
cit
y,suff
ert hatlas tpenal t
y,implyingthathefoundint he
cleri
csaconveni entscapegoat .Inhisof fi
cialrepor ttoMadr id,I zi
qui
erdomai nt
ained
thatBur goswaoneoft hel eadersofther evoltandt hathedeser vedthesentence,but
Izi
quierdos’test
imonyisopent omanyquest ions.

Asf ortheUniver sit

y’
sbehavi ortowar dsBur gosbef ore,dur i
ngandaf terthe
CaviteMut i
ny,itwasent i
rel
yaf ri
endlyandcor di
alr elati
onship,andt hisfeelingwas
mutual .Inhi sfamous Mani fi
esto of1864,Bur gossi gnifi
cantl
yhadsi ngledoutt he
Domi nicanFat hersf
ort heir“edi
fyi
ngconduct ,
”whilehecr i
ti
cizedthereligi
ouscl ergyin
general .OnDecember3,1871,heat tendedasaMast erofCer emoniest hei nvest
it
ure
ri
tesf ort heDomi ni
cangr aduateFr .Mi guelNar ro.Thi swasl essthant womont hs
beforet heCavi t
euprisi
ng,andbyt hattimeBur gos’rolei ntheact i
vi
ti
esoft heComi t
e
deRef ormadoresandt hecont entsofhisar t
icl
eswer eal readyper f
ect
lywel lknown.Yet
nothi
ng oft hi
sdampened t he warmr elat
ionsoft he Mast erofCer emoni esoft he
UniversityofhisAlmaMat er.

Bl
asAlcuaz,SecretaryGeneraloft
heUni versi
ty,assur edAr t
igasyCuer vathat
FatherBurgos“ washel di n hi
gh est
eem byCar di
nalZef er i
no Gonzales(Burgos’
profes
sorofPhil
iosophyaswel lastheRectoroftheUni versi
tyFr .(
Domi ngo)Treserr
a,
andes peci
all
ybyt helat
ter,t
osuchanext entthatevenaf tert he(Cavit
e)insur
recti
on,
he( Tr
eserr
a)defendedhim withtruenobl
esse,vouchingf orthepat ri
oti
csenti
ment sof
Burgos.”

I
tis also on r ecordt hatthe Domi ni
can Bishop ofNueva Cacer es (Naga) ,
FranciscoGai nza,anot herformerpr ofessorofBur gos,sentfrom Bicolandi aanur gent
pleat oGovernorI zqui
erdoint heset erms:“ Pardont hepri
soners( Burgos,Gomezand
Zamor a)andl etnopr i
estsbecar ri
edt ot hescaf f
old,becauseourr obesar ethesame,
andi fsomegoupt her
e,otherswi l
lfoll
ow,andt hest r
ugglethatstart
edi nt hesacristi
es
willspreadout side,andt hi
swi l
lbet heendoft heCat holi
cclergywi tht helossofi t
s
presti
geabdt heconsequentst r
uggl ef orcountry.”BishopGai nza-saysCuer va-
“appreciat
edBur gosgr eatl
y,aswel l
-informedper sonshaveassur edme. ”Finall
yt he
scholarl
yhistorianoft heUni versit
y,Fr .Al ber
toSant amaria,cert
ifi
edt hat“ agtraditi
on
has been per ser ved among t he Domi nican professor
s oft he Univer sit
yt hatt heir
predecessor
sinsi
stent
ly asked Gover
norIzqui
erdo t
o acqui
tBur gos,Gomez and
Zamor a.Thi
swehavehear edfr
om thel
ipsofFr
.(Ser
apio)Tamayo.
”

Thepol i
ti
calmar t
yrdom oft het hreepr i
ests,especiall
yoft hehi ghlyregarded
Burgos,l eftanal mostindel
ibl
ewoundi nt hes ouloft henew gener ati
onofFi li
pinos.
Rizal,wr i
tingin1889t ohi sfr
iendMar ianoPonce,r ecall
edhow “ evenasaboy”hi s
i
ndignat i
onwasawakenedandhowheswor etoavenget hevict
imssomeday.But ,l
etit
ber epeat ed,Rizalwasnoti nvolvedper sonal
lyinthoseevent s.Wencesl aoRet anai s
enti
relymi sinf
ormedwhenhest atest hatonFebr uaryof1872,JoseRi zalwasaboar der
i
nBur gos’house,t hatfr
om thefirstmomenthear ri
vedt hereheatonce“ knew,l oved,
respectedandr everenced”thepr iest,andt hatRizal“saw withhisowneyeshow on
Februar yof1872,t heGovernmentar restedagoodnumberofFi li
pinoi nt
ell
ectual
s.”

And whati s more amazing i sthatAnt oni

o Ma.Regi dor
,one oft he main
protagoni st
soft hepoli
ti
calcommot i
onsoft hoseyear s,ar restedandbani shedafterthe
Caviter evolt
,wast hesour ceofRetana.Thi r
tyyearsaf terthoseevent s,Regidorwrote
thatRi zal“hadbeenast udentofBur gos”andt hathe“ hadl i
veinthehouseofBur gos
asaboar der”
;thatRizalwaaJesui tlaybrother“at7: 00i nthemor ningofJanuar y21
comi ngt othehouseofBur gostoinvitehimt otaker efugei nSanI gnaci o”
;thatRi zal
“whoknewal lthesecretsoft hehouse”alsoknewt hatBur goswasi nnocent,andwas
determi ned to prot
estalwaysagai nstthe “destr
uctive and deadl yi nfl
uence oft he
rel
igiousOr dersi nt
hePhi l
i
ppines.”

Todayno ser i
ousFili
pino hi
storian wi
llrepeatthese st
atement
s.Jose Rizal
,
elevenyear soldwhenBur gosdied,nevermetBur gos.Heneverhadt hechancet o
knowt hepr i
est.Whenhecamet oMani laforthefir
stti
meonJune10,1872,Bur gosno
l
ongerexi st
ed.WereRetanaandRegi dordeli
beratel
yinvent
ingstor
iesaboutRizal’
s
youth?I fnot,t
heymusthaveconfusedJosewi t
hhisbr ot
herPaci
ano,att
ri
but
ingt
5ot he
nationalherosomebiogr
aphicaldatoftheelderbrother.

PacianoMer cadoRizalwast enyearsol derthanJose,havi ngbeencor nin

Calambai n1851.Thef i
rstfor
tyyearsofhisli
fe,thatis,fr
om birt
ht oar
ound1887,
Paciano’sli
fewasat t
achedt ot
heDomi ni
canOrderbyst r
ongboundsofper sonaland
famil
yr elat
ionships.And the l
eastknown aspectoft hatr el
ati
onshipi
shi shaving
studi
edforsever alyearsattheUni
versi
tyofSant
oTomas.
 ManyRi zali
anschol arsarei ncli
nedt obel ievethatJoseRi zalinherit
edf rom
Pacianoaver ynegat i
veimageoft heUni versity.ItistruethatJose,writi
ngt ohisfri
end
FernandoBl ument r
ittmanyyear slater,saidthatPanci ano“ hadtoleavet heUni ver
sit
y
becausehewasal i
beralandt hefriarsdidnotl i
kehi m becauseheheadl i
vedwi t
h
Burgos”(porhabervi vi
doconBur gos) .Heal sosai dthatsincePancianohadusedt he
famil
ynameofMer cadoatt heUniver si
ty,he( Jose)wasadvi sedtouset heot herfamil
y
name,t hatisRi zal
,i nordertoavoidi dentif
icationwi thhisbr ot
her.Thesest atements
mustbet akeni ntoconsi der
ati
on.Butbef orecomment ingont hem letmepoi ntout
somei naccuraciesorer rorscommi t
tedbysomebi ogr
aphersofnot e,Aust i
nCr aigand
Austi
nCoat es,mustbequot edher ebecauset heirinfor
mat iononPaci anoi sfarfrom
corr
ect,yettheirinf
luenceonourt extbooksisnot iceabl
e.

SaysCr aig:“ Paci

anohad( by1872)beenast udentofSanJoseCol legi nManil
a
forsomeyear sandhadr egular
lyfail
edi npassi nghi sexami nationsbecauseofhi s
outspokennessagai nsttheevilsofthecount ry.Paci anowasaf avour itewi t
hBur gosin
whosehomehel i
vedandf orwhom heact edasmessengerandgobet weeni nthe
deli
catenegot iationsoft hepropagandawhi cht heDoct orwascar ryingon. ”Forhi spart,
AustinCoat esaf f
ir
ms:“ Asitbecameappar entwi thtime,theDomi nicanf ri
ars,whor un
SanJoseandwhoknewPanci ano’sformerassoci ati
onwi t
hBur gos,wer edet er
mined
thattheel derRi zalshouldnotat t
aintheBaccal aureate…”Andso,“ aft
erkeepi nghimin
thesamecl assf orsever alyears,theyf ai
ledhi m.”Event houghCr aignew Paci ano
personallyint heear l
ydecadespft hiscentur y,Idonott hi
nkt hisi nformat i
on-whi ch
Coates r epeats gr atuit
ously adding morei naccur aci
es -r efl
ectst he mi nd ort he
reminiscencesoft heel derRizal,becauset he“ regularfai
lures”,t he“ keepingi nthe
samecl ass”andt he“ deli
catenegotiati
ons”cannotbef oundanywher ei nr ealhist
ory.
Obviousl yneitheroft het woAust inseverbot her edt ofi
ndandexami net heacademi c
recordsofPaci ano.

PacianostudiedattheCol egiodeSanJosef ortwoyearsandatt heUni versi

tyof
SantoTomasf orsi
xyear s.Thef i
rstt
hingthatoccurstoexamineaswecomeacr osshi s
schol
asti
cr ecordsis,ofcour se,thequestionofhisname.What everinterpretat
ionwe
mayt rytogi vetot hewor dsofJ ose,quotedabove,andbywhat evernamePaci ano
mighthavebeencal ledinthes tr
eetorsoci alli
fe,thefactisthatof f
ici
all
yhewas
enrol
ledandr egi
steredasast udentwiththenameofMer cadoand/orRi zal.Inpr oof
ther
eofwet r
anscri
beher ehisfullnameasent er
edannual l
yintheenr olmentbookof
theUniversit
ycaleedLi br
odeMat ri
cul
as.

SchoolYear School Name

1863-
1864 Lat
ini
tySchoolofDon Paci
anoMer
caso
 Cat
ali
noJosedeVi
l
laf
ranca
A864-
1865 Col
l
egeofSanJose Paci
anoMer
cado
1865-
1866 Col
l
egeofSanJose Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1866-
1867 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1867-
1868 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1868-
1869 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1869-
1870 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1870-
1871 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado
1871-
1872 U.ofSant
oTomas Paci
anoRi
salMer
cado

Thec ler
koft
heSecr etar
yGener al
’
sOf fi
cemisspel
l
edhisname(Rizal
),buti
tis
clearthatPacianosubmi t
tedt ot heregi
str
arsofthecor r
espondi
ngschool
shi stwo
family names,and theref
or e his name Rizalwas notunknown tothe Univer
sit
y
professorat
eoreventothest udents.

Wel ackinfor
mationabouttheprivateschoolofDonCat ali
noJosedeVi ll
afanca
wherePaci anot ookhiselementar
ygrammarcour ses.Butt heColegiodeSanJosei sa
allt
oof amili
arnamei nthePhi l
i
ppineeducat i
onalhistory,noteasilytobeconf usedwi t
h
anyuni versit
yorwi ththeDomi ni
cansi nt hepre-Rizalper i
od.SanJoseCol leges( or
Semi nary)isoneoft heoldesti
nsti
tut
ionsi nthi
scount r
y,foundedi n1601,ent rust
edt o
theJesui tFathersin1610and,aftertheexpul si
onoft heirSociet
yfr om t
hePhi li
ppines
i
n1768,conf iscat
edbyt heGovernment ,andt henaf ter1777r unbyt hesecularclergy
ofMani l
a.TheCol egiooff
eredsomecour sesofhumani t
iesandphi losophyasr equired
curr
iculaforadmi ssi
ontothehigherst
udi esoftheUni versityofSantoTomas.

Duri
ngPaciano’
sdayst heCol l
egeofSanJosewasnotr unbyt heDomi ni
cans
butbyt hesecul
arcler
gy.Thecol lege,however,wasboundt ohaveitsenrol
mentand
examinati
onrecordsregist
eredi nt hebookoft heUniversit
y.Thereisabi gi
ff
erence
betweenPacianoandJoser egar dingtheirst
udi
esi nt
hisi nst
it
uti
on.Forin1875,San
Joselostit
shighschoolcharacterandr oleforanewpur pose,tohousetheFaculti
esof
Medici
neandPhar macyoft heUni ver
sit
yofSant oTomas,wher eJosewoul dstudy
medici
ne.Itwasnoti nPaciano’ st i
mebuti nJose’swhent hecoll
egewasr unbyt he
DominicanFather
s.
 IfDon Fr ancisco Mar i
ano,Paci ano’sFat her,studied i
n San Jose assome
scholarsmaintain,thechoi ceofthatschoolf orPacianowoul dbejustamat t
eroffamil
y
tr
adit
ion.Paciano’sdepar turefrom thatcoll
egeaf t
ert woyear sandhisenr oll
mentinthe
Universi
tycoincided-al uckycoi nci
dence- withtheepoch- makingeducat ionalref
orms
i
ntroducedinthePhi l
i
ppinesi n1866,whi chbr oughtthecount ryi
ntothemoder nage.By
vi
rtueofanew Pl anforSecondar yEducat iontheCol egi
odeSanJose-l ikethe
coll
egesofLet ranandBacol orandt heAt eneoMuni cipal-becameaSecondar ySchool
offir
stclassofferinghumani st
iccoursesl eadingtot hedegr eeofBachel orofAr t
s.At
SanJose,Paci anost il
lst
udi edundert heoldeducat ionalsystem,t
hel astclassdoso.

Iti
st otal
l
yunhistori
caltos aythatPacianowasapupi lofFatherBur gos.Onl yi
n
t
heschoolyear1855- 1856,att heageofei ght
eenandst i
l
laboar dingst udent,was
Burgos ent rust
ed wi t
h t eachi
ng t he studentst aki
ng Gr ammar ( cuarti
stas and
oracioni
stas)attheCol egi
odeSanJuandeLet ran.Exceptforthatsti
ntasat eacher,
FatherBur gosneverwasapr ofessorofanyoneei t
heratSanHoseoratt heUni ver
sit
y,
t
houghaspost -
graduatehewasmemberoft heClaustr
oandexami ner.Heneverwas
professorofPaciano,norwasPac i
anohisacademicpupil.

In1886wehavePaci anoiniti
ati
nghi shi gherstudiesofPhi losophyandLaw at
theUni versit
yandent eri
ngi ntothef atefulperi
odofhi slif
e.Di dhe,asaThomasi an
student,takeupr esi
dence“ i
nt hehouseofBur gos,”assomewr i
tersmaintai
n?Jose
Rizalwoul dl at
ersayt hat“Pacianowasdi sl
ikedbyt hef r
iarsbecausehel i
vedwit
h
Burgos.”Butt hisphr
asecanal someant hathel ivedinassociati
onwi thBurgos,andit
i
sunl i
kelyt hatFat
herBur gos,ParishPr iestoftheMani laCat hedral
,atthatti
me,would
fi
ndt i
met or unaboardinghousef orstudents.Itisnoti mpossibl
et houghthathewould
acceptsome young boy l i
ke Paciano i n consi derat
ion ofsome f amil
yr el
ati
on of
fri
endship.

Thet wower ecer t

ainl
yassoci atedi nlife,thereisnoquest ionabouti t
.Wehave
seenBur gosl eadagr oupofpr ofessional
sdemandi ngl iberalreformsi nt hecol ony,
whilePaci anoj oi
nedther anksoft heJuvent udEscol arLiberal.Andt hroughoutal lt
hose
daysofpeacef ulmar chesandr al l
i
es,ofst udentl eafl
etsandcount er-pr
otests,ofthe
arrestandi mpr i
sonmentofFel ipeBuencami no,Paci anoRi zalwasseenamongt he
activi
sts,thoughnotr eallyshowi nghi mselfasal eaderorasaf erventr evoluti
onary.
However ,mny year sl ater,Buencami no woul d wr i
te ofhi s days i nj ail
:“ Balbi
no
Vent ur
a… wi th Paciano Ri zal;Gr egor i
o Sanci ano,Ar i
ston Reyes and Engr aci
o
Gonzaga… usedt ovi
si tme( i
nt hecel lofBilibidin1869)t or emindmeofourvol untary
commi tmentofwor kfort hepoliti
calemanci pationofourcount r
yandaboveal lofthe
oathwehadt akenaf ew daysaf tertheexecut i
onofBur gos,Gomez,andZamor a,to
avenge f ort heirdeat hs so unj ustand so bi as”Ther ei sa f law i nt he reportof
Buencami nobecausebyt hetimehewasvi si t
edi njailbyFat herBur goshadnotyet
died.
 Whent heCaviteMut inycameal lofasuddenonJanuar y20,1872,Paci anowas
fi
nishinghist hi
rdyearoft hecar eerofLaw underPr ofessorDonJoaqui nPar dode
Taver a.Taverwasal i
beralinpolitics,softspokenandaf fecti
onate,andsopopul arwi t
h
thest udents,saysAr t
igasyCuer va,that“ af
tertheendoft hel ectures,hi sstudents
usedt ogat heraroundhim att hegat eoft heUni ver
sit
y,conversingint i
mat elywit
hhi m,
somet hingtheydidnotdowi t
hot herpr ofessors.Itwasnotdi f
fi
culttoseeamongt hose
studentssomewhosenamesar eal lt
oof amili
artous… Fl orenti
noTor res,AntonioMa.
Regi dor,Mamer t
oNat ivi
dad,Fel ipeBuencami no,HugoI lagan,JoseAl bertandmany
otherswhosawi nt hi
sprofessornotonl yamanoft al
entbutalsoaper sonofdi st
inct
ion
asr efl
ectedinhiselegantcount enance,whi chtheyalwayst r
iedtoi mitate.”

ButTavera has the mi

s f
ort
une ofbei ng rounded up by long arm ofthe
Governmentforal l
eged compl
ici
tyint he mi l
i
tar
yr evol
tand was banished tothe
MarianasIsl
ands.Andhi smisf
ortunehadt ocausei nconveni
encestohi sst
udents.
Whathappenedt ohisclassofCivilandMer canti
leLaw att
endedbyPaci anoandhi s
col
leagues? Were some suspected ofcompl ici
tytoo? Was Paciano in par
ti
cul
ar
accusedofanythi
ng?Washef ai
ledinhisstudiesonaccountoftheseevent
s?

The questions ar
e many butt hey mustbe asked because ourRi zal
ian
biographersCraigandCoat esunderl
inet hatPacianowas“ regul
arl
yf ai
l
edi npassing
hisexami nat
ions”
becauseofhisoutspokenness ”andt hattheDomi nicanfr
iars,“”
aft
er
keepinghimint hesameclassforseveralyears,fai
ledhim.”Itbecomesnecessar ynow
totranscr
ibetheacademicrecor
dsofPaci anoincludinghisgrades.

Thef i
rstcommenntwemustmakeaboutt hesegradesist hattheyaremedi ocre.
Therei snotasi nglesobresal i
ente( excel
lent)
.Pacianoowasnotast al
entedashi s
brot
herJosei nther ealm ofacademi cs.Butcer t
ainl
yhewasnotkept“ i
nthesamecl ass
forseveralyear s”nor“ regularl
yf ailedi npassi nghisexami nati
ons.”Notatal l.Hi s
academi ccour sesappearpr ogressivel ymovi ngexceptfortheschoolyear1868- 1869,
whichshowsnogr adesinther egisterbooks.Hewasnotgi vensuspensoorr eprobado,
andt hismeanst hathedr oppedt hecour seandhehadt otakei tagaininthenext
schoolyear1869- 1870,whi chhedi d.What evermayt hecase,i ti
sdiffi
cul
ttobeli
evt hat
theDomi nicansbl ackl
ist
edhi mf oranyi nvolvementwithBur goswhenot hers t
udent
l
eader s,including t he i
mpr isoned Fel i
pe Buencami no successfull
y arri
ved att he
graduati
on.

Thelastandmoredif
fi
cultquest
ionconcer
ningPaci
anoiswhydidheabandon
hi
scareerattheendoft
hethir
dyearofLawi n1872.Thi
squesti
onwil
lbeaskedagain
l
ateri
nthi
snar r
ati
vei
nconnecti
onwithJoseRizalwhoal
solef
ttheUni
versi
tyaf
terf
our
cour
sesofMedi
ci
ne.A car
efull
ookatt
he academi
crecor
dsshowst
he f
oll
owi
ng
i
nfor
mati
on:

Ofthet woprofessorsofthet hi
rdyearofLaw,Par dodeTaver ahadt oleavehi s
professi
onmoment aril
yashewasdepor tedtotheMar i
anasI sl
andsinFebr uary,j ust
beforetheendoft heschoolyear .Thet askofexamininghisstudentsfel
lonhi sfellow
ProfessorCar dellyPl anas,andt heexami neesincl
udedstudentsofthet hir
d,four th,
andf i
fthyearsofLaw.I twillbeseent hatagr eatnumberofst udent
sdidnotpr esent
t
hemsel vesf orthefinalexami nat
ion.(Poli
ti
calandAdmi ni
str
ati
veLaw 33di dnott ake
outof57.Ci vilandMer canti
leLaw22di dnottakeoutof48)

Near l
y one halfofthe student
s enr ol
led di
d notpr esenttheemselves for
examination.Among t hose examined and approved wer efutur
e ChiefJustice of
SupremeCour tCayetanoArell
anoandt hefamouspai nterFeli
xResurr
eccionHidalgo.
Amongt hosewhodi dnottaketheexami nat
ionwasPaci anoRizalMercado.Theonl y
st
udentwhowasbot hexaminedandf ai
ledwasFel ipeBuencami no-i
nt roubl
eagain-
buther epeatedthecourseandwentont oobtainhisLicenti
atei
nLawin1876.

Whatspeci fi
creasonsmovedPaci anot odi
scont i
nuehislegalcar eerisnotcl ear.
What evert heywer e,itisnotcor r
ecttospeakofhi s“unhappyexper iencesatSanJose”
asamot i
ve,ort osayt hathewasf ai
ledregularl
yatSant oTomas.Hi snon- appear ance
beforet hepanelofexami nerswasnotauni quecasenorar easonf orsuspect i
ngt hat
theUni versit
yhadacaseagai nsthim.Itwast hecaseofdozensofst udent sleavingt he
careerforavar i
etyofr easonsever yyear.Couldithavebeent hatPaci anowasaf raidof
beingst igmatizedasanol dfr
iendoft heexiledleader s?How canwei nterpretJose
Rizal’
swor ds:“ He( Paciano)hadt oleavet heUni versit
ybecausehehadl ivedwi th
Burgos?”Thei nter
pretationisnoteasyconsi der
ingt hatBuencami nohadbeenmor e
l
iberalthanhe,andt hatanephewofFat herBurgos,ManuelXer ezBur gos,wasnear er
tothenat i
onalpr i
estthanhe,yetbot hoft hem continuedandf i
nishedt heirr espect ive
careersofLawandMedi cinet
otall
yunmol est
ed.

Thenextmovement sofPacianodonotr efl

ectsignsoffearsorworr
ies.Inj
uneof
thatsamey ear1872hewaswal ki
ngaboutI ntr
amur osafterbringi
nghislit
tl
ebrother
Joset otheLetranCol l
eget oundergoanent r
anceexami nat
ionforthehighs chool
career.Andfrom t
henon,i twasnoti nf
requenttoseet hetwoRi zal
sagaini nManila
withnoacademi corcivi
lauthori
tycar
ingtomol estthem.Int he1890sthingschanged
total
l
y,butt
hatwast wentyyearslat
er.

RI
ZALATATENEO ANDUST/RI
ZALONAMI
SSI
ON
●Gui
deQuest
ions●
●Achi
evement
sofRi
zali
nAt
eneo
1.Nagi
ngemper
adorsapagt
ataposngunangbuwan.
2.Nagi
ngpi
nakamat
ali
noatnabi
gyanngpr
emyonal
arawangr
eli
hiyoso.
3.Nakuhaangpangalawangpuwest
omat
aposangunangt
aon,bagamanangmar
ka
ay"Pi
nakamahusay"
4.Sai
kal
awangt
aonaymul
i
ngnagi
ngemper
adoratnangunasakl
ase.
5.Pagtat
aposngpangal
awangt
aonaynabi
gyansyanggi
ntongmedal
yadahi
lsa
mat
ataasnamarka.
6.Sakanyangi
kat
longt
aonsakol
ehi
yonanal
osyangi
sangmedal
yasaLat
in.
7.Saikaapatnat
aonniRizalmulisyangnangunasalahatngkanyangasi
gnat
uraat
nanal
onglimangmedal
yasapagtataposngeskuwel
a.
8.Sa kanyang ikali
ma o huli
ng taon sa At
eneo napanat
il
ini
ya ang pai
ging
pi
nakamahusaysalahatngasi
gnat
ura.
9.Sakanyanghuli
ngt
aonsyaangnagi
ngpinakamahusaynamag-aaralngAteneoat
nagtaposnangmayPi
nakamat
aasnakarangal
anatnakamitangdi
gringBatsil
yersa
Sini
ng.
●Achi
evement
sofRi
zali
nUST
1.Nanalongmaramingganti
mpalasal i
ter
atur
aatnaki
pagl
abansamgaestudyant
eng
Espanyolnamapang-
insul
tosakakayahanngmgaestudyant
engPi
li
pino.
2.Unangt aonniRizalsaSantoTomasaysi nabaynyaangpag- aar
alsaKur song
Sarbeysa Ateneo na t
inaposnya sa kaparehong t
aon nang nauuna sa l
ahatng
asi
gnatur
aatnakakuhangmgagi nt
ongmedal yasaagrikul
tur
aattopograpi
ya.
3.Nanal
oant ul
aniRi
zalna" ALaJuventudFi
l
ipina"(
ParasaKabat aangPi
l
ipi
no)ng
unanggant
impal
asapal
igsahansapani
ti
kanngLiceoArti
sti
co-
Lit
erar
io.
4.Nangsumunodnat aonsaparehongpat
impal
ak,mul
ingsumal
isiRi
zalatnagwagi
ul
itsiRi
zalngunanggant i
mpal
asakanyangdulang"
ElConsej
ofelosDioses"(
Ang
KonsehongngaDiyos)kahi
tpamannamayngat umut
ol.
●Whydi
dPaci
anoi
ntr
oducedJoset
othei
rcousi
nLeonorRi
ver
a?
PacianoandJosehadanagr eementthatonl
yoneofthem shoul
dmar ry.Rizalatfi
rst
di
dnotwanttomarry,butPaci anothoughtt
heotherwayaroundal
sothinkingthatifhis
brot
herwouldst
udyabr oadheneedt obeabachel ort
oprovidef
orhim.Paci anothen
wantedJosetomar ry,inst
eadofhi mthatiswhyhei nt
roduceJosetot hebeaut i
ful
LeonorRiver
a.Pacianoi salsowor r
iedhow Josemightnotwanttocomebackaf ter
l
iki
ngEur
ope,sohewasthi
nki
ngthatifhi
sbrot
herismar
ri
edorhadaf
ianceat
least
,
Josemi
ghtwantt
ogohomeandst
icktohispur
poses.
●Ri
zal
'
sgoali
ngoi
ngt
oEur
ope
1.Bur
gosst
rongl
yadvocat
edFi
l
.tost
udyabr
oad.
2.Makapag-ar alngmedisinasaEspanya,buthisrealpur
poseingoi
ngtoEuropewas
t
ol earnaboutot hernat
ions,how theyweregover ned,thel
awstheyhave,whi ch
governmentswer ebett
erthanothers,howi
nter
nati
onalcommerceworked,whatr
efor
m
movement sther ewereinEur ope,how muchfreedom wer et
heyall
owed,andwhat
mouthpiec
est heyused.
3.I
nEuropeJosecanexpresshi
sthought
swi
thoutf
ri
arcensor
shi
pandnotanymor
ein
hi
scrypt
icst
udentver
se.
4.Fuel
edwi
thhi
sknowl
edgehebel
i
evedhecoul
ddosomet
hingf
orhi
scount
ry.

PARI
S&MORGA’
SSUCESOS
●KeyPoi
nts●
●LaSol
i
dar
idadpr
osper
ed(
Dist
ri
but
ion:2/
3toPh,1/
3toSpai
n&el
sewher
e)
–Pr
ovokedr
eact
ion(
newspaper
s&per
iodi
cal
sinSpai
n)
● La Polit
ica de España (
per
iodi
cal
;founded i
n 1891;pur
pose ofconf
uti
ng La
Sol
idar
idad)
–edi
tedbyJoseFeced;associ
ateedi
tori
sWenc
esl
aoRet
ana
–di
dnotcr
it
ici
zedf
ri
ars
–t
her
ewasasuggest
iont
hatt
hef
ri
arssuppor
tedt
hisper
iodi
calf
inanci
all
y
●Thef
ri
arsar
ethoughtt
obemuchbehi
ndt
heopposi
ti
ons
●LaSoli
dar
idadprovokedt
heaudi
enceitwasaimedatr
athert
hatt
heSpanishgeneral
publ
icwhoatthattimewasmuchmor eint
eres
tedinCubaandPuert
oRi cothanthe
Phil
i
ppi
nes
–I
thadaf
airamountofopposi
ti
onandi
nfl
uencedl
i
ber
alopi
nion.
●Accordi
ng t
o Bl
ument
ri
tt
’
sassessmentopposi
ng ar
ti
cl
esshowst
hatt
he f
ri
arsar
e
f
ri
ghtened.
●Al
so,Bl
ument
ri
ttgavepr
est
iget
oLaSol
i
dar
idadwi
thhi
soccasi
onalar
ti
cl
es.
●SomeSpani
shcr
it
ici
sm wentwi
l
dandi
stoor
eveal
i
ngl
i
keRi
zal
’
sMor
gaedi
ti
on
–Mor
ga(2cent
uri
esdead)andRi
zalwascondemnedun-
Spani
sh
–Ri
zal
’
sfri
end,Fr
anciscoPiyMargal
l(aneminentpol
i
ti
ci
aninSpai
n)wasaccusedi
n
t
heCor
tes(
1891)ofencour
agi
ngandjusti
fyi
ngFi
li
pinor
ebel
l
ion
–Afrai
dforhisfr
iendsRi
zalwasgr
atef
ulf
orBl
ument
ri
tt
’
sact
ivecont
ri
but
ion,buthat
ed
seei
nghim doit
●Rizal
’
sarti
cl
esi nLaSol
idar
idadwerenothi
sbestnorbet
terofhi
swr
it
ings,exceptt
hat
oneessay,Fi
li
pinasDent
rodeCi enAños
–ithadexcept i
onaldept
hthat
,al
thoughaddr
essedi
nthewor
ldof1889,i
tisst
il
l
cur
iousl
yint
erest
ingt
oread
–concl
udi
ngthatani
ndependentPhi
l
ippi
neswoul
dnot
hingmucht
ofearf
rom t
he
Eur
opeanpower
s
–italsostat
edhow t her
ei sapossibi
li
tyt
hattheUnitedSt
atemi
ghtt
akepar
tin
over
seaspossessi
onsevenifi
tiscont
rar
ywit
hthei
rtr
adi
ti
on
–hi
swor
dsher
ewer
ethenr
eadl
i
keapr
ophecyf
ori
tdi
dhappened.
●Rizalbegun speaki
ng and t
hinking moref r
eely af
terhis 2nd depart
urefrom the
Phil
ippi
nesanddespit
eLaSolidari
dad’spoli
cyifassimi
lat
ion,Rizalexpressedhismore
radi
calviewst
houghhedi dnotpr essedforindependence,hewar nedSpainwi t
hthe
changeshehadsetafoot
.
●ForRi
zalt
hingsar
epoi
nti
ngoutt
orevol
uti
on
–PropagandaMovementwinni
nghavingmorefri
endsf
rom Fi
l
ipi
nosandevenSpani
sh
l
iber
als,t
houghi
thaven’
tpr
oducedanythi
ngconcr
ete
–I
ntr
ansi
gent
sinSpai
nandmor
eint
hePhi
l
ippi
nes,cont
inuedt
ohavet
heupperhand
–hisfr
iendPardodeTaverawenttoMani l
atoworkonMay1889wentbackt
oPari
s
andsai
dl i
fei
nthePhi
li
ppi
nesisbecomingimpossi
bleandi
fnoi
mpr
ovement
swi
thi
n10
year
stherewouldbeaser
iousrevol
uti
on.
●Ri
zalwr
otet
oBl
ument
ri
ttsayi
ngt
hatMani
l
aishavi
ngadet
eti
orat
ingpol
i
ti
calcl
i
mat
e
–r
umor
sabouti
mpendi
ngr
evol
tisal
i
vei
ntheci
t
y
●Despi
tet
his,Weyl
er(
advi
sedbyf
ri
ars)cont
inuedhi
sinf
lexi
blecour
se.
●I
n1889mar
kedt
hei
ssuef
rom Madr
id
–twoi mportantdecreesconcer
ningthePhil
i nes;1st(
ppi Jul
y31)maki ngt
heCivi
lCode
appli
cabl
et ot he i and,2nd (
sl Nov.12)Becer ra Law i
ntr
oduci
ng the mai
ntownsa
substant
ialmeasureoflocalsel
f-
governmentonthebasisofel
ect
ion
–Li
kebef
ore,t
hegover
nmentoft
hePhi
l
ippi
nest
ookact
iont
othedecr
ees,butci
vi
l
marr
iage,acardi
nalt
hreatt
ofr
iar
s’powerwasnoti
ncl
udedi
ntheCi
vi
lCodei
temst
hat
wasint
roduced
–Measur
esofl
ocalsel
f-
gover
nmentonl
yint
roducedi
nfewt
owns
–basi
sofr
epr
esent
ati
vesappoi
ntedal
sost
eri
l
izedt
hedecr
eeatout
set
●Pr
opagandaMovementi
nMani
l
anowhavesec
retor
gani
zat
ion
–di
str
ibut
esLaSol
i
dar
idadandot
herpamphl
ets
,rai
sef
unds,keepsi
ncl
oset
ouchwi
th
Bar
cel
ona
–ByJ
uneLopezJaenai
ssl
owl
ypul
l
ingl
essandl
essast
heedi
torofLaSol
i
dar
idad
–Aweekorsol
aterDelPi
l
arf
ull
ytookoverwi
thedi
ti
ng–Ri
zalwant
edt
omeetDel
Pi
l
ar
–YearofPari
sExhi bi
ti
on(
Eif
felTowerstandsinmemorial
)hewantedt
oDelPi
l
art
o
comef
ortheexhi
bit
ionandhol
daconference,butt
hisdi
dnothappen
–InSeptember
,DelPi
larcamet
omeetRizal,i
nfor
medRi
zalwi
thhi
spl
ansofmovi
ng
LaSol
idari
dadt
oMadri
dandmakeiti
ntoweekly
●Ri
zalbecameaf
reemason
–hi
sinduct
ionandmot
ivesar
eunknown
– suggest
s his adopt
ion ofmor
e ext
reme posi
ti
on (
Spani
sh Chur
ch oppose t
o
f
reemasonry)
–mayalsor
efl
ecthi
sdi
mini
shedf
ait
hint
hepol
i
cyofassi
mil
ati
on(
Phbei
ngassi
mil
ated
bySpai
n)
–Hedi dnotpr
ogr
essedbeyondlowergradesofmasonry,buti
tseemsi
tsconcept
s
appeal
edt
ohim &cer
tai
nlyi
tsmet
hodsinf
luencedhi
m consi
der
abl
y
–Inf
luenceonthemet
hodofmasonr
yshowswhenbef
ormedaFi
l
ipi
noor
gani
zat
ioni
n
Pars,I
i ndi
osBr
avos
●I
ndi
osBr
avos
–Dedicat
edtot
hei
deaofcour
age,ai
medt
okeepFi
l
ipi
nocol
onyuni
ted,encour
aged
manl
ysports
–Wi
thi
niti
sasecr
etgr
oupundert mentRd.
heconceal L.M.
●Rd.
L.M.
–pl
edgedt
oli
ber
ati
onofMal
aypeopl
e
–pl
edget
omadegoodi
nPhi
l
ippi
nesf
ir
st,l
aterext
endedt
oBor
neo,I
ndonesi
a,and
Mal
aya
–Onhi
svi
si
t,DelPi
l
arbecameamemberandanot
hermemberBasai
nHongkong
●Hi
srel
i
giousvi
ewsremai
nedunchanged–Di
dnotacceptt
hati
tisi
mpossi
blet
obe
bot
hCat
holi
candafr
eemason
●Rizalwasawareoft
hel at
entdangerofar i
ftbet
weenhim andDelPil
ar(
Whenthey
fi
rstmet,DelPil
arwasdi ff
erentfrom whathe imagi
ned [sel
fl
essman]buthe i
s
competentsoi
twasbet
tertobefr
iendhim)
–t
opr
eventr
if
theassoci
atedDelPi
l
arascl
osel
yashecoul
d
–onDelPi
lar’
ssidehedidn’
tunder
standRizal
’sextremededi
cat
ionbutheaccepted
Ri
zal
’
sconf
idenceonhi
m andthei
rfr
iendshi
p(hethoughtt
heyar
eequalbutdi
ff
erent
)
●Antoni
odeMor ga’
sSucesosdelasI
slasFi
l
ipi
nasannot
atedbyJoseRizalwit
ha
pr
efacefrom Bl
umentr
it
twaspubl
i
shedi
nSpani
shbyGarni
erFrèr
esi
nPari
s(Jan.1890)
–Rizalwi
thhisl
it
tl
emoneypai dforthepubl
icat
ionasRegi
dorwhopr
omi
sedt
ofi
nance
i
tshowedsli
ghthesi
tat
ion(
Rizalseveredal
lconnect
ionwi
tRegi
dor
)
–DelPilardi
dnotunder st
andRizal(i
twasanext
remereact
ion,Regi
dordi
dnot
decl
i
nedassi
stance)
,DelPil
arwonder
edifRi
zal
’
smot
ivewaraci
al(Regi
dorwashal
f-
Spani
sh)
–Itwasat ypi
calreactionofRi zal,orani ndicationofst r
aincausedbyanxi etyabouthi s
f
ami l
yint hei
rpersecutedandchol era-st
rickent own,ormaybebecausehewascar r
ying
i
nhi smi ndSi moun’ schar acter( heroofhi s2nd novel )–Evenwi thRi zal’
sext ensive
annotat
ionwi t
ht heMor ga,ithavenotent i
relyst oodt hetestoftime( Rizal’
sconc eptof
pre-
Spani sh Fil
ipi
nos has t oday t o be modi fied)– whi l
e stri
ctly as history,t he
annotat
ions ar e slanted towar ds maki ng cont emporary poli
ti
calpoi nt
s Ri zalwas
i
nterest
edi n(factremai nsthatt heedi ti
onachi evedi mmedi at
epol it
icalandeducat i
onal
ai
m)–bul kofcopi eswer esentt oBasa( responsi bl
eforseei ngi ftheyr eachedt he
Propagandai nMani l
ainquant it
iesrequest ed)i nHongkong–Af teramont hor2,Ri zal
l
earnedt hebookwasi ndemand,sel li
ngatdoubl eitspubli
shedpr ice.
●Ataboutt
hesamet
imeSucesospubl
i
shed,Ri
zalpubl
i
shedhi
sTagal
ogor
thogr
aphy
– Blument
ri
tttr
ansl
ated Nol
iMe Tanger
eto Ger
man,and now t
ransl
ated t
he
or
thogr
aphy(Al
soappearedi
nDut
ch)
●1890,Rizalwi
thhi
s3largel
i
terar
yproj
ect
sdeal
twiththepresentinNoliMeTanger
e,
pastinMorga,andwoul
ddealthefut
urewi
t s2nd novel
hhi ,ElFil
ibust
eri
mo(deal
swith
revol
uti
on)
●Dur
ingRi
zal
’
sSt
ayi
nPar
is
–1stl
i
vedi
nser
iesofhot
els
–movedtolodgewi
thVal
ent
inVent
uraont
heRuedeMaubeuge,nearGar
eduNor
d
(
Jul
y1889)
–JuanLuna(
exi
led)
,st
il
linPar i
sandhi sst
udi
owasmainmeeting-
placeoft
heI
ndi
os
Br
avos(k
eepi
ngbohemi
anl i
fe,descr
ibedbyGeorgeduMaur
i nTr
eri ibl
y)
●Awomant
hencamei
ntot
heat
mospher
e
–Ri zalalsocametoknow Anglo-
Fil
i
pino,Eduar
doBoust ed(sonofthemostfamous
Bri
tain’
sEastIndiamer
chants,EdwardBousted[hadint
erestandanest abl
i
shmenti
n
Mani l
a],hemarri
edaFil
ipi
naofawel l-
knownMani l
afamilyaft
erset
tl
ingtoPari
sand
had2daught ers
–Nel l
y( boy’sfacemuchl i
kehi sgrandfather),theyoungerdaught
erwasreservedand
hadaqual itywhichspokei nsi l
encetoRi zal
,sheconsideredhersel
fasFil
ipi
na,has
somethingmast erf
ul(i
nappear anceandchar acter)
,enj
oyedandgoodatmen’ ssport
s
(wantedf encingwithRizalatLuna’sstudio,inf enci
ngRizalwasanexpert
),shewasa
thi
nker,r el
igi
ous,hasover ri
dingsenseofhonor ,cameofuni t
edfamil
y,areader,an
i
ntell
ectual,theclosestt
oRizal’scharacterinallhiswomen.
–Nel l
ylef
tPar i
s( aut
umnof1889)t oBiar
ri
tz,bythi
sti
mei tseemedt oRi zal
’
sf r
iends
t
hathei si
nterestedandmi ghtbeinlovewit
hher,butRizali
sundert heimpressi
onof
Ant
onioLunat obeonhi sway-WhenLunadi scover
edt hi
simpression,hewr otea
del
ightf
ulf
ranklettert
hattheyshoul
dnotbevict
imsofmisinf
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ett
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NOLIMETANGEREANDDEPARTUREFROEUROPE
●Febr
uar
y21,1887(
Mondayat11:
30PM)
–Ri
zalmadet
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ipt
ioni
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–compl
eted2andahal
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ewdayswi
thMaxi
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ort
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int
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terpr
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●Paci
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meani
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t
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–Butwit
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deci
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ias,whosel i
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i
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excit
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i
as’
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ett
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nghopedtoseeJose
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se (
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sfat
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ntothe
house(t
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nBer
li
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ret
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fe)
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ttasthelat
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elyfair)
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essor’
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sfeld:
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itt
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tt
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handswhil
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aindrewaway)
–t
heynevermeetagai
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zaland Vi
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ght
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hefamil
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oppingadayher
eandt her
etheypassedontoSalzburgandMunich,
t
hento Nuremberg,then movi
ng t
hrough t
he hear
tl
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c( cit
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ll
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night
–OnJul
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om Mar
sei
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le(
ashewr
otet
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–June23the2part
edatSwi
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zaltoI
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Veni
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ulat
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ELFI
LI SMO,RESI
BUSTERI GNATI
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th some f
ri
endsassi
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scr
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ncepreviousyearinBrussel
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zalwasi
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mt oear nasanophthal
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kedaboutr
eturni
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urnt
otheEastasfarasHongkong,
whereyoucanearn,andpar
ent
smightcomevisit
)
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l
einBr
ussel
s
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●Apri
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opayf
oraMessager
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it
imes
f
ir
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classpassagef
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m Eur
opetoHongkong
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erher et
urnedtohi
skindBelgi
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esinBrussels,whencecommunicatedto
Propagandahisdeci si
ont
oretur
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ocancelhis
al
lowanceanddevot emoneytobett
ercause(i
tseemsl ikeRizalhasdoubt
sacc ept
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f
urtherassi
stancefrom Pr
opagandawhenhenol ongercontri
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estoLaSolidar
idad)
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l
ibust
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eted
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ertolookforcheaperprint
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st otheol
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medi
evalwoolci
tyofGhent(novelwasentrust
edtoapri
nter
)andshar edlodgi
ngswit
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anot
herFil
ipi
no,Jose Alej
andrino (
lat
erbec ame a r
evolut
ionar
y gener al
,whose
memoir
sareimport
antdocumentoftheperi
od)
●Earl
yJuly,her
ecei
vednot
if
icat
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rom Messager
iesMar
it
imes(
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underhi
snamebyBasa)
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om t
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emshavebeenwor
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endswi
thmeanshadundert
akentocontri
but
etothecostofproduci
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hebook,
butnoonesentt hei
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noweakness,Rizaldi
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kedthemost–f al
se
promises–herantedthi
stoBas
aonal et
terandsai
dhef el
tli
kethrowi
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away)
,1stweekofAugust
●Foramoment ,itl
ookedasi
fthepr
int
inghavet
obeabandoned
–Butt
hepr
int
erswer
econf
identandwentonwor
king,whi
l
eRi
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d-Sept
ember
,Val
ent
inVent
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m sum suf
fi
ci
entt
ocoverout
standi
ngcost
●On18thRi
zalwr
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ningt
hem agai
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oadcast
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hebook’
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stencet
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del
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ri
arscomet
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tinadvanceandseekt
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eventi
treachi
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hePh
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est
ofr
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eachi
nghi
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med
cor
rect
ly)
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l
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eri
sm (
wor
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ument
ri
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)
–bor
eont
it
lepageaquot
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rom ofBl
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tt
’
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●Thebookwasdedi
cat
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l
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iest
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n1872
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heher
oofNol
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eli
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iendedGovernor
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fi
ci
als,
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ntr
oducedhi
mtoPhhi
ghpl
aces,andnowher et
urnedtofomentrevol
uti
on
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on,set
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he hovels oft
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k,suppr
essedout
rage,
evenhumori
ssi
nist
er)
●Tot
heFi
l
ipi
nor
eader
sod1891
–Nol
iwasc
ompel
l
ing,ElFi
l
iwasf
ormi
dabl
e
–anovelthatbearsi
rr
esi
sti
bleur
get
orevol
uti
on,pr
omi
si
ngnot
hingf
rom i
t(I
fSi
moun
f
ail
s,ever
ythi
ngfai
l
s)
–Ri
zalbel
i
evedever
ythi
ngmustbef
oundedonhat
e
–t
henovelachi
eveddualpur
pose(
inci
tementt
orevol
uti
onanddi
rewar
ningagai
nsti
t)
–exactsummi ngupofhi
svi
ewsonr
evol
uti
on(
compl
etel
yreal
i
sti
c,cont
ainedel
ement
s
ofambival
ence)
–hesaw noalter
nat
iver
evol
uti
on(
ever
ythi
ngt
ri
ed)
,butcoul
dnotseehow r
evol
uti
on
woul
dsucceed.
●ElFi
l
i
–notanappeal
,butamor al
ity(descr
ipt
ionofmental
i
tyandcl
i
mat
eofr
evol
twi
thi
ts
ur
gencyi
fdemands,andshor
tcomingsi
ntheirf
ulf
il
ment
)
–st
atementoff
act
s,l
eavesot
her
stodr
awconcl
usi
on
–t
oSpai
nitwasal
astandt
err
ibl
ewar
ning
●Begi
nni
ngofOct
ober
–l
eftGhent(
tor
etur
ntoEast
)
–mot
ivesofr
etur
ningwasnotpr
eci
se
–si
mpl
yfel
timpel
l
edt
ogo(
impul
si
oncausedbydi
sgustoverevent
sinMadr
id)
– he r
ecogni
zed di
suni
tyi
n Madr
idl
eader
shi
p spel
l
ed downf
allofPr
opaganda
Movement
–st
ruggl
ehadt
obebr
oughthome
–sawt
oot
hatMadr
iddi
suni
tymar
ksf
ail
ureofhi
sleader
shi
p
–wi
thendedl
eader
shi
pal
ll
eftt
ohi
m wasf
oundat
ioni
thadconst
ruct
edon
–per
sonalexampl
e
–Lastl
y,andmostimport
ant
ly,hewasoppr
essedbyt
het houghtoft
hesuf
fer
inghehad
causehisfami
ly(notcompl
ainedbutawarethesuf
fer
inghecaused)anddesi r
edto
makeatonement(
evenbydeat h)
●So-
cal
l
edcor
respondenceofr
econci
l
iat
ionwi
thDelPi
l
arbegun
–l
ett
ersshowst
emper
ament
alsi
deofRi
zal(
appear
snoot
hert
ime)
–DelPil
arwasi
rr
it
ated(saudhi
sopini
onaboutElFi
l
ibei
ngi
nfer
iort
oNol
i
,thenasked
Ri
zalt
oresumewri
ti
ngforLaSol
idar
idad
–Ri
zaldecl
i
nedandr
esi
gned(
butshowedi
twasn’
tadecl
arat
ionofwar
)
●Di
asat
isf
act
iom (
pol
i
cyi
fLaSol
i
dar
idad)mount
edhi
sdepar
tur
e
–butRi
zalhadenough
–recount
edt
oBlument
ri
ytt
hei
ntr
iguesagai
nsthi
minMadr
id(
ti
ngodanddespot
,yet
hebearnogr
udge)
●Rizalwaswar nednott oreturntoPh( madeverbalbygener alcer
taint
yofElFil
i’
s
eff
ect–Blumentri
ttwrot
eandbeggedhi mt ogiveuphisplantor
eturn–Butasi nBer
li
n
(4yearsearl
i
er)upt onow,he’ sconvi
ncedhemustgo,andwoul dnotdefl
ect–Hedid
notspeak(hehadmi ssi
onsinlif
e)hewast ir
edofitall(
tol
dBlumentri
ttal
lthathef
elt
neededtobesaid●Oct ober18,1891hesailedMarsei
ll
e
●Hi
m wr
it
ingt
heElFi
l
i
–Ri
zalonl
yknewhewasani
nst
rumentoff
atei
mpel
l
edt
owr
it
e
–hi
sreasonf
orr
etur
nwasi
ntui
ti
on(
let
tert
ohi
spar s1882:i
ent mpel
l
edt
oleave)
–1881hef
elti
mpel
l
edt
oret
urn
–tol
dViol
ain1887,hebel
i
evedt
hati
fhedi
dnotobeyhi
simpul
si
onhewoul
dfai
lhi
s
dut
yandmissi
on
–clear
estmot
ivat
ionofhi
sint
ent
ioni
sfoundi
nhi
slett
ertoPastel
ls(
Iwil
ltr
yanddot
his
andthat
,whi
chwilli
ntheendcomeoutasGoddesi
res.Consequent
ly–for
ward!

LI
FEI
NDAPI
TAN(
dinakoniesummar
izekayt
aas!
!!Naasadnisamovi
e,t
hankyouu)

ARACEWI
THREVOLUTI
ON
●Begi
nni
ng
–Ri
zalbeensur
vei
l
lancedbyt
hepol
i
ti
co-
mil
i
tar
ygover
noroft
hedi
str
ict(
Car
nicer
o)
–Despujolor
igi
nal
l
ydesi
gnat
edJ
esui
tmi
ssi
on-
housei
nDapi
tanf
orRi
zal
’
sresi
dencei
n
r
ust
icat
iom
–Fr .PabloPastell
s,S.J.(JesuitSuperior)wr
otet oFr.AntonioObachD. J.( Jesui
t
Missi
onary)torequir
eRi zalbefor
egi venhospit
ali
ty,tomakepubl i
cr et
ractionorhi s
r
eligi
ous err
ors,issue pro-Spani
sh treatment
s,under go spi
ri
tualexer cises ofSt .
I
gnatius,makegeneralConfessi
on,thenleadmodelr el
i
giousandpr o-Spanishl i
fe
–Rizalr
efusedt
ocompl
ythenwenti
nst
eadt
oli
vewi
thCar
nicer
o(f
ree-
thi
nker
)–t
he2
gotal
ongfamousl
y
●August30,1892(r
eportt
oDespuj
ol)
,reproduced1oft
hei
rconver
sat
ionsorsummar
y
ofseveral(showsl
ighton Ri
zal
’spoli
ti
calbelief
satt
hatti
me,orwhathe wanted
Car
nicer
otot
akef
orhi
spol
i
ti
calbel
i
efs)
-Ref
ormspr
oposedbyRi
zal
:
–1stRi
zalwant
edPht
ohaver
epr
esent
ati
oni
nCor
tes(
stopabuses)
– 2nd secul
ari
ze t
he f
ri
ars(
stop t
utel
ag,di
str
ibut
e par
ishes (
nat
ive orpeni
nsul
ar
Spaniards)
–3rdr
efor
m admi
nist
rat
ioni
nal
lbr
anches
–4th encour
agepr i
maryinst
ruct
ion(
eli
minat
efr
iarmeddl
i
ngandbet
tersal
ari
esf
or
t
eachersinbothgender
s)
–5thEqual
l
ydi
vi
degover
nmentj
obs
–6thmakeadmi
nist
rat
ionmor
al
–7thcr
eat
eschoolorar
tsandt
rades(
provi
nci
alcapi
tal
s)
–Carnicer
osaw goodi
ntheref
orm butf
orhi
miti
sal
mosti
mpossi
blebcsoff
ri
ars’
i
nfl
uenceinMani
l
aandinMadr
id
–Rizali
nsist
edt
hatwi
th5or6menlikeBecer
rat
hefri
arswoul
ddisappear.Thefri
ars
ar
enotlovedint
hePhandmor
edisl
i
kedandhatedbcst
heymeddleineverythi
ng.
–Ri
zalthoughisnoti
nfavi
roft
heexpul
si
onoff
ri
arsasf
orhi
m ever
yoneshoul
dhave
r
oom i
nhiscountr
y
– Carci
nerotol
d Ri
zalt
hata good por
yion ofhi
sref
ormsare goi
ng int
o ef
fectat
begi
nningofnextyear(
teacher
ssal
aryincr
ease,i
ncr
easeofschoolsuppl
iesandall
ot
herdecrees)
–Ri zalquietapproveallofthem,butafr
aidtheymightnotgoi
ntoef
fect(obst
acl
es
r
aisedbyr eli
giousOrder
s),butal
readyi
nst
ruct
edfri
endst
osuppor
tal
lhi
srefor
ms .
–Carni
ceroannouncedthatRizali
sdistur
bedmostwit
hthethoughtofabandoni
ng
f
ri
ends(
thei
rhopesfi
ratt
ainmentoft
hei
rideal
swaspl
acedunt
oRizal
)
–OneofRi zal
’
sambiti
onsisbecomi
ngDeputyf
ort
hePhi
l
ippi
nes(
sai
dinCor
tes:he
coul
dexposewhat
everhappensi
nthei
sl
ands
–Congr
essmanRi
zal(
dedi
cat
edt
omaki
ngexposur
es
●Nextr
epor
t(Sept
.21,1892)
–2pr
oposal
sforr
efor
mswasadded(
Sli
ppedCar
nicer
o’smi
nd)
–1f
reedom ofr
eli
gion,2f
reedom oft
hepr
ess
–TheCounti
nst
ruct
edCarni
cer
otosoundoutRizaloncert
ainmattersandgethi
mto
puti
nwr
it
inghi
sdesir
etostayi
nDapit
an(possi
blytr
yingt
oforest
allcri
ti
ci
sm i
nSpai
n
andEur
ope)
–Ri
zal
’
slet
tert
othatef
fectwasf
orwar
dedwi
thr
epor
t
●Oct
ober25,1892
–lett
ersaidevenifnotafarmer,Ri
zaldedicat
eselftoagri
cult
uregladl
y(askedfor
f
reedom tocul
ti
vat
ehisland,sendforhi
sf amil
y,hispossessi
ons,andhisbook,i f
assur
edthei
rfr
eeentr
yandfreeuseoft
hem,andpr omi
sednottoabusethatfreedom)
–Despuj
olt
urneddownRi
zal
’
sappl
i
cat
iononDec.10
–Rizall
osthi
stemper,wentf
artothr
eat
enHi sExcel
l
encywi
thwr
it
ingt
ohi
sfr
iendsi
n
Madri
dift
heorderofbani
shmentwasnotl
if
tedin6months
–Car ni
cer
oconfi
dent
ial
l
yassur
edCountt
hatRi
zal
’
slet
ter
swoul
dnotr
eachdest
i
nat
ion
(
ifeverhewrot
ethem)
–ButDespujolsoonwasr ecal
led,di
smi
ssedbyanew l
i
ber
algover
nment
,themost
l
i
ber
alofColoni
alMini
ster
s,AntonioMaur
a
–Carnicer
ot oowasrepl
acedbyJuanSitgeswhorepor
tedt
oacti
ngGover
norGener
al,
Feder
icoOc handoonMay24,1893thathegotof
ftoabadstar
twit
hRi
zal
–Tobegi
n,t
herehadbeenr
umort
hatOchandohadgi
venSi
tgesor
der
stoshootRi
zal
i
dhemadesli
p
–toputt hi
ngsi nproperlace,hemovedRi zaloutofheadquar t
ers,assignedhimt oli
ve
i
nanot herbuildi
ngwi thi
nsi ght
,requi
redhimt oreportmor ni
ng,noon,andni ght,and
f
orbiddenhimt ovisitanyboat sorwal kbeyondstreetsoftown,f or
biddent oleaveor
enterbaywithoutnoti
ce.–Buthi srel
ati
onswithRizalimproved(nextreporttonewGov.
Gen.RamonBl anco,Mar quessofPeñaPl at
a,hesai dRi zaldidever ythi
nghewas
orderedtodo
LASTPARTOFSUMMARY:Revol ut
ion;page289( l
astpar
agr
aph)ar
inal
angjudako
kayaguysmagt
uonpakokasi
rIanhuhuhu,pleasenal
angkobasasacopysabookpo