NOTESOFLESSON CLASSX

LI
FEPROCESSES SCI
ENCE
BI
OLOGY

Gi
stoft
hel
esson

Lifepr ocesses
 
   
•  
 Const ant lyexhi bitt he f unct i
ons ofmai nt enance and r epai rinl ivi
ng
organi sms
 
   
•  
 SomeEx ampl es-Di gest ion, Respi ration, Ci
rculati
onetc.
Nut ri
tion
 
   
•  
 Pr ocessofobt ainingnut ri
ent sf rom t heenv i
ronmenti .
e.i ntakeoff ood
andt heni t
sdi gest ioni nt hebody .
 
   
•  
 Two t ypes – Aut ot rophic( self-suf fi
cientf orf ood)and Het er
otrophic
(dependentonot her sf orf ood) .
Aut otrophi cnut rition
 
   
•  
 Sy nthesisoff oodbyphot osy nthesi s-‘phot o’meansl ightand‘ synthesis’
meanspr oduct ion.I tist hepr oduct ionoff oodwi ththehelpofsunl ight.
 
   
•  
 Phot osy nt hesi sequat ion-
 
   
  
   
 6CO2+6H2O C6H12O6+6O2
 
   
•  
 Ev ents ofphot osy nt hesis ar e as f ollows:Absor pt
ion ofl ightener gy
chlorophy l
lwhi chi st hegr eenpi gmentandgi vesenergyf oract iv
ationof
reaction.Thent hespl it
tingofwat erint oi t
sconst i
tuent’
shydr ogenandox ygen
l
eadi ngt ot heSy nt hesi sofATPandNADPH2  andf i
nall
yr educt i
onofCO2  to
carbohy drates.
Het erot r
ophi cnut rition
 
   
•  
 Gener all
y, takeupener gyf rom pl ant sandani mal sbyusingt hem asf ood.
 
   
•  
 Most l
y of t hr ee t ypes—hol ozoi c,
parasit i
c,andsapr ophy tic.
 
   
•  
 Digest ion-mechani calandchemi cal
reduct ionofi ngest ednut rientswhi chcan
bet henconv er t
edt oener gyf oruse.
 
   
•  
 Humandi gest ivesy stem-consi stsof
the long al iment ar ycanalt hati ncludes
mout h,phar y nx ,oesophagus,st omach,
smal lintest i
ne, largei ntest i
ne, rectum and
anus.
 
   
•  
 Or gansf orassi stance-pancr eas, li
v er
Nut ri
tioni nhumans:

 
  
 •
  
 Sal
i
vai
ssecr
etedbysal
i
var
ygl
ands
l
ocat ed undert he t ongue whi ch cont ainsdi gest i
v e enzy mesl i
ke sal ivary
amy lase,whi chbr eakdownst archi nt osugar .So,di gestionofcar bohy drat es
star tsi nthemout hi t
self.
 
   
•   Tonguehel psi nchewi ng, moi st ening, rollingandswal lowingoff ood.
 
   
•   Thef oodf rom mout ht hengoesdownt heoesophagus, whi chi sthef ood
pipe t ot he st omach,t hr ough t he mov ementofwal ls ofoesophagus
(per i
st alsis)
 
   
•   Stomachmi xest hef oodhencer ecei vedwi t
hv ariousdi gestivejuices.
 
   
•   I
nnerl ini ngofst omachsecr etes:
 
   
    
    
   
 •  
 Mucus–pr ot ect st hel iningofst omachf rom bei ngcor rodedby
theaci d.
 
   
    
    
   
 •  
 Hy dr ochl oricaci d–cr eat esanaci dicmedi um anddi ssolvesbi tof
food.
 
   
    
    
   
 •  
 Di gest ivejuices–br eakdownpr otei nintosi mpl ersubst ances.
Thef oodf rom st omachev ent uallymov esi ntot hesmal l i
ntestine.
 
   
 •   
Di gest i
oni nsmal lint estine:I tist hel ongestpar t(about7. 5m l ong)of
ali
ment arycanal .I tist hesi tewher ecompl etedi gest i
onofcar bohy drates,
prot eins,andf at st akespl ace.I tget si ntest inaljuicesf rom t wodi ff
er ent
glands–l iverandpancr east hathel pi nt hef urtherdigest ionoff ood.
 
  Liv eri st hel argestgl andoft hebodyandsecr etesbi lejuice.Bi lej ui
cei s
stor edi nt hegal lbladderandhasasi gnificantr oleint hedi gest i
onoff ats.
 
  Pancr eashasenzy mest hathel pint ot al digest i
onofal lfoodcomponent s.
 
   
•   The di gest ivet ractand associ ated gl ands t oget herconst i
tut et he
digest i
v esy st em.
Respi ration
 
   
•   I
ti scont rolledbyenzy mesandener gyi s
released f rom t he br eakdown of or gani c
subst ances.I ti soft wot ypest hatar eaer obi c
andanaer obi c
Aer obi cr espi rat ion
 
   
•   Oxi dat ionoff oodmat er i
alsbyoxy gen
 
   
•   Pr oduces36ATP
 
   
•   Thest epsf oll
owedi ncel l
ularr espirat i
on
Firstst epi s  br eakdownofgl ucose( 6C)i nt o
pyruv ates( 3C)i nt hecy topl asm
Secondst ep-  Py ruv atei st henbr okendownt o
CO2  and wat erand i tt akes pl ace i nt he
mi tochondr ia wher e ener gy i s pr oduced i n
ATPf or m.
Anaer obi cr espi ration
 
   
•   I
ti st heOx i
dat i
onofnut r
ientswi thoutusi ngupt hemol ecularoxy gen
 
   
•   I
tgi ves2ATPs.
 
   
•   Firstst ep-  gl ycolysisi ncy t
opl asm, 2py ruv atepr oduced
 
  
 •
  
 Secondstepisthe breakdownofpy r
uvi
cacidintoethanolandwat
erand
ener
gy( i
nyeast)andlacti
cacidandenergy(i
nmuscl ecell
s)
Humanr espir
ati
on
 
  
 •
  
 I
tconsist
soft henose,phary
nx,
trachea,
bronchi,br
onchiol
esandal
veol
i

 
   • 
  Bronchi olest hendi videi ntomanyal v
eoliwhicharesitesofgaseous
exchange.
 
   • 
  O2 presenti nalv eolarbl oodv essel sisthentr
ansport
edtov ari
ouscell
sof
thebody .
Hemogl obinpi gmentpr esenti nbloodi smaj orl
yresponsi
blef
ort r
anspor
tati
on
ofcar bondi ox ideandox ygen.
Tr anspor tation
First and f or emost t hings,a l iquid medi um is requi
red alwaysf or
transpor t
ation.
Tr anspor tationi nhumans
 
   • 
  Doubl e ci rculati
on occur s i n
human bei ngs i .
e.t he bl ood goes
through t he hear tt wice dur i
ng each
car diaccy cle.
 
   • 
  Bloodandl ymphar ebot hinvol ved
i
nt ranspor tation
 
   • 
  Component s ofbl ood ar e RBCs,
WBCs, platelets,andpl asma.
 
   • 
  Threet ypesofbl oodv esselsar e
arter i
es, veinsandcapi llaries.
 
   • 
  Arteri
escar ryox ygenat edbl oodi n
them, exceptonet hatispul monar yar tery
 
   • 
  Veins car ry deox ygenat ed bl ood i n
them, exceptpul monar yv ein
The Human hear ti s di v i
ded int of our
chamber s– r ightaur icle,r ightv entricl
e,
l
ef taur icl
e, andl eftvent ri
cle

 
  
 •
   
The Rightside ofthe hear tgets
deoxygenatedbloodfrom di
fferentcell
s
ofthebody
 
  
 •
   
TheLef tsideofthehear trecei
ves
oxygenatedbloodfr
om l
ungs.

Tr
anspor tat
ioninplants
 
  
 •
   
Transport
ationofwat eristhr
oughxy
lem ti
ssues
 
  
 •
   
Transportofwat eroccur sduet ot
ranspir
ati
onpul
l
,rootpr
essur
eand
di
fferenceinpressuregradient.
 
   
• 
  
Transportoffoodortr
anslocat
iont
akespl acet
hroughphl
oem andi
t
requi
resenergy.
Excreti
on
I
ti nvolves the r
emovalofhar mfulmetaboli
c
wastesf rom thebodyoforganismsbyv ar
ious
processes.
Excreti
oni nhumans

The ex cretory syst

em consi sts of-a pai rof
kidney s,apai rofureter
s,aur i
narybladder,anda
urethra.
 
   
•  
 Ni tr
ogenouswast essuchasur eaandur i
c
acidar eremov ed
 
   
•  
 Nephr on-basicfi
ltr
ati
onunit
 
   
•  
 Mai ncomponent softhenephr on-glomerul
us,Bowman’scapsul
e,r
enal
tube
 
   
•  
 Thepr ocessofRemov ingofnitrogenouswastesthr
oughart
if
ici
alki
dney
i
scal led dialysi
s.

NCERTI
N-TEXTQUESTI
ONSSOLVED

Q1.  
Why is di f
fusion insuffi
cientto meett he oxy
gen requi
rements of
multi
cell
ularorganismsl ikehumans?
Ans. 
Inmul t
icell
ularorganismsal lt
hecell
smaynotbei ndir
ectcont
actwith
t
he sur r
oundi ng env i
ronment . Hence dif
fusi
on will not meet al
lthe
requi
rementsofal lthecells.
Q2. 
 Whatcr
it
eri
adoweuset odeci
dewhethersomethi
ngisal
iv
e?
Ans.
 Movementi
nresponset
oexter
nal
sti
mul i
,br
eat
hing,gr
owt
hetc.

Q3. 
 Whatareoutsiderawmat er
ial
susedforbyanorgani
sm?
Ans.
 Outsi
der aw materi
alsar
eusedf ormaint
enanceandsust
enanceofl
i
fe
byanorganism.

Q4. 
 Whatprocesseswoul dyouconsideressentialf
ormaintai
ningli
f e?
Ans.
 Al
lprocessest hatper
formthemai ntenancefuncti
onofli
vingor gani
sms
ar
ecall
edlif
epr ocesses.Al
lli
feprocessesareessential
formaintai
ninglif
e.

Q5.  
What ar e the diff
erences bet
ween autotr
ophi
c nutri
ti
on and
heterot
rophicnut
ri
ti
on?
Ans.
 
  
  Aut
otrophi
cNutri
ti
on  
  
  
Het
erot
rophi
cNutr
it
ion
Food is made f
rom i
nor
gani
c Food is obt
ained f
rom or
gani
c
component
s. component
s
Chlor
ophylland sunl
i
ght ar
e not
Chl
orophy
llandsunl
i
ghtar
erequi
red.
requi
red.
Photosy
nthesi
s or chemosy
nthesi
s
Thesepr
ocessesdonotoccur
.
takespl
ace.
I
toccursingr
eenpl
ant
sandsome I
t occur s in animal
s and
bact
eri
a. i
nsect
ivor
ouspl
ant
s.

Q6. 
 Wher e do pl ants get each of t he r aw mat er
ial
s r equi
red f
or
photosynthesis?
Ans.
 Forphot osynthesisplantsobtainthefol
lowingrawmat eri
als:
i. Wat er:
 Rootsabsor bitf
rom thesoil.
i
i. Car bondi oxide: 
Stomat ai
nl eavesall
owt hecarbondioxi
degast oent
er
i
ntot heplant.
i
i
i. Chl orophy l
l:
 I
tisalreadypresentintheleaves.
i
v. Sunl ight:
 Fr
om t hesun.

Q7.  
Whatist
her oleofaci
dinourst
omach?
Ans. 
Acid(HCl)presentinourst
omachmakesthemedium aci
dicsoasto
faci
li
tat
etheacti
onoft heenzy
mepepsi
nanditki
l
lst
hebact
eri
aingest
edwi
th
food.
Q8. 
 Whati
sthefunct
ionofdi
gest
iveenzy
mes?
Ans.
 Di
gest
iveenzymesactonthecomplexf
oodt
obr
eakt
hem i
ntosi
mpl
er
component
s.

Q9.  
Howist hesmal lint
esti
nedesi gnedtoabsor bthedigestedf
ood?
Ans. 
Smallint est
ine has fingerl i
ke projecti
on int he i
nnerli
ning which
i
ncreases the sur face area for absor pti
on of f ood.These f i
nger
-l
ike
proj
ecti
onsar ecall
edv il
l
i.Thev i
l
liareri
chlysuppliedwithbl
oodvesselswhich
taketheabsorbedf oodtoeachandev er
ycel lofthebody.

Q10.  Whatadv antagesov eranaquat i

cor ganism doesat errestri
alor
ganism
havewi thregardtoobt ainingoxy genforrespi r
ation?
Ans. Aquaticorganism takesint heoxy gendi ssolvedi nwaterwhi chisinl
ess
percentaget hantheox ygenpr esentinai r.Terrestrialorganism cantakei n
mor eamountofox ygenatat i
met hanaquat i
cor ganisms.
Q11.  Whatar ethedi fferentway sinwhi chgl ucosei soxidisedt oprovide
energyi nvari
ousor ganisms?
Ans. Breakdownofgl ucosebyv ariouspathway sf ordiff
erentor gani
smsare:

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 

Q12.  
Howisoxy
genandcar bondioxi
detr
ansportedi
nhumanbei
ngs?
Ans. 
Ox y
geni
scarr
iedbyhaemoglobinpr
esentintheRBCoft
hebl
ood,car
bon
dioxi
deissol
ubl
einwaterandhencei st
ransport
edbythebl
oodi
ndissol
ved
form.

Q13. 
 How arel ungsdesignedinhumanbei ngstomaxi mi
set hear eaf or
exchangeofgases?
Ans. 
Inhumanbei ngsl
ungshav ethetubescall
edbronchi
oleswhichdi vi
de
i
ntosmallertubesandterminatei
ntobal
loonl
i
kest r
uct
urescall
edal
v eoli
.The
al
veolipr
ovidelargesur
faceareawheret
heexchangeofgasescantakepl ace.

Q14.
  
Whatar ethecomponentsoftransportsyst
em inhumanbeings?What
ar
ethefuncti
onsofthesecomponent s?
Ans.
 I
nhumanbei ngst
hetranspor
tsystem consi
stsofthef
oll
owi
ng:
i. Heart
: 
Itactsasapumpingorgan.
 i
i
. Bl
ood: 
Iti
sthet ransportmedium.Itismadeupof :
a)Plasma–I tcar r
ies f
ood mol ecul
es,ni tr
ogenous wast
es,sal
ts,
carbon dioxi
de,hormonesprot ei
nsetc.i
nadissol
vedf
orm.
b)RBC–Consi st
sofhaemogl obinandtransport
soxygen.
c)WBC–Hel pstofighti
nfect
ion.
d)Platel
ets–Helpsi nt
heclotti
ngofblood.

i
i
i. Bl
oodvessels:
a)Arter
ies–Car
ryoxygenatedbloodawayfr
om thehearttoeachand
everycell
.
b)Veins–Bri
ngde-oxygenatedbl
oodtohear
tforpur
if
icati
on.

Q15.  
Whyi sitnecessarytoseparat
eoxy
genatedanddeoxygenatedbloodin
mammal sandbi r
ds?
Ans. Mammal sandbi r
dsneedl ar
geamountofener
gyforthei
rli
feprocesses
andhencet heoxy genatedbloodcanhelpthem toobtainthisenergyby
breakingdownt hefood.

Q16.
  Whatarethecomponentsofthetr
anspor
tsyst
em i
nhighl
yorgani
sed
pl
ants?
Ans.
 Thecomponentsoft
hetranspor
tsy
stem ar
exy
lem.andphl
oem i
nhighl
y
or
ganizedpl
ants.

Q17.
  
Howar ewat erandmi neralst r
anspor tedinpl ants?
Ans.
 
 Wat erandmi ner alsaret r
ansportedi npl antswi tht hehelpofxy lem
tissue.
 Root sabsor bthewat erfrom thesoi lbyact i
velytakingupi ons,cr eates
thedi ff
erenceint heconcent rati
onoft hesei onsbet weent her ootand
thesoi l
.
 Wat erentersther ootcells.
 Thewat ermov esupcr eat i
ngacol umnofwat erthati ssteadilypushed
upwar dsinv esselsandt racheidsoft her oots,stem andl eav es,andar e
interconnected t of orm a cont inuous sy stem ofwat er-conducting
channel sreachingal l
partsoft hepl ant.
 Thewat erlossbyl eavest hroughst omat aiscal l
edtranspirati
on.
I tcreatesasuct ionpul l
,whi chpull
swat erfrom thexy lem cell
sofr oots.

Q18.
  
Howi sfoodtransport
edi
nplants?
Ans.
 
 Thetranspor
toffoodinplant
siscal
ledt
ranslocat
ion.
I tt
akesplacewiththehel
pofaconducti
ngtissuecall
edphl
oem.
  Phloem transportsgl ucose,ami noacidsandot hersubstancesfr
om
l
eav estoroot,shoot,frui
tsandseeds.
 Sievetubeandcompani oncell
shelpint r
ansport
ingthefoodinupward
anddownwar ddirecti
ons.
 Sucrose li
ke mat eri
als aretransport
ed using ener
gyf rom ATP and
osmot i
cpressure, whi
chi scausedduetowat er.
 Thispressuremov est hemateriali
nthephl oem toti
ssueswhichhave
l
esspr essure.
 Thispressurehelpsint hemov ementofmat eri
ali
nplants.

Q19.  
 Descr i
be t he st ructur e and f uncti
oning of
nephr ons.
Ans.  
Struct ureofnephr ons:I tconsi stsofaBowman’ s
capsul ei n whi ch glomer ulus is pr esent( clust er of
capill
aries) .Theaf f
erentar terybr i
ngst heimpur ebl oodt o
nephr on.Thecupshapedst ructure( Bowman’ scapsul e)
form at ubul arpar tofnephr onwhi chl eadst ocol lect ing
duct .
Wor kingofNephr on
(i
)  
  
Filt
rat ion: Ther enalar teryoraf ferentarteryiswi der
andsl owl yitbecomesanar row t ubei nthegl omer ulus.
Duet o di fferencei nthewi dth,pr essur edifferencei s
causedandwat erwi t
hdi ssol vedimpur it
iesaresqueezedoutf rom thet ube.I
t
i
scol l
ect edi nt heBowman’ scapsul ewhi chiscupl ikest ructureandpasses
i
ntot het ube.
(i
i) 
  
Reabsor ption: 
Theabov ef il
tratepassest hrought het ubulewher ethe
maj oramountofwat er
,gl ucose, ami noaci dsar esel ect iv
elyr eabsorbedbyt he
capill
arieswhi char esurroundi ngthet ubule.
(i
ii
) 
 Ur i
nef ormat i
on: 
Thewat erandi mpur i
ti
eswhi chi snotr eabsorbedi ssent
to acol lecting duct .Thi sf iltr
atecont ainsmor eofdi ssolvedni tr
ogenous
wast esi.e.ur eaandhencei tistermedasur i
ne.From her etheur i
neent ersthe
ureterandi scol l
ectedinur i
nar ybladder .

Q20.
  
Whatar ethemet hodsusedbypl antstogetr i
dofexcr etoryproduct
s?
Ans.
 Wastesex cretedfr
om pl antsare:
i. Gaseous wast es–thr
ough st omata pores CO2 i s given outdur i
ng
respir
ationandO2  i
sgivenoutdur ingphotosynthesis.
i
i. Liquidwast es(water)
–t hroughstomatapor esbytranspirat
ion.
i
i
i. Otherwast es–arestoredi nleavesdeadcellsandt heleavesfallof
f.
Someot herwast eproductsar estoredasresinsandgumsi nol dxyl
em ofthe
pl
antandot herwast esarealsot hr
ownoutf rom nodesintot hesoil
.

Q21.
  
Howi
stheamountofur
inepr
oducedr
egul
ated?
Ans. Theamountofur ineproduceddependsonhowmuchexcesswat erthere
i
si nthebodyandhowmuchofdi ssolvedwastetherei
stobeexcreted.Ona
hotday ,whenwesweatandl oseal otofbodywat erandsalt
s,mostoft he
waterandsal tsi
nkidneywi l
lber eabsor bedint
othebloodfr
om thefil
tratein
thetubule.Thus,
thev olumeofurinepr oducedwillbel
ess.
I
n wi nter
s,when wedo notsweata l ot
,a li
tt
lewaterand sal
tswi l
lbe
reabsorbedandthev olumeofur i
nepr oducedwi l
lbemore.
Thus, t
hereisper
fectosmor egul
ationi nthebody.

QUESTI
ONSFROM NCERTTEXTBOOK

Q1.  
How ar ef
atsdi gest
edi nourbodies?Wher edoest hispr ocesst ake
pl
ace?
Ans. Fatsaredigestedi nthesmallint
est
ine.Thesecret
ionofliver,cal
ledbile,
breaksdownt hel argegl obul
esoff ati
ntosmal lergl
obules.Thi siscal l
ed
emulsificati
onoff ats.Thebi l
ealsomakest hemedium alkal
inesot hatthe
pancreat i
cenzymecont aini
nglipasefur
therdigestfat
st oformf att
yacids.
Theal kali
nemedium i srequir
edforpancr
eaticenzymetoactonl ipase.

Q2. 
 Whatist
heroleofsali
vainthedigest
ionoffood?
Ans. 
Sal
iv
acontainsenzymes,sali
var
yamy laseandisrel
easedinourmouth.
I
tbreaksdownstarchi
ntosugar(complexcarbohydr
atesi
ntosi
mplerones)
.

Q3.  Whatar et henecessar y’condit

ionsforaut ot
r ophicnutriti
onandwhat
areitsby pr
oduct s?
Ans. Forautotrophicnut r
it
iontotakeplacethecondi ti
onsnecessar yar
el i
ght,
carbondi oxi
deandwat ershouldreachacellwhi chcont ainschlorophyl
linit.
Wat erfir
stsplitstor el
easeox ygenandhy drogen.Thi sprocessi sphotolysi
s
ofwat er.Hydrogent hencombi neswithcar
bondi oxidetof orm glucose.
Theby productoft heaut otr
ophicnutr
iti
onisoxygenwhi chisreleasedthrough
stomat a.

Q4. 
 Whataret hedif
fer
encesbet
weenaerobicandanaer obicrespi
rat
ion?
Namesomeor gani
smsthatuset
heanaer
obicmodeofr espir
ati
on.
Ans.
 
  
  
Aerobi
crespir
ati
on  
  
  
Anaerobi
crespir
ati
on
1.Takespl
acei
npr
esenceofoxy
gen. Takespl
acei
nabsenceofoxy
gen.
2. I
ts end product
s ar
e car
bon It
s end product
s ar
e et
hanoland
di
oxi
deandwater. carbondi
oxide.
3.Mor
eener
gyi
srel
eased. Lessener
gyi
srel
eased.
4.Ittakesplacei
n cy
topl
asm and
I
ttakespl
aceonl
yint
hecy
topl
asm.
mit
ochondri
a.
5.Compl et
e oxi
dat
ion of gl
ucose Incompl
ete oxi
dati
on of glucose
takesplace. takespl
ace.
Someor gani
smsthatusetheanaerobi
cmodeofr espi
rat
ionar
e—yeastand
bacteri
a.

Q5. 
 Howaret heal
veolidesignedtomaxi misetheexchangeofgases?
Ans. 
Thealveoliar
epr esentatthet er
minalofbr onchi
oles.Theyareballoon
shapedst
ructureswhichincreasesthesurfaceareafortheexchangeofgases
andareri
chl
ysuppl i
edwi t
hbl oodvessel
stot aketheoxygentodiff
erentcell
s.

Q6.  
Whatwoul dbet heconsequencesofadef i
ciencyofhaemogl obininour
bodies?
Ans. Haemogl obi nisar edpigmentpresentinourbloodwhichcarriesoxygen
toallthepartsoft hebody .
Ift
herei sdeficiencyofhaemogl obint
henamountofoxy genreachi
ngourbody
cell
swi l
ldecr ease,whi chmayl eadt oreleaseofl essenergyinourbody ,
l
eadingt oadi seasecal ledanaemia.
Breathlessness, t
irednessandweaknessar ethesympt omsofanaemi a.

Q7. 
 Descri
bedoubl eci
rculationinhumanbei ngs.Whyi sitnecessar y?
Ans. 
Thehear tofhumanbei ngsconsi stsoftwosi desrightandl eft.
Ther i
ghtsideoft hehear tr eceivesde-oxygenatedbl oodf rom t hecel l
sand
ti
ssuesandsendsi tfur
therforpur if
icat
iontolungs.
Thel ef
tsideoft hehear tr eceivesoxy genatedbl oodf rom lungswhi chi s
pumpedf urtherandsentt oal lthepartsoft hebodyt hroughbl oodv essels.
Thisiscall
eddoubl eci
rculation.Theener gydemandofhumanbei ngsist oo
l
arge and hence i ti s necessar yf ort he separati
on ofoxy genated and
deoxygenat
edbl oodt omeett hi
sener gydemand.

Q8. 
 Whataret hedif
fer
encesbet
weent
het
ransportofmater
ial
sinxy
lem
andphloem?
Ans.
Transpor
tinXyl
em Transpor
tinPhl
oem
1.Wat erand mi
ner
alsal
ts ar
e
Foodi
naqueousf
ormi
str
ansl
ocat
ed.
tr
ansport
ed.
2. The tr
anspor
tis gener
all
y
Thet
ranspor
tisact
ive.
passi
ve.
3.Vessel
sandt
rachei
dsar
edead Si
evet
ubesandcompani
oncel
l
sar
e
cel
l
s. l
i
vingcel
l
s.

Q9. 
Compar
et hef unct
ioni
ngofalveol
iinthelungsandnephr
onsi
nthe
ki
dneyswi
threspecttothei
rst
ruct
ureandf
unct
ioning.
Ans.
Al
veoli Nephr
on
1.I
tisthestr
uct
uralandf
unct
ional I
tisthestr
uct
uralandf
unct
ionaluni
t
uni
tofl
ungs. ofki
dneys.
2.Itist hi
n walled,has a l
arge Itisthinwall
ed,hasalar
gesur
face
sur
faceareaandi sr i
chl
ysuppl
ied areaandi sr
ichl
ysuppl
i
edwit
hblood
wit
hbloodvessel
s. vessels.
3.Itremovescar
bon di
oxi
def
rom I
tremovesni
tr
ogenouswast
esf
rom
thebl
ood. t
heblood.

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