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UNIT-I / PART-B
1. Write an account of what you understand by Transport Phenomena, highlighting the unified
approach adopted for all the three transfer operations.
2. Compute the mean molecular velocity and the mean free path of O2 at 1 atm. And
273.20K.Assume d=3.00A. What is the ratio of the mean free path to the molecular diameter
in this situation? [NOV/DEC 2017]
3. Two ducts A and B containing water are connected to an inclined manometer as shown in
the fig. Duct B is at a constant pressure of 6psi.Calculte the new manometer reading along
the inclined tube if the pressure in duct A is increased by 10 psi . [NOV/DEC 2017]
4. Estimate the viscosity of N2 at 50oC and 854 atm, given M= 28 g/g mole, Pc =33.5atm,Tc=
126.2K [NOV 2018]
5. Write an account on the Phenomenological laws of Transport properties of fluids. [May
2013][ NOV 2018]
6. Develop the concept of Viscosity for the Newtonian Fluids and the corresponding
rheological property terms for the Newtonian fluids. [May 2016]
7. Write Short Notes on: a) Newtonian Fluids, b) Bingham plastics, c) Oswald Dewaale
Model, d) The Ellis model, e) The Reiner-Philippof model.[Nov 2013]
8. Explain molecular theory of viscosity of gases at low density? [Dec 2015][May
2016][NOV 2018] (Nov/Dec. 2021)
9. Discuss in detail about the laws of conservation of momentum, energy and mass for
engineering flow
10. Discuss in detail the effect of temperature and pressure on the thermal conductivity of a
material [Nov 2013]
11. Compute the mean molecular velocity cm/sec and mean free path of O2 at 1 atm and 273 K. Assume
d = 3.0 oA. What is the ratio of the mean free path to the molecular diameter in this situation.
Data
K = 1.38 X 10-16 erg/mol K; N = 6.023 X 1023 1/gm mole; n = Flow behavior index = 2.68 X 1015
12. (i)Estimate DAB for a dilute solution of TNT (2,4,6 trinitrotoluene) in Benzene at 150C.
[TNT-Component A, Benzene Component B) Given data = 0.705 CP;(for solution
considered as pure Benzene),VA=140 CC/Gm mole for TNT, B =1.0 for benzene, MB =
78.11 for C6H6
(ii) Compute the viscosity of CO2 at 300 K and 1 atm pressure
Given: / R= 190 K; = 3.996 Ao and = 1.286
13. Write briefly on the theory of viscosity of liquids
14. Toluene is contained between two identical and parallel plates each of area 5m2. The top
plate is pulled in minus x direction by a force of 0.083 N at a velocity of 0.3 m/s. The bottom
plate is pulled in the opposite direction by a force of 0.027 N at a velocity of 0.1 m/s. The
plates are 10mm apart. Calculate the viscosity in centipoise. (Nov/Dec. 2021)
15. Describe the phenomenological equations for momentum, heat and mass transfer
The radial dependence of the shear stress for the laminar flow of a Newtonian liquid in an
annulus is expressed as follows:
r = λ R is the point at which the velocity is maximum and the shear stress is zero.
13. What are the ranges of Reynolds number for flow through a Pipe?
Laminar flow: Re < 2100
Transition Region: 2100<Re< 4000
Turbulent flow: Re > 4000
Fully developed turbulent flow is said to prevail for Re >10000
14. Define Nusselts number.
Nusselts number is basically a dimensionless temperature gradient averaged over the heat
transfer surface, given by: h D / k
where h is the heat transfer coefficient, D is the dimension of the tube and k is the
thermal conductivity of the fluid.
15. What is Hagen- Poiseuille Equation and when is it used? (DEC 2015) (MAY 2016)
The volumetric flow rate ‘Q’ of a Newtonian fluid flowing through a circular pipe is given
by the equation
Q = (P0 –PL) R4 / (8 L)
This famous result is known as Hagen-Poiseuille Law. This is applicable only when the
fluid flowing under Laminar Flow conditions.
16. Write the assumption in Flow through circular tube
Flow of fluids through a circular tube is a common problem, encountered frequently in
different fields of engineering.
Assumptions
Fluid density and viscosity are constants.
System is in steady state.
Laminar flow (simple shear flow).
Newton's law of viscosity is applicable.
Fully developed flow.
17. Write the assumption in Falling film on an inclined flat surface
Assumptions
Constant density, viscosity
Steady state
Laminar flow (simple shear flow)
Fully developed flow
Newton's law of viscosity is applicable
18. Write down the Equation of Continuity in rectangular and cylindrical co-ordinates.
∂ρ ∂(ρvx ) ∂(ρvy ) ∂(ρvz )
Rectangular co-ordinates (x,y,z) : + + + =o
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ρ 1 ∂(ρrvr ) 1 ∂(ρv ) ∂(ρvz )
Cylindrical co-ordinates (r, ,z): +( ) +( ) + =o
∂t r ∂r r ∂ ∂z
19. What is annular flow with inner cylinder moving axially?
In a wire coating machine, a wire of radius kR is moving into a cylindrical hollow die. The
radius of the die is R , and the wire is moving with a velocity v0 along the axis. The die is
filled with a Newtonian fluid, a coating material. The pressure at both ends of the die is
same.
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering 8 Department of Chemical Engineering
CH8791 Transport Phenomena 2022-2023
UNIT-II / PART-B
1. Derive the momentum flux and velocity distribution equations for a fluid flowing through
an annulus of inner radius ‘KR’, outer radius ‘R’ and Length ‘L’. The density of the fluid
is constant and the flow is steady and laminar. (Nov/Dec. 2021)
2. Calculate the required torque in N-m and the power consumption in horse power to turn the
shaft in the friction bearing, The length of bearing surface on the shaft is 5.08cm, that the
shaft is turning at 200rpm,That the viscosity of the lubricant is 200cp and that the fluid
density is 243.8 kg/m3 . Inner radius= 2.54 X 10-2 m, outer radius is 0.02545m.
3. Derive the expression for flow of falling film with variable viscosity ie. µ = µ 0 𝑒𝛿−∝𝑥 . Show
that the average velocity given by Vz = ρ.g.𝞭2.cosβ / µ 0[e∝(1/∝ -2/∝2 + 2/∝3) ]- 2/∝3
[NOV/DEC 2017]
4. Derive the equation for steady state laminar flow inside the annulus between two concentric
horizontal pipes.This type of flow occurs in concentric pipe exchangers.
5. A glass rod of diameter 1.3mm is 1m long. One end is maintained at normal boiling point
of toluene at 110.60C.The other end is fixed to a block of ice. The thermal conduction along
the rod is steady state.The heat of fusion of ice is 79.7cal/gm, thermal conductivity for glass
= 0.86W/m.K .Assume no heat loss from the exposed surface of rod. Find i)Amount of
heat transferred in watt. ii) No of grams of ice that melt in 30 mins.
6. A fluid with constant viscosity and density flows along an inclined flat surface under the
influence of gravity with no ripples. Derive the equations for momentum flux and velocity
distribution. The film thickness is measured away from the wall. (that is, x=0 at the wall
and x= at the edge of the film) Mention all your assumptions
7. A fluid is flowing through a circular tube of length ‘L’ and radius ‘R’. Viscosity and density
are constant. The flow is laminar. Derive an equation for Hagen-Poiseuille. Indicate all the
assumptions you have made
8. A viscous fluid is in laminar flow in a slit formed by two parallel walls with a distance 2B
apart. The wall length is ‘L’ and width is ‘ W ’. Make a differential momentum balance and
obtain the expression for volumetric rate of flow for the slit. (Nov/Dec. 2021)
9. Derive the equation for shear stress and velocity distribution for the flow of viscous fluid
through a circular pipes by the application of Navier stokes equation? b) Also obtain the
equations for the maximum velocity, average velocity and mass rate of flow?
10. A horizontal annulus is 8 m long. The outside radius of inner cylinder is 1.25 cm. A 60%
aqueous solution of sucrose is to be pumped through the annulus at 200C. At this
temperature the fluid density is 1.4 gm/cm3 and its viscosity is 55CP. What is the
volumetric rate of flow when the impressed pressure drop is 0.4 x 105 N/m2.
11. Derive the equation for shear stress distribution and velocity distribution fot the flow of a
falling film on an inclined flat plate. Derive the maximum velocity, average velocity,
thickness of the film and the force acting on the flat surface by shell balance method?
12. Two immiscible incompressible fluids are flowing in the z direction in a horizontal slit of
length ‘L’ and width ‘W’ under the influence of pressure gradient. The fluid flow rates are
so adjusted than the slit is half filled with fluid I and half filled with fluid II. Find out the
velocity profile and volumetric flow rate.
13. Derive the Buckingham-Reiner equation for Bingham flow in a circular tube.
UNIT III - ONE DIMENSIONAL HEAT TRANSPORT
Shell energy balances, boundary conditions, temperature profiles, average temperature, energy
fluxes at surfaces for different types of heat sources such as electrical, nuclear viscous and
chemical, Equations of change (non-isothermal), equation of motion for forced and free
convection, equation of energy (non-isothermal).
UNIT-III/ PART-A
1. Differentiate between natural convection and forced convection. [May / June 2012]
Forced Convection Heat Transfer Free Convection Heat Transfer.
1. The flow patterns are determined primarily by 1. The flow patterns are determined
some external force by the buoyant effect of the heated
fluid
2. First the velocity profiles are determined and 2. The velocity profiles and the
then these are used to find the temperature temperature profiles are intimately
profiles. connected.
3. The Nusselts number is dependant on the 3. The Nusselts number is dependant
Reynolds number and Prandtl number. on the Grashoff number and Prandtl
number.
2. Define Sherwood number. (Nov/Dec. 2021)
Sherwood number:
Sh = [kc D / Dv]
Where kc is the individual mass transfer coefficient, D is the linear dimension and Dv is the
volumetric diffusivity.
3. What is Brinkman number
Brinkman number is given by
Br = [µ V2 / k (Tb – T0)]
It is a measure of the extent to which viscous heating is important relative to the heat flow
resulting from the impressed temperature difference (Tb – T0). It is visualized as the ratio
of heat production by viscous dissipation and heat transport by conduction
14. Write the Heat flux in heat transfer from a cylindrical composite wall.
Consider a composite wall of height L, width W and thickness . The wall contains
two layers of different materials which have the thermal conductivity K0 and K1, and
different thickness respectively. At x=0, the composite wall is maintained at a
18. Write the assumptions in Heat transfer from a cylindrical composite wall.
Assumptions
System is in steady state.
Thermal conductivities K01and K12 are constants.
System follows Fourier’s law of heat conduction.
Heat loss in axial directions are negligible.
19. Write the assumptions in Heat conduction in a rectangular fin.
Assumption
System is at steady state.
Fin has a constant heat conductivity.
The outside heat transfer coefficient is ha
Where is the mass average velocity of the mixture and are the
velocity of components 1,2,3,------N
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering 16 Department of Chemical Engineering
CH8791 Transport Phenomena 2022-2023
15. Draw the neat sketch of Diffusion and chemical reaction inside a porous spherical
catalyst particle
16. Draw the neat sketch of Diffusion through stagnant gas film.
17. Define the terms: Molecular diffusion & Eddy diffusion (May 2018)
Molecular Diffusion is a mechanism of mass transfer in stagnant fluids / moving in laminar
flow. Molecular diffusion is concerned with the movement of individual molecules through
a substance by virtue of their thermal energy. The phenomenon of molecular diffusion leads
to a completely uniform concentration throughout a solution.
Eddy Diffusion is a mechanism in which the mechanical agitation produces rapid
movement of relatively large chunks /eddies, of fluid characteristics of turbulent motion,
which have carried salt with them.
18. Define Unsteady state Diffusion
If the change of concentration of a component A of the diffusive constituents in a mixture
occurs over a time at a point, the Fick’s law of diffusion at unsteady state condition can be
expressed for Z-direction as
Both the diffusive and non-diffusive constituents affect the rate of unsteady state diffusion
19. What is the physical basis for mass transfer to occur?
Mass Transfer phenomena arise from the distribution of sample molecules within either the
stationary phase or mobile phase.
Existence of Concentration Gradient
Diffusion forms the basis for several mass transfer operations.
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering 18 Department of Chemical Engineering
CH8791 Transport Phenomena 2022-2023
Instantaneous pressure can then be written as the sum of the time smoothed p and a
pressure fluctuation p’: p = p + p’
15. Define Reynold’s stress.
In the case of Turbulent flow we come across the turbulent momentum flux tensor τ(t) with
components
5. Estimate DAB for the methane-ethane at 1040F and 1 atm. Using the following methods
a)Slattery equation, b)Chapman Enskog theoretical equation,using critical temperature and
pressure to estimate Lennard Jones Potential. Data: ΩD,AB= 1.45,a=2.754X 10-4, b=1.823
Compound M (g/ gmole) Tc (K) Pc( bar)
Methane (A) 16.04 190.7 45.8
Ethane(B) 30.07 282.4 50.0
6. Discuss the temperature fluctuations and time smoothed temperature in turbulent flow.
Bring out the analogus nature of the phenomena with the momentum transfer. [May 2016]
(Nov/Dec. 2021)
7. Calculate the thickness of boundary layer at a distane of 3 inch from the leading edge of a
flat surface over which air at 80oF is flowing with a free stream velocity of 35ft/sec.Also
estimate the rate of growth of the boundary layer. For air,take ρ = 0.0735 lb/ft3 and v= 1.69
X 10-4 ft2/sec
8. Derive an expression for universal velocity profile? [Dec 2015]
9. Derive equation that describe time smoothed equation of continuity and motion for an
incompressible fluid?
10. Explain instantaneous velocity, time smoothed velocity and fluctuating velocity in turbulent
flow?
11. [a] Explain with a neat sketch, the velocity distribution for turbulent flow in tubes.
[b] Write down the equations for the three regions of turbulent flow.
12. For the turbulent flow in smooth circular tube, the curve fit function VX/VXmax = [1-
r/R](1/n) is useful. Derive the equations for the ratio of average to maximum velocity?
13. Explain The following : (a) Reynolds stresses, (b) Eddy Viscosity, (c) Creeping flow (d)
Drag coefficient
14. A hollow sphere 5 mm dia, with a mass of 0.0500 g is released in a column of liquid and
attains terminal velocity of 0.5 cm/s. The liquid density is 0.9 gm/cm3. Compute the drag
force, drag coefficient and the viscosity of the fluid.
15. Explain in detail, the following: (a) Prandtl’s mixing length and (b) Friction Factor
16. Explain in detail, the following: (a) Flow through packed bed & (b) Von Karman’s
similarity hypothesis
17. Derive the Ergun Equation for the flow of liquid through the packed bed.
18. What do you know about Boundary Layer?
19. Discuss the laminar and turbulent hydrodynamic, thermal and concentration boundary layer
thicknesses. (Nov/Dec. 2021)
20. Obtain a description of the incompressible flow pattern near the leading edge of a flat plate
immersed in a fluid stream.