TABLE OF CONTENT

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………... 2
Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 3–4
Objective ………………………………………………………………………. 5
Theory …………………………………………………………………………. 6–8
Material and Apparatus ………………………………………………………… 9 – 10
Methodology …………………………………………………………………… 11 – 12
Data And Results ……………………………………………………………… 13 – 16
Calculations …………………………………………………………………… 17 – 35
Discussion ……………………………………………………………………… 36 – 43
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………. 44
Recommendation ……………………………………………………………… 45
References ……………………………………………………………………… 46

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD) Page 1
1.0 ABSTRACT
Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger has been designed specifically to demonstrate the working
principles of industrial heat exchangers. Heat exchanger is a device that built for efficient heat
transfer from one medium to another. The objective of this experiment is to demonstrate the
working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating under co-current flow
conditions and counter-current flow conditions.the last objective is to demonstrate the effect of
flow rate variation on the performance characteristics of a concentric tube heat exchanger
operating under counter-current flow conditions.both hot and cold. The experiments start with
both hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction
in parallel flow(co-current).On the other hand, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at
opposite ends and flow in opposite directions in counter flow. From the results, the percentage
efficiency in experiment D are more than 100% , although the percentages efficiency of counter
current is more than co-current. Also, based on the calculation, power absorbed is much larger
than power emitted. Lastly, we assume that that there could be external or internal factors that
could contribute to this kind of phenomena.

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD) Page 2
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluid that
are different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other. There are many
types of heat exchangers which apply different types of hardware and configuration of heat
transfer equipment. There are shell and tube, plate and shell, adiabatic wheel, plate fin, pillow
plate and other. It also has two types of flow arrangement which are parallel and counter flow.

Heat exchangers are commonly used in practice in a wide range of applications, from
heating and air-conditioning systems in a household, to chemical processing and power
production in large plants. Heat exchangers differ from mixing chambers in that they do not
allow the two fluids involved to mix. Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves
convection in each fluid and conduction through the wall separating the two fluids. In the
analysis of heat exchangers, it is convenient to work with an overall heat transfer coefficient U
that accounts for the contribution of all these effects on heat transfer. The rate of heat transfer
between the two fluids at a location in a heat exchanger depends on the magnitude of the
temperature difference at that location, which varies along the heat exchanger.

For this experiment, the SOLTEQ HE104-PD Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger has
been designed specifically to demonstrate the working principles of industrial heat exchangers.
The apparatus and materials requires only a cold water supply, single phase electrical outlet and
a bench top to enable a series of simple measurements to be made by students. Experiments can
be readily conducted in a short period of time, to accurately show the practical importance of the
temperature profiles, co-current and counter-current flow, energy balances, log mean
temperature difference and heat transfer coefficients.

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD) Page 3
 The equipment consists of a concentric tube exchanger in the form of a 'U' mounted on a
support frame. The external surface of the exchanger is insulated. Three temperature measuring
devices are installed in the inside and outside tubes to measure the fluid temperatures accurately.
To minimize losses in the system, the hot water is fed through the inner pipe, with the cooling
water in the outer annulus. Control valves are incorporated in each of the two streams to regulate
the flow. The flow rates are measured using independent flow meters installed in each line.

The hot water system is totally self-contained. A hot storage tank is equipped with an
immersion type heater and an adjustable temperature controller which can maintain a
temperature to within approximately ± 1°C. Circulation to the heat exchanger is provided by a
pump and hot water returns to the storage tank to be reheated. The cold water required for the
exchanger is taken from the laboratory mains supply. A readily identifiable valve arrangement
allows simple changeover between co- and counter-current configurations.

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD) Page 4
3.0 OBJECTIVES
1) To demonstrate the working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating
under co-current flow conditions.
2) To demonstrate the working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating
under counter-current flow conditions.
3) To demonstrate the effect of flow rate variation on the performance characteristics of a
concentric tube heat exchanger operating under counter-current flow conditions.
4) To study the effect of flow and counter-current flow and co-current flow of heat
exchangers.
5) To study effect of fluid temperature on counter flow heat exchanger performance.
6) To study effect of fluid flow rates on heat exchanger performance.
7) To study the efficiency for co-current flow, counter-current flow and flow rate variation
of the fluid.
8) To study the different of overall heat transfer coefficient for co- current flow, counter-
current flow and variation of the fluid.
9) To determine the flow rate for different co-current and counter-current in the heat
exchanger.
10) To determine the different of Reynold‟s number for different co-current and counter-
current in the heat exchanger.
11) To determine the different of Nusselt number for different co-current and counter-current
in the heat exchanger.

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD) Page 5
4.0 THEORY
The simplest type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different diameters
called the double-pipe heat exchanger. One fluid in a double-pipe heat exchanger flows through
the smaller pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space between the two pipes.
Two types of flow arrangement are possible in a double-pipe heat exchanger. In parallel flow,
both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same
direction. In counter flow, on the other hand, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at
opposite ends and flow in opposite directions.

Before calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient U, power emitted and power
absorbed must be calculated first to determine the value of power lost by using formula:
Power emitted = QH ρH CpH (THin - THout)
Power absorbed = QC ρC CpC (TCout – TCin)

Power lost = power emitted - power absorbed

The value of efficiency also must be calculated,

In heat exchanger, the log mean temperature difference is the appropriate average
temperature difference to use in heat transfer calculations. The equation for log mean
temperature difference is:

The determination of the overall heat transfer coefficient is necessary in order to determine the
heat transferred from inner pipe to the outer pipe. The coefficient takes into accounts all of the
conductive and convective resistance (k and h, respectively) between fluids separated by the
inner pipe.

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD) Page 6
For a double pipe heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer coefficient, U can be expressed as:

Where,
Area = Surface area of contact
= pi x O Dinner pipe x Length
= (3.142 x 0.015 x 1.36) m²
= 0.0641 m²

The only part of the overall heat transfer coefficient that needs to be determined is the
convection heat transfer coefficient. Correlation is used to relate the Reynolds number to the heat
transfer coefficient. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless equation.

Reynolds number, Re =

If the Reynolds number in range between 2300- 4000, it consider as laminar flow. When
the Reynolds number is greater than 4000, it considered to be turbulent flow. So, the formula to
calculate the Nusselt number and Prandtl number used are:

Figure 1 - Nusselt number for fully developed laminar flow in an annulus with one surface
isothermal and the other adiabatic
Nusselt number = 0.023 · (Re^0.8) · (Pr^0.3) for hot water
Nusselt number = 0.023.(Re^0.8).(Pr^0.4) for cold water
Prandtl number, Pr = μ · cp / k

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD) Page 7
Then, the value of heat transfer coefficient can be determined with this formula:
Surface heat transfer coefficient, h = Nu · k /d

The percentage error must be calculating to found out how much error in this experiment.
Before calculated the percentage error, it must calculate first the theoretical heat coefficient
because to calculate the error, the theoretical heat coefficient must be subtract the experimental
heat coefficient and then divide by theoretical heat coefficient. The formula used to calculate the
theoretical heat coefficient is:

Theoretical Heat Coefficient, 1 / U = 1 / h [cold side] + 1 / h [hot side]

Where,
ρ = density,
μ = dynamic viscosity,
cp = specific heat,
k = thermal conductivity
d =diameter of pipe

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD) Page 8
5.0 APPARATUS & MATERIALS

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD) Page 9
Name Of The Component Of The Apparatus in Figure 1 and 2

1) Loose cover 15) Temperature controller

2) Level switch 16) Main switch
3) Heating element 17) Temperature sensor
4) Storage tank 18) Hot water inlet
5) Bypass valve 19) Selector valve
6) Pump inlet 20) Temperature sensor
7) Pump 21) Flowmeter
8) Temperature sensor 22) Control valve
9) Bleed valve 23) Cold water inlet
10) Temperature sensor 24) Cold water outlet
11) Bleed valve 25) Temperature sensor
12) Flowrate indicator 26) Control valve
13) Temperature indicator 27) Flowmeter
14) Concentric tub

Lab Report SOLTEQ Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger Unit (HE:104-PD) Page 10