Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

Objective:

 To demonstrate indirect heating or cooling effect by the transfer of heat from

one fluid stream to another when separated by a solid wall in both parallel and
counter flow configuration and calculate the heat loss

 To determine the maximum possible heat transfer in a given configuration of the

heat exchanger and using actual heat transfer value, calculate the effectiveness of
(Parallel or Counter flow or Both choice) heat exchanger

Background:

Shell and tube heat exchanger consists of a number of a number of

parallel tubes enclosed in a cylindrical shell. Heat is transferred between one fluid
flowing through the tube bundle and the other fluid flowing through the cylindrical shell
around the tubes. Baffles are often included inside the shell to increase the velocity and
turbulence of the shell side fluid and thereby increasing the heat transfer.

Feedback:

 The assignement should look like a manual

 Two objectives at the start.

 Then Theoretical background….. (What is a heat exhchanger… function… Parallel

and Counter flow heat exchanger and which one is superior for heat transfer and
why? . Explain Shell and Tue Heat Exchanger….. A label diagram for the parts ….
Heading of each part and its function or explanation).

 How to calculate the heat transfer for each fluid…. Explain the formula as well

 What is LMTD and how to calculate it and why to take LMTD

 . Explain the working of sensor… Like thermocouple… How it works… better a

diagram

 You don’t need to mention each experiment separately.

 Just describe All the theoretical background after the two objectives and the
remaining capabilities at the end

 Now Your Lab Equipment .. What is its specifications

 Differenet Control Functions….

 Procedure for each experiment followed by Data Collection and Results

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  At the end, there must be four to five short answer questions that should be
interactive and completely experiment related.

Like, if the rate of heat transfer of cold water is increased to 3 degree, what would be
the maximum possible heat transfer? ( Now the student will go to his reading and
calculate something again with some changes ) or can be ask the function of
something

Data Acquisiton and Procedure Pages should be complete separate for each
experiment.

Exp#2

Objective:

To perform an energy balance across a shell and tube exchanger and calculate the
overall efficiency at different fluid flow rates

Background:

“The rate of heat transfer is directly proportional to mass flow rate”. If you
increase the flow rate, you will then increase the rate of heat transfer.

The above statement is wrong here…. You are dealing with sensible heat transfer here. Better
to go through thuis formula theory.

Didn’t mention what’s C and Delta T here. And can also mention the the value of C at the
experimental range temperature

The reaction between heat transfer and flow-rate is given by:

Q = M x C x Delta T
Use (Alt + =) to write the equations
𝑸 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑 ∆𝑻
Exp#3

Objective:

To demonstrate the differences between counter-current flow (flows in opposing

directions) and co-current flows (flows in the same direction) and the effect on heat

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transferred, temperature efficiencies and temperature profiles through a shell and tube
heat exchanger.

Background:

Looks Like Copy Paste here. Your colleagues may not understand it. Where its
occurring in nature.. explain otherwise leave. Just stick to simple words and basic
understanding.

Explain parallel and counterflow here. You can also find the graph of temperature
change during each configuration that might give you an idea why one is better
than other.

Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism occurring in nature and

mimicked in industry and engineering, in which there is a crossover of some property,
usually heat or some chemical, between two flowing bodies flowing in opposite
directions to each other. The flowing bodies can be liquids, gases, or even solid powders
and inn our case water flowing in the pipes.

On the other hand Co-counter current exchange is a mechanism in

which the water is moving in the same direction.

A comparison between the operations and effects of a co-current and a countercurrent

flow exchange system is depicted by the upper and lower diagrams respectively. In both
it is assumed (and indicated) that red has a higher value (e.g. of temperature) than blue
and that the property being transported in the channels therefore flows from red to
blue.

Exp#4

Objective:

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To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for a shell and tube heat exchanger
using the logarithmic mean temperature difference to perform the calculations (for
counter-current and co-current flows.

Background:

The logarithmic mean temperature difference also known as LMTD is a

logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold feeds at
each end of the double pipe exchanger. For a given heat exchanger with constant area
and heat transfer coefficient, the larger the LMTD, the more heat is transferred.

The LMTD is given by:

The LMTD can be used to find the exchanged heat in a heat exchanger using:

Exp#5

Objective:

To investigate the effect of changes in hot fluid and cold fluid flow rate on the
temperature efficiencies and overall heat transfer coefficient.

Background:

Exp#6

Objective:

To investigate the effect of driving force (difference between hot stream and cold
stream temperature) with counter-current and co-current flow.

Background:

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Apparatus:
 Base Service Unit

 Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

1. Basic Service Unit 2. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

Base Service Unit

It is made of an anodized aluminum structure and a panel of painted steel. Main

metallic components are of stainless steel. This unit heats the water, Pumps hot water,
change the direction of cold-water flow, and measures cold and hot water.

Stainless steel tank of 30 liter capacity is equipped with electric heating element
of 3000W, thermostat up to 70 C, “J” type temperature sensor to measures water
temperature, level switch to control the water level in the tank, stainless steel cover to
avoid contact with hot water, and draining water valve.

Moreover, base unit consists of a centrifugal pump (range: 0 - 3 l./min), 2 Flow

meters, one for hot water and the other for cold water (range: 0.2 to 2 l./min). Control
valves for the cold and hot water: 4 Ball valves that, depending on how we manipulate
them, give us co-current or counter-current flux in the exchanger. 2 Ball valves to control
and drain the hot water of the base unit. Pressure regulator to avoid the introduction of too
much pressure in the exchangers, tared at 0.6 bar. 4 Flexible tubes to connect with the
different exchangers.

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Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

It consists of a group of stainless tubes inside the heat exchanger. The hot water
flows through the internal tubes and the cooling water circulates through the space
between the internal tubes and the shell. There are 4 traverse baffles placed in the shell to
guide the cold water to maximize the heat transfer. Exchange length of the shell and each
tube is 0.5m.

MAKE TABLE HERE … Left Side Parameter name ,.right side value

Interior tube (21 tubes):

Internal diameter: D = 8 mm
External diameter: D = 10 mm
Thickness = 1 mm
Internal heat transfer area: A = 0.0126 m2
External heat transfer area: A = 0.0157m2
Shell:

Internal diameter: D = 148 mm

External diameter: D = 160 mm
Thickness = 6 mm
Specify Each Sensor Number and The Temperature it gives.
Temperature sensors (“J” type) are present, for measuring cold and hot water
temperatures, at different points of the exchanger are connected to the Base Service Unit.

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3. Schematic of Base Service Unit 4. Schematic of Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

List of experiments:

1. To demonstrate indirect heating or cooling by transfer of heat from one fluid stream to
another when separated by a solid wall (fluid to fluid heat transfer).

2. To perform an energy balance across a shell and tube exchanger and calculate the overall
efficiency at different fluid flow rates

3. To demonstrate the differences between counter-current flow (flows in opposing

directions) and co-current flows (flows in the same direction) and the effect on heat
transferred, temperature efficiencies and temperature profiles through a shell and tube
heat exchanger.

4. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for a shell and tube heat exchanger
using the logarithmic mean temperature difference to perform the calculations (for
counter-current and co-current flows).

5. To investigate the effect of changes in hot fluid and cold fluid flow rate on the
temperature efficiencies and overall heat transfer coefficient.

6. To investigate the effect of driving force (difference between hot stream and cold stream
temperature) with counter-current and co-current flow.

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You can have Following Order

1. Experimental Objectives

2. Theroretical background of 4-5 pages maximum

3. Technical Data of the Equipment

4. Other Experimental Capabilities

5. Procedure and Result for experiment 1 + Short Questions

6. Procedure and Result for experiment 2 + Short Questions

Report Writing is the Way to convey your Message. It must be systematic (an
order), Simple and Meaningful and need practice.
Whenever you write something, make an order in your mind. If it’s systematic,
then fine otherwise change the order.

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