Jacket-Side Nusselt Number

Isaac H. Lehrer
Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

Experimentally derived values of the over-all heat transfer coefficient and published
d a t a for the vessel side were used to derive a jacket-side Nusselt number. This was
compared with the Prandtl analogy relation N u = (f Re Pr)/2[1 +
4(Pr - 1)1 in
which f and 4 have empirically determined values. Published data were used for
f and the equivalent diameter. Three velocities that follow from apparatus dimensions,
flow rate, and temperature rise were combined to yield a characteristic velocity for
Re. Water was injected radially or tangentially into a vertical cylindrical jacket with
height/diometer 1. Flow rates varied from 0.12 to 0.57 Ib,/sec-sq ft of heat
transfer area. Experimentally derived and calculated results were in reasonable agreement.
The friction factor and equivalent diameter modifications, together with the characteristic
velocity, can be used also in other appropriate heat transfer equations, with similar
agreement.

HEAT transfer in jacketed vessels is generally limited

by the vessel-side resistance to a greater extent than by
the jacket-side resistance, particularly when the jacket-
side fluid changes phase and the vessel contains a liquid
with relatively high viscosity. However, there are processes
in which the vessel-side heat transfer coefficient is high,
and an a t least equally high jacket-side coefficient is
desirable. Often, water is the most economic heat transfer
medium.
Methods of increasing heat transfer rates in jackets
containing liquids have been discussed and referenced (Uhl
and Gray, 1966)-e.g.. provision of spiral guides, and the
injection of liquid a t high speed, often via nozzles that
discharge tangentially. Properly installed spiral guides
provide something approaching plug flow and, therefore,
provide a higher temperature difference driving force com-
pared with injection into plain jackets where considerable
backmixing occurs. However, this advantage is often
outweighed by the additional cost of spiral guides.
I n this report, results of experiments in a plain jacket
are discussed. Both radial and tangential injection have
been considered.
Ex perimen ta I
Tests were carried out in a concentrically jacketed ver-
tical cylindrical vessel with the following relevant dimen-
sions:
Inside diameter of vessel 24 inches
Outside diameter of vessel 24.625 inches
Inside diameter of jacket 26.625 inches
Water level in vessel a t start of each test 24 inches
The vessel contents were agitated by a two-bladed ver-
tical flat paddle stirrer, coaxially mounted. Four radial
vertical baffles of 2-inch width were provided a t 90"
intervals. The baffles extended down to within 2.4 inches
above the vessel floor, and this was also the height of
the lower edge of the paddle above the vessel floor. Paddles
with 12-inch and 16-inch swept diameter were used; paddle
width was 2.75 inches for both lengths.
Cooling water entered the jacket through a radial branch
near the bottom, and left via a 2-inch bore radial branch
near the top, diametrically opposite the inlet.
For tests using radial entry of cooling water, the 0.75-
inch bore inlet branch was used bare; for tests with tangen-
tial injection, a 0.5-inch bore tube, with an end piece
machined to provide tangential discharge, was fitted
through this branch.
Cooling water flow rate through the jacket was adjusted
t o the desired value. Water was heated by direct injection
of steam, with agitator running a t desired speed, but
without cooling water circulation in the jacket. When
the temperature reached nearly 100" C steam injection
and then agitation were stopped, and the liquid level
was adjusted to 24-inch height by draining. Agitation
was resumed and cooling water circulation through the
jacket was started. Cooling water flow rate and agitator
speed were kept a t desired values. Temperature of water
in the vessel and cooling water inlet temperature were
measured a t regular intervals, and temperature difference
between water in the vessel and cooling water exit tem-
perature was recorded. This was continued until tem-
perature of vessel contents was less than 33°C. With
the experimental conditions that existed, temperature gra-
dients in the vessel contents were not evident during
test periods. Test periods covered vessel contents tem-
peratures between 90" and 35" C.
Water temperatures were measured with thermocouples,
and the measuring error of the thermocouple-recorder sys-
tem was less than 1.4"C; the response time in the
experimental range was less than 0.055 second per '(2.
A more accurate thermocouple-precision potentiometer

Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop., Vol. 9, No. 4, 1970 553
system was used to measure water temperature in the - 2tc
vessel. t, = ~

Cooling water flow rates between 80 and 376 lb, per
minute were used, estimated energy dissipation in the
jacket ranging from 0.164/103 t o 0.032 hp per sq foot
of heat transfer area.
Flow measurement was by calibrated rotameter.
T o obtain some indication of flow conditions in the
jacket, pulse injections of tracer were made a t the water
inlet. Tracer concentrations were measured upstream of
this inlet and in the jacket exit branch; the concentration
difference between these two locations provided the input
to a recorder via two conductivity meters. The tracer
input tube restricted flow through the inlet fitting, so
that the highest flow rates attainable with the given equip-
ment were lower than the highest flow rates used in heat
transfer tests.
General Calculations
The jacket-side heat transfer coefficient, h,, was obtained
from known and experimentally derived values of
Q = UAAT,
l - -l _ - - d-
_ l
-
h, U k h,
The vessel side coefficient, h,, was estimated from the
dimensional equation
h, = 3.14 Re'"j8 for water a t 128"F, Re' = L 2 N / v ,
L = 1 2 inches (Lehrer, 1968), making adjustments for
physical properties a t the vessel temperatures during test
periods.
h, values for the 16-inch paddle were deduced from
U values obtained for identical vessel temperatures and
jacket water flow rates-Le.,
The temperature difference, ATrn,was evaluated on a
log mean basis for long test intervals, and on a mean
basis for short test intervals.
Other simplifying assumptions were:
No allowance for a dirt factor was necessary in the
clean stainless steel vessel and jacket.
Heat losses to surroundings could be neglected in cal-
culations.
ZC
The second moment about the mean, 0 2 , is a measure
of the spread of the distribution about the mean, and
for a closed vessel (Levenspiel, 1962)
The jacket may be regarded as a closed vessel. The
magnitude of the group ( D / u L ) is an indication of disper-
sion in the vessel, varying from D l u L = 0 for ideal plug
flow
- to D / u L = m for ideal backmixing. The ratio xf
t may also provide an indication of dead space within
the vessel-Le., dead space existing when Z f T < 1. Table
I lists some experimental observations and derived results.
The ratio f/Tfor the tangential inlet is significantly
less than 1.0, yet observation on an improvised transparent
apparatus showed rotary motion throughout the jacket;
the simple indication of dead space is not valid for the
(1) tangential case with diametrically opposite outlet. For
o', there are no significant differences a t the 95% level
between the two types of inlet, nor are differences due
to flow rate variation significant a t this level. Dispersion
is widespread if judged by Figure 10 (Chapter 9 of Leven-
spiel, 1962).
Radial Inlet
T o find a relation that predicts the heat transfer
coefficient, one has to envisage flow around a vertical
jacketed cylinder of length-diameter ratio = 1, with liquid
entering a t a point near the bottom and leaving a t a
diametrically opposite point near the top. I n analysis
or comparison with known relations, the definition of
meaningful characteristic velocity and length is difficult.
With regard to velocity, there is not only forced convec-
tion, but also a buoyancy contribution that has increasing
significance with increasing temperature difference and
decreasing throughput.
The Martinelli-Boelter relation for combined natural
and forced convection in vertical tubes as quoted
(McAdams, 1954) may be applicable to jackets with low
water throughput and high length-diameter ratios, but
Table I. Residence Time Distribution Data
-
f , = (Ztc/
-
Flow Rate, t, Zc) 1
Inlet W Seconds Seconds U

With h, values of the same order of magnitude as h, Radial 5.060 13.5 12.8 0.126
values, the variation of h, with h, could be neglected. 13.0 0.066
A constant value of d h = 0.0026 (hr)(sq ft)('C)/Chu 3.133 22.3 22.1 0.062
could be used. 21.0 0.095
22.3 0.090
The nominal heat transfer area A was 11 sq feet. 1.333 51.2 46.7 0.177
Tracer Information 51.0 0.151
48.6 0.143
An indication of flow in a vessel can be obtained from Tangential 3.133 22.3 15.5 0.166
tracer information (Levenspiel, 1962). The nominal resi- 16.8 0.152
dence time in a vessel of volume V, through which a. 16.2 0.046
fluid passes at a volumetric flow rate V , is T = V / V . 15.4 0.114
1.333 51.2 34.2 0.184
The actual mean residence time of fluid leaving a vessel, 34.8 0.202
which can be established by measurement of tracer concen- 35.6 0.186
tration c a t the exit is

554 Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop., Vol. 9, No. 4, 1970
fails t o yield the right answers for the conditions discussed UB A (gd1T)" (14)
here with respect to both magnitude and relativity.
The characteristic velocity, u, in the Reynolds group
I t was thought appropriate t o try a simple approach
thus becomes
for the turbulent case--Le., the Prandtl analogy that sup-
posed simultaneous resistance to transfer in a turbulent I: = (U,,04)05 + 1'8 (15)
zone and in a laminar sublayer. This model results in and the group itself is
the equation for smooth tubes (Grober et al., 1961)

f Re P r
Nu =
2 ( 1 + 4[Pr - 11) Values of Re based on Equation 16 with values of uti
and P r are listed in Table I11 together with the applicable
4 = 1.74 Re-' (7) test conditions. Stirrer case 1 refers to a 16-inch paddle
and the Blasius equation yields a t 150 rpm, stirrer case 2- to 12-inch paddle a t 84 rpm,
and stirrer case 3- to a 12-inch paddle a t 355 rpm.
f i 2 5 0.04 Re-' (8) A suitable friction factor can be evaluated by considering
The Reynolds group R e = d,u u can be evaluated as follows: Equation 8 together with the friction factor plot shown
For the estimation of the equivalent diameter d,, similarity in Figure 7 of Lohrenz and Kurata (1960). For the range
to flow between parallel flat plates has been assumed. of R e values met here-Le., 9000 to 40,000-the ratio
Then (Lohrenz and Kurata, 1960), de = (h/?)'" s, where
s is the perpendicular distance between parallel plates. Parallel plate friction factor
Thus in this case, + ? 4 (17)
Blasius friction factor
de = (4 3)"5 ( I 1.) f t = 0.136 f t (9) Substituting in 8
One can envisage two calculable characteristic velocities f / 2 = 0.03 Re-' (18)
pertaining to forced convection in the jacket; one is the
and substituting 18 in 6 yields
nozzle exit velocity
0.03 Reo7'Pr
Nu =
1 + @(Pr- 1)

the other is the rise velocity in the annulus.

Table Ill. Temperature Intervals, Flow Rates,
Parameters, and Velocity Correction for Radial Inlet
Vessel-Side
Jacket-Side Calculation Values
Temp.
For a decay process the geometric mean is appropriate, Interval, O C W Re Pr VH

so that the characteristic throughflow velocity can be Stirrer Case 1

taken as (u,ua)" ', Values corresponding to test conditions
90-85 1.333 13,483 5.10 0.314
are shown in Table 11. 90-40 1.333 12,177 5.40 0.264
The velocity contribution arising from buoyancy-Le., 45-40 1.333 9,240 6.65 0.167
temperature effects-should be independent of throughput, 90-85 3.333 25,135 5.20 0.264
and could be estimated by using p, the cubical expansion 90-40 3.333 21,599 5.80 0.181
45-40 3.333 17,806 7.10 0.110
coefficient per temperature degree, and A T , the tem-
90-85 6.266 39,092 5.60 0.214
perature rise of water in the jacket, taken from Q = 90-40 6.266 36,047 6.00 0.147
uc,,AT. Thus upward acceleration is g p A T , and for a jacket 45-40 6.266 31,141 7.10 0.093
height Z L * 2 feet, Stirrer Case 2
90-85 1.333 14,960 5.00 0.364
90-40 1.333 11,620 5.70 0.253
45-40 1.333 9,133 6.65 0.169
90-85 3.333 24,496 5.30 0.241
90-40 3.333 19,938 6.00 0.176
45-40 3.333 18,315 6.90 0.124
90-85 6.266 40,143 5.50 0.198
If we assume the mean velocity is appropriate, the 90-40 6.266 35,875 6.00 0.136
buoyancy effect correction is 45-40 6.266 32,813 6.65 0.091
Stirrer Case 3
Table II. Calculation Values of Forced 90-85 1.333 13,484 5.10 0.297
Convection Velocities 90-40 1.333 12,039 5.60 0.263
45--40 1.333 9,617 6.30 0.177
Jacket Water Nozzle Annulus
90-85 3.333 25,442 5.10 0.244
Flow Rate, w , Velocity, v r i , Rise Velocity, V A , (V~V~)"',
90-40 3.333 22,319 5.70 0.187
Lb, /Second FtjSecond Ft/Second Ft/Second
6.65 0.124
45-40 3.333 18,853
1.333 6.99 0.0381 0.516 90-85 6.266 39,981 5.60 0.217
3.333 17.45 0.0957 1.290 90-40 6.266 36,047 6.00 0.148
6.266 32.74 0.1799 2.370 45-40 6.266 32,973 6.65 0.103

Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop., Vol. 9,No. 4, 1970 555
 Table IV shows Nu evaluated by Equation 19, using
4 and Re as defined by 7 and 16, respectively, in juxtaposi- Table IV. Comparison of Nusselt Groups, Jacket-Side
tion to Nu values derived from experimental data-i.e., Vessel-Side
where Xu = h,>d,/k,and h, was obtained by use of Equa- Temp. Jacket Nu from Nu from Nufrom
Eq i p /
Interval, ' C Flow Rate, w Eq. 19 Experiment Nuexperimen+
tions l, 2, and 3.
Summarizing, the ratios of RADIAL
INLET
Stirrer Case 1
Nusselt number by calculation -
90-85 1.333 61.98 65.42 0.947
Nusselt number derived from experiment 90-40 1.333 56.07 55.22 1.015
45-40 1.333 45.30 55.22 0.820
x u 19 90-85 3.333 101.31 98.87 1.025
90-40 3.333 88.77 89.35 0.994
Nuexperiment 45-40 3.333 79.95 69.90 1.144
90-85 6.266 148.80 167.28 0.890
are average 1.014; minimum 0.794; maximum 1.258. For 90-40 6.266 140.79 128.52 1.095
45-40 6.266 128.22 113.15 1.133
the various vessel-side temperature intervals, the averages
are 90-85" C: 0.946; 90-40°C: 1.033; 4 5 4 0 ° C : 1.064. Stirrer Case 2
More uniform ratios could be achieved by introducing 90-85 1.333 65.10 61.60 1.057
the usual viscosity correction ( k / p & ) "1 4 , which by itself 90-40 1.333 54.75 55.22 0.991
45-40 1.333 44.85 46.24 0.970
would result in 0.968 instead of 0.946 for the 90" to 85°C 90-85 3.333 100.77 107.44 0.938
interval average and by allowing for the considerable back- 90-40 3.333 85.41 91.39 0.935
mixing in the jacket, which means actual water tem- 45-40 3.333 81.87 81.60 1.003
peratures that are higher than the mean values used in 90-85 6.266 152.13 179.38 0.848
90-40 6.266 139.71 129.34 1.080
calculation, in turn entailing physical property values that 45-40 6.266 132.81 110.57 1.201
result in relatively higher Nu values with increasing tem-
perature.
Stirrer Case 3
Tangential Inlet
90-85 1.333 60.15 75.75 0.794
Water was injected through an opening inclined approx- 90-40 1.333 55.35 55.90 0.990
imately 40" from vertical. R e was evaluated by Equation 45-40 1.333 47.01 49.64 0.947
90-85 3.333 102.33 89.62 1.142
16; however, instead of defining u 4 as a rise velocity, 90-40 3.333 95.22 84.32 1.129
the characterisiic second velocity here is the slot velocity- 45-40 3.333 89.46 71.13 1.258
Le., S in u s = V S is defined by 90-85 6.266 151.89 174.76 0.869
90-40 6.266 140.79 132.19 1.065
S = (height of annulus) (width of annulus) = 45-40 6.266 133.53 120.77 1.106

(23.5) sq feet (20) TANGENTIAL

INLET
144
Stirrer Case I
Observations on an improvised transparent apparatus
confirmed the validity of assuming rotary bulk movement 90-85 1.333 115.27 111.56 1.033
90-35 1.333 106.00 88.07 1.204
in the jacket. The use of the buoyancy correction, L'B, 1.333 98.39 81.36 1.209
40-35
is less valid here than in the case of radial inlet. The 90-85 3.333 211.95 163.90 1.293
highest value of u8, 0.41 foot per second, occurs at the 90-35 3.333 199.11 191.89 1.038
lowest flow rate, when the tangential effect is least pro- 40-35 3.333 191.29 157.23 1.217
90-85 4.467 261.50 344.23 0.759
nounced, whereas at high flow rates the effect of U B is 305.03 0.811
90-35 4.467 247.53
rather insignificant. Thus refinements such as vector addi- 40-35 4.467 233.98 278.29 0.841
tion of velocities seem hardly worthwhile in this context.
As in the case of the radial inlet, Equation 19 has
been used to evaluate Nu. Stirrer cases 1 and 3 are Stirrer Case 3
as described previously; stirrer case 4 is a 16-inch paddle 90-85 1.333 111.90 126.07 0.885
a t 100 rpm. Table VI shows calculation quantities and 90-35 1.333 110.08 97.03 1.134
Table IV shows Nusselt groups N u at various conditions. 40-35 1.333 96.44 93.67 1.030
90-85 4.467 269.13 296.07 0.909
Ratios of 90-35 4.467 263.98 270.84 0.975
Nusselt number by calculation - NU is 40-35 4.467 236.74 235.94 1.003
Nusselt number by experiment NUexperlment
Stirrer Case 4
are average 1.037, minimum 0.759, maximum 1.293.
90-85 1.333 108.74 104.20 1.044
Conclusions 90-35 1.333 104.18 93.77 1.111
40-35 1.333 95.22 105.25 0.905
Jacket-side Nusselt numbers have been estimated from 90-85 3.333 204.71 183.52 1.115
measurements using equipment described earlier from 90-35 3.333 192.51 167.26 1.151
previously published data for paddle stirrers. The tables 40-35 3.333 182.88 165.96 1.102
90-85 4.467 250.09 230.15 1.087
listing Re values down to units and Nu values to the 90-35 4.467 239.15 235.26 1.017
second decimal place are not meant to indicate precision 40-35 4.467 230.99 222.33 1.039
and accuracy to that extent, but are rather a list of

556 Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop., Vol. 9, No. 4,1970
 Table V. Forced Convection Velocities Table VII. Energy Dissipation and Over-All
Jacket Water Heat Transfer Coefficients
Flow Rate, w , Nozzle velocity, Slot Velocity, (V0V?)",
Jacket water temperatures ranged from 18" to 41° C. Representative
Lb, /Second yo, Fi/Second v.4, Ft/Second Ft/Second
averages indicated by the Prandtl numbers in Table I11 and VI.
Calculation Values
RADIAL INLET
1.333 15.67 0.1312 1.435
3.333 39.18 0.3282 3.59 U. 6.266 3.333 1.333
4.467 52.50 0.4374 4.78 Energy dissipation in jacket per sq foot of nominal heat transfer
area,
Table VI. Temperature Intervals, Flow Rates, E- ~
WL'd

and Parameters for Tangential Inlet 1100 g,A

Vessel-Side 0.0172 0.00260 0.000164
Jacket-Side Calculation Values
Temp.,
Interval, C W Re Pr
Over-all heat transfer coefficients U over vessel contents, tem-
perature interval 90° t o 40" C, derived from experiment
Stirrer Case 1
Stirrer case 1 146 122 93
90-85 4.467 76,900 5.6 Stirrer case 2 120 104 81
90-35 4.467 71,021 6.1 Stirrer case 3 141 115 90
40-35 4.467 64,257 6.8
90-85 3.333 60,109 5.4
TANGENTIAL
INLET
90-35 3.333 54,414 6.1 U' 4.467 3.333 1.333
40-35 3.333 50,980 6.7
90-85 1.333 29,696 4.9 Energy dissipation in jacket per sq foot of nominal heat transfer
90-35
40-35
1.333
1.333
Stirrer Case 3
26,067
23,228
5.7
6.5
area

E-
. ~
Leu,'
1100 g,A
90-85 4.467 80,320 5.3 0.0316 0.01314 0.00084
90-35 4.467 76,670 5.9
40-35 4.467 65,504 6.7 Over-all heat transfer coefficient U over vessel contents, tempera-
90-85 1.333 29,800 5.2 ture intervai 9 P to 35O C, derived from experiment
90-35 1.333 27,600 5.3 Stirrer case 1 196 170 121
40-35 1.333 22,558 6.7 Stirrer case 3 178 123
Stirrer Case 4 Stirrer case 4 175 157 122

90-85 4.465 71,776 5.9

90-36 4.465 66,802 6.5 diameter ratio of bounding surfaces, one-sided heat
40-35 4.465 63,056 7.1 transfer, and the absence of possible calculation
90-85 3.333 56,806 5.8
90-35 3.333 51,694 6.4 refinements such as viscosity and AT corrections. The
40-35 3.333 47,864 7.1 geometry and flow conditions discussed here do not suggest
90-85 1.333 26,966 5.4 an obvious representative velocity that can be used in
90-35 1.333 25,226 5.9 the well-known heat transfer equations. Averages, and
40-35 1.333 22,132 7.0
values based on dissipation assuming isotropic turbulence,
are not representative and did not yield calculated values
that resembled experimentally derived results.
However, consideration of fluid packets resulting from
calculation quantities. Considerable errors may occur in breakup of the entering jet suggested the decay relation
the shorter temperature and time intervals, particularly (-udu) c: [ ( u 2 / L )d z ) , leading to the geometric mean as
over the 90" to 85" C range; however, the over-all ranges the representative velocity. The characteristic velocity
90" t o 40" C and 90" to 35" C are relatively reliable. Table in the Reynolds group was then defined in terms of the
VI1 shows broadly some additional items that may be geometric mean of two limiting velocities, u, and 0 4 , as
of interest. well as the buoyancy correction U B , as shown in Equations
For the 17 different combinations of jacket flow rate 14, 15, and 16. In using the Prandtl analogy Equation
and vessel stirrer, 37 runs were made; experimental values 6, the Blasius friction factor Equation 8 was modified
are averages of a t least two values for each condition. according to the plot for parallel plates Equation 17,
For the radial inlet, the average ratio of ( N u l 9/ resulting in Equation 19. The equivalent diameter was
Nuexperiment) = 1.033 for the 90" to 40" C interval, and evaluated from Equation 9.
for the tangential inlet (Nu 1 3 /Nuexperiment) = 1.055 for Being a simple, yet usable, early model involving f
the 90' to 35°C interval, extremes being 0.935, 1.129 and explicitly, the Prandtl analogy has been used t o demon-
0.81 1, 1.151, respectively. strate calculation procedure. The same modifications of
I n the experiments reported here, energy dissipation velocity, equivalent diameter, and friction factor (or
in the jacket ranged from far below t o well above the equivalent constant) values can be applied to other well-
0.01 hp per sq foot of heat transfer area, mentioned as known relations appropriate to the Re range, such as
a usually satisfactory figure (Pfaudler Permutit, Inc.,
1957). 0 14

Equation 19 provides a reasonable estimate of the Nus- N u = 0.026 ReosP r ' '
selt group, considering the lack of data on fluid friction
and heat transfer in curved ducts, the short length- with similar results.

Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop., Vol. 9, No. 4, 1970 557
Nomenclature GREEKLETTERS
8 = coefficient of expansion,/OC
A = heat transfer area, sq ft A = difference
c = concentration, lb,/cu f t 0 = t t=reduced time, dimensionless
c, = specific heat a t constant pressure, Chu/lb,- p = viscosity, lb,/ft-sec
C = Btu/lb,-” F u = momentum diffusivity, sq ft/sec
D = mass or molecular diffusivity, ft’/sec $ = velocity ratio
d = thickness, ft
SUBSCRIPTS
di = jacket inner diameter, ft
d, = jacket outer diameter, ft i = vessel-side
d, = equivalent diameter, ft j = jacket-side
do = nozzle diameter, f t m = mass, mean
E = energy dissipation/ A , hpisq ft 1~ = a t wall
f = Fanning friction factor FUNCTIONS
AND DIMENSIONLESS
GROUPS
g = gravitational acceleration, ft. /secL
g, = conversion factor, lb,-ft/lbi-sec’ Nu = (hodelk)= Nusselt number
h, = vessel side heat transfer coefficient, Chuihr- uL’D = Peclet number (diffusion and mixing)
sq ft-”C = Btuihr-sq F f t - O P r = (c,l/k) = Prandtl number
h, = jacket-side heat transfer coefficient, Chu/ hr- Re = (d,v,v) = Reynolds number
sq ft-”C = Btu/hr-sq F f t - O

k = thermal conductivity, Chu/hr-ft-”C = Btu/

hr-ft-”F
L = paddle swept diameter, characteristic length, where E is the exit age distribution function, derived
ft
N = stirrer speed, revolutions/sec from measurements of concentration c by the relations
C
Q = heat transfer rate, Chu/hr E ( t ) = __ and E = FE ( t ) .
Rpm = revolutions/ minute BCAt ’
s = cross-sectional flow area, sq ft Literature Cited
s = [(d2- d1)/2] = jacket spacing, ft Grober, H., Erk, S., Grigull, U., “Fundamentals of Heat
T = temperature, C O
Transfer,” Chap. 11, p. 244, McGraw-Hill, New York,
-t = time, sec 1961.
t = mean residence time, sec
~
Lehrer, I. H., IND.ENG.CHEM.PROCESS DESIGNDEVELOP.
t, = tracer mean residence time, sec 7, 226 (1968).
7J = overall heat transfer coefficient, Chu/ hr-sq Levenspiel, O., “Chemical Reaction Engineering,” Chap.
C = Btu/hr-sq ft F
f t - O -O
9, pp. 260, 252, Wiley, New York, 1962.
u = characteristic velocity in Peclet group
Lohrenz, J., Kurata, F., Ind. Eng. Chem. 52, 703 (1960).
y = volume, cu f t McAdams, W. H., “Heat Transmission,” Chap. 9, p. 233,
v =volumetric flow rate, cu ft/sec
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954.
U A = characteristic jacket velocity ft/sec
Pfaudler Permutit, Inc., Rochester 3, N . Y., “Pfaudler
L“ = velocity due to thermal expansion, ftisec
Agitating Nozzle,” Bull. 950 (1957).
U(, = nominal nozzle exit velocity, ft/sec
Uhl, V. W., Gray, J. B., “Mixing,” Vol. 1, Chap. 5 ,
v = characteristic jacket velocity, ft/sec p. 111, Academic Press, New York, 1966.
u = mass flow rate, lb,/sec
z= height, ft RECEIVED
for review March 5 , 1969
2 = distance, f t ACCEPTED March 4, 1970

558 Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop., Vol. 9, No. 4, 1970