Name: Mohd Zainul Bin Rahmat Student No. Group: 2016249898: 2 Experiment: Heat Exchanger Date Performed: 20 MARCH 2018 Semester: 4 Programme / Code Submit To: EH2204B: Madam Habsah BT Alwi

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LABORATORY
(CHE504)
NAME : MOHD ZAINUL BIN RAHMAT

STUDENT NO. : 2016249898
GROUP :2
EXPERIMENT : HEAT EXCHANGER
DATE PERFORMED : 20 MARCH 2018
SEMESTER :4
PROGRAMME / CODE : EH2204B
SUBMIT TO : MADAM HABSAH BT ALWI
No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference 5
13 Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100
Remarks:
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Date: Date:
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ABSTRACT:
Heat exchanger is a equipment in which heat exchange takes place between two fluids that enter
and exit at different temperature. In other words, heat exchanger used to transfer heat from one
fluid to another fluid. There are many types of heat exchanger and in this experiment we only
focused on concentric tube heat exchanger. We also focused on counter flow, which is both hot
and cold fluids flow in opposite direction. The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the
effect of the flow rates variations and the working principle of a concentric heat exchanger
operating under counter current flow conditions. Besides, the purpose of this experiment is to
study the effect of fluid temperature on counter flow heat exchanger performance and the
different of overall heat transfer coefficient for counter current flow. In this experiment, the
concentric tube heat exchanger must be setup as counter current flow after we done the general
start up and then switch on the pumps. Open and adjust the valves to obtain the desired flow
rates for hot and cold water streams and leave the system to reach steady state. That is the
method we used to obtain the data as in the result’s part. Generally, in this experiment we will
get that the temperature of the hot fluid will decrease while the temperature of the cold fluid will
increase at the end of the experiment. Besides, by performing this experiment we will know the
relationship between the flow rates of the fluids and the heat transfer coefficient.
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INTRODUCTION:
The main purpose of the heat exchanger is to transfer heat energy from one fluid to another. It
also functioned as to remove heat from hot fluid or to add heat to cold fluid. The direction of the
fluid motion in the heat exchanger can be categorized as parallel flow, counter flow, and cross
flow. There are many types of heat exchanger that exist to accommodate different fluid
properties which are concentric tube heat exchanger, shell and tube heat exchanger, plate heat
exchanger and others heat exchanger that applied in industries. One of the simplest designs of
heat exchanger is concentric tube heat exchanger which is the one that we focused in this
experiment. The performance of a heat exchanger can be influence by some important variables
or properties. The variables that mentioned was the physical properties, the mass flow rates,
properties of the heat exchanger materials, the area and configuration of the heat transfer
surfaces, the extent of scale or deposits on the heat transfer surfaces, the temperature of the
fluids, and the ambient conditions. The applications of the heat exchanger mechanism not only
used in industries as a power production and chemical processing, it also used in our daily life.
For example, the air conditioners, refrigerators, water heater, car radiator etc.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To demonstrate the working principle of a concentric heat exchanger operating under
counter current flow conditions.
2. To demonstrate the effect of the flow rates variations on the performance characteristics
of a concentric tube heat exchanger.
3. To study the effect of fluid temperature on counter flow heat exchanger performance.
4. To study the relationship between the overall heat transfer coefficient for counter current
flow and the flow rates.
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THEORY:
In industries, there are many types of heat exchanger applied and the simplest type of heat
exchanger is the one that we study. Concentric heat tube exchanger consists of two concentric
pipes with different diameters. One fluid will flow through in the smaller pipe while the other
fluid will flow through the annular space between the two pipes. In a parallel flow or co-current
flow, both of working fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and flow in the same
direction. In a counter current flow, the working fluids enter the heat exchanger at the different
end and flow in the opposite direction.
Concentric Tube Heat Exchangers – Fluid Flow Direction
In order to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient, U the power that emitted and the power
that absorbed must be calculated first and then determine the value of power lost.
Power emitted = QH ρH CPH (THIN - THOUT)
Power absorbed = QC ρC CPC (TCOUT – TCIN)
Power lost = power emitted – power absorbed
The efficiency can be calculated from;

power absorbed
Efficiency, ŋ = x 100%
power emitted
The log mean temperature difference (LMTD) is the appropriate average temperature difference
to use in heat transfer calculations. The equation for log mean temperature difference is;
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
LMTD, Δ Tm = ΔT 1
ln
ΔT 2( )
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In order to calculate the heat transfer from inner pipe to the outer pipe, the overall heat transfer
coefficient must be calculated first. The coefficient takes into accounts all the conductive and
convective resistance constant (which is k, and h respectively) between the fluids separated by
the inner pipe. The overall heat transfer coefficient, U can be expressed as;
power absorbed
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U =
Δ T m x area
Where the area is mean the surface area contacts between two fluids, and can be expressed as;
Area = surface area contacts between two fluids
= 2π x radius inner pipe x pipe length
= π x diameter inner pipe x pipe length
= π x (0.015m) x (1.36m)
= 0.0641 m2
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APPARATUS:
SOLTEQ HE104-PD Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger
1. From front
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2. From behind
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PROCEDURE:
GENERAL START-UP;
1. Perform a quick inspection to make sure that the equipment is in proper working
condition.
2. Make sure that all valves are closed, except V1 and V2.
3. A water hose connected to valve V27 to fill up the hot water tank. Closed the valve after
the tank is full.
4. Open the valve V28 to fill up the cold-water tank and leave the valve opened for
continues water supply.
5. For the cold drain point, connected a drain hose.
6. Switch on the main power. Switch on the heater for the hot water tank and set point the
temperature controller to 50̊ c.
7. Allow the water temperature in the hot water tank to reach the set point.
8. The equipment is ready to be run.
GENERAL SHUT-DOWN;
1. Switch off the heater and wait until the hot water temperature drops below 40̊ c.
2. Switch off the pumps P1 and P2.
3. Switch off the main power.
4. All the water in the process lines is drain off. Retain the water in the hot and cold water
tank for the next laboratory session.
5. Closed all the valves.
Note: if the equipment is not to be run for a long period, drain all the water completely.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES;
1. Perform the general start-up procedure.
2. Switch the valves to counter current Concentric Heat Exchanger arrangement.
3. Switch on the pumps P1 and P2.
4. To obtain the desired flow rates for hot water and cold water streams, open and adjust
valves V3 and V4 respectively.
5. Allow the system to reach steady state for 10minutes.
6. Record the value of FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3, and TT4.
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7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 for the different combinations of flow rate FT1 and FT2.
8. Switch of pumps P1 and P2 after the experiment is done.
9. Perform the general shut-down procedure.
RESULTS:
Controlled hot water temperature, θ = 50 ̊ c
m3
Hot water flow rate, QH = ( 10minL ) ( 1000
1 m3
)L ( 160mins ) = 1.6667x10 -4
s
Table1: variation of cold water flow rate at constant hot water flow rate;
No FT1 (LPM) FT2 (LPM) TT1 ( ̊ c ) TT2 ( ̊ c ) TT3 ( ̊ c ) TT4 ( ̊ c )
.
1 10.0 2.0 34.7 29.8 47.7 48.2
2 10.0 4.0 30.8 28.8 48.9 49.8
3 10.0 6.0 29.8 28.3 47.1 48.0
4 10.0 8.0 29.8 28.7 47.3 48.3
5 10.0 10.0 30.4 29.5 47.9 48.9
Controlled hot water temperature, θ = 50 ̊ c

m3
Hot water flow rate, QC = ( 10minL ) ( 1000
1 m3 1 min
L ) ( 60 s )
= 1.6667x10 -4
s
Table2: variation of hot water flow rate at constant cold water flow rate;
No FT1 (LPM) FT2 (LPM) TT1 ( ̊ c ) TT2 ( ̊ c ) TT3 ( ̊ c ) TT4 ( ̊ c )
.
1 2.0 10.0 30.4 30.0 45.7 49.1
2 4.0 10.0 30.5 29.9 46.4 48.2
3 6.0 10.0 30.6 29.9 46.6 47.9
4 8.0 10.0 30.5 29.7 47.1 48.3
5 10.0 10.0 30.4 29.5 47.9 48.9
CALCULATION:
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Calculation for table1(no.1);
FT1 (LPM) FT2 (LPM) TT1 ( ̊ c ) TT2 ( ̊ c ) TT3 ( ̊ c ) TT4 ( ̊ c )
10.0 2.0 34.7 29.8 47.7 48.2
2L 1 m3 m3
QC = 2LPM = ( min ) ( 1000 )L ( 160mins ) = 3.3333x10 -5
s
Th,∈+Th , out 48.2+47.7
TH, average = = = 47.95 ̊ c
2 2
Tc ,∈+Tc , out 29.8+34.7
TC, average = = = 32.25 ̊ c
2 2
By interpolation from saturated water table at the TH, average and TC, average;
The density of water;
47.97−45
ρH (kg/m3) = (988.0447-990.197) + 990.197 = 988.9271 kg/m3
50−45
32.25−32
ρC (kg/m3) = (994.7279-995.0249) + 995.0249 = 994.9507 kg/m3
33−32
The specific heat capacity;
47.95−45
CpH (J/kg.K) = (4181-4180) + 4180 = 4180.95 J / kg.K
50−45
CpC (J/kg.K) = 4178J / kg.K
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (988.9271 kg/m3) (4180.95 J / kg.K) (48.2 ̊ c – 47.7 ̊ c)
s
= 344.5615 J / s
m3
= (3.3333x10-5 ) (994.9507 kg/m3) (4178J / kg.K) (34.7 ̊ c - 29.8 ̊ c)
s
= 678.9542 J / s
Power lost = power emitted – power absorbed = 344.5615 - 678.9542 = -334.3927 J / s
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
LMTD, Δ Tm = ΔT 1 = ( Th ,∈−Tc ,out ) – ¿ ¿
ln
ΔT 2 ( )
( 48.2−34.7 )−( 47.7−29.8)
Δ Tm = 48.2−34.7 =15.5967 ̊ c
ln (
47.7−29.8 )
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Date: Checked by :
power absorbed 678.9542 W
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U = = = 679.125
area X Δ T m (0.0641 m2)(15.5967 ̊ c )
W/m2 ̊ c

10.0 4.0 30.8 28.8 48.9 49.8
4L 1 m3 m3
QC = 4LPM = ( min ) ( 1000 )L ( 160mins ) = 6.6667x10 -5
s
Th,∈+Th , out 48.9+ 49.8
TH, average = = = 49.35 ̊ c
2 2
Tc ,∈+Tc , out 28.8+30.8
TC, average = = = 29.8 ̊ c
2 2
49.35−45
ρH (kg/m3) = (988.0447-990.197) + 990.197 = 988.3245 kg/m3
50−45
29.8−29
ρC (kg/m3) = (995.7184-996.0159) + 996.0159 = 995.7779 kg/m3
30−29
49.35−45
CpH (J/kg.K) = (4181-4180) + 4180 = 4180.87 J / kg.K
50−45
29.8−25
CpC (J/kg.K) = (4178-4180) + 4180 = 4178.08 J / kg.K
30−25
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (988.3245 kg/m3) (4180.87 J / kg.K) (49.8 ̊ c – 48.9 ̊ c)
s
= 619.8208 J /s
m3
= (6.6667x10-5 ) (995.7779 kg/m3) (4178.08 J / kg.K) (30.8 ̊ c - 28.8 ̊ c)
s
= 554.7281 J /s
Power lost = power emitted – power absorbed = 619.8208-554.7281 = 65.0927 J / s
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Date: Checked by :
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
ln
ΔT 2 ( )
( 49.8−30.8 )−(48.9−28.8)
Δ Tm = 49.8−30.8 =19.5448 ̊ c
ln (
48.9−28.8 )
power absorbed 554.7281W
area X Δ T m (0.0641 m2)(19.5448 ̊ c)
W / m2 ̊ c

10.0 6.0 29.8 28.3 47.1 48.0
6L 1 m3 m3
QC = 6LPM = ( min ) ( 1000 )L ( 160mins ) = 1x10 -4
s
Th,∈+Th , out 48+ 47.1
TH, average = = = 47.55 ̊ c
2 2
Tc ,∈+Tc , out 28.3+29.8
TC, average = = = 29.05 ̊ c
2 2
47.55−45
ρH (kg/m3) = (988.0447-990.197) + 990.197 = 989.0993 kg/m3
50−45
29.05−29
ρC (kg/m3) = (995.7184-996.0159) + 996.0159 = 996.001 kg/m3
30−29
47.75−45
CpH (J/kg.K) = (4181-4180) + 4180 = 4180.55 J / kg.K
50−45
29.05−25
CpC (J/kg.K) = (4178-4180) + 4180 = 4178.38 J / kg.K
30−25
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (989.0993 kg/m3) (4180.55 J / kg.K) (48 ̊ c – 47.1 ̊ c)
s
= 620.2593 J / s
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m3
= (1x10-4 ) (996.001 kg/m3) (4178.38 J / kg.K) (29.8 ̊ c - 28.3 ̊ c)
s
= 624.2506 J / s
Power lost = power emitted – power absorbed = 620.2593-624.2506 = -3.9913 J / s
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
ln
ΔT 2 ( )
( 48−29.8 )−(47.1−28.3)
Δ Tm = 48−29.8 =18.4984 ̊ c
ln (
47.1−28.3 )
power absorbed 624.2506 J / s
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U = = =
area X Δ T m (0.0641 m2)(18.4984 ̊ c )
526.4617 W/m2 ̊ c

10.0 8.0 29.8 28.7 47.3 48.3
8L 1 m3 1 min m3
QC = 8LPM = ( min ) ( 1000 L ) ( 60 s )
= 1.3333x10 -4
s
Th,∈+Th , out 48.3+ 47.3
TH, average = = = 47.8 ̊ c
2 2
Tc ,∈+Tc , out 28.7+29.8
TC, average = = = 29.25 ̊ c
2 2
47.8−45
ρH (kg/m3) = (988.0447-990.197) + 990.197 = 988.9917 kg/m3
50−45
29.25−29
ρC (kg/m3) = (995.7184-996.0159) + 996.0159 = 995.9415 kg/m3
30−29
47.8−45
CpH (J/kg.K) = (4181-4180) + 4180 = 4180.56 J / kg.K
50−45
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29.25−25
CpC (J/kg.K) = (4178-4180) + 4180 = 4178.3 J / kg.K
30−25
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (988.9917 kg/m3) (4180.56 J / kg.K) (48.3 ̊ c – 47.3 ̊ c)
s
= 689.1036 J /s
m3
= (1.3333x10-4 ) (995.9415 kg/m3) (4178.3 J / kg.K) (29.8 ̊ c - 28.7 ̊ c)
s
= 610.315 J / s
Power lost = power emitted – power absorbed = 689.1036-610.315 = 78.7886 J / s
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
ln
ΔT 2 ( )
( 48.3−29.8 )−(47.3−28.7)
Δ Tm = 48.3−29.8 =18.55 ̊ c
ln (
47.3−28.7 )
power absorbed 610.315 J /s
area X Δ T m (0.0641 m2)(18.55 ̊ c)
W/m2 ̊ c

10.0 10.0 30.4 29.5 47.9 48.9
m3
QC = 10LPM = ( 10minL ) ( 1000
1 m3 1 min
L ) ( 60 s )
= 1.6667x10 -4
s
Th,∈+Th , out 48.9+ 47.9
TH, average = = = 48.4 ̊ c
2 2
Tc ,∈+Tc , out 30.4+29.5
TC, average = = = 29.95 ̊ c
2 2
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Date: Checked by :
48.4−45
ρH (kg/m3) = (988.0447-990.197) + 990.197 = 988.7334 kg/m3
50−45
29.95−29
ρC (kg/m3) = (995.7184-996.0159) + 996.0159 = 995.7333 kg/m3
30−29
48.4−45
CpH (J/kg.K) = (4181-4180) + 4180 = 4180.68 J / kg.K
50−45
29.95−25
CpC (J/kg.K) = (4178-4180) + 4180 = 4178.02 J / kg.K
30−25
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (988.7334 kg/m3) (4180.68 J / kg.K) (48.9 ̊ c – 47.9 ̊ c)
s
= 688.9434 J /s
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (995.7333 kg/m3) (4178.02 J / kg.K) (30.4 ̊ c – 29.5 ̊ c)
s
= 624.0415 J /s
Power lost = power emitted – power absorbed = 688.9434-624.0415 = 64.9019 J /s
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
ln
ΔT 2 ( )
( 48.9−30.4 )−(47.9−29.5)
Δ Tm = 48.9−30.4 =18.45 ̊ c
ln (
47.9−29.5 )
area X Δ T m (0.0641 m2)(18.45 ̊ c)
W/m2 ̊ c
Table3: the data we get from calculation of the variation of the cold fluid’s flow rates at the
constant hot fluid’s flow rate.
m3 ρh ρc Cph Cpc Power Power Power ΔTm U
Qc ( ¿
s
(kg/m3 (kg/m3) (J/kg.K) (J/kg.K) emitted absorb lost ( ̊ c) (W/m2 ̊ c)
) (J /s) (J/s) (J/s)
-5
3.33x10 988.92 994.95 4180.95 4178 344.56 678.95 -334.39 15.59 679.125
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Date: Checked by :
6.67x10-5 988.32 995.77 4180.87 4178.08 619.82 554.72 65.09 19.54 442.78
1x10-4 989.09 996.00 4180.55 4178.38 620.25 624.25 -3.99 18.49 526.46
1.33x10-4 988.99 995.94 4180.56 4178.3 689.10 610.31 78.78 18.55 513.27
1.67x10-4 988.73 995.73 4180.68 4178.02 688.94 624.04 64.90 18.45 527.66
Graph1: the relationship of the overall heat transfer coefficient and the flow rate of the cold fluid
800
700
heat transfer coefficient, U
600
500
400
300
200
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
flowrate of the cold fluid
Calculation for table2(no1);

2.0 10.0 30.4 30.0 45.7 49.1
2L 1 m3 m3
QH = 2LPM = ( min ) ( 1000 )L ( 160mins ) = 3.3333x10 -5
s
Th,∈+Th , out 49.1+45.7
TH, average = = = 47.4 ̊ c
2 2
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Date: Checked by :
Tc ,∈+Tc , out 30.0+30.4
TC, average = = = 30.2 ̊ c
2 2
47.4−45
ρH (kg/m3) = (988.0447-990.197) + 990.197 = 989.1639 kg/m3
50−45
30.2−30
ρC (kg/m3) = (995.4211-995.7184) + 995.7184 = 995.6589 kg/m3
31−30
47.4−45
CpH (J/kg.K) = (4181-4180) + 4180 = 4180.48 J / kg.K
50−45
CpC (J/kg.K) = 4178 J/kg.K
m3
= (3.3333x10-5 ) (989.1639 kg/m3) (4180.48 J / kg.K) (49.1 ̊ c – 45.7 ̊ c)
s
= 468.649 J /s
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (995.6589 kg/m3) (4178 J/kg.K) (30.4 ̊ c – 30.0 ̊ c)
s
= 277.3297 J /s
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
ln
ΔT 2 ( )
( 49.1−30.4 )−(45.7−30)
Δ Tm = 49.1−30.4 =17.1563 ̊ c
ln (
45.7−30 )
area X Δ T m (0.0641 m2)(17.1563 ̊ c)
252.1824 W/m2 ̊ c

4.0 10.0 30.5 29.9 46.4 48.2
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Date: Checked by :
4L 1 m3 m3
QH = 4LPM = ( min ) ( 1000 )L ( 160mins ) = 6.6667x10 -5
s
Th,∈+Th , out 48.2+46.4
TH, average = = = 47.3 ̊ c
2 2
Tc ,∈+Tc , out 29.9+30.5
TC, average = = = 30.2 ̊ c
2 2
47.4−45
ρH (kg/m3) = (988.0447-990.197) + 990.197 = 989.2069 kg/m3
50−45
30.2−30
ρC (kg/m3) = (995.4211-995.7184) + 995.7184 = 995.6589 kg/m3
31−30
47.3−45
CpH (J/kg.K) = (4181-4180) + 4180 = 4180.48 J / kg.K
50−45
CpC (J/kg.K) = 4178 J / kg.K
m3
= (6.6667x10-5 ) (989.2069 kg/m3) (4180.48 J / kg.K) (48.2 ̊ c – 46.4 ̊ c)
s
= 496.2456 J /s
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (995.6589 kg/m3) (4178 J / kg.K) (30.5 ̊ c – 29.9 ̊ c)
s
= 415.9946 J /s
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
ln
ΔT 2 ( )
( 48.2−30.5 )−(46.4−29.9)
Δ Tm = 48.2−30.5 =17.093 ̊ c
ln (
46.4−29.9 )
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Date: Checked by :
power absorbed 415.9946 J / s
area X Δ T m (0.0641 m2)(17.093 ̊ c)
W/m2 ̊ c

6.0 10.0 30.6 29.9 46.6 47.9
6L 1 m3 m3
QH = 6LPM = ( min ) ( 1000 )L ( 160mins ) = 1x10 -4
s
Th,∈+Th , out 47.9+ 46.6
TH, average = = = 47.25 ̊ c
2 2
Tc ,∈+Tc , out 29.9+30.6
TC, average = = = 30.25 ̊ c
2 2
47.25−45
ρH (kg/m3) = (988.0447-990.197) + 990.197 = 989.2285 kg/m3
50−45
30.25−30
ρC (kg/m3) = (995.4211-995.7184) + 995.7184 = 995.6441 kg/m3
31−30
47.25−45
CpH (J/kg.K) = (4181-4180) + 4180 = 4180.45 J / kg.K
50−45
CpC (J/kg.K) = 4178 J / kg.K
m3
= (1x10-4 ) (989.2285 kg/m3) (4180.45 J / kg.K) (47.9 ̊ c – 46.6 ̊ c)
s
= 537.6046 J /s
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (995.6441 kg/m3) (4178 J / kg.K) (30.6 ̊ c – 29.9 ̊ c)
s
= 485.3198 J /s
Power lost = power emitted – power absorbed = 537.6046 -485.3198 = 52.2848 J /s
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Date: Checked by :
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
ln
ΔT 2 ( )
( 47.9−30.6 )−(46.6−29.9)
Δ Tm = 47.9−30.6 =16.9982 ̊ c
ln (
46.6−29.9 )
area X Δ T m (0.0641 m2)(16.9982̊ c)
445.4173 W/m2 ̊ c

8.0 10.0 30.5 29.7 47.1 48.3
8L 1 m3 m3
QH = 8LPM = ( min ) ( 1000 )L ( 160mins ) = 1.3333x10 -4
s
Th,∈+Th , out 48.3+ 47.1
TH, average = = = 47.7 ̊ c
2 2
Tc ,∈+Tc , out 29.7+30.5
TC, average = = = 30.1 ̊ c
2 2
47.7−45
ρH (kg/m3) = (988.0447-990.197) + 990.197 = 989.0348 kg/m3
50−45
30.1−30
ρC (kg/m3) = (995.4211-995.7184) + 995.7184 = 995.6887 kg/m3
31−30
47.7−45
CpH (J/kg.K) = (4181-4180) + 4180 = 4180.54 J / kg.K
50−45
CpC (J/kg.K) = 4178 J / kg.K
m3
= (1.3333x10-4 ) (989.0348 kg/m3) (4180.54 J / kg.K) (48.3 ̊ c – 47.1 ̊ c)
s
= 661.5354 J / s
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Date: Checked by :
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (995.6887 kg/m3) (4178 J / kg.K) (30.5 ̊ c – 29.7 ̊ c)
s
= 554.6761 J /s
Power lost = power emitted – power absorbed = 661.5354 -554.6761 = 106.8593 J / s
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
ln
ΔT 2 ( )
( 48.3−30.5 )−( 47.1−29.7)
Δ Tm = 48.3−30.5 =17.5992 ̊ c
ln (
47.1−29.7 )
area X Δ T m (0.0641 m2)(17.5992̊ c)
491.6867 W/m2 ̊ c

10.0 10.0 30.4 29.5 47.9 48.9
m3
Qh = 10LPM = ( 10minL ) ( 1000
1 m3
)L ( 160mins ) = 1.6667x10 -4
s
Th,∈+Th , out 48.9+ 47.9
TH, average = = = 48.4 ̊ c
2 2
Tc ,∈+Tc , out 30.4+29.5
TC, average = = = 29.95 ̊ c
2 2
48.4−45
ρH (kg/m3) = (988.0447-990.197) + 990.197 = 988.7334 kg/m3
50−45
29.95−29
ρC (kg/m3) = (995.7184-996.0159) + 996.0159 = 995.7333 kg/m3
30−29
48.4−45
CpH (J/kg.K) = (4181-4180) + 4180 = 4180.68 J / kg.K
50−45
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Date: Checked by :
30.2−25
CpC (J/kg.K) = (4178-4180) + 4180 = 4178.02 J / kg.K
30−25
m3
= (1.6667x10-4 ) (988.7334 kg/m3) (4180.68 J / kg.K) (48.9 ̊ c – 47.9 ̊ c)
s
= 688.9434 J /s
m3
= (1.3333x10-4 ) (995.7333 kg/m3) (4178.02 J / kg.K) (30.4 ̊ c – 29.5 ̊ c)
s
= 624.0415 J /s
Power lost = power emitted – power absorbed = 688.9434-624.0415 = 64.9019 J/ s
ΔT 1− Δ T 2
ln
ΔT 2 ( )
( 48.9−30.4 )−(47.9−29.5)
Δ Tm = 48.9−30.4 =18.45 ̊ c
ln (
47.9−29.5 )
area X Δ T m (0.0641 m2)(18.45 ̊ c)
W/m2 ̊ c
Table4: the data we get from calculation of the variation of the hot fluid’s flow rates at the
constant cold fluid’s flow rate.
m3 ρh ρc Cph Cpc Power Power Power ΔTm U
Qh ( ¿
s
(kg/m3 (kg/m3) (J/kg.K) (J/kg.K) emitted absorb lost ( ̊ c) (W/m2 ̊ c)
) (J /s) (J/s) (J/s)
3.33x10-5 989.16 995.65 4180.48 4178 468.64 277.32 191.31 17.15 252.18
6.67x10-5 989.20 995.65 4180.48 4178 496.24 415.99 80.25 17.09 379.67
1x10-4 989.22 995.64 4180.45 4178 537.60 485.31 52.28 16.99 445.41
1.33x10-4 989.03 995.68 4180.54 4178 661.53 554.67 106.85 17.59 491.68
1.67x10-4 988.73 995.73 4180.68 4178.02 688.94 624.04 64.90 18.45 527.66
Graph1: the relationship of the overall heat transfer coefficient and the flow rate of the hot fluid
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Date: Checked by :
600
500
overall heat transfer coefficient, U
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
flow rate of the hot fluid
DISCUSION:
The equipment SOLTEQ HE104-PD concentric tube heat exchanger used the same operating
principles as the simplest type of heat exchanger which is the double pipe heat exchanger. In the
double pipe heat exchanger, one fluid flows through the smaller pipe while the other fluid flows
through the annular space between the two pipes. The widely used today in industrial
applications such as chemical processing, fuel processing, waste heat recovery, and refrigeration
is compact heat exchanger. Compact heat exchangers are commonly used in gas-to-gas and gas-
to-liquid (or liquid-to-gas) and the two fluids usually move perpendicular to each other, and such
flow configuration is called cross-flow. The cross-flow is further classified as unmixed and
mixed flow depending on the flow configuration. Shell and tube heat exchanger also the most
common types of heat exchanger in industrial application. Shell and tube heat exchangers
contain a large number of tubes (sometimes several hundred) packed in a shell. An innovative
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Date: Checked by :
type of heat exchanger that has found widespread use is the plate and frame (or just plate) heat
exchanger, which consists of a series of plates with corrugated flat flow passages. The hot and
cold fluids flow in alternate passage. Thus each cold fluid stream is surrounded by two hot fluid
streams, resulting in very effective heat transfer.
a. Concentric heat exchanger c. shell and tube heat exchanger
b. Plate heat exchanger
From the data that we get in this experiment,

it can be conclude that the temperature of the
hot fluid will decrease while the temperature
of the cold fluid will increase at the end of
the heat exchanger. This show that, the heat
transfer mechanism exist in this equipment.
The hot fluid released heat whereas the cold
fluid absorbed the heat released by the hot
fluid. For the counter flow heat exchanger,
the outlet temperature of the cold fluid may
exceed the outlet temperature of the hot fluid.
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Date: Checked by :
However, the outlet temperature of the cold fluid can never exceed the inlet temperature of the
hot fluid because it would be a violation of the second law of thermodynamic.
The relation of the overall heat transfer coefficient and the flow rate of the fluid are directly
proportional to each other. Mean, when the flow rates of the fluid increase, the overall heat
transfer coefficient also increase and vice versa. From the data that we get by performing the
experiment and by doing some calculations, the relation of the overall heat transfer coefficient
and the flow rates had been proved at the second table. For the first table, the relation of the
overall heat transfer coefficient and the cold fluid flow rates is unstable. There must be an error
during conducting the experiment.
The error that might be the cause of the result becomes inaccurate in surely due to the human
error. We might have misread the temperature of the hot fluid making the temperature difference
for hot water too small whereas temperature difference for cold water larger than the hot water
which lead to power emitted smaller than power absorbed. We also could misunderstand of how
the heat exchanger works and the indication of the symbols TT1 until TT6 which make the
recorded data is in error state.
The other error that had caused the inaccurate results is the equipment itself. The insulation of
the external surface of the heat exchanger may have undergoes some problem like there is an
opening at some part of the insulation which lead to the cold water absorbed heat not only from
the hot water but also from the opening. Besides, the error that caused by the equipment itself is
due to fouling factor. The performance of heat exchangers usually deteriorates with time as a
result of accumulation of deposits on heat transfer surfaces. The layer of the deposits represents
additional resistance to heat transfer and causes the rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger to
decreases. The net effect of these accumulations on heat transfer is represented by a fouling
factor.
CONCLUSION:
From this experiment, as we know for the counter current heat exchanger, both of hot and cold
fluids enter the heat exchanger from opposite ends. The outlet temperature of the cold fluid in
this case may exceed the outlet temperature of the hot fluid. In limiting case, the cold fluid will
be heated to the inlet temperature of the hot fluid. However, the outlet temperature of the cold
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Date: Checked by :
fluid can never exceed the inlet temperature of the hot fluid. As we mention it at the discussion
section, this is because it would be a violation of the second law of thermodynamic. From the
data of the variation of the cold flow rates at the constant hot flow rate, the relationship between
the flow rate and the overall heat transfer coefficient inaccurate due to error that had been
occurred during this experiment. There are too many errors that caused the result become
inaccurate as we can see in the table3 and graph1 in the calculation’s part. But from the data of
the variation of the cold fluid flow rates at the constant hot fluid flow rate, the relationship of the
flow rate and the overall heat transfer coefficient is accurate as shown in the table4 and graph2.
RECOMMENDATION:
1. Any types of heat exchanger recommended for have well insulated to reduced or prevent
the heat loss to the surroundings.
2. To ensure that the flow rates obtained are measured accurately, our eyes must be
perpendicular with the scale of the reading to prevent parallax error.
3. The experiment should be repeated three times and get the average of the results to get
the more accurate results.
4. For the accurate results can be achieved, the calculations of the overall heat transfer
coefficient must be included with the heat transfer resistance and the fouling factor.
REFERENCE:
1. Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles, “Thermodynamics – An Engineering Approach”,
8th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2015.
2. Yunus A, Cengel, Afshin J, & Ghajar, “Heat and Mass Transfer-Fundamentals &
Applications” 5th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2015.
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Date: Checked by :
3. www.real-world-physics-problems.com/heat-exchanger.html
4. www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=767454
APPENDIX:
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Date: Checked by :

Name: Mohd Zainul Bin Rahmat Student No. Group: 2016249898: 2 Experiment: Heat Exchanger Date Performed: 20 MARCH 2018 Semester: 4 Programme / Code Submit To: EH2204B: Madam Habsah BT Alwi

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Name: Mohd Zainul Bin Rahmat Student No. Group: 2016249898: 2 Experiment: Heat Exchanger Date Performed: 20 MARCH 2018 Semester: 4 Programme / Code Submit To: EH2204B: Madam Habsah BT Alwi

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

NAME : MOHD ZAINUL BIN RAHMAT

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

Checked by: Rechecked by:

Concentric Tube Heat Exchangers – Fluid Flow Direction

The efficiency can be calculated from;

Controlled hot water temperature, θ = 50 ̊ c

Calculation for table1(no.2);

Calculation for table1(no.3);

Calculation for table1(no.4);

Calculation for table1(no.5);

Calculation for table2(no1);

Calculation for table2(no2);

Calculation for table2(no3);

Calculation for table2(no4);

Calculation for table2(no5);

a. Concentric heat exchanger c. shell and tube heat exchanger

b. Plate heat exchanger

From the data that we get in this experiment,

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