Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

UiTM Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang
Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam
81750 Masai, Johor Darul Ta’zim
Tel : 607-3818000

HEAT TRANSFER AND EQUIPMENT - CHE245

Student’s Name : 1) NUR ANIS BINTI ZULKIFLI - 2020450598

2) MUHAMMAD BIN MAT ZAIB - 2020852164
3) NUR AQILAH BINTI SHAMSUL KAMAR - 2020826414
4) MUHAMMAD HAFIDZ DANIAL BIN MOHD ROSHDI- 2020601264
Group No. :3
Experiment : (A) CO-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT
Date Performed : 28/4/2022
Date Submitted : 17/5/2022
Semester :4
Lecturer : MR. MOHAMAD ZARQANI YEOP

No. Items Full marks Marks

1 Abstract 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Objective 5
4 Theory 10
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methods/Experimental Procedure 5
7 Results 18
8 Calculation 5
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 10
11 Recommendation 5
12 Reference 5
13 Appendix 2
TOTAL 100

Checked by:

__________________
Date

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT: ........................................................................................................................... 3

1.0 INTRODUCTION: ...................................................................................................... 3

2.0 OBJECTIVE:............................................................................................................... 4

3.0 THEORY: .................................................................................................................... 4

4.0 APPARATUS: ............................................................................................................. 6

5.0 PROCEDURE: ............................................................................................................ 8

6.0 RESULTS: ................................................................................................................. 11

7.0 CALCULATIONS:.................................................................................................... 12

8.0 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................. 20

9.0 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................ 23

10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................... 23

11.0 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 24

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

ABSTRACT

The Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger was created to explain how industrial
heat exchanger's function. A heat exchanger is a device designed to transfer heat from
one medium to another medium efficiently. The objective of this experiment is to show
the working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger under both co-current and
counter-current flow situations. The final purpose is to prove how flow rate variation
affects the performance characteristics of a concentric tube heat exchanger working in
counter-current flow for both warm and cold. Both hot and cold fluids enter the heat
exchanger at the same end and flow in the same direction during the trials (co-current).
The hot and cold fluids, enter the heat exchanger from opposing ends and flow in
opposite directions in a counter-current flow.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Heat exchangers are widely used in a variety of applications, ranging from

home heating and air conditioning to chemical processing and power generation in

large plants. Heat exchangers differentiate from mixing chambers in that the two fluids

involved are not allowed to combine. Convection in each fluid and conduction through

the wall separating the two fluids are the most common methods of heat transfer in a

heat exchanger. It's easier to deal with an overall heat transfer coefficient when

studying heat exchangers. The magnitude of the temperature differential at a given

place in a heat exchanger determines the rate of heat transfer between the two fluids at

that point, which changes along the heat exchanger.

The SOLTEQ HE104-PD Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger was created

particularly for this experiment to show the operating principles of industrial heat

exchangers. To enable students to do a series of easy measurements, the equipment and

supplies simply require a cold-water supply, a single-phase electrical outlet, and a

bench top. Experiments may be carried out quickly to demonstrate the practical

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

importance of temperature profiles, co-current and counter-current flow, energy

balances, log mean temperature difference, and heat transfer coefficients.

The hot water system is completely independent. An immersion type heater and

an adjustable temperature controller are installed in a hot storage tank to keep the

temperature within 1°C. A pump circulates hot water to the heat exchanger, and the

water is then reheated in the storage tank. The exchanger's cold water comes from the

lab's mains supply. Simple switchover between co-current and counter-current systems

is facilitated by a clearly recognised valve design.

2.0 OBJECTIVE:

The objectives of this experiment was to demonstrate the working principles of a concentric tube

heat exchanger operating under co-current flow conditions. This was accomplished through the

observation of hot and cold water temperatures at inlet, mid-point and outlet.

3.0 THEORY:

The double-pipe heat exchanger is the simplest form of heat exchanger, consisting of

two concentric pipes of different diameters. In a two-pipe heat exchanger, one fluid

travels through the smaller pipe and the other via the diameter space between the two

pipes. A double-pipe heat exchanger can have two different flow arrangements. Both

hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and flow in the same

direction in parallel flow. The hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at opposing

ends and flow in opposite directions in counter flow.

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

Before determining the overall heat transfer coefficient U, calculate the power emitted

and power absorbed to obtain the value of power lost using the formula:

Power Emitted = 𝑄! 𝜌! 𝐶𝑝! %𝑇!,#$ − 𝑇!,%&' (

Power Absorbed = 𝑄( 𝜌( 𝐶𝑝! %𝑇),%&' − 𝑇),#$ (

Power Lost = Power Emitted – Power absorbed

The efficiency must be calculated,

*%+,- /01%-0,2
Efficiency, ղ = *%+,- ,3#'',2
× 100%

Next, calculated the log mean temperature difference,

∆'56∆'7
Log mean temperature difference, ∆tm = ∆"#
89
∆"$

To determine heat transmitted from the inner pipe to the outer pipe, the overall heat transfer

coefficient must be determined. The coefficient accounts for total conductive and convective

resistance (k and h) between fluids separated by the inner pipe.

:%+,- ;01%-0,2
UExperimental = ∆<= (?@AB)

Where area is,

πDouterL

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

After that, find the Reynolds number from this experiment. The Reynolds number between 2300-

4000, consider as a laminar flow and if the Reynolds number is higher than 4000, consider as

turbulent flow.

𝜌𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

Lastly, the nusselt number and prandlt number formula is used,

Nusselt number hot water: Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3

Nusselt number cold water: Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4

Prandlt number: Pr = μ.Cp/K

4.0 APPARATUS

SOLTEQ HE104-PD Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger.

FIGURE 1: Rear view of the concentric tube heat exchanger

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

FIGURE 2: Front view of the concentric tube heat exchanger

1.Loose cover 15.Temperature controller

2.Level switch 16.Main switch

3.Heating element 17.Temperature sensor

4.Storage tank 18.Hot water inlet

5.Bypass valve 19.Selector valve

6.Pump inlet 20.Temperature sensor

7.Pump 21.Flowmeter

8.Temperature sensor 22.Control valve

9.Bleed Valve 23.Cold water inlet

10.Temperature sensor 24.Cold water outlet

11.Bleed valve 25.Temperature sensor

12.Flowrate indicator 26.Control valve

13.Temperature indicator 27.Flowmeter

14.Concentric tube

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

FIGURE 3: Schematic Diagram of Heat Exchanger Co-Current Experiment

5.0 PROCEDURE:

General start up

1. The drain valve underneath the water storage tank was checked to fully closed

(clockwise).

2. The cover (1) from the storage tank (4) was removed and the tank was filled

with clean water to within 40 mm (about 1.5 inch) from the top.

3. The cover on the storage tank was replaced.

4. The air bleeds (11,9) on the top of heat exchanger were closed.

5. The cold water inlet (23) was connected to source of cold water using flexible

tubing.

6. The cold water outlet (24) was connected sustainable drain.

7. The hot water control valve (22) was closed.

8. The temperature controller was set to zero on the front panel.

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9. The cover on the storage tank was raised and circulation of water through

10. The hot water flow control valve was opened and water to flow through the

exchanger was allowed until a steady flow of water is indicated on the cold

water flowmeter.

11. The cold water flow control valve was opened. The selector valves were set to

co-current position. Water was allowed to flow through the exchanger until a

steady flow of water is indicated on the cold water flowmeter.

12. The temperature controller was set to an elevated temperature. the heater was

switched on and observe the heater switch is illuminated indicating power

output to the heating element. Observe the heater to make sure it runs well.

Experimental Procedure

1. General start-up was performed.

2. The cold water flow direction control valve was set to co-current flow.

3. V1 and V3 was opened while V2 and V4 was closed to set co-current flow.

4. The flow control valves for hot water was set to 2.0 L/min while cold water was

set to 1.5 L/min.

5. Make sure that the flowrates for both hot and cold water was maintained from

time to time.

6. Heater was switched on and the temperature controller was set to 60 c.

7. Make sure the reading of temperature controller was stable for few minutes.

8. Reading for all temperature indicators was recorded.

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Shut down Procedure

1. The heater and pump were switched off.

2. Ensure that the valve that connected to cold inlet was closed.

3. The water inside the hot water tank was drained by opening the valve that

placed below the tank.

4. Make sure both bleed valve for hot and cold water flow were opened to ensure

the air or pressure inside the system is release

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6.0 RESULTS:

Readings TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6

(tHin) °C (tHmid) °C (tHout) °C (tCin) °C (tCmid) °C (tCout) °C
57.1 51.5 49.8 25.5 30.7 36.2

Calculations Power Power Power lost Efficiency Dtm °C U

Emitted absorbed W % W/m2 °C
W W
1003.02 1113.87 -110.85 111.05 22.5573 770.352

Tempera Flow Reynold Nusselt Surface Theoretical Experiment- Percenta

-ture, T rate Q Number Number Heat U (W/m2K) al U ge
2
(°C) (L/min) Re Nu Transfer (W/m K) error (%)
Coefficient,
h (W/m2K)
Hot 60 2.0 6842.398 37.376 1880.30 495.1112 770.3523 -55.59
Water
Cold 30 1.5 1135.39 5.42 672.08
Water

Types of flow
Hot water (60°C) Turbulent
Cold water (30°C) Laminar

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7.0 CALCULATIONS:

For Hot Water:

Water at 60°C: Density, ρ = 983.2 kg/m3

(Inner Pipe)
Dynamic Viscosity, μ = 0.467×10-3 Ns/m3

Specific Heat Capacity, Cp = 4185 J/Kg.K

Thermal Conductivity, k = 0.654 W/m.K

Prandtl number, Pr = 2.99

Inner Diameter, di = 13 mm = 0.013 m

Outer Diameter, do = 15 mm = 0.015 m
Total Area, Ainner = πDinnerL
Ainner = π (0.013 m) (1.36 m)
Ainner = 0.0555 m2

For Cold Water:

Water at 30°C: Density, ρ = 995.65 kg/m3

(Outer Pipe)
Dynamic Viscosity, μ = 0.798×10-3 Ns/m3

Specific Heat Capacity, Cp = 4179 J/Kg.K

Thermal Conductivity, k = 0.62 W/m.K

Prandtl number, Pr = 5.42

Inner Diameter, di = 20 mm = 0.020 m

Outer Diameter, do = 22 mm = 0.022 m
Total Area, Aouter = πDouterL
Aouter = π (0.015 m) (1.36 m)
Aouter = 0.0641 m2

Total Area For Hot + Cold Side, Atotal

Atotal = 0.0641 m2 + 0.0555 m2

Atotal = 0.1196 m2

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EXP A: CO-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT

Controlled Hot Water Temperature = 60°C

7.E F 53% 53#$

Hot water flow rate, QH = 4
3#$ 5EEEF
54 GE1
5 = 3.33 × 106H 𝑚I /s

5.HF 53% 53#$

Cold water flow rate, QL = 3#$ 45EEEF5 4 GE1
5 = 2.5 × 106H 𝑚I /𝑠

Calculation For Experimental Value:

Average temperature at TH and Tc ,

𝑇!,#$ + 𝑇!,%&' 57.1°𝐶 + 49.8°𝐶

𝑇!,/J,-/K, = = = 53.45°𝐶 = 128.21°𝐹
2 2

𝑇(,#$ + 𝑇(,%&' 25.5℃ + 36.2℃

𝑇),/J,-/K, = = = 30.85℃ = 87.53℉
2 2

Density of the water at TH, average and Tc, average ,

(𝑇 − 𝑇5 )
𝜌! = (𝜌 − 𝜌5 ) + 𝜌5
(𝑇7 − 𝑇5 ) 7

(1228.21℉ − 120℉) 𝑙𝑏𝑚 61.71𝑙𝑏𝑚 61.71𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝜌! = I61.55 I − N+
(130℉ − 120℉) 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 I 𝑓𝑡 I

𝜌! = 61.57864 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡 I

𝜌! = 986.40 𝑘𝑔/𝑚I

𝑘𝑔 (𝑇 − 𝑇5 )
𝜌( I I N = (𝜌 − 𝜌5 ) + 𝜌5
𝑚 (𝑇7 − 𝑇5 ) 7

𝑘𝑔 (87.53℉ − 80℉) 𝑙𝑏𝑚 62.22 𝑙𝑏𝑚 62.22 𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝜌( I I N = I62.12 I − N+
𝑚 (90℉ − 80℉) 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 I 𝑓𝑡 I

𝜌( = 62.1447 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑓𝑡 I

𝜌( = 995.46 𝑘𝑔/𝑚I

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Specific heat of the water at TH, average and Tc, average,

(𝑇 − 𝑇5 )
𝐶𝑝! = (𝐶𝑝7 − 𝐶𝑝5 ) + 𝐶𝑝5
(𝑇7 − 𝑇5 )

(1228.21 − 120)
𝐶𝑝! = (0.999 − 0.999) + 0.999
(130 − 120)

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐶𝑝! = 0.999
𝑙𝑏. 𝑅

𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝! = 4.1826
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

(𝑇 − 𝑇5 )
𝐶𝑝( = (𝐶𝑝7 − 𝐶𝑝5 ) + 𝐶𝑝5
(𝑇7 − 𝑇5 )

(87.53 − 80)
𝐶𝑝( = (0.999 − 0.999) + 0.999
(90 − 80)

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐶𝑝( = 0.999
𝑙𝑏. 𝑅

𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝( = 4.1826
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

Power Emitted, Pe,

Power Emitted = 𝑄! 𝜌! 𝐶𝑝! %𝑇!,#$ − 𝑇!,%&' (

6H
𝑚I 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑃𝑒 = V3.33 × 10 W I986.40 I N I4.183 N (330.25 𝐾 − 322.95 𝐾)
𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝐾𝐽
𝑃𝑒 = 1.003016
𝑠

𝑃𝑒 = 1003.02 𝑊

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

Power Absorbed, Pa,

Power Absorbed = 𝑄) 𝑝) %𝑇),%&' − 𝑇),#$ (

𝑚I 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑃𝑎 = V2.5 × 106H W I995.46 I N I4.183 N (309.35 𝐾 − 298.65 𝐾)
𝑠 𝑚 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝐾𝐽
𝑃𝑎 = 1.113872456
𝑠

𝑃𝑎 = 1113.87 𝑊

Power Lost,

Power Lost = Power Emitted – Power Absorbed

Power Lost = 1003.02 𝑊 − 1113.87 𝑊

Power Lost = - 110.85 W

Efficiency, ղ,
:%+,- ;01%-0,2
ղ= :%+,- L3#'',2
× 100%

555I.MN+
ղ = 5EEI.E7O × 100%

ղ = 111.05%

Log Mean Temperature Difference, ∆Tm

∆P# 6∆P$
∆Tm = ∆&#
89( )
∆&$

(P',)*+ &-,./" )+(&',./" +&

-,)* )
∆Tm = (&',)* +&-,./" )
89((& )
',./" +&-,)* )

(HN.5℃6IG.7℃)6(RS.M℃67H.H℃)
∆Tm = 23.#℃+%6.$℃
89( )
78.9℃+$2.2℃

∆Tm = 22.5573°C

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

Experimental Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, UExperimental

:%+,- ;01%-0,2
UExperimental =
∆<= (?@AB)

555I.MN O
UExperimental = (77.HHNI℃)(E.EGR53$ )

UExperimental = 770.3523 W/m2.°C

Calculation For Hot Water at 60°C,

Hot water flow rate, QH = 3.33 × 106H 𝑚I /s (2.0 L/min)

Area of Hot Water Flows,

T2# $
Area = R

T(%.%5I3$ )
Area = R

Area = 1.33×10-4 m2

By Continuity Equation, Q = VA

𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴

3.33 × 106H 𝑚I /s
𝑉=
1.33 × 106R 𝑚7
𝑚
𝑉 = 0.25
𝑠

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

Reynold’s Number, Re

𝜌𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

kg 𝑚
I983.2 N (0.25 𝑠 )(0.013 𝑚)
𝑚I
𝑅𝑒 =
kg
(0.467 × 106I I )
𝑚

𝑅𝑒 = 6842.398

𝑅𝑒 = 6842.398 > 4000

𝑅𝑒 = 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤

Nusselt number,

Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3

Nu = 0.023 (6842.398) 0.8 (2.99)0.3

Nu = 37.376

Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient, h

𝑁𝑢 . 𝐾
ℎ=
𝑑𝑖

𝑊
(37.376)(0.654
ℎ= 𝑚. 𝐾 )
0.013 𝑚
𝑊
ℎ = 1880.30
𝑚7 . 𝐾

For Cold Water At 30°C,

Cold water flow rate, QL = 2.5 × 106H 𝑚I /𝑠 (1.5 L/min)

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

Cross-Sectional Diameter,

Dh = internal diameter for outer pipe (cold water) – outer diameter for inner pipe (hot water)

Dh = 0.02 m – 0.015 m

Dh = 0.005 m

Cross-Sectional Area, Ah

𝜋(𝐷# )7 − (𝑑% )7
𝐴=
4

𝜋(0.02 𝑚7 ) − (0.015 𝑚7 )
𝐴=
4

𝐴 = 1.3744 × 106R 𝑚7

By Continuity Equation, Q = VA

𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴

2.5 × 106H 𝑚I /s
𝑉=
1.3744 × 106R 𝑚7
𝑚
𝑉 = 0.182
𝑠

Reynold’s Number, Re

𝜌𝑉𝑑
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

kg 𝑚
I995.65 I N (0.182 𝑠 )(0.005 𝑚)
𝑚
𝑅𝑒 =
kg
(0.798 × 106I I )
𝑚

𝑅𝑒 = 1135.39

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

𝑅𝑒 = 1135.39 < 4000

𝑅𝑒 = 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤

For the laminar flow, Nusselt number for concentric tube heat exchanger can be found from table

11.3 pg. 638, Heat & Mass Transfer (Fundamentals & Applications), Mc Graw Hill 4th Edition.

𝑂𝐷# 0.015
= = 0.6816
𝐼𝐷% 0.22

Interpolation to find Nu,

0.6816 − 0.50
𝑁𝑢 = I N (4.86 − 5.74) + 5.74 = 5.42
1.00 − 0.50

Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient, h

𝑁𝑢 . 𝐾
ℎ=
𝑑ℎ

𝑊
(5.42)(0.62
ℎ= 𝑚. 𝐾 )
0.005 𝑚
𝑊
ℎ = 672.08
𝑚7 . 𝐾

Theoretical Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, Utheoretical

1
𝑈=
1 1
𝑊 + 𝑊
1880.30 7 672.08 7
𝑚 .𝐾 𝑚 .𝐾
𝑊
𝑈 = 495.1112
𝑚7 . 𝐾

Percentage Error,

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙

𝑊 W
495.1112 − 770.3523 7
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑚7 . 𝐾 𝑚 . 𝐾 × 100%
𝑊
495.1112 7
𝑚 .𝐾

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = −55.59%

8.0 DISCUSSION

The Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger uses the same operating principles as the simplest

type of heat exchanger which is the double pipe heat exchanger. One fluid flow through the smaller

pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space between the two pipes. For this

experiment, the hot water flows through, the smaller pipe whereas the cold water flows through the

annular space between the two tubes.

FIGURE 4: Schematic Diagram of Heat Exchanger

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

Experiment A: Co-current Flow Arrangement

FIGURE 5: Temperature Profile for Co-Current Flow Arrangement

The graphs show the temperature profile for co-current flow conditions where both the hot

and cold fluid enters the heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction when

exiting the heat exchanger. The hot water releases heat and cold water absorbed the heat released

by the hot water. Supposedly, the amount of heat released should be bigger than the amount of heat

absorbed. The first law of Thermodynamics stated that the energy output cannot exceed the energy

input indicating that the result obtained from this experiment contains a few errors since the

calculated value for power absorbed is bigger than the value for power emitted.

It is determined that the efficiency in this experiment is 111.05%. However, in reality, it is

impossible for equipment to operate in ideal conditions with an efficiency of 100%. Thus, the

assumption is proven that the equipment or the process encounters some problems which make

something impossible to be possible.

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

The first factor that could contribute to this problem is human error. Human mistake is

undoubtedly the first component that could contribute to this problem. The pupils may have

misunderstood the temperature of the hot fluid, resulting in a tiny temperature differential for hot

water and a larger temperature difference for cold water, resulting in power emitted being less than

power absorbed. The pupils may misinterpret how the heat exchanger works and the meaning of

the symbols TT1 through TT6, resulting in incorrect data being recorded.

From this experiment, the effect of Reynold’s number to the surface heat transfer coefficient

can also be seen.

Reynold's Number, Re vs Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient, h

2000
Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient, h

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
(W/m2K)

800
600
400
200
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Reynold's Number, Re

h vs re

FIGURE 6: Reynold's Number, Re versus Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient, h for Experiment A

From the graph, we can observe that the effects of Reynold’s number, Re to the surface

heat transfer coefficient, h is directly proportional meaning that as the value of Reynold’s number

increases, the value of the surface heat transfer coefficient will also increase.

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9.0 CONCLUSIONS

Heat exchanger tube for co-current experiment works by exchanging the heat released by

the hot water and the cold water. From the data obtained from this experiment, we can calculate

the Reynold’s number for hot water and cold water thus the type of flow for both hot and cold

water can be determined. Other than that, the efficiency of the equipment can also be calculated by

dividing the calculated power absorbed with the calculated power emitted and then multiply the

value with 100%. There are a few errors occurred when conducting this experiment as the value

for absorbed power achieved is bigger than the value for emitted power and the percentage

efficiency calculated is bigger than 100% when in reality, it is impossible for an equipment to

operate in ideal condition with efficiency above 100%. Thus, it can be assumed that this error may

occurred because of a few human and technical error.

10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

1) It is recommended that the heat exchanger be well insulated to reduce heat loss to the

surroundings.

2) It is also recommended to wait until the temperature at the temperature indicator stabilize

first before recording the data.

3) It is recommended to make sure that the flow rates obtained are measured accurately before

proceeding with the other calculations for the rest of the data.

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 Heat Transfer & Equipment Laboratory

11.0 REFERENCES

• https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/36826774/concentric-heat-exchanger-
solution-engineering
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics

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