Laboratory Report Submission Form Transport (CLD 20402)

(SEMESTER JULY 2020)

TO: Code: CLD 20402
From: (Student Name) (Group 4 /LO1-P1) ID Number
1) Che Amirul Ashraf Bin Che Mohd Azmi 1) 55102119016
2) Siti Nor Farahhana Binti Zailan 2) 55102119053
3) Wan Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Bin Rusli 3) 55102119064
4) Muhammad Tasyrif Bin Takyuddin 4) 55102119047
5) 5)
6) 6)
Title of experiment:SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER Date of experiment:
Received by: Date Due:
VERY POO GOO VERY EXCELLENT
CRITERIA
POOR 1 R2 D3 GOOD 4 5
1.0 OBJECTIVES State the objectives of the experiment or 1 2 3 4 5
report (in point form).
(TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%)
2.0 SUMMARY (1 PAGE ONLY) (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 15%) 3 6 9 12 15
Brief review on the objectives of the experiment, main
experimental results and discussions deemed significant and
conclusions obtained from the work.
3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY (TOTAL PERCENTAGE,15%) 3 6 9 12 15
1. State the background to the experiment conducted.
2. Summary of theories including formulations related to the
experimental work.
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS/TUTORIAL (TOTAL 10 20 30 40 50
PERCENTAGE, 50%)
1. Data are presented as deemed suitable with complete
label and units
2. Explanations of the referred table and figure are
presented after the table and figure
3. Discuss on the findings and relations to the theory and
objective of experiment
5.0 CONCLUSIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%) 1 2 3 4 5
1. Summary of the results to relate the findings or results with
the theory applicable to the experimental
6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%) 1 2 3 4 5
1. Suggest improvements in apparatus or measurement
procedure, or experimental procedures for future
7.0 REFERENCES (TOTAL PERCENTAGE, 5%) 1 2 3 4 5
1.
Cite references in the text.
2. Reference taken from books, journals and articles.
References from website are not reccomended.
TOTAL PERCENTAGE (100%)
Date of Submission:
Group:
Section:
Experiment title:

Chop
Received

Date of Submission:
Group:
Section:
Experiment title:

Lecturer Name:
1.0 OBJECTIVE

 To evaluate and study the performance of the shell and tube heat exchanger at various
operating conditions.
 To determine the heat load, log mean temperature difference( LMTD),overall heat transfer
coefficient U

2.0 SUMMARRY

The main purpose of this experiment is to evaluate and study the performance of the shell and
tube heat exchanger at various operating conditions. Furthermore, another main purpose of this
experiment is to determine the heat load, log mean temperature difference (LMTD), overall heat
transfer coefficient U. In this experiment, there are two types of operating system that will be
conducted. The first one is parallel heat exchanger and the second one is counter current heat
exchanger. By flowing two types of different temperature fluid through the shell and the tube
respectively, this will help to determine the total heat transfer coefficient U for this heat exchanger.
Pressure drop for the fluid flow in the shell and the tube side will also be observed and recorded to
ensure that the results will be more accurate.

3.0 INTRODUCTION & THEORY

The shell and tube heat exchanger is made up of a bundle of a parallel heat exchanger tubes
held in place with tube sheets and placed into shell.The most common type of heat exchanger is the
shell-and-tube type. It utilizes a bundle of tubes through which one of the fluids flows. These tubes are
enclosed in a shell with provisions for the other fluid to flow through the spaces between the tubes.
These heat and tubes exchanger can either be in single -phase or two- phase. A tube contains an insert
known as a turbulator which causes turbulent flow through the tubes and prevents sediment depositing,
or “fouling”, as well as increases the exchanger’s heat transfer capacity. Designers also cause turbulence
in the shell with barriers known as baffles, which maximize the amount of thermal mixing that occurs
between the shell-side fluid and the coolant pipes. The shell-side fluid must work its way around these
baffles, which causes the flow to repeatedly pass over the tube bundle, thus transferring energy and
exiting the heat exchanger at a lower temperature. Certain shell and tube exchangers use differing baffle
shapes to maximize heat transfer, and some use none at all.

Shell and tube heat exchangers can be single-phase, or two-phase. A single-phase exchanger keeps the
fluid’s phase constant throughout the process (e.g. liquid water enters, liquid water leaves) while a two-
phase exchanger will cause a phase change during heat transfer process (e.g. steam enters and liquid
water leaves). They can also be single pass or multi pass, which simply describes how many times the
tube-side/shell-side flows pass through the device. The heat exchange always takes places between two
fluids through the exchanger of tubes wall. Sensible heat expressions might be obtained by relating total
heat transfer rate to the temperature different between the hot and cold fluids and constants specific
heats are assumed. The equation are based independently by flow arrangement and heat exchanger
type.

Q H =¿ Q c =¿ .(2)

By relating the total heat transfer rate to the temperature difference between the hot and the
cold fluid,where ∆ T =T h−T c , Newton’s law of cooling can be derived.

Where: Q=U A ¿

Q=Total hed load

A=Total heat t ransfer area
The specific from of ¿ must be establish for the parallel- flow and counter current-flow heat exchanger.

For the parallel-flow and counter flow heat exchanger, there are three equations that need to calculate

Parallel-flow

θ1=T hi −T ci and θ2=T ho−T co

Counter current flow

θ1=T hi −T co and θ2=T ho−T ci

θ 1−θ2
( ∆T )m=
θ
ln ⁡[ 1 ]
θ2
THEORY

According to the Newton's law of cooling, states that the rate of heat loss of a body is directly
proportional to the change in the temperatures between the body and its surroundings. This law is often
practiced to the condition that the temperature difference is small and the nature of heat transfer
mechanism unchanged. Thus, support the statement that state the value of the heat transfer coefficient
should be one, which mediates between heat losses and temperature differences, is a constant.

Counter flow heat exchangers are inherently more efficient than parallel flow heat exchangers because
they create a more uniform temperature difference between the fluids, over the entire length of the
fluid path.

Heat exchangers are typically classified according to flow arrangement and type of construction. The
simplest heat exchanger is one for which the hot and cold fluids move in the same or opposite
directions. This heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different diameters. Parallel-flow
arrangement. In the parallel-flow arrangement, the hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in
the same direction, and leave at the same end.ounter-flow arrangement. In the counter-flow
arrangement, the fluids enter at opposite ends, flow in opposite directions, and leave at opposite ends.
4.0 RESULT
5. Discussion & Tutorial
TUTORIAL 4
The overall heat transfer coefficient, or U-value, refers to how well heat is conducted through over a
series of resistant mediums. Its units are the W/(m2°C) [Btu/(hr-ft2°F)].

The overall heat transfer coefficient is influenced by the thickness and thermal conductivity of the
mediums through which heat is transferred. The larger the coefficient, the easier heat is transferred
from its source to the product being heated. Due to that, by having different temperature of the flow
rate with different operation system to manage the water flow, thus will affected the energy throughout
the resistant medium. These variety will then influence the values of the overall heat transfer
coefficient.
6. Conclusion

Based on the data that was state in this experiment, set 3 was selected, as the value of the
heat transfer coefficient is the nearest to 1 which is 0.93.Thus, support the theory of Newton’s law of
cooling. Furthermore, both of the objectives in this experiment which were to evaluate and study the
performance of the shell and tube heat exchanger at various operating conditions and to determine the
heat load, log mean temperature difference (LMTD), overall heat transfer coefficient had been achieved.
For the first objective, the result show that set 3 which is operate using counter current flow has the
nearest coefficient to 1. This set 3 also operate using HW that had higher nominal flow which is 15
compare to CW which is 10. The second objectives were also managed to be achieve as all of the head
load, (LMTD) and overall heat transfer for the 3 sets of experiments had been successfully calculated
and be determined.

During conducting of the experiment, there are several errors that occurred which causes for the
experiment to not be 100 percent theoretically proven. First of all is, systematic errors. This is due to the
malfunction of the machine that been used to take the value for the temperature, PG-C and PG-H.
Another error that occurred in this experiment is random error, this happen because the observant miss
look at the values that were taken. Therefore, resulting in a huge different between result set 1 ,set 2
and set 3.

7. Recommendation

In order to overcome all of the above errors, first of all, every machine need to be well
preserve and taken care to ensure that they can operate well during the conducting of the experiments.
Another action take can be taken is to ensure every data that was collected were accurate. Furthermore,
every experiment should be observed by the lab demo in order to ensure every experiment were
successfully conducted and to prevent from any incident in the laboratory.

8. Reference

1. Geankoplis C.J.: “Transport Process and Unit Operations”, 3 rd Edition, Prentice Hall PTR, 1993
2. J.P. Holman: “Heat Transfer”, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill,1992
3. McCabe W.L, Smith J.S and Harriot P:” Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering”, 5 th Edition,
McGraw Hill,1993
4. https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/process-equipment/shell-and-tube-heat-exchangers
5. https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/59713-types-of-shell-and-tube-heat-exchangers
6. https://www.britannica.com/technology/parallel-flow-heat-exchanger