SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Johor

Jalan Purnama, Bandar Seri Alam,
81750 Masai, Johor
Tel : +607-381300

TECHNICAL/EXECUTIVE REPORT : CHE144 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

THERMODYNAMIC

Lab Title MARCET BOILER

100
Group Members Semester : October – February 2022 Group: 1
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not necessary.
1
2
3
4

Allocated Marks for Technical/Executive report

Criteria Full Marks
Introduction 5
Summary of Procedures / Methods 5
Data Presentation (graph/table), Discussion & 30
Conclusion
Overall report organization & appearance 10
Question & Answer (Post Experiment) 40
Peer Evaluation 10
TOTAL 100

Comments:
Introduction

Thermodynamics study about the interchange of heat and work between a system and the
surroundings which occurs when the system undergoes a process. Thermodynamics also
concerned about the changes in the properties of fluid. Most thermodynamics substances such
as gases and vapours are often referred as P-V-T substances.

The equation of states, which connects pressure, specific volume or density, and absolute
temperature to molecule mass and the gas constant, R, governs an ideal gas. Real gas, on the
other hand, does not always follow the equation of state. A few tweaks to the ideal gas equation
of state allow it to be applied to real-world qualities. When energy is given to water, the
molecules' activities increase, causing a rise in the number of molecules that escape off a
surface until equilibrium is attained. The pressure between the water surface and the steam
determines the state of equilibrium. The lower the pressure, the easier it is for molecules to
leave the water surface, requiring less energy to achieve equilibrium (boiling point). Saturated
temperature refers to the temperature at which a specific pressure level achieves equilibrium.
Saturated pressure is the pressure at which equilibrium occurs at a certain temperature.

The Marcet boiler is used to study the relationship between the pressure and temperature of
saturated steam in equilibrium with water at various temperature levels.
10 bars and atmospheric pressure.The theoretical value calculated from the steam table can be
compared to the measured value of the graph's slope (dT/dP) acquired from the experiment
results.

Summary of Procedures / Methods

 
The apparatus used was a unit of Marcet Boiler and water. The unit of Marcet Boiler consists of
a stainless steel pressure vessel fitted with high pressure immersion electricalheater, control
panel, a safety relief valve, water inlet port & valve, Bourdon tube pressure gauge, temperature
and pressure measuring devices.
Before starting the experiment a quick inspection was performed to ensure the unit is in proper
operating condition. The unit of Marcet Boiler was later connected to the nearest power supply.
Valve at the feed port and the level sight tube were opened. After that, the boiler was filled with
distilled water through the feed port and the water level was madesure to be at about half of the
boiler’s height. Then, the valves at the level sight tube wereclosed and the power supply is
turned on.

The temperature controller was set at 185.0 °C which is slightly above the expected boiling point
of the water at 10.0 bar(abs). The valve at feed port was opened and the heater was turned on.
The valve at the level sight tube are made sure to be closed before turning on the heater as the
sight tube is not designed to withstand high pressure and temperature. The rise of steam
temperature was observed as the water boils. The steam from the valve was allowed to come
out for 30 seconds before the valve was closed. This step is important to remove air from the
boiler as the accuracy of the experimental results will be significantly affected if air is present.
The steam temperature, gauge pressure at1.00 bar (abs) and time taken for the steam to reach
1.00 bar (abs) were recorded. This step was repeated by increase the interval of pressure with
0.5 bar (abs) until the steam pressure reaches 10.0 bar (abs). After that, the heater was allowed
to cool down to room temperature. All the results were recorded and tabulated under the table
below. Graph of temperature against absolute pressure was plotted. Calculation of the slope of
the graph was made.

Data Presentation (graph/table)

Experimental Results
 Pressure,P Temperature,T
(bar) (0C) Measured Calculated
slope,dT/dP slope,Tvg/hfg
Gaug Absolute Increas Decrease Averag Average
e e (0C) e Tavc Tavc (0C)
(0C) (0C)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.80
3.90
4.00
4.10
4.20
4.30
4.40
4.50
4.60
4.70
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60
5.70
5.80
5.90
6.00
6.10
6.20
6.30
6.40
6.50
6.60
6.70
6.80
6.90
7.00
7.10
7.20
7.30
7.40
7.50
7.60
7.70
7.80
7.90
8.00
8.10
8.20
8.30
8.40
8.50
8.60
8.70
8.80
 8.90
9.00

Discussion & Conclusion

1. Why is it necessary to remove air from the boiler at the beginning of the
experiment?

-This is because , air might affects the accuracy of the experimental results. If the air is not removed, the
correct equilibrium measurements between the steam and the boiling water will not be obtained.

2. Compare the graph plotted from experiment data to that of the calculated data.
-

3. Discuss any discrepancy and sources of error of the experiment.

4. Discuss the liquid and vapor behavior observed through the experiment and
list some examples of its industrial applications.

-After Liquid molecules gained heat,it will move around so fast that they can not even hold on to each
other anymore, all the molecules started to flying apart and becoming gas.After liquid absorbed enough
heat energy, it changes from liquid form to vapour form. As the steam is not allowed to exit, the pressure
in the boiler increases.

The application of boilers in industries includes :-

1)Power Plant Boiler

The boiler generates high pressure steam by transferring heat of combustion in

various heat transfer sections. Volume of one unit mass of steam is thousand times that of water. When
water is converted to a steam in a closed vessel, the pressure will increase. Heating the water from cold
condition to boiling point or saturation temperature. Water boils at saturation temperature to produce
steam. Heating steam from saturation temperature to higher temperature called superheating to increase
the power plant output and efficiency.

2) Food Steamer used by Food Industries

There are two types of food steamers used by the food industry to heat food in
large quantities. The traditional design uses steam trays connected to a central
boiler. Newer technology uses individual heating systems to create the steam on each set of steam trays.
The newer technology offers significant advantages in both energy and water efficiency. The boiler-based
steamers utilize a boiler to inject (through pipes) steam into the heating compartment containing the food
trays. Steam that does not condense on the food product escapes as a mixture of steam and hot
condensate through a drain at the bottom of the set of steam trays. Not only is water wasted in the
rejected steam, but also a substantial amount of additional water is required to condense this steam and
cool the condensate water to an acceptable temperature before it enters the sewer system.

3) Fluidized Bed Reactor

The fuel is fluidized in oxygen and steam or air. The ash is removed dry or as
heavy agglomerates that defluidize. The temperatures are relatively low in dry ash
gasifiers, so the fuel must be highly reactive; low-grade coals are particularly suitable. The agglomerating
gasifiers have slightly higher temperatures, and are suitable for higher rank coals. Fuel throughput is
higher than for the fixed bed, but not as high as for the entrained flow gasifier. The conversion efficiency
can be rather low due to elutriation of carbonaceous material. Recycle or subsequent combustion of
solids can be used to increase conversion. Fluidized bed gasifiers are most useful for fuels that form
highly corrosive ash that would damage the walls of slagging gasifiers. Biomass fuels generally contain
high levels of corrosive ash.

4) Steam Engines

Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is
separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar power, nuclear
power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process
is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler
operating at a high pressure. When
expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is then
condensed and pumped back into the boiler.

Conclusion
 Peer Evaluation

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discussion
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No Task description Member

1 Introduction and procedure
2 Data Presentation
3 Analyse the result / Discussion
4 Safety awareness