Acti

vetr
ansport
:Theprocessinwhichenergyisusedtomovethepar
ti
clesofasubstance
agai
nstaconcentr
ati
ongradient
,thati
s,f
rom aregionwher
etheyar
eoflowerconcentrat
iont
o
aregi
onwheretheyareofhigherconcent
rati
on.

Adaptat
ion:
Anychar
act
eri
sti
cofanor
gani
sm t
hati
mpr
ovesi
tschancesofsur
viv
ingi
nit
s
envi
ronment.

Aerobicrespi
rat
ion:
Respirat
ionwi t
hoxygen.It
’st
heoxi
dati
onoffoodsubstancesint
he
presenceofoxygenwiththereleaseofalargeamountofener
gy.Car
bondioxideandwaterar
e
rel
easedaswast eproducts.

AI
DS:
Anabbr
evi
ati
onf
orAcqui
redI
mmuneDef
ici
encySy
ndr
ome.

All
eles:Dif
fer
entfor
msofagenewhi
choccupyt
hesamer
elat
iveposi
ti
onsonapai
rof
homol ogouschr
omosomes.

Anaerobi
crespi
rati
on:Respir
ati
onwithoutoxygen.I
t’
stheoxidati
onoff
oodsubst
ancesint
he
absenceofoxygen.Anaerobi
crespi
rati
onreleasesl
essenergythanaer
obi
crespi
rat
ion.

Anaest
het
ics:
Drugst
hatmaket
hebodyunabl
etof
eel
pai
n.

Ar
ter
ies:
Bloodv
essel
swhi
chcar
rybl
oodawayf
rom t
hehear
t.

Art
if
ici
alsel
ect
ion:
Amet
hodusedbyhumanbei
ngst
opr
oducepl
ant
sandani
mal
swi
thdesi
red
qual
iti
es.

Asexual
repr
oducti
on:Theprocessr
esult
ingi
nthepr
oduct
ionofgenet
ical
l
yident
ical
off
spr
ing
fr
om oneparent
,wit
houtthefusi
onofgametes.
Assi
mil
ati
on:Theprocesswherebysomeoft
heabsor
bedf
oodmat
eri
alsar
econv
ert
edi
ntonew
pr
otopl
asm orusedtoprov
ideenergy.

Axon:
Aner
vef
ibr
ethatt
ransmi
tsi
mpul
sesawayf
rom t
hecel
lbodyofaneur
one.

Bi
oaccumulat
ion:
Thepr
ocessbywhi
chsubst
ancescol
l
ecti
nal
lpar
tsorpar
tofal
i
ving
or
ganism.

Breathi
ng:
Thepr
ocesst
hatbr
ingsaboutanexchangeofgasesbet
weenanor
gani
sm andi
ts
envir
onment.

Capi
l
lar
ies:Micr
oscopicthi
n-wal
l
ed( onecel
lthi
ck)bl
oodv
essel
swhi
chcar
rybl
oodf
rom a
smal
larter
y(art
eri
ole)t
oasmal lvei
n(venul
e).

Codominance:Acondi
ti
onwherebot
hal
lel
esexpr
essthemselvesinahybr
id,
ast
heyar
ebot
h
ei
therdominantorr
ecessi
vet
ooneanot
her.(
Roughl
yequalexpressi
on.
)

Community
:Populat
ionsoforgani
smsl
i
vingt
oget
herandi
nter
act
ingwi
thoneanot
herunder
thesameenvi
ronmentalcondi
ti
ons.

Conser
vat
ion:
Thepr
otect
ionandpr
eser
vat
ionofnat
ural
resour
cesoft
heenv
ironment
.

Consumer
s:Or
gani
smswhi
chobt
aint
hei
rener
gybyf
eedi
ngonot
heror
gani
sms.

Continuousvari
ati
on:Tr
ait
swi thphenotypesrangingfr
om oneextremetotheot
her
.Iti
s
broughtaboutbycombined( oraddit
ive)ef
fectsofmanygenes.Itisaf
fect
edbyenvi
ronment
al
conditi
ons,e.
g.int
ell
i
gence,heightandskincolourinhumanbeings.
Cross-pol
l
inat
ion:Thet
ransf
erofpoll
engr
ainsf
rom onepl
antt
othest
igmaofaf
loweri
n
anotherpl
antofthesamespecies.

Decomposers:
Saprot
rophsanddetr
it
ivor
es.Organi
smswhi
chobt
ainener
gybybr
eaki
ngdown
deador
ganisms,f
aecesandexcret
oryproduct
s.

Dendr
on:
Aner
vef
ibr
ethatt
ransmi
tsi
mpul
sest
owar
dst
hecel
lbodyofaneur
one.

Deser
ti
fi
cat
ion:
Thedest
ruct
ionofl
andl
eadi
ngt
odeser
t-
li
kecondi
ti
ons.

Det
oxi
fi
cat
ion:
Thepr
ocessofconv
ert
inghar
mful
subst
ancesi
ntohar
mlessonesi
nthebody
.

Di
ff
erent
iat
ion:
Thepr
ocessbywhi
chacel
lbecomesspeci
ali
zedf
oraspeci
fi
cfunct
ion.

Dif
fusi
on:Thenetmovementofpar
ti
cles(
atoms,i
onsormolecul
es)f
rom aregi
onofhi
gher
concent
rat
iont
oar egi
onofl
owerconcent
rati
on,
thati
s,downaconcent
rati
ongradi
ent
.

Di
gest
ion:
Theprocessbywhichlar
gefoodmol
ecul
esarebrokendowni
ntosmal
l
,sol
ubl
eand
di
ff
usi
blemol
eculesthatcanbeabsor
bedbyt
hebodycell
s.

Di
ploi
d:Cel
l
sthatcont
aint
hef
ull
numberofchr
omosomes.

Disconti
nuousvari
ati
on:Tr
ait
sthatshowli
mi t
edv ar
iat
ioninthei
rphenot
ypeswhichar
eeasi
l
y
di
stingui
shabl
e.Iti
susuall
ycontrol
l
edbyonlyoneoraf ewgenes.I
tisnotaf
fect
edbythe
envir
onment.E.
g.detachedearl
obes-i
t’
sei
theryesorno.

Dominant
:Aform ofagenethati
sexpr
essedandmasksther
ecessivegene.I
tgivest
hesame
phenot
ypeinbot
hhomozy gousandhet
erozy
gouscondi
ti
onsasitexpressesi
tsel
f.
Ecol
ogy
:Thest
udyoft
her
elat
ionshi
psbet
weenl
i
vingor
gani
smsandt
henat
ural
env
ironment
.

Ecosystem:Anecol
ogicalsy
stem f
ormedbyt
hei
nter
act
ionofl
i
vingor
gani
sms(
biot
ic)andt
hei
r
non-l
i
ving(abi
oti
c)env
ironments.

Egest
ion:
Ther emov
alofundi
gest
edmatt
erfr
om thebody.Egesti
onwouldbeli
kepooing-
you’
re
egest
ingfaeceswhi
charebasi
cal
l
yundi
gest
edfood.[
Diff
erenttoexcr
eti
on!Seeexcr
eti
on.]

Endocr
inegl
ands:
Duct
lessgl
andst
hatsecr
etehor
monesi
ntot
hebl
oodst
ream.

Enzymes:Bi
ologi
calcat
aly
stsmadeofprotei
n.Theyalt
ert
herat
eof(most
lycatal
yse)chemi
cal
react
ionswi
thoutt
hemselvesbei
ngchemical
lychangedatt
heendofther
eacti
ons.

Eutr
ophicat
ion:
Theprofusegrowt
handmulti
pli
cati
onofalgaeandgreenplantsasar
esul
tof
theenr
ichmentofnut
rientsi
nthewat
er.Of
tenleadstodeplet
ionofoxygenlev
els.

Excret
ion:Thepr
ocessbywhichmetabol
i
cwasteproduct
sandtoxi
cmater
ial
sar
er emoved
fr
om thebodyofanor gani
sm.E.
g.sweat
ing,
sweati
samet abol
i
cwast
eproduct
.[Dif
fer
entto
egesti
on!Seeegest
ion.]

Fert
il
isat
ion:
Thepr
ocessbywhi
cht
hemal
egamet
efuseswi
tht
hef
emal
egamet
etof
orma
zygote.

Focusi
ng/accommodation:Theadj
ustmentoft
helensoft
heey
esot
hatcl
eari
magesof
obj
ectsatdif
fer
entdi
stancesarefor
medont heret
ina.

Foodchai
n:Aser
iesofor
gani
smst
hroughwhi
chener
gyi
str
ansf
err
edi
nthef
orm off
ood.
Foodweb:
Twoormor
efoodchai
nsi
nter
li
nkedt
oget
her
.

Gamet
e:Ar
epr
oduct
ivecel
lcont
aini
ngt
hehapl
oidnumberofchr
omosomes.

Gene:Aheredi
tar
yfact
orf
oundonapart
icul
arl
ocusi
nachr
omosome.I
tcont
rol
sapar
ti
cul
ar
char
acter
ist
icandcodesf
oraspeci
fi
cpr
otei
n.

Genet
icengi
neer
ing:
Atechni
queusedt
otr
ansf
ergenesf
rom oneor
gani
sm t
oanot
her
.

Genot
ype:
Thecombi
nat
ionofgenesi
nani
ndi
vi
dual
.

Gl
and:
Acel
l
,ti
ssueoranor
gant
hatsecr
eteschemi
cal
subst
ances.

Habi
tat
:Thepl
acewher
eanor
gani
sm l
i
ves.

Hapl
oid:
Cel
l
sthatcont
ainhal
fthenumberofchr
omosomesast
hepar
entcel
l
swhi
chpr
oduced
t
hem.

Heter
ozygous:Aconditi
onwher eyouhav edif
fer
entall
elesforapart
iculart
rait
.E.
g.ifBcodes
forbr
owney es(dominantal
lel
ei salwaysuppercase)andtherecessiv
eal l
elei
sb( al
way st
he
l
owercaseoft hedominantall
eles’l
etter
),t
henapersonwi t
haBbgenot ypeforey
ecol ouri
s
heter
ozy
gousdomi nant,sowil
lhav ebrowneyes.

Homeost
asi
s:Themai
ntenanceofaconst
anti
nter
nal
env
ironment
.

Homol
ogouspai
rs:
Chr
omosomeswhi
chhav
ethesamegenes,
shapeandl
engt
h.
Homozygous:
Havingident
ical
all
elesf
orapar
ti
cul
art
rai
t.E.
g.BB-
homozy
gousdomi
nant
,orbb-
homozy
gousrecessi
ve.

Hormone:Achemi
calsubstancepr
oducedinminut
equant
it
iesbyanendocri
negl
and.I
tis
t
ranspor
tedi
nthebl
oodstream tot
argetor
gan(
s)wher
eitexer
tsit
seff
ects.

I
rr
it
abi
l
ity
/sensi
ti
vi
ty:
Theabi
l
ityofanor
gani
sm t
orespondt
oast
imul
us.

Meiosis:
Aform ofcel
ldi
vi
sionsuchthatt
hedaughtercel
l
scontainhalfthenumberof
chromosomesast hepar
entcel
l.–wil
lbehapl
oid,
e.g.tof
orm sexcel
ls/gametes
(Chromosomesareinthenucl
eus.)

Mit
osi
s:Cel
ldi
vi
sionsuchthatt
hedaught
ercel
l producedcontai
nst
hesamenumberof
chr
omosomesast hepar
entcel
l.–wi
l
lbedipl
oid,e.g.t
oform somat
ic(
body
)cel
ls

Mutat
ion:
Thesuddenorspont
aneouschangei
ngenest
ruct
ureorachr
omosome,
orev
ent
he
chr
omosomenumber ,
andmaybei nher
it
abl
e.

Ner
ve:
Acol
l
ect
ionofner
vef
ibr
es.

Ner
vefibr
e:Al
ongcy
topl
asmi
cext
ensi
onoft
hecel
lbodyofaneur
one.I
tser
vest
otr
ansmi
t
i
mpulses.

Neur
one:
Aner
vecel
l
.

Nut
ri
ti
on:
Thei
ntakeoff
oodandt
hepr
ocessest
hatconv
ertf
oodsubst
ancesi
ntol
i
vingmat
ter
.
Osmor
egulat
ion:Thecont
rolofwat
erandsol
utel
evel
sint
hebloodtomai
ntai
naconst
ant
wat
erpot
enti
al i
nthebody.Basi
cal
l
ytomaint
ainbl
oodwaterl
evel
s.

Osmosi s:Thenetmovementofwat ermoleculesfr

om asolut
ionofhigherwat erpot
enti
al toa
sol
utionoflowerwaterpotent
ial
,thr
oughapar ti
all
ypermeabl
emembr ane,i
.e.downawat er
potenti
algradi
ent.Or,
from aregi
onofhighconcent r
ati
ontoaregionoflowconcent rat
ion,
thr
oughapar t
ial
l
ypermeablemembr ane,
i.e.downaconcentrat
iongradient
.

Oxygendebt
:Theamountofoxygenr
equiredtooxi
dizethel
acti
cacidpr
oducedi
nmuscl
es
dur
inganaer
obicr
espi
rat
ionandconver
titint
oharmlesssubst
ances.

Part
ial
ly
/ sel
ect
ivel
yper
meabl
emembr
ane:
Amembr
anet
hatal
l
owssel
ect
edsubst
ancest
o
passthrough.

Per
ist
alsi
s:Ther
hyt
hmi
cwav
e-l
i
kecont
ract
ionsoft
hewal
l
soft
hegut
.

Phagocyt
osi
s:Thepr
ocessofengul
fi
ngandi
ngest
ingf
orei
gnpar
ti
cles,
suchasbact
eri
a,by
phagocy
tessuchast
hewhitebl
oodcell
s.

Phenot
ype:Thephysi
cal
l
yexpr
essedt
rai
tinani
ndi
vi
dual
,e.
g.out
war
dappear
ancessuchas
hei
ghtandeyecolour
.

Photosynt
hesi
s:Thepr
ocessi
nwhi
chl
i
ghtener
gyabsor
bedbychl
orophy
lli
str
ansf
ormedi
nto
chemicalener
gy.

Pol
l
inat
ion:
Thet
ransf
erofpol
l
engr
ainsf
rom anant
hert
oast
igma.

Pol
l
uti
on:
Theaddi
ti
onofsubst
ancest
otheenv
ironmentt
hatdamagei
t,maki
ngi
tunf
itf
orl
i
fe.
Popul
ati
on:
Agr
oupofor
gani
smsoft
hesamespeci
esl
i
vingt
oget
heri
nthesamehabi
tat
.

Producer
s:Or
ganismswhichconvertenergyfr
om t
hesun,
orlightener
gy,i
ntochemi
cal
ener
gy
andstorei
tasfooddur
ingphotosynthesi
s.Theyar
ethest
artofthefoodchain.

Recessiv
e:Af orm ofagenethatexpr
essesit
selfonlyi
nthehomozy
gouscondi
ti
on.E.g.Bb,
it
won’tbeexpressedbecausethedominant‘
B’all
elemasksitandi
sexpr
essedi
nstead.Buti
n
‘
bb’,t
hisishomozygousrecessiv
e,soitwil
lbeexpressed.

Reducingsugar
s:Sugarsthatproducearedpr
eci
pit
atewhenboi
l
edwi
thBenedi
ct’
ssol
uti
on.
E.
g.glucose,mal
tose,f
ructose,
lactose.

Ref
lexact
ion:
Ani
mmedi
ater
esponset
oaspeci
fi
cst
imul
uswi
thoutconsci
ouscont
rol
.

Reflexar
c:Theshor
testpat
hwaybywhi
chi
mpul
sest
rav
elf
rom t
her
ecept
ort
otheef
fect
ori
na
ref
lexacti
on.

Respi
rat
ion:
Theoxi
dat
ionoff
oodsubst
anceswi
tht
her
eleaseofener
gyi
nli
vi
ngcel
l
s.

Sel
f-
poll
inati
on:Thetr
ansferofpol
l
engrai
nsf
rom t
heant
hert
hest
igmaoft
hesamef
loweror
ofadif
ferentfl
oweronthesameplant
.

Sexualrepr
oduct
ion:Theprocessi
nvol
vingt
hefusi
onoftwogamet
estof
orm azygote,
resul
ti
ngintheproducti
onofgenet
ical
l
ydissi
mil
aroff
spr
ing-
asi
nther
ewi
llbevar
iati
on.

Speci
es:Agroupofsimi
laror
gani
sms.Organi
smswi
thi
naspeci
escanbreed.Theypr
oduce
heal
thyof
fspri
ngthatar
eabletogr
ow,devel
opandr
epr
oducenor
mall
y.

Sy
napse:
Ajunct
ionbet
weent
woneur
ones.
Ti
ssue:
Agr
oupofsi
mil
arcel
l
swhi
chwor
ktoget
hert
oper
for
m aspeci
fi
cfunct
ion.

Tissuer
espirat
ion:
Theprocessinliv
ingcel
lsbywhichfoodsubst
ancesar
eoxi
dizedwi
th
energyr
eleasedforthev
ital
acti
vit
iesofthecel
ls.Basi
cal
ly
:C6H12O6+6O2à6CO2+6H2O+
energy(
ATP)

Tr
anslocat
ion:
Thetr
anspor
tofmanuf
act
uredf
oodsubst
ancessuchassugarandami
noaci
ds
i
nplants(i
nphloem.
)

Tr
anspi
rat
ion:Thel
ossofwat
erv
apourf
rom aer
ial
par
tsofapl
ant
,especi
all
ythr
ought
he
st
omataoftheleav
es.

Tr
anspir
ati
onalpul
l
:Thesuct
ionf
orcecausedbyt
ranspi
rat
iont
hati
sthemai
nfact
orcausi
ng
watermovementupthexy
lem.

Turgorpr
essur
e:Thepressur
eexer
tedout
war
dsont
hecel
lwal
lduet
othewat
eri
nthecel
l
-
hencethecel
lbecomesturgi
d.

Var
iat
ion:
Thedi
ff
erencest
hatcanbeobser
vedwi
thi
naspeci
es.

Vei
ns:
Bloodv
essel
swhi
chcar
rybl
oodt
owar
dst
hehear
t.

Vol
unt
aryact
ion:
Anacti
ont hati
sundert
hecont
rol
oft
hewi
l
l,r
equi
rest
hinki
ngsoi
t’
sobv
iousl
y
sl
owert
haninvol
unt
ary
/ref
lexacti
ons.