CHAPTER2

Cor
rect
ion

-ref
erstothesuper
visi
onofper
sonsar
rest
edf
or,conv
ict
edof
,orsent
encedf
or
cr
iminal
off
enses.

Non-
inst
it
uti
onal
basedcor
rect
ionorCommuni
tybasedcor
rect
ion

-r
efer
stocorrect
ionalacti
vit
iesthatmaytakeplacewithi
nt hecommuni
tyort
he
met
hodofcor
recti
ngsentencedoff
ender
swit
houthavingt
ogot opri
son.

RATI
ONALEFORNONI
NSTI
TUTI
ONALCORRECTI
ON

Humani
tar
ianAspect

-Imprisonmentisnotalwaysadvisabl
e.Placingapersontocust
odialcoer
cionisto
pl
acehi mi nphysicalj
eopar
dy,thusdrastical
lynar
rowinghi
saccesst osourcesof
personalsat
isf
act
ionandreduci
nghisselfesteem.

Rest
orat
iveAspect

-There are measures expect

ed to be achieved by t he of
fender,such as an
est
abli
shmentofapositi
oninthecommunit
yinwhi chhedoesnotv iol
atet
helaws.The
fai
l
ureoftheof
fendertoachi
evethesecanr
esultinr eci
div
ism.

Recidi
vi
sm -refer
stoper son'
srelapseintocri
minalbehav
ior,of
tenaf
tert
heper
son
recei
vessanct
ionsorundergoesi
ntervent
ionf
oraprevi
ouscrime.

Speci
fi
cdet
err
ence

-wil
lkeepsupervi
sedoffender
sf r
om f
all
ingbacktot hei
roldhabi
tsandbehavi
orsby
super
visi
on,unannounced vi
sit
s,and l
etti
ng of
fenders know i
n adv
ance whatthe
consequenceswi
l
lbef
ort
hei
ract
ions.

Manager
ial
Aspect

-Manageri
alski
ll
sareofspeci
ali
mport
ancebecauseoftheShar
pcont
rastbet
weent
he
percapi
tacostofcust
odyandanyki
ndofcommuni t
yprogram.

Adv
ant
agesofCommuni
tyBasedCor
rect
ion

1.Communi t
ybasedcorr
ectioncaneasej ai
landprisoncr
owdi
ngbyall
owingconvi
cted
offender
st hechancetocompl et
eadr ugprogram,bootcamp,orothercor
rect
ions
program,andarethusanotherform ofcostsavi
ngs.

2Famil
ymembersneednotbevi
cti
msalsofort
hei
mpr i
sonmentofamemberbecause
t
heconvi
ctcanst
il
lcont
inuet
osuppor
thi
s/herf
ami
ly.

3.Rehabi
li
tat
ionwi l
lbemoreeff
ect
iveast heconv
ictwi
llnotbeexposedt
ohar
dened
cr
iminal
sinprisonswhowil
lonl
yinf
luencehimtoali
feofcri
me.

4.Rehabi
li
tat
ioncanbemoni
tor
edbyt
hecommuni
tyt
huscor
rect
ionscanbemadeand
bemor eef
fecti
ve.

5.Itislesscost
lyon t
hepartoft hegover
nment.Costofincar
cer
ati
onswi
l
lbe
el
iminat
edwhi
chisext
remel
ybenef
ici
alont
hepartoft
hegover
nment.

6.Communitybasedsanct
ionspr
ovi
deof
fender
soppor
tuni
ti
est
orepayt
hei
rvi
cti
ms
andthei
rcommuniti
es.

Ty
pesofCommuni
tyBasedSanct
ions

1.Probati
on-itisconsider
edasal eastseveresanct
ion,andmaybeusedinconj
unct
ion
wit
h suspended sent ence and otheroptions.Offenders meetwi
ththei
rprobat
ion
off
icersperi
odical
ly,ei
theri
npersonorv i
acal l
-i
nsupervi
sion
2.I
ntensiveSuperv
isi
on-itisanenhancedversionofprobation,whereoff
ender
shav e
i
ncreasedcontactwit
htheirprobat
ionof
fi
cers.Normally
,thecontactsbeginwit
hthree
tof
ivet i
mesaweekwi t
hregulardr
ugandalcoholscreenings.Contact
saredimini
shed
asoffendersdemonst
ratesuccessonthi
soption.

3.Rest
it
uti
onandFines-t
hisopt
iontypical
l
yusedi
nconj
unct
ionwit
hpr obat
ionormay
beusedasstandal
onesancti
ons.I
tisthemostcommonl
yusedsancti
on.

4.Communit
yServi
ce-t
hisopti
ontypi
call
yusedi
nconjunct
ionwit
hprobat
ionormaybe
usedasst
andalonesancti
ons.Itr
equi
restheof
fender
stov ol
unt
ari
l
ydonatethei
rti
me
backt
oservi
ngthei
rcommuni t
y.

5.SubstanceAbuseTr eatment
-ref
err
alsareoftenprovi
dedwhent heoffenseei
ther
i
ncludes some subst
ance orthereis ev
idence dur
ing t
he i
ntake pr
ocess t
hatan
off
enderneedssuchreferr
al.

6.DayRepor
ti
ngCenter
s-itrequi
rest
heof f
enderstor
epor
ttoacent
ral
i
zedl
ocat
ionon
adail
ybasi
storecei
vet
reatmentand/oreducat
ion.

7.HouseConfi
nement
-Iti
saprogram thatr
equi
resof
fender
stor
emaini
nthei
rhomes
exceptf
orappr
ovedper
iodsofabsencecommonlyusedincombi
nat
ionwi
thel
ect
roni
c
monitor
ing.

8.HalfwayHouse-i ti
susedinresi
denti
alset t
ings.Offendersarerequi
redtoremainin
the house atni ghtbutar e all
owed t o obt ai
n empl oymenti ntheirrespecti
ve
communi ti
es.Its goalisto prov
ide offenders withat emporaryperi
od ofhi ghl
y
str
uctured and support
ivel
ivi
ng so thatt heywi llbe betterprepared t
of uncti
on
i
ndependent l
yinthecommunityupondischarge.
9.Bootcamp-

I
tincor
porat
esr i
gor
ousmi l
it
arystyl
epunishments.Iti
sdesignedasashortt er
m
r
esi
denti
alopt
ionwherebyof
fender
saregi
venacceptabl
epuni
shmentanddi
sci
pli
ne

10.Di
ver
sion-Aprocesswher
ebyanallegedof
fender(usual
l
yaj
uveni
l
edel
i
nquent
)is
"t
urnedaway"f
rom fur
ther
movementi
ntothej
usti
cesystem.

Hi
stor
yofCommuni
tyBasedCor
rect
ion

Thehistori
caldevel
opmentofcommuni t
ybasedalter
nat
ivescanetracedbacktothe
fourspeci
ficsancti
onsusedi nEur
opeancountr
iesamely:sanct
uar
y,benef
itofcl
ergy
,
j
udici
alrepri
eve,andrecogni
zanceHanserandBart
on-Bel
l
essa

Ear
lyAl
ter
nat
iveSanct
ions

Sanct
uar
y

Sanctuaryisoneoftheear l
i
estformsofleniency,andcamei nt
ot wof orms:secularand
rel
i
gious.?°Secul
arSanctuaryexistedt
hrought hevari
ousci t
iesorr egionsthatwereset
asi
deasaf or
m ofneut ralground,saf
ehav ensf rom criminalpr osecuti
on.Religi
ous
Sanctuari
esbegandur ingt he4thcenturyandwer egroundedi nEur opeanChr i
sti
an
bel
iefsthatappeal
edtot hekindofmer cyoft hechurch.Itconsistedofapl ace,
usuall
y
achurchormonast ery
.

Benef
itofCl
ergy

Benefi
tofClergywasini
ti
all
yaf orm ofexemptionf r
om cr i
minalpunishmentthatwas
prov
ided f
orcl er
gyin Europe during t
he 12th century.This al
ter
nativ
et otypi
cal
puni
shmentr equi
redchur
chr epresentat
ivest
obedel iv
eredt ochurchaut hor
it
iesfor
puni
shment.

Judi
ci
alRepr
iev
e

Dur
ingt
hel
att
erpar
tof1700'
s,Judi
cialRepr
iev
eswer
eusedatt
hef
ulldi
scr
eti
onof
j
udges,i
ncaseswheretheydidnotbeli
evethatincar
cer
ati
onwaspr
opor
ti
onat
etot
he
cr
imeorwherenoproduct
ivebenef
itwasexpected.

Reprievemeanst hetemporar
ysuspensi
onordel
ayi
ntheimplement
ati
onofacri
minal
sentenceorderedbyt hecour
t.Duri
ngtheti
meoftherepr
iev
e,thei
mplement
ati
onof
thesentenceispostponed.

Recogni
zance

Recogni
zanceorbindi
ngoverf
orgoodbehavior
,isamethodofassur
inggoodbehavi
or
ext
endedatanear l
ydatetoapersonchargedwithorconvi
ctedofmisdemeanorand
wasusedinaddit
iontoori
nsubst
itut
ionsf
orotherpuni
shment.

Hi
stor
yofPr
obat
ion

Probati
onisacor r
ecti
onalmet hodunderwhi chthesentencesofsel ectedoffenders
maybecondi ti
onallysuspendedupont hepromiseofgoodbehav i
orandagr eementt o
acceptsuperv
isionandabidebyspecifiedrequir
ements.Probationasi tisknownt oday
canbet racedtot heuseofsev er
aljudici
alpract
icesexercisedi nEngl i
shandl ater
,
Amer i
cancourts.?
'InEnglishCommonLaw,t heCour t
scoul dtempor ari
lysuspendt he
executi
onofasent encetoallowthedefendanttoappealt
ot heCr ownf orapardon.

Mat
thewDav
enpor
tHi
l
l

Hewasconsider
edasaFat herofProbat
ioninEngl
and.Hil
ldi
dnotrefertohi
sworkas
probat
ion.He did,however,prov
ide serv
ices f
ory oung of
fenders,usi
ng many
componentsoft
oday'
sprobati
onwork.

JohnAugust
us

the"FatherofProbat
ion,
"isrecognizedasthefi
rstt
rueprobati
onoffi
cer.Agooddealof
histi
mewasspenti nattempti
ngt orefor
m al
coholi
cs,andhegenerall
yusedthepledge
torefr
ainfrom al
coholi
cbeveragesasat ooli
nhiseffor
tsatrehabi
l
itat
ion.
Ki
l
li
tsDeci
sion

I
n1916, theU.S.SupremeCour theldthatafederalj
udgewaswithoutpowert osuspend
asentenceindefini
tel
y.Thisfamouscour tdecisionl
edtot hepassingoft heNational
Probati
onActof1925, ther
eby,all
owingcourtstosuspendtheimpositionofasentence
andplaceanof f
enderonpr obat
ionwhi chi
sknownast heKill
it
sDecision.