Cont

ent

1.
Whati
samni
ocent
esi
s?

2. Whoi
sacandi
dat
eforamni
ocent
esi
s?
Whatcanbedetect
edt
hroughan
3.
amni
ocentesi
s?
4. Pr
ocedur
e

5. Af
terpr
ocedur
e

6. Rapi
dtest

7. Ful
lkar
yot
ype

8. Resul
t

9. Compl
icat
ionsofamni
ocent
esi
s

10. Concl
usi
on
 Whati
samni
ocent
esi
s?

 Apr
ocedureper
for
medusual
l
yint
hebegi
nni
ngofpr
egnancy
t
odetectchr
omosomal
abnor
mali
ti
esi
nthef
oet
us.

 Usual
l
ydonewhenawomeni
sbet
ween16t
o22weeksof
pr
egnancy
.

 Duri
ngthispr
ocedur
easampl eofamni ot
icflui
distaken
fr
om theamni
onsac( amni
on)surroundi
ngtheunbor
nbaby
andit
sDNAisexaminedforgenet
icabnormal
it
ies.

 Theamni oti
cf l
uid¬-hasskincel
lsofthedevel
opingbody,as
wellashis/herwast eproductsl
ikeuri
ne.Eachcellfr
om the
babyi nflui
dcont ainstheircompletesetofDNA ( geneti
c
i
nformat i
on).Analyzi
ngthesecellshel
psthedoctorsaccess
thefoetushealthanddetectsanypotenti
alpr
oblems.

 Theenti
reamniocent
esi
sappoi
ntmentl
astsappr
oximat
ely
45minutes–mostofwhichi
nvol
vesadetai
ledul
tr
asound
exami
nation.
Whoi
scandi
dat
eforamni
ocent
esi
s?
 Anypr
egnantwomanwho,
atherduedat
ewi
l
lbe40y
ear
sofageor
ol
der
.

 Anywomenwhosecombi
testr
esul
tsar
ehi
ghr
isk(
bloodt
est
sand/
orf
oet
alul
tr
asound)
.

 Anywomen whose ul
tr
asound r
esul
tsi
ndi
cat
e a pot
ent
ialf
oet
al
chr
omosomal
abnor
mally.

 Anywomanwhohasf amilyhist
oryorwhosepar t
nerhasafami
ly
hi
stor
yofone ormorei nci
dents ofchromosomalanomal
i
es or
genet
icdi
sor
der
swi
thahighrecurr
enceri
sk.

Iti
salsopossibl
eforwomenundert
heageof40,wi
thnohist
oryof
genet
icdi
sordertohaveanamni
ocent
esi
s;i
tisamatt
erofpersonal
choi
ce.
 Whatcanbedetect
edthr
oughan
amniocent
esi
s?
 Near
lyal
lchr
omosomedi
sor
der
,incl
udi
ngDown’
ssy
ndr
omeaswel
l
assexchr
omosomeabnor
mal
i
ties.

 Sev
eralhundr
edgenet
icdi
sor
der
s,suchascy
sti
cfi
brosi
sandsi
ckl
e
cel
ldi
sease.Thet
esti
snotusedt
olookf
oral
loft
hem,buti
fyour
babyi
sati
ncr
easedr
iskf
oroneormor
eoft
hesedi
sor
der
s,i
nmost
casesamni
ocent
esi
scanusual
l
ytel
lyouwhet
herhe/
shehast
he
di
sease.

 Neur
alt
ubedef
ect
ssuchasspi
nabi
fi
da.

 Amni
ocent
esi
sist
heonl
ywayt
oobt
aini
nfor
mat
ionaboutf
etall
ung
mat
uri
ty.Amni
ocent
esi
sisoccasi
onal
l
yusedl
atei
npr
egnancyt
o
assesswhet
hert
hebaby
’sl
ungsar
emat
ureenoughf
ort
hebabyt
o
br
eat
heonhi
sown.
 PROCEDURE

1.Anul tr
asoundisusedasagui detodet ermineasaf elocation
fortheneedletoi nsertthrought heabdomi nalwallt
oent erthe
amni oti
csac.Sot hef l
uidmaybesaf elyremov ed.
2.Asampl eofamni oti
cf l
uidiscollectedthrought heneedle.The
proceduretakesabout45mi nut
es, alt
hought hecoll
ectionoff l
uid
takeslessthanfiv eminut es.
3.Theamni ot
icfl
uid, whichcont ai
nscel l
sshedbyt hefoetus, i
ssent
tothelaborator
yf oranal ysis.
 Af
terpr
ocedur
e
 Adv
isedt
orestf
or24hour
s

 Nost
renuouswor
korexer
cisef
or72hour
s

 Noai
rtr
avel
for72hour
s

 Seekur
gentmedi
cal
att
ent
ioni
f-

o Feel
i
ngshi
ver
y

o Hi
ghf
everof38degr
eeCel
siusorabov
e

o Per
sist
entl
owerbackpai
nandabdomi
nal
pai
n

 Af
tert
heamni
ocent
esi
spr
ocedur
e,t
hesampl
eofamni
oti
cfl
uid(
the
f
lui
dthatsur
roundst
heunbor
nbabyi
nthewomb)wi
l
lbet
akent
oa
l
abor
ator
yfort
est
ing.

 Ther
ear
etwodi
ff
erentt
ypeoft
est
s

o ar
api
dtest

o Af
ull
kar
yot
ype
 Rapi
dTest
 Arapidtestlooksforabnormalit
iesonspecif
icchromosomes( t
he
partsofthebody ’
scell
st hatcarrygenes)
.Wecangeti tsreport
s
wit
hin24-48 hours.A r apidt est can identi
fy a number of
chromosomal condi ti
ons t hat cause phy si
cal and ment al
abnormalit
ies.Theseare:

o Down’
ssy
ndr
ome-sy
mpt
omsar
easf
oll
ows
1. Fl
atf
aci
alf
eat
ures.

2. Smal
lheadandear
s.

3. Shor
tneck.

4. Bul
gingt
ongue.

5. Ey
est
hatsl
antupwar
d.

6. At
ypi
cal
l
yshapedear
s.

7.Poormuscl
etone.

o Edwar
d’ssy
ndr
ome-
-sy
mpt
omsar
easf
oll
ows
 1. Phy
sicalAbnormali
ti
es.Such as smalland abnormallyshaped
head,abnormall
ysmal ljaw andmouth,overl
appingfinger
sand
underdev
elopedfi
ngernai
l
s.Scrunchedf
ist
s.Low-setear
s...
.

2.Hear
tpr
obl
ems.

3. Devel
opment
aldi
sor
der
s.

o Pat
au’
ssy
ndr
ome-
-sy
mpt
omsar
easf
oll
ows
1.cl
eftl
i
pandpal
ate.

2.anabnor
mal
l
ysmal
ley
eorey
es(
micr
opht
hal
mia)

3.absenceof1orbot
hey
es(
anopht
hal
mia)

4.r
educeddi
stancebet
weent
heey
es(
hypot
elor
ism)

5. pr
obl
emswi
tht
hedev
elopmentoft
henasal
passages.

 Theresul
tsofar
apidtestshoul
dber
eadyaft
erthr
eeworki
ngday
s.Thi
stest
i
salmost100% accur
ate,butit
sonl
ytestsforthet
hreecondi
ti
onsli
sted
abov
e.

Ful
lKar
yot
ype
 Eachcel
li
nthebodycont
ains23pai
rsofchr
omosomes.Af
ull
kar
yot
ypechecksal
loft
hese.

 Thecel
l
sint
hesampl
eofamni
oti
cfl
uidar
egr
ownf
orupt
o10day
s.
I
nal
abor
ator
ybef
orebei
ngexami
nedunderami
croscopet
ocheck
f
or:
 o Theno.Ofchr
omosomes

o Theappear
anceofchr
omosome

 Resul
tsf
rom f
ull
kar
yot
ypewi
l
lusual
l
yber
eadyi
n2or3weeks.I
n
about1i
nev
ery100t
est
s,t
her
esul
tsmaynotbecl
ear
.Thi
scoul
dbe
duet
othemot
her
’sbl
oodcont
ami
nat
ingt
hesampl
eofamni
oti
cfl
uid,
whi
chmayhav
epr
event
edcel
l
sfr
om gr
owi
ngpr
oper
ly.

Down’
ssy
ndr
ome Edwar
d’ssy
ndr
ome Pat
au’
ssy
ndr
ome

Resul
t
 Afteramni
ocent
esi
s,t
hesampl
eofamni
oti
cfl
uidi
ssentt
oal
ab
foranal
ysi
s.

 Resul
tsusual
l
ytake10day
stot
hreeweeksdependi
ngont
hel
ab

I
ttakesthatl
ongtogetresul
tbecauset
hecel
l
shav
etogr
owi
nthe
l
abinordertoanal
ysethem.
I
nthel
ab,
genet
icandchemi
cal
testar
edone.

 Forgenet
ictest
s,pr
oteins,mi
ner
alsandot
hercompoundsi
nthe
amniot
icf
lui
dareanaly
sed.

 Amni
ocent
esi
sresul
tswi
l
lei
therbeposi
ti
veornegat
ive.

Posi
ti
veTestr
esul
t Negat
iveTestr
esul
t
 I
fthet
estr
esul
tisposi
ti
vei
t  Formostwomenwhohav e
means t he baby has t he amniocentesis,resul
tsofthe
disordert
hatwasbeingt ested procedure willbe negati
v e.
for.Oneshouldbeawar ethat Thati s,t
herebabywi llnot
there is no cur e for t he haveanydi sordersthatwere
maj ori
ty of chr omosomal test
edf or
.
conditi
ons,So she needs t o
considerheropt
ionscareful
ly.

 Optionsmayi ncl
ude:  I
tis possi
ble t
o hav
e a
1.Cont inui
ng wit
h her negat i
ve r
esult fr
om
pregnancy whi l
e get t
ing amni ocentesi
sbutt hebaby
i
nformation and adv ice may st i
llbe born wi t
ht he
about the conditi
on.So, condition t ested f or or
sheispreparedforcarr
ying another chromosomal
forherbaby. condition.Thisisbecausea
2.Endi ngherpregnancy. normalt est result doesn’
t
3. Options for ending her exclude ev er
ychr omosomal
pregnancywi l
ldepend on disorder.
how manyweekspr egnant
she is when maki ng the
decisi
on.

Compl
icat
ionsofamni
ocent
esi
s:

Iti
simpor
tantt
obeawar eofthepossibl
ecompli
cat
ionsdur
ingor
aft
eramni
ocent
esi
s.Theseareoutl
inedbelow:
Mi
scar
ri
age:
o Ther
eisasmallri
skthatamniocent
esiscancauseami scarr
iage(
the
l
ossofthepr
egnancy
).Theri
skisesti
matedtobearound1i n100.

Cl
ubf
oot
:
o Amni ocent
esi
smaycauseclubfootinbaby.Thi
siswhenthebabyis
bornwi t
hadeformedankleandf
oot.However,thel
i
kelyhoodoft
his
happening i
shigheri
fy ouhaveamniocentesi
sbefor
eweek15of
pregnancy.

RhesusDi
sease:
o Rhesusdiseaseisacondi
ti
onwher
epr
otei
nsi
napr
egnantwoman’
s
bl
oodattackherbaby
’sbl
oodcel
l
s.

o Rhesusdiseaseisonlypossi
bleifthemother
’sbl
oodisRH-negativ
e
andthebaby ’
sbloodisRH-posi
ti
ve.Ift
hisist
hecase,amni
ocentesi
s
coul
dtri
ggerRHdi seasei
fthemother’
sbloodi
sexposedtot
hebaby ’
s
bl
oodduringtheprocedur
e.

I
njur
yfr
om needl
e:
o Duringamniocentesi
s,t
heplacenta(t
heor ganthatli
nksamot her‘s
bloodtothebaby’sbl
ood)maybepunct ur
edbyt heneedl
e.Someti
mes
thisisnecessarytoaccesstheamni oti
cf l
uid.Ift
hishappens,the
punctur
ewoundusual l
yheal
swithoutanyprobl
emsdev el
oping.

o Ultr
asound(wherehighfrequencysoundwavesar eusedtocreate
i
mages)i snowcommonl yusedt ogui
detheneedl
e.Thi
ssigni
fi
cant
ly
reducesther
iskofi
njur
yfr
om theneedle.

I
nfect
ion:
o Inveryrar
ecases,aninfect
ionmaydev el
opi
fthepr
ocedur
ei nt
roduces
bacteri
ainthe amni oti
csac( thesacsurroundi
ng t
hef oetusthat
contai
nsamnioti
cf l
uids)
.Thiscancause:

 Ahi
ght
emper
atur
e(f
ever
)of38-
39degr
eeCel
siusorabov
e

 Tender
nessofabdomen(
tummy
)

 Cont
ract
ions(
wheny
ourabdoment
ight
enst
henr
elaxes)
.

 Oneshoul dseekmedicalatt
ent
ioni
fshehasanyoft hese
symptoms.The ri
skofdev el
opi
ng a ser
ious i
nfect
ion fr
om
amniocent
esi
sisest
imat
edtobelesst
han1i n1000
 Concl
usi
on

Amniocentesi
si s a safe pr
oceduret hatcan pr ov
ide
hel
pfulinf
ormationaboutthehealthoffoetus.I
tmaybe
off
eredtobeawomanwhoi sathi
ghr i
skofhav i
ngababy
wit
h a genet i
c disease.The risk of miscarr
iage of
amniocentesi
sisabout0.5%or1in200.

I
ti sthe pat
ient
’s deci
sion whet
her t
he benef
it
s of
pr
ocedur
eout-
weightheri
sks.

BI
BLI
OGRAPHY
1.ht
tps:
//www.may
ocli
nic.
org/t
ests-
pr
ocedures/
amni
ocentesi
s/about/
pac-
20392914
2.ht
tps:
//amer
icanpr
egnancy
.or
g/pr
enat
al-
test
ing/
amni
ocent
esi
s/

3.ht
tps:
//www.googl
e.com/ sear
ch?q=amniocent
esis&rl
z=1C1CHB
D_enI
N894IN894&hl=en-
US&source=l
nms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi j
qtLCl
L3pAhV
qwTgGHYJXCNcQ_ AUoAXoECBYQAw&bi w=1366&bih=625

4.ht
tps:
//en.
wiki
pedi
a.or
g/wi
ki/
Amni
ocent
esi
s

5.Ncer
tbi
ologybookofcl
ass12t
h