Topi

c1:

NTRODUCTI
ONTOCI
VICS
Whati
sci
vi
cs?
Civ
ics:
ist
hest
udyofhumanr
ight
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofci
ti
zens.I
nci
vi
cswest
udyt
he
fol
lowi
ng,

i
).
Theenv
ironmentwhi
chwel
i
vei
n.

i
i
).Gov
ernanceandgov
ernment
.

i
i
i).Humanr
ight
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofci
ti
zen.

i
v).Soci
alcul
tur
alandeconomi
cdev
elopment
.

I
MPORTANCEOFSTUDYI
NGCI
VICS
1.Tounder
standhumanr
ight
se.
g.r
ight
stol
i
feassoci
atewi
thwor
shi
p.

2.Tounder
standdut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofci
ti
zens.

3.Tounder
standenv
ironmentwhi
chwel
i
vei
n.

4.Topr
omot
epeaceandsecur
it
yinoursoci
ety
.

5.Tounder
standandpr
otectourcul
tur
e.

6.Toest
abl
i
shgoodr
elat
ionshi
pandr
espect
.

7.Tounder
standroadsafet
y.f
orexampl
ecausesofr
oadacci
dentandmeasur
est
obet
akeni
n
prev
enti
ngroadaccident
.

Exer
cise.

1.Whati
sci
vi
cs?

2.Ment
ionf
ivei
mpor
tanceofst
udy
ingci
vi
cs?
OURNATI
ON
Anati
on:
isalargegrouporcommuni t
yofpeopl
eliv
ingi
nadef i
nedgeographi
calareashar
ing
commonhist
orycult
ureandlanguageundergov
ernmente.
g.Tanzani
a,Uganda,Kenya,
Malawi
andZi
mbabwecomponentoft henati
on.

Afamil
y:i
sasocial
grouppeopl
ewhoareclosel
yrel
atedtoeachot
herwhi
chcompr
isef
ather
,
mother
,chi
ldr
enandsometi
mescloser
elat
ivesl
ikeuncl
es,aunt
set
c.

Acl
an:i
sacombi
nat
ionofv
ari
ousf
ami
l
ies.

Atri
be:i
sagr
oupofdi
ff
erentcl
answhosepeopl
eoft
hesamecul
tur
ehi
stor
yandl
anguage
bar
ri
er

Ther
efor
ethecombi
nat
ionsofsev
eral
tri
besmakeupt
hepopul
ati
onofnat
ion.

Component
sofournat
ion

Ther
ear
esev
enmai
ncomponent
sthatmakeournat
ion.Thesecomponent
sar
e

-
Count
ry,

-
Sov
erei
gnt
y,

-
Gov
ernment
,

-
Peopl
e,

-
Language,

-
Cul
tur
eandhi
stor
y.

1.Acount
ry:i
sanar
eaofl
andt
hathasboundar
iesandi
sundert
hecont
rol
ofagov
ernment
,

2.sover
eignt
y:i
sthefr
eedom t
hatacountryhasgovernedi
tsel
f.Thi
smeanst
hatt
her
eisno
exter
nalpowert
hatcont
rol
sthatcount
ry.
e.gTanzani
a.

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofsov
erei
gnt
y.

Int
ernalsover
eignt
y:Thi
siswhereacountr
yhast
hepowertosuper
viseal
li
tsi
nter
nalaf
fai
rs.
Tanganyikabecomesasoverei
gntyst
ateon9t
hDecember1961andZanzi
bargoti
ts
soverei
gntyon10thDecember1963.

ExternalSoverei
gnty:Thi
siswher
eacountryhast
hefreedom tof
ormit
sgov er
ningpoli
cyand
for
eignpolicy.Tanzani
aisasover
eignt
yst
ate.I
thasbothint
ernal
andexter
nalsover
eignty
.
3.Government:Referstotheselectedorelectedgr oupofpeoplewhoareresponsi
blef
or
cont
roll
i
ngacount ryorstate.Inotherwords,thegov ernmentisthebodyofpeopl
ewhich
admini
sterst
hest ateandmai ntai
nslawandor der.Thegovernmenthaspowerandauthori
tyt
o
cont
rolanddir
ectpeopl e’
sactivi
ti
eswithi
ni t
st err
itory
.

I
nTanzaniaweusetherepubli
csyst
em ofgov
ernment.Thismeanst
hatt
hecount
ryi
sheaded
byapr
esidentandpol
i
tical
leader
select
edbythepeople.

4.People:Ref
erstothepersonwhobelongstoapar t
icularcountr
y.I
n2012thepopulati
onof
Tanzaniawasestimatedtobe47,445,
392people.TheTanzani apeopl
ehavetheirowncentr
al
governmentnati
onallanguagecommoncultur
eandhi story.Thepeopl
einanationmustliv
e
peaceful
ly
.Solvethei
rproblemsanddevel
optheirnat
ion.

5.Language:
Isthesy st
em ofcommunicat
ionmostl
yinspeechandwr i
ti
ngthati
susedbyt
he
peopleofapart
icul
arsociet
y.Tanzani
ahasmorethan130tri
besthatspeakthei
rtr
ibal
l
anguagebutthenationall
anguageisSwahi
li
.Anati
onall
anguagesuchasSwahi l
i.

6.Cul
ture:
Referst
othecust
omsandbeli
efsofapar
ti
cul
argr
oupofpeopl
e.I
tal
soi
ncl
udest
he
peopl
e’sartwayofl
if
eandsoci
alor
gani
zati
on.

7.Hist
ory
:Refert
ot hepastev
ent
sthatoccur
redinthedevel
opmentofanati
on.Tanzani
aasa
nat
ionhasalonghistor
ythati
ncl
udesevent
sfrom precol
oni
alandpost
-col
onial
times.

NATI
ONALSYMBOLS.

Nat
ional
symbol
sar
esi
gnwhi
chr
epr
esent
sanat
ion.

Thesear ever
yimpor t
antastheyserveasarereminderofournationalhoodt
ousandt ot
he
restoftheworld.Thesei
ncludetheNational
Anthem, Thenati
onal f
lag,t
hecoatofAr
ms,The
uhurutorchconstit
uti
on,pr
esident
ial
standardandnational
currency.

1.THENATI
ONALANTHEM.

Thenati
onalant
hem i
stheoffi
cialsongofthenat
ion.I
tispl
ayedorsungonspeci
aloccasi
ons
suchasBeforet
hepresi
dentaddressthenati
onandaftert
headdress.

Whent
hepr
esi
denti
nspect
stheguar
d.

Att
heopeni
ngofi
nter
nal
event
se.
g.Foot
bal
lmat
ches.

Whent
hepr
esi
dentorv
icepr
esi
dentv
isi
tanot
hercount
ry.

Ont
heannouncementoft
hedeat
hofpr
esi
dent
/vi
cepr
esi
dent
.

Whent
henat
ional
flagi
sbei
nghoi
sted.

I
mpor
tanceofNat
ional
Ant
hem.

i
).I
tissy
mbol
ofournat
ional
i
tyandf
reedom.
i
i
).Auni
fyi
ngt
ool
forTanzani
ans.

i
i
i).I
tmakesci
ti
zensf
eel
proudoft
hei
rcount
ry.

i
v).I
tisi
dent
it
yfori
nter
nal
recogni
ti
on.

v
).I
texpr
essesasenseofbel
ongi
ngt
oTanzani
aandAf
ri
can.

v
i).Thenat
ional
Ant
hem ofTanzani
a

1.Mungui
bar
ikiAf
ri
ca

Wabar
ikiv
iongoziwake

Heki
maumoj
anaamani

Hi
ziningaozet
u

Af
ri
canawat
uwake

I
bar
ikiA-
fri
ca

I
bar
ikiA-
fri
ca

Tubar
ikiwat
otowaAf
ri
ca

2.Mungui
bar
ikiTanzani
a

Dumi
shauhur
unaumoj
a

Wakekwawaumenawat
oto

Mungui
bar
iki

Tanzani
anawat
uwake

I
bar
ikiTanzani
a

I
bar
ikiTanzani
a

Tubar
ikiwat
otowaTanzani
a

2.THENATI
ONALFLAG

Flagisapi eceofcl ot
hwi t
haspeci alcol
oureddesign.Nationalfl
agofTangany i
kawashoi st
ed
forthef i
rsttimeon9t hDec1961andt hatoftheunitedRepubli
cofTanzaniawashoi stedfor
thefir
sttimeon26t hApril1964whenTangany i
kaandZanzi barunit
edtoform Tanzani
a.The
mainf unctionofanat i
onal f
lagistoshowt hatTanzaniaisacompl et
eindependentand
sovereignst ate.Thenat
ional f
laghasfourdiff
erentcolour
swhi charebl
ack,green,bl
ue,and
y
ell
ow.

BLACK:
Repr
esent
stheski
ncol
ouroft
heAf
ri
canwhoar
ethei
ndi
genousofTanzani
a.

YELLOW:
Repr
esent
sthenat
ural
weal
thofTanzani
ali
kemi
ner
alsandnat
ional
par
ks.

BLUE:
Standsf
ort
hepar
tofI
ndi
anOceanandot
herwat
erbodi
esf
oundi
nTanzani
a.

GREEN:
Repr
esent
slandv
eget
ati
onofTanzani
a.

I
mpor
tanceofNat
ional
flag.

i
).I
tissy
mbol
forf
reedom anduni
tyoft
hepeopl
e.

i
i
).I
tisst
atesy
mbol
fort
hecount
ryandi
tsci
ti
zens.

i
i
i).Asy
mbol
fornat
ional
i
tyofTanzani
a.

i
v).Someti
mesrepr
esent
smi
sfor
tunel
i
kedeat
hofst
atel
eaderormanypeopl
eatonceandi
tis
hoist
edhal
fmost.

3.THECOATOFARM/
NATI
ONALEMBLEM.

ThecoatofAr
misagovernmentlongoarembl
em whichcompri
sesmanydif
ferentcol
our
sand
l
andmakeofthenat
ionofTanzani
a.Iti
stheof
fi
cial
stampofthegov
ernment.

Component
sofcoatofar
m
coatofAr
m has12component
s

1.Twohumanf i
gures.
-manandwomanr
epr
esentpeopl
eofTanzani
a.Thet
wof
igur
e
symbol
i
zecooperat
ionbet
weenmenandwomeninbri
ngi
ngdevel
opment

2.Nat
ionalf
lag-Thef
lagasasy
mbol
ofnat
ional
freedom.

3.Uhur
uTor
ch-
Thet
orchr
epr
esent
snat
ional
freedom andpr
osper
it
y.

4.Cr
ossedaxeandhoe-
Theser
epr
esent
het
ool
swhi
chTanzani
ausedt
odev
elopt
hei
rcount
y

5.El
ephantt
usks-assy
mbol
fornat
ional
resour
ces(
plantandani
mal
/wi
l
dli
fe)
.

6.Shi
eldandspear
-assy
mbol
fort
radi
ti
onweaponsofdef
ense.

7.Seawav
es-r
epr
esentpar
tsofwat
erbodi
essuchasOcean,
riv
er,
lakeofTanzani
a.

8.Cl
ovesandcot
ton-st
andsf
orcashcr
opspr
oducedi
nTanzani
a.
9.Thei
nscri
pti
onUHURUNAUMOJA-Thi
smeansf
reedom anduni
ty,
iti
sthenat
ional
mot
oof
theUni
tedRepubl
i
cofTanzani
a.

10.PeakofMountKi
li
manj
aro-Thi
smounti
sasour
ceofpr
idef
orTanzani
a

11.Gol
denbandont
heupperpar
toft
heshi
ed-Repr
esentt
hemi
ner
alweal
thoft
hecount
ry

12.Redbandont
heshi
ed-Repr
esentf
ert
il
eredsoi
li
nTanzani
a

I
mpor
tanceofCoatofAr
m.
TheTanzani
anscoatofar
m pl
ayst
hei
mpor
tantr
olebecausei
tfunct
ionsas;

i
).Nat
ional
symbol
forTanzani
aasast
ate.

i
i
).I
tsy
mbol
i
zesst
atepol
i
tical
andeconomi
cal
bases.

i
i
i).I
tsy
mbol
i
zesournat
ional
cul
tur
eandhi
stor
y.

i
v).Aseal
oft
hepr
esi
dentandgov
ernment
.

v
).Asy
mbol
ofst
atesov
erei
gnt
yfr
eedom anduni
tyoft
hepeopl
e.

4.THEUHURUTORCH.

I
scommonlyknowasthei
ndependencet
ouch.I
ntroduceforthefi
rstt
imebypr
esidentof
Tanzani
aM.
JKambarageNyer
eretosymbol
izef
reedom unit
y, l
ove,di
gni
ty,
sol
idari
ty,
and
hope.

Itwasfir
stl
itt
opofMountKi li
manjar
oatmi dnighton9t hDecember1961.Thi
swast heday
whenTanganyikagotindependencefrom Bri
tain.Everyy
eartherei
stheUhuruTorchraces.The
racestar
tsandendsatdifferenti
mportantpointsinthecountr
y.TheTorchcausesposit
ive
social
poli
ti
calandeconomi cmessage.

Si
gni
fi
cance/
impor
tanceoft
heUhur
uTor
ch.

i
).I
tsy
mbol
i
zesf
reedom andl
i
ght

i
i
.Itpr
omot
esuni
tyi
nthecount
ry.

i
i
i.I
tpr
omot
esdev
elopmentt
hroughpr
oject
sini
ti
ateddur
ingr
acee.
g.school
andheal
thcent
ers

i
v.Pr
omot
espeacedi
gni
tyr
espectandhopeamongTanzani
ans

5.NATI
ONALCONSTI
TUTI
ON.

Aconsti
tut
ionisthesyst
em oflawsandbasicpri
ncipl
esbywhichthenati
onali
sgover
ned.Our
count
ryi
sruledaccordi
ngtotheconst
it
utionwrit
ten1977si
ncethenithasbeenunder
goi
ng
someamendment stosuitt
hecontemporarychanges.
I
mpor
tanceofNat
ional
Const
it
uti
on

i
).I
tist
hebasi
clawf
rom whi
chot
herl
awsar
ecr
eat
ed.

i
i
).I
tdescr
ibesf
orm andcont
entofTangany
ikagov
ernment
.

i
i
i).Thegov
ernmentr
ulesbyt
hewi
l
loft
hepeopl
ethr
ought
heconst
it
uti
on.

i
v).I
tdescr
ibescl
ear
lyt
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenci
ti
zensandst
atel
eader
s.

v
).I
tshowst
hest
ruct
ureoft
hest
ateor
gans.

v
i).I
tst
atescl
ear
lyt
hedi
str
ibut
ionsofpoweramongt
hest
ateor
gans.

v
ii
).I
tpr
omot
eshumanr
ight
.

6.NATI
ONALCURRENCY.

Curr
encyisthesyst
em ofmoneyt hatacountr
yuses.TheTanzanianat
ionalcur
rencyi
s
shi
ll
i
ngs.Thev al
ueofshi
ll
ingal
way sappearsascoi
n/notes.
Curr
encyisalsocal
ledMoney
.Moneyisusedformeasuringv
aluetradi
ngandpayingforgoodsandservicesi
nacountr
y.I
tis
al
souseameansofset tl
ingdebts.

I
mpor
tanceofnat
ional
cur
rency
.
i
).I
tisusedi
nbuy
ingandsel
l
ing(
Tradet
ransact
ion)

i
i
).I
tisusedt
omeasur
eval
ue.

i
i
i.I
tisi
dent
it
yofnat
ional
i
tyandf
reedom.

i
v).I
tisameanofset
ti
ngdebt
s.

7.THENATI
ONALLANGUAGE.

Thi
sist
hel
anguagespokenbyal
lpeopl
enat
ional
count
ry.

Thenat
ional
languageofTanzani
aisKi
swahi
l
i.

8.NATI
ONALFESTI
VALDAYSI
NTANZANI
A.

Nati
onalfest
ival
saredayswhenwecelebrat
eimportantnat
ional
ev ent
smostof
fi
cesand
busi
nessarenormallycl
osedonsuchday
.Dur i
ngthesedayspeoplerememberi
mportant
hi
stor
icalev
entswhichhavetakenpl
acei
nt hedevel
opmentofthenational
.

NATI
ONALDAYS
Ar
eof
tencat
egor
izedintotwocategoriesgroupwhichare;
1-Ci
vi
cnat
ional
fest
ival
andhol
i
day
.

2-Rel
i
gionnat
ional
fest
ival
.

CI
VICNATI
ONALFESTI
VALHOLI
DAYS

1-I
ndependenceday-f
all
on9t
hDecembereachy
ear
.

2-Uni
onday-f
all
on26t
hApr
ileachy
ear

3-Zanzi
barRev
olut
ion–f
all
on12t
hJanuar
yeachy
ear

4-Nanenaneday–f
all
on8Augusteachy
ear

5-May
day(
wor
ker
sday
)fal
lon1stmayeachy
ear

6-Sabasabaday–f
all
on7t
hJul
yeachy
ear

7-Ny
erer
eday–f
all
on14t
hOct
obereachy
ear

8-Kar
umeday–f
all
on7t
hApr
ileachy
ear

9-Newy
earday–f
all
onev
ery1stJanuar
y

RELI
GIOUSNATI
ONALHOLI
DAYANDFESTI
VALS.

1-Chr
ist
massday–f
all
on25Decembereachy
ear

2-Boxi
ngday–f
all
on26Decembereachy
ear

3-GoodFr
iday–andEast
erMondayhol
i
day–dependsont
hechr
ist
masscal
endar
.

4-Ei
d-el
-Fi
tr
iandEi
d–el
haj
pil
gri
maget
oMeccadependsont
hesi
ghtoft
hemoonaccor
ding
toMusli
m

5-Maul
i
dday–accor
dingt
oIsl
ami
ccal
endar
.

SI
GNI
FICANCEOFNATI
ONALFESTI
VALANDPUBLI
CHOLI
DAYS

I
-Keepsahi
stor
yofourcount
ryal
i
ve

2-Leader
spassi
mpor
tancei
nfor
mat
iont
othepubl
i
cdur
ingt
heseday
s

3-Pr
ovi
deanoppor
tuni
tyf
orci
ti
zent
omeetandshar
eday

4-Theseday
spr
omot
esuni
tyamongTanzani
a
5-Pr
ovi
deanoppor
tuni
tyt
oident
if
ypr
obl
emsi
nthesoci
etyt
hroughspeeches.

Topi
c2:
LIFESKI
LLS
Aski
ll
ist
heabi
l
ityt
hataper
sonhast
odosomet
hingwel
l
.

Li
feski
ll
sar
etheabi
l
iti
est
hataper
sonhast
oli
vewel
li
nthesoci
ety

Theseski
ll
sincl
ude;

-
Under
standonesel
fski
l
ls.

-
Ski
l
lsi
fbui
l
dingr
elat
ionshi
pwi
thot
her
s.

-ski
l
lst
osur
viv
eunderdi
ff
icul
tcondi
ti
ons.

-
Ski
l
lsofbei
ngr
esponsi
ble.

-
probl
emssol
vi
ngski
l
ls.

I
mpor
tanceofl
if
eski
ll
s

i
).Theyenabl
eaper
sont
omanagehi
sorherl
i
fepr
oper
ly.

i
i
).Li
feski
l
lsal
soenabl
eaper
sont
oknowwhatt
odoatcer
tai
nti
meandwhatnott
odo.

i
i
i).I
thel
pani
ndi
vi
dual
toUnder
standonesel
f.

i
v).I
tenabl
eaper
sont
obui
l
dingposi
ti
ver
elat
ionshi
pwi
thot
her
s.

v
).I
thel
phumanbei
ngt
osur
viv
eunderdi
ff
icul
tcondi
ti
ons.

v
i).I
tpr
omot
eresponsi
bil
i
tiest
othesoci
ety
.

v
ii
).I
tenabl
eaper
spnt
osol
vepr
obl
emsi
nthedai
l
yli
fe.

TYPESOFLI
FESKI
LLS

Ther
ear
ethr
eemaj
ort
ypesofl
i
feski
l
l

(
i)I
ndi
vi
dual
li
feski
l
ls.
(
ii
)Soci
alski
l
ls.

(
ii
i)Ef
fect
ivedeci
sionmaki
ngski
l
ls.

1.
INDI
VIDUALLI
FESKI
LLS

Theseskil
l
senabl eindi
vidual
tounder
standthemselv
esinvar
iousways.Peopl
eareabl
eto
underst
andtheirstr
engthsandweaknesses,
howt heythi
nkandfeel
,andhowtheyexpr
essthei
r
thought
sandf eel
ings.

Sel
f–awareness:Istheabi
l
ityofani
ndi
vi
dual
toknowhi
msel
forher
sel
f,hi
sfeel
i
ng,
emot
ion,
st
rengt
h,weakness.

Copi
ngwi
thst
ress

Str
essismental
,emoti
onalorphysi
calt
ensi
onorpressurei
tcausebyevent
sasexaminat
ion,
death,
dev
oice.Aper
sonalneedtodevel
opskil
l
sthatwill
hel
paper sont
omanagercopewi t
h
str
ess.

Copi
ngwi
themot
ion

Emot
ioni
sst
rongf
eel
i
ngsuchasf
ear
,lov
eanger
,shy
nesse.
t.
c

Theabi
li
tyt
ocopewi
thdi
ff
erentemot
ionenabl
esaper
sont
ocont
rol
hisorherst
rongf
eel
i
ng
andact
ion.

Asser
ti
veness

I
stheabil
i
tyofapersontoknowwhatheorshewantandwhy,
andabl
etot
akenecessar
yst
eps
t
oachiev
eit.Anassert
iveper
sonabl
etoexpr
esshi
sorheropi
nion

2.SOCI
ALSKI
LLS

I
stheabi l
i
tytounderstandandliv
einpeaceandharmonywi t
hother.Itgiv
esindi
vi
dual
knowledge,
anaabili
tytoliveaccordi
ngtot
hestandardofthesoci
ety.Someaspectsofsocial
ski
ll
sar ef
orminghealthrel
ati
onship,f
ormi
ngfri
endship,
pearresi
stance,empathy
,negot
iat
ion
andeffect
ivecommuni cati
on

For
mingheal
thr
elat
ionshi
p

Rel
ati
onshi
pref
erstothewaypeopleint
eractandbehav
etowordeachot
her
.Rel
ati
onshi
pcan
bebet
weenchil
dren,
neighbor
s,peer
s,st
udents’t
eacher
sandpar
ents.

Heal
thr
elat
ionshi
penabl
esonet
oknowhowt
obehav
epr
oper
lyi
neachr
elat
ionshi
p.

For
mingf
ri
endshi
p

I
stheabi
li
tyofanindi
vi
dual
tomakef
ri
endswi
thpeopl
ewhohe/
shecanshar
eact
ivi
ti
es,
i
deal
s,
j
oyandsadness.
Peerr
esi
stanceorpeerpr
essur
e

Iswhenonefr
iendsi
nfl
uencehim/hert
odosomet
hinge.
g.ourf
ri
endcaninf
luencetowor
k
harderi
nst
udi
esorcaninfl
uenceusdoingwr
ongt
hingssuchdr
ugstaki
ng,r
unningawayf
rom
school.

Empat
hy

I
stheabil
it
ytounder
standotherpeopl
efeel
ingandt
ofeel
concer
nedaboutt
hei
rpr
obl
ems.
Theseenabl
eustoshareourfri
end’
sprobl
ems.

Negot
iat
ion

I
stheabi
li
tytoagreeonissuewi
thoutunder
mini
ngorgoi
ngagai
nstone'
spr
inci
plesi
thel
ps
whendi
sagreementsoccur.

Ef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ion

Istheabili
tyofapersontocommunicat
ewit
hpeopl
eaccor
dingt
otheirmoodageandback
ground.Iti
ncludesspeaki
ngski
ll
smeanssayi
ngwhaty
ouwantthatcanbeeasi
lyunder
stand,
speaking,readi
ng,wri
ti
ngandli
steni
ng.

EFFECTI
VEDECI
SIONMAKI
NGSKI
LLS

Theseski
l
lsenabl
eapersont
omakegooddeci
sions.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
easpect
sofef
fect
ive
deci
si
onmakingski
ll
s.

Cr
it
icalt
hinki
ng

I
stheabili
tyofapersontodev el
opadeepunder st
andingofsomething.I
thel
psapersonto
underst
andhis/
herenvir
onment ,pr
oblem i
nwhichpresenthe/shehastomakedecisiont
hat
mightconsi
dertheadvantagesanddisadvant
ageofdoi ngsomethi
ng.

Cr
eat
ivet
hinki
ng

I
stheabi
li
tytothi
nkandcomeupwithnewideasandnewway sofdoi
ng,t
hings,andcreati
ve
t
hinki
nghel
psindi
vidual
stocomeupwit
hsoluti
ons.
Thatot
herpeopl
ehandnev erthoughtof.

Deci
sionmaki
ng

Ist
heabili
tytomakethebestchoiceoutofmanyav
ail
abl
eopt
ionsi
nli
fei
simpor
tantoft
hink
aboutconsequencesbef
oremakingadecisi
on.

Pr
obl
em sol
vi
ng

I
sthemakingchoi
ceandact
ingoni
tpr
obl
em sol
vi
nghel
pindi
vi
dual
tomakedeci
sionsand
i
mplementthem.

I
MPORTANTOFLI
FESKI
LLS
Li
feski
l
lsar
eimpor
tancef
ormaki
ngl
i
febet
terasf
oll
owi
ng:
-

1.I
thel
pst
omakepr
operdeci
sioni
nli
fee.
g.choosi
ngaf
ri
endshi
p,subj
ect
’se.
t.
c.

2.Itdev
elopsgoodbehavi
or;aper
soni
sabl
etoav
oidbadt
hingssuchassmoki
ng,
drugabuse,
sexualr
elati
onshi
p,t
aki
ngalcohol
.

3.I
tincr
easesl
oveandunder
standi
ngf
orot
herpeopl
e.

4.Respondeff
ectivel
ytodiff
erentsi
tuat
ionsuchdi
vor
ce,
deat
hofr
elat
ivesandf
ri
ends,
examinat
ionpressure,
harassment.

5.Itmaintai
nspeaceandor
derNegot
iat
ionhel
ppeopl
etosol
vepr
obl
em peacef
ulandhel
pst
o
preventconfl
ict
.

6.I
thel
pst
ounder
standenv
ironmentandt
hewayoff
it
ti
ngi
t.

HOW TOUSESOCI
ALSKI
LLS

Soci
alski
ll
sgi
veper
sonknowl
edgel
i
vewi
thot
her
speacef
ull
yint
hesoci
ety
.Wecanusesoci
al
ski
ll
sin:-

1.For
mingr
elat
ionshi
pwi
thot
herpeopl
e

Thi
sisenabl
ehowt
obehav
eineachr
elat
ionshi
p

2.Maki
nggoodf
ri
end

Goodf
ri
endar
ethosewho:
-

-
Respectandassi
stus,
ourpar
ent
s,r
elat
ivesandel
der
s

-
Got
oschool
andr
espectschool
rul
es

-
Assi
steachot
herwhenonemi
sbehav
es

3.Showingempathy:Thisi
stheabi
l
ityt
ofeel
whatot
her
sar
egoi
ngt
hrough,
especi
all
ywhen
theyar
eexperi
enci
ngpr obl
ems.

4.Exhibi
ti
ngpeerresi
stance:Apersonwhohaspr
opersoci
alski
l
lsi
sabl
etor
esi
stbad
i
nfluencefr
om hi
sorherpeer sandfri
end

5.Displ
ayi
ngef
fect
ivecommunicat
ion:Pr
opercommuni
cat
ioncanbeusedt
oest
abl
i
shgood
rel
ati
onshi
pswi
thotherpeopl
e

6.Problem-sol
vi
ng:
Thi
sisasoci
alski
l
lthatenabl
esaper
sont
omakepr
operdeci
sionsi
n
di
ffi
cultti
mes.

CONSEQUENCESOFNOTAPPLYI
NGLI
FESKI
LLSI
NDAI
LYLI
FE
1.I
mpr
operchoi
cei
nthef
utur
ecar
eer
sdev
elop

2.Increaseofbadbehavi
or:peopl
emaydevel
opbadbehav
ior
.Forexampl
eyout
hmaynot
respectthei
rparent
s,t
eachersandel
der
s.

3.Conf
li
ctcanoccur
:Exampl
econf
li
ctamongst
udenti
nthef
ami
l
iesduet
olucknegot
iat
ion
ski
ll
s.

4.I
ncr
easeofpov
ert
y:duet
olackofpr
operdeci
sionmaki
ngi
nthesoci
etycount
ryi
ndi
vi
dual
s.

5.Poorl
eader
shi
pmayoccur
:duet
olackcommuni
cat
ionbet
weenci
ti
zenandl
eader
s.

6.Lackofempat
hyl
eadert
osuf
fer
ingf
ort
hesewhohav
epr
obl
ems

SOURCEOFLI
FESKI
LLS

Peopl
elear
nli
feski
l
lsf
rom di
ff
erentsour
ceoff
oll
owi
ng:
-

1.FAMI
LY

Par
ent
’sguar
diansandr
elat
ivesar
ethesour
ceofl
i
feski
l
ls.

2.NEI
GHBOURS

Wel
ear
ndi
ff
erentt
hingsf
rom ournei
ghbor
s.

3.FRI
ENDS

Fr
iendsenabl
eust
oacqui
rev
ari
ousl
i
feski
l
lsexchangi
nggoodi
dea.

4.SOCI
ETY

Thewaypeopl
eli
vei
nthesoci
etyal
l
owi
ndi
vi
dual
tol
ean

5.SCHOOL:

Thegoodeducati
onwegetf
rom school
enabl
esust
odev
elopski
l
lsf
orl
i
fedi
ff
erencet
hingse.
g.
howtobehave.

6.RELI
GION

Goodr
eli
giont
eachi
ngshel
pust
ogetski
l
lst
hathel
pust
oli
vehar
moni
ousl
yinsoci
ety
.
Topi
c3:
HUMANRI
GHTS
Whati
shumanr
ight
?

-
Arethoseacceptedpr
inci
pleoffai
rnessandjust
icest
hatal
lpeopl
edeser
ve.Orar
ecl
aims
i
ndi
vi
dual oragroupofpeopleagai
nstthestat
e.

OR

-Ar
ebasi
cthingsthatallhumanbei
ngareent
it
ledtoandwhichnobodyshoul
di nt
erf
erewi
th
suchasr
ightincl
uderighttoli
fe,
owner
shipofproper
ly,
educat
ion,
marri
agee.c.t

ASPECTSOFHUMANRI
GHTS

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofaspect
sofhumanr
ight
sther
ear
e:-

-
Legal
right
s

-
Mor
alr
ight
s

1.LEGALRI
GHTS

Arethoseri
ght
swhicharenamedanddefi
nedi
ntheconst
it
uti
onoft
heUni
tedRepubl
i
cof
TanzaniaandI
nter
nat
ional
conver
sion.

2.MORALRI
GHTS

Aret
hoseri
ght
swhichar
erecogni
zedbyasociet
ybywayofconsci
ence.Theyar
eagr
eedbya
soci
etyt
obedesi
rabl
ee.
g.Rel
igi
ousmatt
ers.

TYPESOFHUMANRI
GHTS

Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofhumanr
ight
sther
ear
e:-

Ci
vi
candpol
i
tical
right
s

Economi
csoci
alandcul
tur
eri
ght
s

Env
ironment
alanddev
elopment
al

1.Ci
vi
landpol
it
ical
right
s.

Ar
ethoser
ight
sthatev
eryper
sonmustenj
oy.
Thesei
ncl
ude,

-
Ther
ightt
oli
fe,

-
li
ber
tyandsecur
it
yofper
son

-
Freedom f
rom sl
aver
y

-
Freedom f
rom t
ort
urecr
uel
l
yinhumandegr
adi
ngt
reat
mentorpuni
shment
.

-
Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw

-
Tobet
ri
edbef
orecompet
entorski
l
ledl
awy
er.

-
Tobeconsi
der
edi
nnocentunt
ilpr
ovedgui
l
t

-
Tobegi
venaf
airandpubl
i
chear
ing

-
Nott
obear
rest
eddet
ermi
nedorexi
tedanf
air
ly

-
Freedom ofmov
ementi
nhi
sorhercount
ry.

-
Tol
i
veanycount
ryi
ncl
udi
nghi
sownandt
oret
urnt
oitwhenshe/
hel
i
kest
o

-
Tobepr
otect
edbyt
hef
ami
l
ysoci
etyandt
hest
ate.

-
Topossespr
oper
tyal
one

-
Freedom oft
houghtconsci
ousandr
eli
gion

-
Freedom t
ohav
eonesopi
nionsandexpr
essonesel
f.

-
Freedom t
oassembl
epeacef
ull
ytoassoci
atewi
thot
herf
reel
y.

2.Economi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
s.

Economi
cal
l
y,soci
all
yandcul
tur
all
yev
eryper
sonmustenj
oyt
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ight
s

-
Rightt
osoci
alsecur
it
yandf
reedev
elopmentofhi
sorherper
sonal
i
ty.

-
Ther
ightt
owor
kandchooseempl
oyment

-
Ther
ightt
oequal
payf
orequal
wor
k

-
Ther
ightt
ojustandf
avor
abl
eremuner
ati
on

-
Ther
ightt
ofor
m andj
oint
radeuni
on

-Theri
ghtt
orestandl
eisur
eincl
udi
ngr
easonabl
eli
mit
ati
onofwor
kinghour
sandper
iod
holi
dayswi
thpay.
-
Theri
ghttost
andar
dofli
vi
ngsuf
fi
cientf
ort
heheal
thandwel
lbei
ngi
.e.f
ood,
clot
hing,
housi
ng,
medi
calcar
eandother
s.

-
Ther
ightt
oeducat
ionwhet
herbor
ninoroutofwedl
ockt
oenj
oyt
hesomesoci
alpr
otect
ion.

Forpar
ent
stochooset
heki
ndofeducat
ionshal
lgi
vet
othei
rchi
l
dren.

3.Env
ironment
alanddev
elopment
al

ar
etheri
ght
sthatpeoplehav
etoli
veinanenvi
ronmentt
hatiscl
eanandfr
eefr
om poll
uti
on.
Peopl
eal
sohavearighttoweal
thandnat
ural
resour
ces,sel
f-
det
ermi
nati
onandpeace.

These

I
MPORTANCEOFHUMANRI
GHTSI
NOURSOCI
ETY

Humanr
ighti
sthev
eryi
mpor
tanti
noursoci
etybecause

1.Ar
efoundat
ionsoff
reedom j
ust
icepeaceandl
i
ber
ty

2.Li
mitgov
ernmentpower
sandact
ionagai
nstt
hepeopl
e

3.Hel
ppeopl
etobeawar
etot
akeact
ionsagai
nstt
rader
swhov
iol
ett
hei
rri
ght
s.

4.Humanri
ghtpr
omotesdevel
opmenti
nthei
rsoci
etysi
ncei
tpr
ovi
desequal
right
stot
he
peopl
ee.
g.ri
ghtt
oeducat
ion.

RELATI
ONSHI
PBETWEENRI
GHTSTOTHEPROVI
SIONOFBASI
CNEED

Humanr i
ghtsrel
atetomanyaspect
sofhumanli
fe.Amongtheseaspectsi
sthepr
omot
ionof
soci
alser
vicesinTanzani
ather
eservi
cesar
epr
ov i
dedbyGovernmentandUN

Exampl
e:

PROMOTI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTSI
NTANZANI
A

Tanzani
aisamemberofUNOpr
omot
esbot
hhumanr
ight
sandf
undament
alf
reedom i
nthe
fol
l
owingways.

1.Theconst
it
uti
oni
sbasedont
heuni
ver
sal
decl
arat
ionofhumanr
ight
s.

2.Ther
ightt
oli
vei
sguar
ant
eesi
ndi
vi
dual
sper
sont
oli
fenooneshoul
dtakesomeonel
i
fe.

3.Theri
ghtt
ofr
eedom f
rom sl
aver
y,t
heconst
it
uti
onTanzani
adoesnotal
l
owanyf
orm of
sl
avery
.

4.Fr
eedom f
rom t
ort
ureorsecur
it
yinhumanordegr
adi
ng
5.Ther
ightt
ober
ecogni
zedev
ery
wher
easaper
soni
nfr
ontoft
hel
aw.

HUMANRI
GHTSABUSE
Whati
shumanr
ightabuse?

Istheunl
awful
prev
ent
ionofaper
sonenj
oymentofhi
sorherr
ightasout
li
nedi
nthe
consti
tut
ion.

Exampl
eofhumanr
ight
sabuse

i
.F.
G.M Femal
eGeni
tal
Mut
il
ati
on(
womenci
rcumci
sion)

i
i
.Rapi
ngofwomenandchi
l
dren

i
i
i.Ki
l
li
ngofol
dpeopl
eduet
obadt
radi
ti
on

i
v.Womenbeat
ingf
rom herhusband

v
.Chi
l
dlabour

v
i.For
cedmar
ri
age

v
ii
.Pr
ohi
bit
ingwomenf
rom i
nher
it
ance

v
ii
i.Cor
rupt
ion

i
x.I
nvasi
onofweakcount
ri
esbybi
ggercount
ri
es

I
ddAmi
nDadav
sTanzani
a

FACTORSWHI
CHCAUSEHUMANRI
GHTSABUSE

1.Negl
i
genceoft
heact
ion

2.I
gnor
anceoft
hesoci
etyconcer
ned

3.Sel
fi
shnessofsomei
ndi
vi
dual
swhoconsi
deronl
ythei
rint
erest
s.

4.Par
ent
scanbeabuset
her
ightoft
hei
rchi
l
drenby
;

-Deny
ingt
hem educat
ion

-
Notpr
ovi
dingbasi
cneedssuchasf
oodandcl
othi
ngf
ort
hei
rchi
l
dren.

-
For
cingt
hei
rchi
l
drent
omar
ryagai
nstt
hei
rwi
shes,
especi
all
yatat
enderage.

-
Giv
ingt
hei
rchi
l
drensev
erepuni
shment
.

Soci
etycanbeabusei
ndi
vi
dualr
ight
sthr
ough;
-
Beat
ingupandki
l
li
ngsuspect
edcr
imi
nal
swi
thoutgi
vi
ngt
hem af
airt
rai
li
nacour
tofl
aw.

-Abandoni
ngchi
l
dreni
nthest
reet
s.

-
Sti
gmati
zi
nglessf
ort
unat
ememberoft
hesoci
etysuchast
hedi
sabl
edandpeopl
eli
vi
ngwi
th
HI
V andAIDS.

Gov
ernmentcanabusehumanr
ightt
hrough;

-
Maki
ngoppr
essi
vel
awst
hatl
i
mit
sthei
ndi
vi
dual
right
s.

-
Discr
imi
nat
ingagai
nstsomeci
ti
zenduet
othei
rcol
our,
gender
,rel
i
gion,
oret
hni
cor
igi
n.

-
Noti
ncl
udi
ngaBi
l
lofRi
ghti
ntheConst
it
uti
on.

-
Notmai
ntai
ningt
her
ulesofl
aw.

Ef
fect
sofhumanr
ight
sabuse
1.Conf
li
ctamongf
ami
l
ymemberandi
nthecommuni
ty.Thi
sleadst
ounr
estandi
nst
abi
l
ityi
n
t
hesoci
ety.

2.Confl
i
ctbet
weenci
ti
zenandt
hei
rgov
ernment.
Thi
smakesi
tdi
ff
icul
tfort
hegov
ernmentt
o
enfor
celawandor
der
.

3.Ci
ti
zensar
eunabl
etoper
for
mthei
rdut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
npeace

4.I
ncr
easedcr
imeandpov
ert
yint
hesoci
ety
.

5.Oppressi
onofthel
essfor
tunat
ememberinthesoci
ety,
forexampl
e,wor
ker
s,maybe
under
paidorthepoormaybedeniedj
ust
icei
nthecour
toflaw.

6.Ci
ti
zenar
eunabl
etoobt
aint
hei
rbasi
cneedswhent
her
ightt
owor
kisdeni
edorabuse

Way
stocombatabuseofhumanr
ight
s
1.Tomaintai
noftherul
eoflaw:Wher
etheruleoflawisnotbei
ngmai nt
ained,
e.g.i
ncountr
ies
atwar,
al otofhumanri
ght
sabusesareexper
iencedsuchastheinabi
l
itytogetbasi
cneeds.

2.Provi
sionofeducat
ion:t
hegovernmentshoul
deducat
eit
sci
ti
zensaboutt
hei
rbasi
cri
ght
s
sothattheycancl
aimthem whentheyaredeni
ed.

3.Thesoci
etyhast
orespectal
lpeopl
e,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hesi
ckandt
hedi
sadv
ant
aged.

4.Thecour
tsoflawshoul
denfor
cethelawinajustmannerandpuni
sht
hosewhoabuset
he
ri
ghtofot
hers,
suchasthi
evesandmurderer
s.
5.Theseshoul
dbeasy
stem ofcont
rol
l
ingt
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
hegov
ernment
.

6.Thegov
ernmenthast
obet
ranspar
enti
nit
soper
ati
ons.

7.Al
lpeopl
eshoul
dbet
reat
edf
air
lyandequal
l
ybef
oret
hel
aw.

Topi
c4:
RESPONSI
BLECI
TIZEN
Whati
saci
ti
zen

Aci
ti
cen:
Isaper
sonwhobel
ongst
oapar
ti
cul
arcount
ry.

Acit
izenhasful
lri
ght
sasamemberoft
hatcount
ryei
therbybi
rt
horbybeinggr
antedsuch
r
ight
.Aciti
zenofacount
ryi
sexpect
edt
obeyondapatri
oti
ctohi
sorhercount
ry.

Whati
sci
ti
zenshi
p

Ci
ti
zenshi
p:Isthecondit
ionofbei
ngaci
ti
zenofacer
tai
ncommuni
tywi
tht
her
ightanddut
ies
t
hatgowithsuchstatus.

Or
:I
sthel
egal
rightofaper
sont
obel
ongt
oapar
ti
cul
arorcount
ry

Ty
pesaci
ti
zenshi
p
i
.Ci
ti
zenbybi
rt
h

i
i
.Ci
ti
zenshi
pbydescentorki
nshi
p

i
i
i.Ci
ti
zenshi
pbyr
egul
ati
ononnat
ural
i
zat
ion.

i
v.Ci
ti
zenshi
pbybi
rt
hbot
hpar
ent
sfat
herandMot
herormar
ri
age.
1.Ci
ti
zenshi
pbybi
rt
h
Thisist
het
ypeofci
ti
zenshi
pbybei
ngbor
nincount
rywer
ebot
hpar
ent
soft
hegi
veper
son
resi
de

2.Ci
ti
zenshi
pbydescentorki
nshi
p
Achi
l
drenwhoi
sbor
ninTanzani
aandoneofhi
sorherpar
enti
saci
ti
zenTanzani
a.

3.Ci
ti
zenshi
pbyr
egi
str
ati
onornat
ural
izat
ion
Apersonwhobornoutsi
deofTanzani
aoneofherorhispar
entsisacit
izenofTanzani
a.
Howeveraf
teraged18suchapersonhast
oapplytothemini
stryofhomeaffai
rs

4.Ci
ti
zenshi
pbymar
ri
age
Af
orei
gnwomanwhomar
ri
esaci
ti
zenofTanzani
amayr
egi
sterf
orci
ti
zenshi
p.

eorshemustmakeanearthpromi
singt
obegoodci
ti
zenandt
obel
oyal
tot
heconst
it
uti
onof
t
hecenter
edr
epubl
icofTanzani
a.

I
MPORTANCEOFCI
TIZENSHI
P
Thei
mpor
tantofci
ti
zenshi
par
easf
oll
ows:
-

1.
Itenabl
eaper
sont
oexer
cisehi
sorherl
egal
righti
nthecount
ry

2.I
tal
l
owsaper
sont
opar
ti
cipat
einci
vi
cact
ivi
ti
essuchasv
oti
ng

3.I
tenabl
eaper
sont
ogetser
vicewhi
char
egr
ant
edt
ogetser
vicewhi
char
egr
ant
edt
oci
ti
zen
onl
y.

4.Aci
ti
zenhast
her
ightt
opar
ti
cipat
eint
hepol
i
tical
andeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esoft
hecount
ry.

RESPONSI
BILI
TIESOFCI
TIZENS

Responsi
bil
it
ies:
Arethet
hingsapersonhastoperf
orm asar
ule.
Aci
ti
zenhast
odocer
tai
n
t
hingsi
nthecountryi
nwhichheorsheisacit
izen

A.Per
sonalr
esponsi
bil
it
ies
1.Takescar
eofhi
msel
forher
sel
f

2.Behav
esi
naci
vi
lorr
espect
ful
manner
.
3.Consi
der
sther
ight
sandi
nter
estofot
her
s.

4.Accept
sresponsi
bil
i
tyf
orhi
sorheract
ion.

5.Suppor
tst
hef
ami
l
y.

B.Pol
it
icaldut
iesorr
esponsi
bil
it
ies
1.Par
ti
cipat
eint
hecount
ryci
vi
caf
fai
rsuchasat
tendi
ngpol
i
tical
meet
ing.

2.Takepar
tinel
ect
rons.

3.Takepar
tinbui
l
dingandconsol
i
dat
ingdemocr
acy
.

4.Hel
ptodev
eloppubl
i
cpol
i
cy.

5.Adv
ocat
efav
orabl
epol
i
ciesandl
egi
slat
ion.

6.Acqui
reandusei
nfor
mat
ioni
nor
dert
omakegooddeci
sion.

C.Soci
alr
esponsi
bil
it
ies
1.Pr
otecthi
sorhercount
ryf
rom i
tsenemi
es

2.Pr
omot
efai
rness,
equal
i
tyandsoci
alj
ust
ice.

3.Respectt
her
ightoff
ell
owci
ti
zen

4.Obeyt
hel
awoft
hecount
ryi
nor
derf
orev
ery
onet
oli
vei
npeaceandhar
mony
.

D.Economi
cresponsi
bil
it
ies
1.Payt
axesandot
herst
atut
orypay
mentt
othegov
ernment

2.Dol
awf
ulpr
oduct
ivewor
k.

3.Par
ti
cipat
eincommuni
tydev
elopmentact
ivi
ti
es.

Adv
ant
agesoff
ulf
il
lci
vi
cresponsi
bil
it
ies.
QN:Ment i
onf i
veadvant
agesof
responsi
bil
it
iesofTanzani
anci
ti
cen.
1.Reducer
ateofcr
imes
2.Cr
eat
epeace,
har
m andl
ovedur
ingpol
i
tical
,soci
al,
economi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

3.Ri
ghtoft
hepeopl
ear
erespect
ed.

4.Goodl
i
vingst
andar
d

5.Dev
elopment

RESPONSI
BILI
TIESOFCI
TIZENTOSPECI
ALGROUP
Whati
sthespeci
algr
oup?

Ar
epeopl
ewi
thunusual
probl
emst
hatneedspeci
alcar
eort
reat
menti
nthesoci
ety
.Or

Specialgroups:areallpeopl
ewhophaseanexperi
encedi
ff
icul
tint
hei
renvi
ronment.
speci
al
groupsaregr oups’peoplewhoaredisabl
edanddi
sadv
ant
ageduetothei
rprobl
emsthei
rneed
specialat
tentionorcare(tr
eatment
).

Speci
algroupsareunabletosolv
ev ar
iouspr
obl
emsfaci
ngt
hem,
thesepr
obl
emsi
nthunder
physi
calbiol
ogi
calenv
ironmentalpol
it
ical
andpr
obl
ems.

Exampl
esofspeci
algr
oups.

I
noursoci
ety(
Tanzani
aingener
al)speci
algr
oupsi
ncl
ude

i
).Women

i
i
).Theel
der
ly

i
i
i).Thedi
sabl
ed

i
v).Ref
ugees

i
v).Or
phans

v
).St
reetchi
l
dren

v
i).HI
VAI
DSv
ict
ims

Ot
herspeci
algr
oupsi
ncl
udey
out
handaddabl
eandal
bino.

1.THEWOMEN
Thi
sgroupofpeopl
eisi
gnor
edinsomecommuniti
es.Theyar
enotgi
venequal
opport
unit
iesto
par
ti
ci
patei
ndeceasemakesint
heirf
ami
li
esorathighl
evel
.Insomecommunit
yarenotgiven
l
eader shi
ppositi
on.Inmaycasesgirl
swerenotall
owtogotoschoolt
hewomenendupf al
lint
o
forcedmar r
iage,ear
lymarr
iage,f
orcedpr
osti
tut
ioninr
it
ual
i
zedwife'
sandbeingrapi
d.This
groupofpeopl eneedsupportf
rom t
hecommuni t
yandeasi
ngtheyenj
oythei
rri
ght.

2.THEELDERLY
Theseareol
dpeople.Aspeopleage,theybecomelessenergeti
candmaynotbeabl
et o
workaswellasyoungpeople.Asr
esult,
theycannotworkeffect
ivel
yandear
nthei
rdai
l
yli
ving.
I
nadditi
on,somedisabi
l
iti
essuchaspoorey esightandpoormusclecont
rol
maybecausedby
ol
dage.Elderl
ypeopl
etherefor
eneedspecialcare.

3.THEDI
SABLED
Thisgroupincl
udespeopl ewit
hment aldi
sabi
li
ti
es,t
hosewit
hhear
ingandspeechdif
ficul
ti
es
thebl
indandphysicaldist
urbance.Peoplewit
hdisabi
li
ti
esar
etobehelpedi
nper f
orming
dif
fer
enttaskinrespecttothei
rdisabil
it
iesandneed.

4.THEREFUGEES
Arepeopl
ewhofl
eetheircount
riest
ogoandset
tl
einfor
eigncountr
iesbecauseofinsecur
it
y
i
nthei
rhomecount
ri
es.Thefoll
owingar
esomeofther
easonforthei
rforcedmigr
ati
on:

i
).pol
i
tical
conf
li
ct

i
i
).ci
vi
lwar
.

i
i
i).soci
alconf
li
ct.

i
v).dr
oughtorf
ami
ne

v
).r
eli
giousconf
li
ct

v
i).economi
cpr
obl
ems.

5.STREETCHI
LDREN
Thisisagr oupofchil
drenwhost ayonthestreetsast
heyhav enoplacet oli
ve.Thiscoul
dbe
asar esultofvari
ouscausesuchaspov ert
y,abusebyparentsorguardian,deathofparentsand
familybreakup. Duet
ot heser
easonthechildrenaref
orcedtoli
veont hestreetwithneit
her
parentnorguar di
anstotakecarethem .
Theymayal soengagethemselv esinlabouranddrug
peddling.
6.HI
VAI
DSVI
CTI
MS
Thesearepeopl
ewhoar ei
nfectedwithhumani
mmune-defi
ciencyv
irus(HIV)
.Thev
irusat
tack
t
hewhitebloodcel
lthatpr
otectthehumanbodyfr
om i
nfect
ionanddisease.

Responsi
bil
it
iest
owar
dspeci
algr
oup;
1.Assi
sti
ngt
hesepeopl
ebypr
ovi
ngmat
eri
alandf
inanci
alhel
p.

2.I
nter
acti
ngwitht
hem ,
athomeandcommuni
tymeet
ing,
andal
l
owi
ngt
hem t
oexpr
esst
hei
r
opi
nionandfeel
i
ngs.

3.Showi
ngt
hem r
espectandunder
standi
ng.

4.Pr
ovi
dingeducat
iont
oal
ldependi
ngont
hei
rspeci
alneeds.

5.Suppor
ti
ngt
hem phy
sical
l
y,f
orexampl
ewhent
heyar
ecr
ossi
ngr
oads.

6.Pr
ovi
dingcounsel
i
ngandsoci
ali
zat
ion.

Topi
c5:

FAMI
LYLI
FE
Afamil
y:isagroupofpeopl
ewhoarer
elat
edbybl
ood,
marri
ageOradopt
ion.Someoft
he
r
easonsforget
ti
ngmarri
edorcompani
onshi
pandt
ogetchi
l
dren.

COURTSHI
PANDMARRI
AGE

Cour
tshi
p:i
saper
ioddur
ingwhi
cht
wopeopl
egett
oknowoneanot
herbef
oret
heyget
marri
ed.Ital
soappropr
iat
eforthepr
epar
ati
onforweddi
ng.Cour
tshi
penabl
ethet
wopar
tnert
o
under
standeachotherandtoknoweachfamil
i
esmember s.

Marri
age:i
stheuni
onofamanandawomanashusbandandwif
e.I
tisaf
ormal
andl
egal
bet
weenamanandwomen, accompani
edaweddi
ngcer
emony

I
MPORTANCEOFCOURTSHI
P
Cour
tshi
pisi
mpor
tanceper
iodbef
oremar
ri
agebecausei
thel
psacoupl
eto:
-

1.Dev
elopsel
f-di
sci
pli
ne:
Wit
houtsel
fdi
sci
pli
neani
ndi
vi
dual
maybedi
squal
i
fiedbyt
hef
ami
l
y
oft
hepot
ent
ial
husbandorwi
fe.

Knoweachot
her

2.I
tgi
vesthetwopart
ner
sanopportuni
tytoknoweachot
her
sfeel
ings,
alt
it
udes,expect
ati
on
andot
heraspectofl
i
febefor
emarr
iage.Thishel
pst
oavoi
dunnecessar
yconfl
ict
sinthefutur
e.

3.Prepar
ef ormarr
iage:
Mar r
iager
equir
esal
otoft
hingst
obedonei
nadv
ance,
inv
olv
est
he
couplesr
elati
vesnei
ghborsandfri
ends.

4.Showevi
denceofmaturi
ty:
Peopl
ewhoint
endt
ogetmar
ri
agemustbemat
ureenought
o
takecar
eoft
hefamil
ytheyareduet
ost
art
.

5.Acqui
repr
opert
y:Court
shipgi
vesacoupl
eti
mest
oacqui
resomebasi
crequi
rementofl
i
fe
suchasahouseandfurni
tur
e.

RELATI
ONSHI
PBETWEENCOURTSHI
PANDMARRI
AGE

Cour
tshi
pandmar
ri
agear
ecl
osel
yrel
ated.Thi
srel
ati
oncanbeseeni
nthear
eas.

1.Cour
tshi
pist
hef
oundat
ionofagoodmar
ri
age

2.Thecourt
shi
pperi
odallowsthecoupletol
ear
nimpor
tantl
i
feski
l
l.Forexampl
eonel
ear
ner
howtoloveandunder
standhisotherpart
ner
s.

3.Thet
wopar
tner
sdeci
det
ogetmar
ri
age.

4.Agoodmar
ri
ageneedsabl
essi
ngorpar
ent
s,r
elat
iveandnei
ghbor
s.

EARLYORPREMATUREMARRI
AGE
I
sthemarr
iagedoneunder18yearsol
d.Thelegal
ageformar
ri
ageinTanzani
aisl
esst
hant
hat
15-
18year
sandaboveconsideredtobeear
lyorprematur
emarr
iage

CUSTOMSANDBELI
EFTHATENCOURAGEEARLYMARRI
AGE

Customsarehabi
tsthatar
epassedf
rom onegener
ati
ont
oanot
her
.Theyi
ncl
udegr
eet
ings,
punctual
i
tyandobedi
ence.

Beli
efar
ethi
ngst
hatarethoughtt
obet
ruebyacer
tai
ncommuni
ty,
dif
fer
entsoci
etyhav
ethei
r
cust
omsandbeli
efaboutmarri
age.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomecust
omsandbel
i
eft
hatmayencour
ageear
lymar
ri
age.

1.Paymentofbr
idepr
ice
Thepar
ent
sofagi
rlr
ecei
vebr
idepr
icei
nter
msofcash,
li
vest
ockorl
and;
thi
scanencour
age
ear
lymar
riagebecausegr
eedypar
ent
smaybet
empt
edt
ofor
cedt
hey
oungdaught
erst
obe
marri
edi
nor dert
ogetwealt
h.

2.Genderdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
neducat
ion

I
swher eaboyisgivenpr
iori
tyoveragir
lintermsofeducati
on;someparentshav
et hewrong
bel
ieft
hateducati
ngagirli
swestoftimeandmoney .Thisencouragesear
lymarr
iagebecause
gi
rl
sareforcedtodropoutofschooli
nfav oroft
hei
rbrother
’s.

3.Tr
adi
ti
onal
ini
ti
ati
ons

Tr
aditi
onal
practi
cessuchasini
ti
ati
onprepar
eagi
rlf
ormarri
age.Thisi
sencour
ageear
ly
marr
iagebecauseagirl
sisconsi
deredwomanwhoisreadyt
ost ar
therownfamil
y.

4.I
nher
it
ance

Somecommuni
ti
esdonotal
l
owaboyt oinheri
tproper
tyIfi
snotmarr
ied.Thi
sencour
ages
someboyst
oent
eri
ntomarr
iagesasaquali
fi
cati
ontoinher
itypr
oper
ty.

5.Lackofeducat
ion
Somepar
ent
smar
ryof
fthei
ryoungdaught
ersduet
oignor
ance

PROBLEMSASSOCI
ATEDWI
THEARLYMARRI
AGE

1.Compl i
cati
ondur i
ngdeliver
y :Earl
ymar ri
agecausesmaternalandinfantdeat
hinthesoci
ety
thi
sisbecauser epr
oductiv
eor gansoft heyounggirl
areenought osupportmat ur
edtoa
pregnancydel
iversafe.Thecompl icat
ionarisi
ngduri
ngpregnancyandl abourmostoft
enresul
t
i
ndeat horpermanentdamaget othegirl
’
sbody .

2.Prevent
ionofyoungwomenfrom conti
nuing:somecommunit
ies,
younggi
rl
saref
orcef
ull
y
removedfr
om schoolt
obemarr
iedoff.Thi
sinter
ferewi
tht
hei
reducati
onandf
utur
eplai
ns

3.I
ncreasei
npov
ert
y:Mostcoupl
esthatgetmar
ri
edatayoungagedonothaverel
i
abl
e
meansofget
ti
ngi
ncomeitbecomesdif
fi
cultf
ort
hem t
otakecar
eofthei
rchi
ldr
en.

4.Spr
eadofHI
VandAIDS:Veryyoungmenandwomenmaynotbeabl
etomakecor r
ect
deci
si
ononmentalmat
ter
s.Theyareatahi
ghr
iskofbei
ngi
nfect
edwi
thsexual
l
ytr
ansmitt
ed
di
seasei
ncl
udeHIVandAIDS.

5.Breakdownoff amil
ies:
Veryyoungmenandwomenmayl ackenoughexper
ience,
knowledgeandtol
eranceasfarasfami
lypr
obl
emsareconcerned.Theymaynotknowhowt
o
sett
lethei
rdi
ff
erenceandsomet i
mesminorpr
obl
emsleadtoseparati
onanddivor
ce.

PREVENTI
ONOFEARLYMARRI
AGE
1.Educat
ion:
Thesoci
etyshoul
dbeeducat
edont
hedanger
sofear
lymar
ri
age.
2.Basi
csociocult
uralpr
acti
ces:Cul
tur
alpract
ices-soci
eti
esshoul
dabandononnegat
ive
soci
alcul
tur
alpracti
cessuchasfemaleci
rcumcisionandgenderdi
scr
imi
nati
on.

3.Laws:thegover
nmentshouldenactstr
ictl
awsagainstear
lymar
ri
agesandenfor
cethe
exi
sti
ngonetodi
scour
ageparentsfr
om forci
ngthei
rchil
drent
ogetmarri
edatear
lyage.

4.Po vertyall
eviati
on:Pover
tyal
l
eviati
onstrat
egi
esshoul
dbestr
engthened.Thi
swillhel
p
prev
enti
ngtheeconomi
chardshi
pwhichforcepoorpar
ent
stomarr
yofftheiryounggir
linorder
togetbri
depri
ce.

FOUNDATI
ONOFASTABLEMARRI
AGE
Astabl
emarri
age:exist
swher et
hecoupl
eisuni
tedundert
her
ulesofmar
ri
age.Acoupl
e
suppor
tsl
oveandrespecteachot
her
.

Component
sofst
abl
emar
ri
age.
1.Agr
eement
:thet
woshoul
dal
soagr
eeonwhatt
heyexpectt
oachi
evei
nthemar
ri
age.

2.Lov
e:marr
iagepart
ner
smusthav
eaf
fect
ionf
oreachot
her
.Lov
eisani
mpor
tantcomponent
ofastabl
emarri
age.

3.Tr
ust
:thecoupl
emustt
rusteachot
her
.

4.
Toleranceandunderstandi
ng:eachpar
tnershoul
dexerci
setotol
erancet
owar
ds,t
he
weaknessoft heot
her
.Itmaynotalwaysbepossibl
eforonetofull
yagreewi
tht
heacti
onoft
he
ot
herper son

5.Transpar
ency
:marr
iagepar
tnershoul
dbeopenwi
theachot
her
.Iti
swr
ongt
okeepsecr
ets
whi
chmaydangerthemarri
age.

TYPESOFFAMI
LIES
Ther
ear
ethr
eecommont
ypesoff
ami
l
iest
hesear
e:-

1.Nucl
earf
ami
ly

Thi
sisf
ami
l
ywhi
chconsi
stsofaf
ather
,mot
herandchi
l
dren.

2.Ext
endedf
ami
ly

Thisi
sfamil
ywhichconsist
sofaf at
her
,mot
her
,chi
l
dren,
grandpar
ent
s,aunt
s,uncl
es,
nieces,
nephews,
cousi
nandot herrel
ati
ves.

3.Si
ngl
e-par
entf
ami
ly
Si
ngl
epar
entf
ami
l
iesmayr
esul
tfr
om t
hedeat
hofonepar
tner
,di
vor
ceorget
ti
ngchi
l
dren.

THEI
MPORTANCEOFFAMI
LY

Afamilypl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
nthecommuni
ty.Ther
easonswhyt
hef
ami
l
yisi
mpor
tant
i
nclude:-

1.Tof
ost
erco-
oper
ati
oni
nthesoci
ety

Thebr
ingupchi
l
drenwhowi
l
lbehonest
,tr
ustwor
thyandr
esponsi
blepeopl
eint
hesoci
ety
.

2.Fami
l
iespr
omot
ethedev
elopmentofi
ndi
vi
dual
member
s.

3.Goodfamil
iesactasr
olemodel
sint
hesoci
etychi
l
drenandy
out
hther
efor
ehav
erol
emodel
s
theycancopy
.

4.Fami
l
iespr
ovi
det
hechi
l
drenwi
thoppor
tuni
ti
est
obehar
dwor
ker
s

5.Chi
l
drenar
etaughtcust
omsoft
hei
rsoci
ety
.

FAMI
LYSTABI
LITY
Ast
abl
efami
lyi
saonei
nwhi
chpeace,
respectl
oveandgoodbehav
iorar
eobser
ved

Thef
oll
owi
ngf
act
orscont
ri
but
etof
ami
l
yst
abi
l
ity

1.RESPECT

Thi
sissi
tuat
ioni
nwhi
chmember
s.Thechi
l
drenr
espectt
hei
rpar
ent
sandpeopl
eot
her
.

2.LOVE

Thi
senabl
efami
l
ymembert
ohel
peachot
her

3.GOODBEHAVI
OUR

Af
ami
l
yshoul
dli
vei
npeaceandav
oidconf
li
cts.

4.PEACE

Ther
eshoul
dbeav
ail
bleofenoughpeacei
nthef
ami
l
y.

I
MPORTANCEOFFAMI
LYSTABI
LITY

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hewayi
nwhi
chf
ami
l
yst
abi
l
ityi
nimpor
tant

1.Fami
l
ymember
spar
ti
cipat
einot
hersoci
alandeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es

2.Familymembersar
eabl
etopar
ti
cipat
eincommunal
act
ivi
ti
essuchascl
eani
ngupmar
ket
andplanti
ngt
rees.
3.Peacei
ncount
rybeggi
ngatt
hel
owestl
evel
oft
hef
ami
l
y

4.Familyst
abi
li
tyhel
psmemberst
oenj
oyi
nposi
ti
vehabi
tsandact
ivi
ti
esandr
educes
i
ncidencesofdr
ugabuseorcr
ime.

5.Chil
drenf
rom stabl
efamil
i
esarel
ikel
ytost
artt
hei
rownf
ami
l
iesi
nfut
uret
her
ebyensur
ing
theconti
nui
tyofthefamil
yasuni
t.

RI
GHTSANDRESPONSI
BILI
TIESOFFAMI
LYMEMBERS

Rightar
ethethi
ngsoneisal
l
owedt odoorthatoneisent
it
ledto.I
nthefamil
yasauni
typar
ent
havethei
rri
ghtandchi
l
drenalsohavet
hei
rrightsomeoftheri
ghtthatpar
ent
shavear
e:-

1.Maki
ngf
ami
l
ydeci
sion

2.Gui
dingandadv
isi
ngt
hei
rchi
l
dren

3.Bei
ngr
espect
edbyt
hei
rchi
l
dren

4.Teachi
ngt
hei
rchi
l
drencommuni
tyv
alues.

5.Chi
l
dreni
nthef
ami
l
yal
sohav
efami
l
y.Thi
sri
ghti
ncl
ude:
-

6.Expr
essi
ngt
hei
ropi
nion

7.Bei
ngt
reat
edequal
l
ywi
thoutanyki
ndofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion.

8.Bei
ngr
egi
ster
edaf
terbi
rt
handbei
nggi
venname.

9.Li
vi
ngwi
tht
hei
rpar
ent
s

10.Restandl
eisur
e

11.Get
ti
ngbasi
candsecondar
yneedl
i
kef
ood,
educat
ionandheal
thcar
e

12.Tobepr
otect
edf
rom i
njur
yabuseeconomi
cexpl
oit
ati
on

RESPONSI
BILI
TIES
Responsi
bil
it
ies:
Thesear
edut
iest
hataper
soni
sobl
i
gedsomepar
ent
alr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesar
e:-

1.Maki
ngf
ami
l
ydeci
sion

2.Pr
ovi
dingsecur
it
yfort
hef
ami
l
y

3.Ensur
ingdi
sci
pli
nei
smai
ntai
nedbyt
hechi
l
dren.

4.Pr
ovi
dingf
ami
l
yrequi
rementsuchasaf
ood,
clot
h,shel
terandeducat
ion.

5.Taki
ngchar
geoft
hedayt
odayact
ivi
ti
esoft
hef
ami
l
y.
6.Lov
ingandt
aki
ngcar
eoft
hechi
l
dren.

7.Ar
rangi
ngandor
gani
zi
ngf
ami
l
yact
ivi
ti
essuchascl
eanl
i
nessandpr
epar
ati
onofmeal
.

8.Counsel
i
ngt
hei
rchi
l
drent
obewel
lbehav
ed.

9.Responsi
bil
i
tiesofchi
l
dreni
nthef
ami
l
yincl
ude.

10.Hel
pingwi
thdomest
ict
asks

11.Respect
ingpar
ent
sandel
der
s

12.Taki
ngcar
eoft
hei
ryoungbr
otherorsi
ster
.

13.Obey
ingt
hei
rpar
ent
sandt
eacher
s.

14.Goi
ngt
oschool
tol
ear
n.

Consequenceofnotcar
ryi
ngoutr
esponsi
bil
it
ies
1.Famil
yinst
abi
li
ty:
Chi
l
drencanacqui
rebadhabi
tsandcr
eat
etr
oubl
eint
hef
ami
l
yandi
nthe
soci
ety
.

2.Conf
li
cts:
Frequentmi
sunder
standi
ngsmayar
isebet
weenmember
soft
hef
ami
l
y.

3.Familybr
eakdown:Af
ami
l
ymaybr
eakdowni
fther
ear
efr
equentmi
sunder
standi
ngand
quarr
els.

4.Str
eetchi
ldr
en:Int
heabsenceofpeaceandpr
ovi
sionoff
ami
l
yrequi
rement
schi
l
drenwi
l
lnot
stayathome.Theywi
llendi
nthestr
eet.

5.Lackofbasi
cneed:I
fpar
entdonotwor
khar
d,chi
l
drencannotgett
hei
rbasi
cneedaswel
las
otherneeds

Topi
c6:

ROADSAFETY
ROADACCI
DENT

Roadar
ethehar
dsur
facesbui
l
tforv
ehi
clet
otr
avel
on.

Thear
ethr
eet
ypesofr
oadi
nTanzani
a

1.
Ear
thr
oad

2.Gr
avelr
oad
3.Tamarr
oad

Roadsi
gnareal
soknownast
raf
fi
csi
gnt
hesear
esi
gnneart
her
oadt
hatgi
ven
i
nformati
onorinst
ruct
iontoroaduser
.Roadsigncar
rymessagef orroaduserthr
oughsymbol s,
shapeandcolourwher
er oaduserr
oadarel
ikes.motor
ist
,cycl
istandpedestri
an.Therefor
e
symbolsaresi
gnwhichgivemessage,or
der,i
nfor
mati
on,ordir
ectionandtemporarycondit
ion.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethet
ypesofr
oadsi
gnwhi
char
e

i
.War
ning.

i
i
.or
der.

i
i
i.i
nfor
mat
ion

1.War
ning:
Thesesi
gnwar
nther
oaduser
sofdanger
ousorunusual
condi
ti
onahead.

2.Or
der
:Thesesi
gnor
dert
hedr
ivert
ofol
l
owt
hegi
vendi
rect
ion.

3.I
nfor
mat
ion:Thesesi
gngi
vei
nfor
mat
iont
other
oaduser
s.

4.Shapes:Thethr
eety
pesofr oadsi
gnsar
eusual
l
yencl
osedi
ndi
ff
erentshape.
Theynor
mal
l
y
hel
ptheroadusert
oint
erpr
eterthesi
gn.

5.Col
or:
Ther
emai
nlyf
ourcol
orsusedwi
thr
oadsi
gns.

Red:(
usef
orst
opr
epr
esentwr
ong)
,Amber
,Gr
een,
blue.

Gr
een:
Ital
l
owuseroft
her
oadt
ogo

Bl
ue:
inmostcasesi
susedf
ort
hesi
gnt
hatpr
ovi
degi
vei
nfor
mat
ion

I
mpor
tanceofRoadsi
gns
1.Theymaker
oaduser
sawar
eofwhati
sahead.

2.Thedi
rectr
oaduser
s.

3.Theymi
nimi
zeacci
dent
s

4.Hel
proadusert
ouset
her
oadsaf
ely
.

Whati
sanacci
dent
?

I
tisanydanger
ousev
ent
swhi
choccuri
nourenv
ironment
.

Whati
sroadacci
dent
s

Ar
ethosebadoccasi
onscausedbyr
oaduser
swhi
l
eusi
ngt
her
oad.
Causesofr
oadaci
dent
s
Roadacci
dent
shavebecomingcommonprobl
em i
nTanzani
a.Ther
ear
esev
eral
fact
ors/
causeswhi
chledt
otheoccurr
enceofr
oadacci
dent
sther
eare;

1.Al
cohol
ism:
Somedr
iver
sar
edr
ivi
ngwhi
l
ear
edr
unk.

2.Ov
erl
oadi
ngofpassenger
stoget
herwi
thr
oads.

3.Di
sobey
edr
oadt
raf
fi
csi
gnbyr
oaduser
s.

4.Poorr
oads:
Inadequat
emai
ntenanceofr
oads(
roadsar
enotwel
lconst
ruct
ed)
.

5.Car
elessness/
negl
i
genceofdr
iver
’se.
g.hi
ghspeed.

6.Al
ongt
imewor
kingofdr
iver
swi
thnor
est
inghour
s.

7.Poorqual
i
ficat
ionofdr
iver
s:Mostdr
iver
snotgr
aduat
eont
hatwor
k(i
nef
fect
ivet
rai
ningof
dri
ver
s).

8.Car
elessnessofpedest
ri
anst
ocr
osst
her
oadandpassi
ngl
i
vest
ocki
nther
oad.

9.Ov
erconf
idenceofdr
iver
s.

10.Mostofv
ehi
cles/
car
sar
etoohol
dtocar
rypassenger
.

11.Shor
tageofr
oadt
raf
gicsi
gns

Ef
fect
sofr
oadacci
dent
s
1.Deat
h’sofmanypeopl
e

2.Lossofgov
ernmenti
ncome(
economi
cef
fect
ive)

3.I
ncr
easeofor
phansandwi
dows/
widower
s

4.I
ncr
easeofdi
sabl
edpeopl
ethatar
eser
iousl
yinj
ured

5.Dest
ruct
ionpr
oper
ti
eswhi
chwer
ecar
ri
edandr
oaddest
ruct
ion.

Way
sofpr
event
ingr
oadacci
dent
s

1.Fr
equentcheckupofv
ehi
clesi
ncl
udi
ngt
hei
rwei
ghtandnumberofpassenger
s

2.Roaduser
sshoul
dbemadeawar
eonr
oadr
ulesandadher
etot
hem accor
dingl
y.

3.Tr
aff
icr
egul
ati
onandl
awenf
orcementdepar
tment
smustwor
kef
fi
cient
ly.

4.Al
cohol
anddr
ugsshoul
dbepr
ohi
bit
edwhendr
ivi
ng.
5.Mai
ntenanceofr
oadsandputenoughr
oadsi
gns

6.Medi
cal
checkupl
i
cense,
phy
sical
andment
alcapabi
l
iti
esf
ordr
iver
smustbei
nvest
igat
ed

7.Dr
iver
sshoul
dgetampl
eti
met
orest

8.Puni
shmentandf
inesf
orl
awv
iol
ator
sbei
nit
iat
ed.

Howt
oimpr
over
oadsaf
ety
?
Roadsaf
etycanbei
mpr
ovedi
fthef
oll
owi
ngel
ementwi
l
lbeobser
ved.

1.Tr
aff
icr
oadsi
gnsshoul
dbeobser
ved

2.Asyst
em ofconduct
ingdaytodayi
nspect
ioni
nor
dert
oensur
ethatt
hev
ehi
cles/mot
or
vehi
cl
esusedareingoodorder
.

3.Put
ti
ngcl
ear
lydef
inedr
oadt
raf
fi
csi
gnsatapar
ti
cul
arposi
ti
on

4.Tr
aff
icpol
i
ceshoul
ddi
rectv
ehi
clesi
ncaseofemer
gency

5.Improv
ethewei
ghtoft
her
oadwhi
chal
l
owsgoodaccommodat
ionofv
ehi
clesandot
herr
oad
uses.

Roadsaf
etyt
odi
sabl
ed,
chi
ldr
enandel
der
s.

Roadr
eusedbydi
ffer
entpeopl
esuchaspedest
ri
ans,
cycl
i
stsmot
ori
stse.
t.
cAl
sochi
l
dren,
di
sabl
edandel
der
shav eari
ghttouset
heroad.

Howt
ohel
pthem t
ocr
osst
her
oad?

1.Roadsaf
etyeducat
ionshoul
dbegi
vent
oal
lroaduser
ssoast
oav
oidacci
dent
s

2.Dr
ivershoul
dgi
vet
hem t
imet
ocr
osst
her
oad

3.Educat
ionshoul
dbeprov
idedtothem e.
g.t
heyshoul
dbet aughtt
hatal
way
scr
osst
her
oad
onlywher
eisaZebracr
ossingori
fther
enoanycarcomi ng

4.Thi
sgr
oupshoul
dbeaccompani
edwhencr
ossi
ngt
her
oadaper
sonnearhi
m/hershoul
d
hel
phim/
hert
ocross.

Topi
c7:

WORK
Wor
kisanyl
awf
ulact
ivi
tyt
hataper
sondoesear
nal
i
ving.Peopl
ewor
ktopr
oducegoodand
ser
v i
ce.Peoplemustpar
ti
cipat
einact
ivi
ti
est
hatwi
l
limpr
ovet
hei
rli
vi
ngst
andar
daswel
las
devel
opt henati
on.

WORK-
RELATEDACTI
VITI
ES

Work-rel
atedact
ivi
ti
escanbephy si
calmental
.Member
soft
hesoci
etyengagei
nact
ivi
ti
es
accor
dingtothei
rabil
it
iesandknowledge.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
heact
ivi
ti
eswhi
chdi
ff
erentpeopl
eint
hesoci
ety
.

TYPESOFGOODPRODUCED

1FARMI
NG:
Cropse.
g.mai
ze,
riceandcassav
a

2.LI
VESSTOCKKEEPI
NG

Li
vesst
ockandt
hei
rpr
oduct
s.Mi
l
k,ski
n,meat

3.FI
SHI
NG:
Fish.

4.MI
NING:
Miner
alse.
g.gol
d,coal
anddi
amond

5.BRI
CK:
Bri
cks

6.CARPENTRY:
Fur
nit
uree.
g.t
abl
e,chai
randdesks.

TYPESOFGOODSPRODUCED

1.Banki
ng:
Financi
alt
ransact
ion

2.Tr
anspor
tat
ion:
Transpor
ti
nggoodofpeopl
e

3.Communi
cat
ionandi
nfor
mat
ion:
Prov
isi
onofi
nfor
mat
ion

4.Heal
thser
vice:
Heal
thcar
e

5.Teachi
ng:
Prov
isi
onofeducat
ion

6.Tour
ism:
Lei
sur
e

I
MPORTANCEOFWORK
WORKFORSELF–DEVELOPMENT

1.Wegetourbasi
cneedsf
rom wor
king.

2.Togetf
ood,
clot
hesandshel
ter
.

3.Wor
kimpr
ovest
heeconomi
cposi
ti
onofaf
ami
l
yandanat
ion.

4.Wor
kkeepspeopl
ebusy
.Theydonothav
eti
met
oengagei
ncr
imi
nal
act
ivi
ti
es.
Workasanidenti
fyi
nthesoci
ety
.They5.i
dent
it
yeachot
herasj
udge,
car
pent
ers,
phot
ogr
aphers,engi
neer
s.

6.Wor
kbr
ingsr
espect
saper
sonwhowor
khar
disr
espect
edi
nthesoci
ety
.

7.Wor
kmakespeopl
einnov
ati
ve.Theycomeupwi
thsol
uti
onst
opr
obl
ems.

8.Wor
kist
hebasi
cforhumanl
i
fe.

WORKFORNATI
ONALDEVELOPMENT

Nati
onaldev
elopment
:Refert
otheimpr
ovementint
helif
eofthepeopl
einacount
ry.Whent
he
peopl
einacountr
yworkhard,
incr
easet
hecountr
yproducti
on.

1.Thismakest
heeconomygr
ow.Wor
kinv
olv
est
hel
i
vesofpeopl
ebypr
oduci
nggoodand
serv
ice.

2.Wor
kinenabl
epeopl
etopayt
axest
othegov
ernment
.

3.Workenabl
est
hegov
ernmentt
opr
ovi
desoci
alser
vicessuchasheal
thcar
e,educat
ionand
secur
it
y.

4.Wor
kenabl
egov
ernmentengagei
ndev
elopmentpr
oject
ssuchasbui
l
dingr
oadand
i
ndust
ri
es.

Topi
c8:
PROPERBEHAVI
ORANDRESPONSI
BLEDECI
SIONMAKI
NG

Behavi
ouri
sthewayapersondoesthi
ngsinparti
cul
arsi
tuat
ion.Apersonbehaviourcan
changeduet
ohisorhermood,pl
aceorthepersonheorsheisdeal
ingwithforexample.

Mood:Whenapersoni
shappy
,heorshebehav
esdi
ff
erent
lyf
rom t
hewayheorshebehav
e
whenangr
yorsad.

Pl
ace:
Ast
udenti
nthecl
assr
oom behav
esdi
ff
erent
lyf
rom t
hewayheorshebehav
eint
hepay
-
gr
ound

Per
sonsonei
sdeal
ingwi
th

Astudentbehavesdif
fer
ent
lywhendeal
i
ngwi
thf
ell
owst
udentorf
ri
ends,
teacher
s,par
ent
s,
r
elat
ivesorstr
angers.

Ty
pesofbehav
iour
Ther
ear
etwomaj
ort
ypesofbehav
iourt
hesear
e:

i
.Pr
operbehav
iour
,al
soknownasgoodbehav
iour
i
i
.Impr
operbehav
ioural
soknownasbadbehav
iour

1.PROPERBEHAVI
OUR

Thi
sisbehavi
ourwhichisanacceptabl
etothesoci
ety.Exampleofsuchasbehav
iouri
ncl
udes
honest
y,l
ove,
kindness,
obedi
ence,sympathyandco-operat
ion.

Sour
cesofpr
operbehav
iour

Theset
ypesofbehav
iourmayor
igi
nat
efr
om v
ari
ouspl
acesi
nthesoci
ety
;thesei
ncl
ude:

i
.Par
ent
s:Goodpar
ent
sgui
det
hei
rchi
l
drent
owar
dspr
operbehav
iour
.

i
i.Massmedia:Radi
o,t
elevi
sion,
newspaperandot
hert
ypesofmedi
ahav
epr
ogr
ammer
sor
art
icl
eswhi
chteachpeoplegoodbehav
iour
.

i
ii
.Propereducati
on:Peopl
ewhogetpr
operf
ormal
aswel
lasi
nfor
mal
educat
ionusual
l
yhav
e
goodbehaviour

i
v.Goodf
ri
ends:Rel
i
gioust
eachi
ng

ELEMENTOFPROPERBEHAVI
OUR

i
).Respectf
orpar
ent
s,r
elat
ivesandot
herpeopl
e

i
i
.Useofpr
operl
anguage;
thi
smeansnotusi
ngabusi
vel
anguage

i
ii
.Taki
ngpartincommuni
tyact
ivi
ti
essuchasmi
ner
als,
weddi
ngsandenv
ironment
al
conser
vat
ion.

i
v.Pr
operdr
essi
ng;
dressi
ngwhi
chi
ssoci
all
yaccept
abl
e

v
.Wor
kinghar
d.

v
i.Hel
pingot
her
s

I
mpor
tanceofpr
operbehav
ing
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hebenef
it
sofpr
operbehav
iouri
nsoci
ety

1.Ther
eisuni
ty,
peaceandhar
monyi
nthesoci
ety

2.Themember
soft
hesoci
etyar
ehel
pful
andco-
oper
ati
vewi
theachot
her
.

3.Ev
ery
onei
nthesoci
etyi
sfr
eet
oexer
ciset
hei
rri
ghtandf
ulf
il
lthei
rresponsi
bil
i
ties.

4.Ther
eisdev
elopmentandpr
osper
it
yint
hesoci
etyaspeopl
ewor
khar
d.

2.I
MPROPERBEHAVI
OUR

Thi
sisbehav
iorwhi
chi
snotaccept
abl
eint
hesoci
ety
.Exampl
eofi
mpr
operbehav
iouri
ncl
ude:
-
-
Useofabusi
vel
anguage

-
Prost
it
uti
on

-
Taki
ngi
l
li
citdr
ugs

-
Laz
iness

-
Fight
ing

-
Steal
i
ngandr
obber
y

-
Causi
ngt
roubl
eanddi
stur
bing

-
Disr
espectf
orschool
rul
es

-
Disr
espectf
orpar
ent
s,el
der
sandr
elat
ives

-
Arr
ogancei
sbei
ngr
udebecauseonef
eatt
hatheorshei
smor
eimpor
tant
.

Sour
cesorcausesofi
mpr
operbehav
iour
.

I
mpr
operbehav
iourcanbear
esul
tofmanyf
act
orssomeoft
hesef
act
orsar
e:-

i
.Lackofpar
ent
alcar
eandgui
dance

i
i
.Par
ent
sdonotspendenought
imewi
tht
hei
rchi
l
drent
oknowt
hei
rpr
obl
ems.

i
ii
.Mass,mediaTelev
isi
on,r
adiotheinternotandnewspapersplayagreatr
oleinchanging
peopl
e’sbehav
iour
.Someoft heprogrammer sandart
icl
esexposeyoungpeopletoviol
ence
prost
it
uti
onandothersoci
alevi
ls.

i
v.Povert
y:Somepeoplemaybefor
cedtoengagei
nbadhabi
tsbecauseoft
hei
rpooreconomi
c
st
atus.Forexampl
e,t
heymaysteal
orengageinpr
ost
it
uti
ont
oearnmoney .

v.Drunkenness:Dr
inki
ngalcoholexcessi
vel
ycanmakesomeonel
osecont
rol
ofhi
sorher
acti
ons,resul
ti
nginimproperbehaviour
.

v
i.Lackofpr
opereducat
ion:
Educat
ioni
sani
mpor
tantt
ool
inchangi
ngbadbehav
iour
.

vi
i
.Fr
iends:
Somefriendsar
enotgood.Theycanl
eadonei
ntot
ruancyuseofabusel
anguage,
dr
ugsprost
it
uti
onandabsencef
rom school
.

Consequencesofi
mpr
operbehav
ior

I
mpr
operbehav
iourmayr
escuei
nbadconsequencesomeoft
hesear
e:-

1.Spr
eadofHI
VandAI
DSduet
opr
ost
it
uti
onandshar
ingofneedl
efori
nject
ingdr
ugs.

2.Cr
imessuchasr
obber
yandr
ape
Soci
alpr
obl
emssuchasdr
ugabuse,
homosexual
i
tyandcor
rupt
ion.

3.Fami
l
ypr
obl
emssuchasl
ackoff
ood,
unwant
edpr
egnanci
esandear
lymi
rage.

4.Pov
ert
y,whenpeopl
edonotwor
kandt
her
efor
edonotpr
oduceweal
th

5.Lawl
essnessi
nthesoci
etypeopl
edoesnotr
especteachot
her
.

HOW TOCONTROLI
MPROPERBEHAVI
OUR

Sev
eral
measur
escanbet
akent
ocont
rol
impr
operbehav
iorsomeoft
hesemeasur
esar
e:

1.Masseducat
ionongoodbehav
iouramongmember
soft
hesoci
ety

2.Parentneedt
obecl
osert
othei
rchi
l
drenandSpendqual
i
tyt
imewi
tht
hem counsel
i
ngand
gui
dingthem.

3.Peopl
ewhobel
ongt
odi
ff
erentf
ait
hsshoul
dadher
etot
hei
rrel
i
gioust
eachi
ngongood
behavi
or.

4.Thegov
ernmentshoul
denf
orcet
heexi
sti
ngl
awt
ocur
bant
i-soci
albehav
iour
.

5.Thei
mpor
tat
ionpor
nogr
aphi
cmat
eri
alshoul
dbebanned.

6.School
andcol
l
egeshoul
deducat
eyoungpeopl
eonhowt
obehav
epr
oper
lyi
nthesoci
ety
.

7.Thegover
nmentshoul
densureal
lchi
ldr
engetf
ormal
educat
ion.Par
entshoul
dbe
encour
agedtomakethei
rchi
ldr
entoschool.

Topi
c9:

RESPONSI
BLEDECI
SIONMAKI
NG
Adeci
sion:ist
hechoi
cewhi
chani
ndi
vi
dual
makesaf
tert
hinki
ngt
hroughdi
ff
erentopt
ioni
na
gi
vensi
tuati
on.

Deci
sion-maki
ng:i
sonewayofsol
vi
ngpr
obl
emsr
esponsi
bledeci
sion-
maki
ngi
nvol
vesmaki
ng.

Achoi
ceaftercaref
ull
yconsi
der
ingal
ltheopt
ionav
ail
abl
eandusi
ngpar
ti
cul
arcr
eat
ivet
omake
t
hebestchoice.

I
MPORTANCEOFRESPONSI
BLEDECI
SION-MAKI
NG

Deci
si
onmaki
ngi
simpor
tantf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ng

1.I
tpromotesenseofcommi t
menttopeopl
e:whenmember
soft
hesoci
etyar
einv
olv
edi
n
makingdeci
sionthataf
fect
sthem.
2.I
tfaci
l
itat
espr
operut
il
izat
ionofav
ail
abl
eresour
ces.

3.I
tpromot
esenseofequal
i
ty:
thi
sisduet
otheequal
par
ti
cipat
ionofmember
sindeci
sion-
making.

4.I
tensur
esef
fici
encyondoi
ngt
hings:
becausemember
soft
hesoci
etymakedeci
sionont
hat
concer
nthem.

5.Iti
mprov
epersonal
responsi
bil
i
ties:
creat
esasenseofcol
l
ect
iver
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
ncar
ryi
ngout
tasksandmaki
ngpoli
cies.

6.I
tenabl
eaper
sont
oachi
evehi
sorherpl
an.