GRADETEN

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCI
VICEDUCATI
ON.

WHATI
SCI
VICEDUCATI
ON?

 I
tist
heawar
enessoft
hepubl
i
cinCi
vi
cmat
ter
ssuchasgov
ernance,Pol
i
tics,
Wor
kCul
tur
e,HumanRi
ght
sandSoci
o-economi
cissues.

 I
tist
hei
mpar
ti
ngofknowl
edge,
abi
l
ityandcapaci
tyofCi
ti
zenst
omakesenseof
t
hei
rPol
i
tical
wor
ld.

 I
tist
hei
mpar
ti
ngofknowl
edget
opeopl
eoni
ssuesper
tai
ningt
onat
ionalaf
fai
rs
whi
chhi
ngeongov
ernance.

 Thi
smeanst
hatCi
vi
ceducat
ionmayal
sor
efert
otheact
ivepar
ti
cipat
ionand
engagementi
nsel
f-
gov
ernancebyt
heci
ti
zensoft
hecount
ry.I
tcov
erst
her
ight
s,
dut
ies,
obl
i
gat
ionsandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesofci
ti
zens.

I
MPORTANCEOFCI
VICEDUCATI
ON

 I
thel
pst
ofor
m compet
ent
,act
iveandr
esponsi
bleci
ti
zens.

 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
obeawar
eoft
hei
rfundament
alr
ight
sandf
reedoms.

 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
opar
ti
cipat
einv
olunt
aryor
gani
zat
ionssuchaswor
ker
s
uni
ons,
women’
sassoci
ati
ons,
communi
tyor
gani
sat
ions,
etc.

 I
thel
psci
ti
zenst
oacqui
repr
ofi
ciencyi
nmoni
tor
ingandcor
rect
ingpol
i
ciesand
l
awsoft
hei
rcount
ry.

 I
thel
pst
ofaci
l
itat
ethedev
elopmentofknowl
edge,
ski
l
lsandv
aluesi
npupi
l
s.

 I
tenabl
es t
o pr
oduce knowl
edgeabl
elear
ner
s who ar
e awar
e,can make
deci
sions,
judgeandactbasedonhumanr
ight
sandsoci
alr
esponsi
bil
i
ties.

 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
obeanal
yti
cal
,innov
ati
ve,cr
eat
iveandconst
ruct
ivemi
nd

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page1
 whi
chwi
l
lcher
ishandsaf
eguar
dindi
vi
dual
li
ber
ti
esandhumanr
ight
s.

 I
thel
pst
opr
oducel
ear
ner
swhocanexpr
essone’
sowni
deasf
reel
y,exer
cise
t
oler
ancef
orot
herpeopl
e’
svi
ewsandmai
ntai
ndi
sci
pli
neandhar
dwor
kfort
he
sakeofper
sonal
andnat
ional
dev
elopment
.

 I
tenabl
es pupi
l
sto cont
ri
but
etot
he pr
omot
ion ofdemocr
ati
cval
ues and
sust
enanceofdemocr
ati
csy
stemsbymaki
ngt
hem under
stand,cher
ishand
def
endi
tsequal
i
ty.

 I
tenabl
es pupi
l
sto under
stand,cher
ish,pr
omot
e and pr
otectt
he equal
i
ty
bet
ween men and women,human r
ight
s,t
he r
ule ofl
aw,r
epr
esent
ati
ve
gov
ernanceet
c.

 I
tenabl
es pupi
l
sto cont
ri
but
etot
he pr
omot
ion ofdemocr
ati
cval
ues and
sust
enanceofdemocr
ati
csy
stemsbymaki
ngt
hem under
stand,cher
ishand
def
endi
tsequal
i
ty.

 I
tenabl
es pupi
l
sto under
stand,cher
ish,pr
omot
e and pr
otectt
he equal
i
ty
bet
ween men and women,human r
ight
s,t
he r
ule ofl
aw,r
epr
esent
ati
ve
gov
ernanceet
c.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page2
THECONSTI
TUTI
ON
 AConst
it
uti
oni
sasy
stem ofl
aws,
cust
omsandpr
inci
plesusual
l
ywr
it
tendown,
accor
dingt
owhi
chacount
ryoranor
gani
zat
ioni
sgov
erned.
 Cust
omsr
efert
oaccept
edt
radi
ti
onsandhabi
tsoft
hepeopl
einasoci
ety
.A
const
it
uti
oni
stheSupr
emeLawt
owhi
chal
lot
herl
awsar
esubor
dinat
e.
 Anat
ionneedsaconst
it
uti
oni
nor
dert
oregul
atet
heact
ivi
ti
esofi
tsci
ti
zens.

TYPESOFCONSTI
TUTI
ONS
Wr
it
tenconst
it
uti
ons.
Unwr
it
tenconst
it
uti
ons.

2.WRI
TTENCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 Thi
sis a const
it
uti
on i
n whi
ch mostoft
he pr
ovi
sions orcont
ent
s ar
e
document
edi
nasi
ngl
efor
mal
wri
tt
endocument
.
 I
tisasetofr
ulest
hatt
heci
ti
zensofanat
ioncont
ri
but
eto,
discussandagr
eet
o
begov
ernedby
.
 Count
ri
es wi
th wr
it
ten const
it
uti
ons i
ncl
ude Zambi
a,Bot
swana,Tanzani
a,
Nami
bia,
Sout
hAf
ri
ca,
andAmer
ica.

Adv
ant
agesofaWr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page3
  I
tisusual
l
ydr
awnupwi
thgr
eatcar
eanddel
i
ber
ati
ons
 I
tiscl
earanddef
ini
te.
 Theyar
est
abl
eandst
eady
.
 Theyar
efr
eef
rom mani
pul
ati
onbyt
heJudi
ciar
y.
 I
taf
for
dspr
otect
iont
othei
ndi
vi
dual
sandguar
ant
eepeopl
e’
sri
ght
s.
Di
sadv
ant
agesofaWr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on
 Theyar
enoteasi
l
yadapt
abl
etoemer
genci
esandchangi
ngneedsi
nsoci
ety
.
 I
ttendst
ocompr
essi
ntoonedocumental
lthei
deal
sandpol
i
ticalpr
inci
plesofa
nat
ion.
 I
tisdi
ff
icul
ttoamendwhenr
igi
dit
yandconser
vat
ism ar
ecar
ri
edt
oof
ar.

2.UNWRI
TTENCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 Thi
sisaConst
it
uti
ont
hathasmostofi
tspr
ovi
sionsnotf
oundi
nasi
ngl
e
documentbuti
nacol
l
ect
ionofdocument
s,st
atut
esandt
radi
ti
onalpr
act
icest
hat
ar
egener
all
yaccept
edasgov
erni
nganat
ion.
 TheBr
it
ishconst
it
uti
oni
sonesuchexampl
e.

Adv
ant
agesofUnwr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on
 I
tiseasi
l
yadapt
abl
etochangi
ngcondi
ti
onsofady
nami
csoci
ety
.
 I
tcanbebentt
omeetnat
ional
emer
genci
eswi
thoutbr
eaki
ngt
hei
rfr
amewor
k.
 I
t pr
ovi
des l
egalmeans f
or sat
isf
ying popul
ar passi
ons and pr
event
ing
r
evol
uti
ons.

Di
sadv
ant
agesofUnwr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on
 I
tisunst
abl
easi
tcanbebentort
wist
edeasi
l
y.
 I
tcanbechangedoramendedaccor
dingt
oindi
vi
dual
sorpar
ty’
swi
shesand
desi
res.
 I
tisv
aguebecausei
tisuncl
earandi
ndef
ini
te.
 I
trequi
resahi
ghdegr
eeofpol
i
ticalconsci
ousnessi
nor
dert
ounder
standi
t
amongt
hepeopl
e.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page4
  I
tist
akenf
orguar
ant
eedt
hati
texi
sts,
event
houghi
tisnotwr
it
ten.
 I
tcaneasi
l
ybemani
pul
atedbyt
heJudi
ciar
y

FORMSOFCONSTI
TUTI
ONS
Thet
wot
ypesofconst
it
uti
onscanei
therbeFl
exi
bleorRi
gid.

1.FLEXI
BLECONSTI
TUTI
ON
 Thi
sisaf
orm ofaconst
it
uti
ont
hatcaneasi
l
ybeamendedorchangedbyt
he
maj
ori
tyofel
i
gibl
eci
ti
zenswi
thoutcal
l
ingf
orar
efer
endum.
 A Ref
erendum i
sasi
tuat
ionwhenci
ti
zensar
easkedt
ovot
eYESorNOonan
i
mpor
tantnat
ional
issue,
suchasv
oti
ngwhet
hert
oabol
i
sht
hedeat
hsent
enceor
not
.

2.RI
GIDCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 Thi
sisaf
orm ofaConst
it
uti
ont
hatcannoteasi
l
ybeamended.
 Thi
sty
peofaconst
it
uti
oni
susual
l
yamendedbyadi
ff
erentbodysuchast
he
Nat
ionalConst
it
uti
onConf
erence(
NCC)asi
sthecasei
nZambi
a,andal
so
t
hroughaConst
it
uentAssembl
y(C.
A)andaRef
erendum,whi
chhav
easpeci
al
st
atust
hanor
dinar
yinst
it
uti
onsorPar
li
ament
.

STRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHEZAMBI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 TheZambi
anConst
it
uti
onbegi
nswi
thaPr
eambl
ewhi
chi
sani
ntr
oduct
iont
othe
document
.
 The pr
eambl
e st
at We,t
es,‘ he peopl
e ofZambi
a by ourr
epr
esent
ati
ves,
assembl
edi
nourPar
li
ament
,hav
ingsol
emnl
yresol
vedt
omai
ntai
nZambi
aasa
sov
erei
gnDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
candt
hatZambi
ashal
lfor
everr
emai
nauni
tar
y,
i
ndi
vi
sibl
e,mul
ti
par
tyandDemocr
ati
cSov
erei
gnSt
ate;doher
ebyenactandgi
ve
our
sel
vest
hisConst
it
uti
on’
.

STRUCTUREANDCONTENTOFTHEZAMBI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ON
PART TI
TLE CONTENT

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page5
 i
. NATI
ONAL  Decl
arat
ionofZambi
aasaSov
erei
gn
SOVEREI
GNTY AND st
ate.
THESTATE
i
i
.  Deal
s wi
th t
he qual
i
ficat
ion f
or
CI
TIZENSHI
P Zambi
an ci
ti
zenshi
p and condi
ti
ons
whi
ch can l
ead t
o wi
thdr
awal of
Zambi
anci
ti
zenshi
p.
i
i
i. PROTECTI
ON OF THE  Deal
swi
tht
heRi
ght
sandFr
eedomsof
FUNDAMENTAL i
ndi
vi
dual
s whi
ch ar
e pr
otect
ed.
RI
GHTS AND St
ati
ng t
he pr
otect
ion ofr
ight
s and
FREEDOMS OF THE f
reedomsofi
ndi
vi
dual
s.
I
NDI
VIDUAL
i
v. THEEXECUTI
VE  Deal
s wi
th el
ect
ion,t
enur
e ofof
fi
ce
and r
emov
aloft
he pr
esi
dentf
rom
of
fi
ce; f
unct
ions of t
he pr
esi
dent
,
Mi
nist
ers and Deput
y Mi
nist
ers,
Secr
etar
yto t
he Cabi
net
,At
tor
ney
Gener
al,Sol
i
cit
orGener
al,Di
rect
orof
Publ
i
c Pr
osecut
ions and Adv
isor
y
Commi
tt
ee.
v THELEGI
SLATURE  Deal
swi
thqual
i
ficat
ionsf
orel
ect
iont
o
t
he Nat
ional Assembl
y;l
egi
slat
ive
power
s,member
shi
p of par
li
ament
andcomposi
ti
onofnat
ional
assembl
y.
Vi
i THEJUDI
CATURE  Deal
swi
thcour
tsandappoi
ntmentof
j
udges,Hi
gh cour
t,Supr
eme Cour
t,
Chai
rman and Deput
y Chai
rman of
I
ndust
ri
alRel
ati
onsCour
t.
Vi
i DEFENCE AND  Deal
swi
tht
hef
unct
ionsoft
heZambi
a
NATI
ONALSECURI
TY Def
ense For
ces,t
he Zambi
a Pol
i
ce
Ser
vice,t
hePr
isonsSer
viceand t
he

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page6
 Zambi
aSecur
it
yInt
ell
i
genceSer
vices.
Vi
i LOCAL GOVERNMENT  Deal
swi
tht
hest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ions
SYSTEM ofl
ocal
counci
l
s.
i
x DI
RECTI
VE PRI
NCI
PLES  Deal
s wi
th dev
elopmentofnat
ional
,
OFSTATEPOLI
CYAND pol
i
cies,i
mpl
ement
ati
on of nat
ional
THE DUTI
ES OF A pol
i
cies,maki
ng and enact
ment of
CI
TIZEN l
aws; and appl
i
cat
ion of t
he
const
it
uti
onandanyot
herl
aw.
x FI
NANCE  Deal
s wi
th t
axat
ion,wi
thdr
awalof
moni
es f
rom t
he gener
alr
evenues,
f
inanci
al r
epor
ts, r
emuner
ati
ons of
of
fi
cer
s,publ
i
cdebtand t
heAudi
tor
Gener
al.
xi SERVI
CE  Deal
swi
thcommi
ssi
ons,
pensi
onl
aws
COMMI
SSI
ONS andpr
otect
ion.
xi
i HUMAN RI
GHTS  Deal
s wi
th t
he est
abl
i
shment
,the
COMMI
SSI
ON i
ndependence, f
unct
ions, power
s,
composi
ti
on and pr
ocedur
es of
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on.
xi
i
i CHI
EFSANDHOUSEOF  Deal
swi
thi
nst
it
uti
onsofchi
efs,
House
CHI
EFS of Chi
efs, i
ts f
unct
ions and
composi
ti
on.
xi
v MI
SCELLANEOUS  Resi
gnat
ions, r
e-appoi
ntment
s,
concur
rentappoi
ntment
s.

HI
STORYOFCONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGPROCESSI
NZAMBI
A
 WhenZambi ndependenceon24th Oct
agoti ober
,1964,i
tinher
it
edt
heNor
ther
n
Rhodesi
asel
f-
gov
ernmentconst
it
uti
onof1963.
 Thepr
ovi
si
onsi
nthatconst
it
uti
onwer
emeantt
osaf
eguar
dthei
nter
est
sof
whi
teset
tl
ers.
 Ther
efor
e,si
nce 1964 t
o 2016,Zambi
a has had f
ive Const
it
uti
onalRev
iew

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page7
 Commi
ssi
ons(
CRCs)wi
tht
hev
iewofi
mpr
ovi
ngi
tsconst
it
uti
on.

CONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONSI
NZAMBI
ASI
NCEI
NDEPENDENCE
 TheConst
it
uti
onalRev
iew Commi
ssi
onsi
nZambi
aar
eusual
l
ynamedaf
tert
he
chai
rper
sonsoft
hecommi
ssi
on.

1.CHONACONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONOF1972
 Thi
swast
hef
ir
stConst
it
uti
onalRev
iew Commi
ssi
onandi
trecommendedt
he
est
abl
i
shmentofaOnePar
tySt
ate.
 Thi
smeantt
hatal
lot
herpol
i
ticalpar
ti
eswer
ebannedandnotal
l
owedt
oexi
st
exceptUNI
P(Uni
tedNat
ionalI
ndependencePar
ty)whi
chPr
esi
dentKaundawas
headi
ng.I
tbecamei
l
legal
tof
orm anyot
herpol
i
tical
par
ty.
 Thi
srecommendat
ionwasadopt
edi
n1973andt
hiswast
hebegi
nni
ngoft
he
SecondRepubl
i
c.
 Aconst
it
uti
ont
hatout
laws(
banns)t
hef
ormat
ionofpol
i
ticalpar
ti
esdoesnot
encour
age f
ree el
ect
oralpar
ti
cipat
ion and i
nfr
inges on peopl
eri
ght
s and
f
reedomssuchasFr
eedom ofAssoci
ati
on,
Freedom ofConsci
ence,
etc.

2.MVUNGACONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONOF1991
 Thi
swast
hesecondConst
it
uti
onalRev
iew Commi
ssi
onandi
trecommended
t
hatZambi
ashoul
drev
ertt
o,orr
eint
roducemul
ti
par
tydemocr
acy
.
 Thi
smar
kedt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
heThi
rdRepubl
i
c.

3.MWANAKATWECONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONSOF1995
 Thi
swast
het
hir
dConst
it
uti
onalRev
iew Commi
ssi
onandi
tsmai
namendment
t
otheZambi
anconst
it
uti
onwast
hepar
ent
ageofper
sonscont
est
ingpr
esi
dency
ofZambi
a.
 I
trecommendedt
hatonl
yper
sonswhosepar
ent
swer
ebot
hbor
ninZambi
a
coul
d be el
i
gibl
e(al
l
owed)t
o st
and f
orpr
esi
dency
.As a r
esul
t,t
he t
hen
pr
esi
dent
ial
aspi
rantDr
.Kennet
hKaundawasaut
omat
ical
l
ydi
squal
i
fiedsi
ncehi
s
par
ent
swer
enotbor
ninZambi
a.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page8
4.MUNG’
OMBACONSTI
TUTI
ONREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ONOF2005
Thi
sist
hef
our
thConst
it
uti
onalRev
iew Commi
ssi
onandi
tsr
ecommendat
ions
wer
enotadopt
ed.

5.CONSTI
TUTI
ONAMENDMENTACTNUMBER2OF2016.
Thi
sConst
it
uti
onalRev
iew Commi
ssi
onwasmadeupofexper
tsandsomeoft
he
r
ecommendat
ionsi
ncl
udet
her
unni
ngmat
e,Dualci
ti
zenshi
p,Nocr
ossi
ngov
eroft
he
f
loorandt
hef
if
typl
usoneper
centf
oronet
owi
nthegener
alel
ect
ion.

CONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGANDADOPTI
ONPROCESSES
CONSTI
TUTI
ONMAKI
NGPROCESS
 Thi
sisal
egal
l
yaccept
abl
epr
ocesswhi
chacount
ryusest
omakei
tssupr
eme
l
awoft
hel
andorconst
it
uti
on.
 Aconst
it
uti
oncanbemadet
hroughaConst
it
uentAssembl
yandConst
it
uti
onal
Rev
iewCommi
ssi
on[
CRC]
ACONSTI
TUENTASSEMBLY
 i
sa bodyofr
epr
esent
ati
vesel
ect
ed byt
hei
rrespect
ivei
nter
estgr
oupst
o
f
ormul
ate,
amendoradoptaconst
it
uti
onofacount
ry
 Repr
esent
ati
vesar
edr
awnf
rom Chur
ches,l
ear
ningi
nst
it
uti
ons,Tr
adeUni
ons,
t
heCi
vi
lSoci
ety
,St
udentbodi
esandSpeci
ali
nter
estgr
oups
ACONSTI
TUTI
ONALREVI
EW COMMI
SSI
ON
 Thi
sisagr
oupofpeopl
eappoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dentt
ocol
l
ectv
iewsf
rom t
he
gener
alpubl
i
conwhatshoul
dbecont
ainedi
ntheconst
it
uti
on.
 I
nZambi
a,t
heEx
ecut
ivewi
ngofgov
ernmenti
nit
iat
est
hemaki
ngoft
heNat
ional
Const
it
uti
on.
 Ther
epubl
i
canpr
esi
dentusi
ng t
heI
nqui
ri
esAct
sappoi
ntsaConst
it
uti
onal
Rev
iew Commi
ssi
ont
ocol
l
ectv
iewsf
rom ci
ti
zenst
hroughsi
tt
ingsconduct
ed
count
rywi
dewer
eci
ti
zensmakesubmi
ssi
onsor
all
yori
nwr
it
ingasgr
oupsor
i
ndi
vi
dual
s.
 Ther
eaf
ter
,theConst
it
uti
onalRev
iewCommi
ssi
onpr
oducesadr
aftconst
it
uti
on.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page9
 The I
nqui
ri
es Acti
sal
aw whi
ch gi
ves t
he pr
esi
dentpowert
o appoi
nta
commi
ssi
onofenqui
ry.

CONSTI
TUTI
ONADOPTI
ONPROCESS
 Thi
sisapr
ocessofappr
ovi
ngt
hecopyofadr
aftconst
it
uti
onsot
hati
tbecomes
anof
fi
ci
aldocument
.
 Ther
ear
etwomai
nmet
hodswhi
char
eusedt
oadoptaconst
it
uti
onandt
hese
ar
e;

THROUGHPARLI
AMENT
 Undert
hismet
hod,t
hedr
aftconst
it
uti
oni
ssubmi
tt
ed t
o Par
li
ament
,whi
ch
debat
est
hedr
aftConst
it
uti
onbef
oreadopt
ingandsendi
ngi
ttot
hepr
esi
dentf
or
assent(
signi
ng)
.
 Zambi
ausedt
hismet
hodf
ort
hef
ir
stt
hreeConst
it
uti
onal
Rev
iewCommi
ssi
ons.

THROUGHACONSTI
TUENTASSEMBLY(
CA)
 AConst
it
uentAssembl
yisabodyofr
epr
esent
ati
vesel
ect
edbyt
hei
rrespect
ive
i
nter
estgr
oupst
ofor
mul
ate,
amendoradoptaconst
it
uti
onofanycount
ry.
 Repr
esent
ati
vesmaybedr
awnf
rom chur
ches,
lear
ningi
nst
it
uti
ons,
tradeuni
ons,
ci
vi
lsoci
ety
,et
c.Themosti
mpor
tantt
hingi
sthatev
eryci
ti
zenr
egar
dlessof
gender
,rel
i
gion,et
hni
cit
y,cr
eed,sex,ageandbel
i
efsi
dent
if
ieswi
tht
hei
nter
est
s
bei
ngexpr
essedbyamemberormember
sofaConst
it
uentAssembl
y.
 Thi
sist
hebestwayofadopt
ingaconst
it
uti
onasi
tismor
erepr
esent
ati
vet
han
par
li
ament
.
 I
tisi
ndependentandal
sof
reef
rom cont
roloft
hegov
ernmentoranyper
son.
Count
ri
esl
i
ke I
ndi
a,Nami
bia,Et
hiopi
a,Sout
h Af
ri
ca,Amer
ica,adopt
ed t
hei
r
const
it
uti
onst
hrought
hispr
ocess.
 Nat
ionalConst
it
uti
onalConf
erence(
NCC)i
ssi
mil
art
oConst
it
uentAssembl
y
exceptt
hatundert
heNat
ional
Const
it
uti
onal
Conf
erence,
theadopt
ioni
sdoneby
par
li
ament
,whi
chcandeci
deei
thert
oadoptorr
ejectt
hedr
aftconst
it
uti
on.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page10
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFAGOODCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 I
tmustbecl
earast
hel
anguageusedi
nthedocumentmustnotbet
oot
echni
cal
f
oror
dinar
yci
ti
zensot
hert
hanl
awy
erst
ounder
standandi
nter
preti
t.
 Mustpr
otectt
heRi
ght
sandf
reedomsofci
ti
zens.
 Mustcat
erf
ort
hei
nter
est
sofv
ari
ousgr
oupsi
nsoci
ety
.
 Mustpr
otectandr
espondt
othesoci
al,
economi
candpol
i
tical
needsofci
ti
zens.
 Mustbest
abl
eandst
andat
estoft
ime(
usef
ulov
eral
ongper
iodoft
ime)
.It
mustnoteasi
l
ybechangedatt
hepl
easur
eofanypr
esi
dentwhocomesi
nto
power
.
 I
tmustbenei
thert
oor
igi
dtopr
eventchangenort
oof
lexi
blet
oencour
age
t
amper
ingwi
tht
hebasi
cpr
inci
ples.

I
MPORTANCEOFACONSTI
TUTI
ON
 I
tal
soset
soutt
hecomposi
ti
onandf
unct
ionsoft
hewi
ngsofgov
ernment
.
 I
tensur
esdemocr
ati
cgov
ernance.
 I
tgi
vesequal
oppor
tuni
ti
esf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
dev
elopment
.
 I
tisownedandguar
dedbyci
ti
zens.
 I
tpr
omot
esandpr
otect
stheRul
eofLaw.
 I
tsaf
eguar
dst
hef
undament
alr
ight
sandf
reedomsofci
ti
zens.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Whati
saConst
it
uti
onRev
iewCommi
ssi
on?

2.Out
li
net
wot
hingst
hatcoul
dhappeni
faConst
it
uti
ondoesnotst
andt
het
estof
t
ime.

3.Di
ff
erent
iat
eaf
lexi
bleConst
it
uti
onf
rom aRi
gidConst
it
uti
on.

4.Wi
thcl
earexampl
esdi
scusst
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofagoodConst
it
uti
on.

5.Descr
ibet
hemai
nchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
heZambi
anconst
it
uti
on.

6.St
atet
hef
eat
uresofagoodconst
it
uti
on.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page11
 7.Whyi
saconst
it
uti
oni
mpor
tantt
oanat
ion?

8.compar
eandcont
rastwr
it
tenandunwr
it
tenconst
it
uti
on

9..
Exampl
ewhati
smeantbyconst
it
uentAssembl
y?

10.Out
li
newhatcoul
dhappeni
ftheconst
it
uti
ondoesnotst
andat
estoft
ime.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page12
GOVERNANCE

Gov
ernancei
sthewaypeopl
ear
erul
edwi
thorwi
thoutt
hei
rconsent
.

GOVERNANCEI
NPRE-
COLONI
ALZAMBI
A

 Gov
ernancei
sasol
dashumani
ty.
 Al
lsoci
eti
esonear
thhav
ehadatl
eastonef
orm ofgov
ernmentoranot
her
.
 I
tther
efor
efol
l
owst
hatZambi
anst
oohadsomef
orm ofgov
ernmenti
nthepr
e-
col
oni
aler
awer
eki
ngsr
uledt
heki
ngdoms.
TYPESOFGOVERNANCE

Goodgov
ernance

Badgov
ernance

1. Goodgov
ernance
Meansagov
ernmentwhi
chi
slegi
ti
mat
e,compet
ent
,account
abl
e,andr
espect
s
humanr
ight
sandt
her
uleofl
aw

I
MPORTANCEOFGOODGOVERNANCE

 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
oenj
oyhumanr
ight
sandf
reedoms
 I
tmakest
hegov
ernmentaccount
abl
etot
heandpeopl
e
 Makesgov
ernment
soper
ati
onst
ranspar
ent
 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zensenj
oyequal
right
sandf
reedomsbef
oret
hel
aw.
 I
tenabl
esci
ti
zenst
oful
l
ypar
ti
cipat
einel
ect
ingl
eader
soft
hei
rownchoi
ce.
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFGOODGOVERNANCE

Ci
ti
zenPar
ti
cipat
ion

Al
lpeopl
etakeanact
iver
olei
ntheaf
fai
rsoft
hei
rcommuni
tyandcount
ry.Theyel
ect
t
hei
rleader
saswel
lasst
andi
ngf
orpubl
i
cof
fi
ceandmobi
l
izi
ngf
orsoci
alact
ioni
na

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page13
democr
ati
cway
.Respectf
orhumanr
ight
s

Al
lfor
msofhumanr
ight
sar
erecogni
zedpr
omot
edandr
espect
ede.
g.r
ightt
ovot
e.

Separ
ati
onofpower
s

Thi
sist
hepr
inci
plet
hatst
atest
hatt
het
hreemaj
oror
gansoft
hegov
ernmentnamel
y
t
he,Legi
slat
ure,execut
iveand t
heJudi
ciar
ymustwor
kindependent
lybutpr
ovi
de
ChecksandBal
ances.Meani
ngeachor
ganoft
hegov
ernmentshoul
dshar
epower
s
wi
thot
herbr
anchesandoper
ateswi
thi
ntheconst
it
uti
onoft
hecount
ry.

I
ndependenceoft
heJudi
ciar
y

Thej
udi
ciar
yisv
est
edwi
tht
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyofi
nter
pret
ingandenf
orci
ngt
hel
awf
ree
f
rom i
nter
fer
encebyt
heExecut
iveandt
hel
egi
slat
ure.Onceappoi
nted,t
heyshoul
dnot
beeasi
l
ydi
smi
ssed.

Pol
i
tical
tol
erance

Peopl
ewi
thdi
ff
erentpol
i
ticalopi
nionsmustbeabl
etof
reel
yexpr
esst
hemsel
vesand
t
hei
ropi
nionsshoul
d ber
espect
ed.Pol
i
ticalv
iol
enceagai
nstpeopl
ewho suppor
t
di
ff
erentpol
i
tical
par
ti
esshoul
dnotbet
oler
ated.

Account
abi
l
ityandTr
anspar
ency

Account
abi
l
itymeanst
hatl
eader
sshoul
dbeanswer
abl
etot
hepeopl
ewhoel
ect
ed
t
hem i
nto of
fi
ce.Tr
anspar
ence r
equi
res t
hatpubl
i
cresour
ces mustbe used f
or
gov
ernmentandcommuni
typr
ogr
amsandact
ivi
ti
esi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
hepeopl
e.

Regul
arf
reeandf
airel
ect
ions

El
ect
ions mustbe hel
d atagr
eed i
nter
val
s.Per
iodi
cfr
ee and f
airel
ect
ions ar
e
conduct
ed.Forexampl
einZambi
aGener
alel
ect
ionsar
ehel
dev
eryf
ivey
ear
s.Ev
ery
ci
ti
zen who has r
eached t
he v
oti
ng age shoul
dregi
sterand v
ote. Uni
ver
sal
suf
frage,
Franchi
se(
ri
ghtt
ovot
e).

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page14
Ther
uleofl
aw

TheRul
eofLawmeanst
hatt
hosei
npowershoul
drul
ethecount
ryi
naccor
dancewi
th
t
heconst
it
uti
onandt
heot
herl
awsoft
hecount
ry.Al
lpeopl
eint
hecount
ryar
esubj
ect
t
othesamel
awsandshoul
dbehel
daccount
abl
eift
heybr
eakt
hem.Rul
eofl
awav
oid
anar
chyi
nsoci
ety
.

Exi
stenceofpol
i
tical
par
ti
es

Apol
i
ticalpar
tyi
svol
unt
aryassoci
ati
onswaspeopl
eshar
ecommonv
aluesandwi
sht
o
f
orm anal
ter
nat
ivegov
ernmentoft
hecount
ry.Dur
ingel
ect
ionspol
i
tical
par
ti
essponsor
candi
dat
esf
ort
heof
fi
ceoft
hepr
esi
dent
,member
sofpar
li
amentandwar
dcounci
l
or.

Funct
ionsofPol
i
tical
par
ti
es

 Educat
epeopl
eont
hei
rri
ght
sandobl
i
gat
ions.
 Poi
ntoutt
heshor
tcomi
ngsoft
hegov
ernmenti
npower
 Pr
ovi
deal
ter
nat
ivepr
ogr
ammet
hroughmani
fest
os
 Pr
ovi
dechecksandbal
ances
 Faci
l
itat
epeacef
ult
ransf
erofpowerf
rom onepol
i
tical
par
tyt
oanot
her

Exi
stenceofci
vi
lSoci
ety

Ci
vi
lsoci
etyneedt
oexi
stast
heypr
ovi
dechecksandbal
ancesi
ncet
heyar
enon-
mi
l
itar
y,non-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ionsandi
ndi
vi
dualwhomakei
tthei
rbusi
nesst
o
pr
omot
eanddef
endbasi
cideal
sofgoodgov
ernanceout
sidegov
ernment
.

Fai
rness

Thegov
ernmentshoul
dmakesur
ethatnoonei
sexcl
udedf
rom accesst
oanypubl
i
c
ser
vicef
oranyr
easonse.
g.r
ace,
col
ourcr
eed,
genderandment
alorphy
sicaldi
sabi
l
ity
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page15
Gov
ernmentwor
ker
sshoul
dber
ecr
uit
edandpr
omot
edopenl
yonmer
itandt
heyshoul
d
car
ryoutt
hef
unct
ionsoft
hegov
ernmenti
mpar
ti
all
y.

Hel
pful
andcar
ing

Gov
ernmentshoul
dbehel
pfulandt
akecar
eoft
hei
nter
est
soft
heci
ti
zensbot
hat
homeandabr
oad.Publ
i
cser
vicesshoul
dbet
reat
edwi
thcour
tesyandsur
ethatpubl
i
c
ser
vant
sar
e pr
oper
lyt
rai
ned i
n publ
i
crel
ati
onswi
th cl
ear
lydef
ined st
andar
dsof
behav
iour
.

BADGOVERNANCE

 Bad Gov
ernance i
s a gov
ernmentwhi
ch i
s notl
egi
ti
mat
e,compet
ent
,and
account
abl
eanddoesnotr
especthumanr
ight
sandt
her
uleofl
aw.
 I
tisagov
ernmentwhi
chr
ulesagai
nstt
hewi
shesoft
hepeopl
e.E.
g.di
ctat
orshi
p.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFBADGOVERNANCE

Rest
ri
cti
ononPol
i
tical
par
ti
es

Peopl
e ar
efor
ced t
ovot
eforcer
tai
n candi
dat
es whenev
erel
ect
ions ar
e hel
d.
Opposi
ti
onpar
ti
esar
enotal
l
owedt
oexi
storst
ri
ctl
ycont
rol
l
edbyt
hegov
ernment

Lackofsepar
ati
onofpower
s

Thet
hreeor
gansoft
hegov
ernmentdonotwor
kindependentsuchast
heoper
ati
onsof
t
heJudi
ciar
yandt
hel
egi
slat
ureshoul
dnotbei
nter
fer
edbyt
heexecut
ive.

Lackofpr
essf
reedom

Thepr
essi
scont
rol
l
edbyt
hegov
ernmentandof
tenr
epor
tfav
orabl
yongov
ernment
pol
i
cies.Opposi
ngv
iewi
snotal
l
owedi
npubl
i
cmedi
a.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page16
Vi
olat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s

Ther
eisnor
espectf
orHumanr
ight
s.Peopl
ewhoopposet
hegov
ernmentcanbe
t
ort
uredanddet
ainedwi
thoutt
ri
alorcanbeki
l
led

Judi
ciar
ynoti
ndependent

TheJudi
ciar
yisnoti
ndependentf
rom t
heExecut
iveandt
hel
egi
slat
ure.Ther
eisl
i
ttl
e
r
espectf
ort
her
uleofl
awandt
her
eisnof
airt
ri
al.

Ar
bit
rar
yar
rest
s

Ther
ear
ear
bit
rar
yar
rest
sofsuspect
eddi
ssi
dent
swhoar
ecr
it
icaloft
hegov
ernment
.
Thesecr
etpol
i
cespi
esont
heci
ti
zens

Lackoff
reedom ofassoci
ati
onandAssembl
y

Vol
unt
aryassoci
ati
onssuchasci
vi
lsoci
eti
esdonotoper
atef
reel
y.Thosewhi
chdonot
conf
ormt
ogov
ernmentpol
i
ciescanbebanned

Negl
ectofpubl
i
cwel
far
e

Gov
ernmentLeader
sdonotcar
efort
hewel
far
eoft
hepeopl
e.Ther
eiscor
rupt
ion,
Nepot
ism andot
herf
ormsofabuseofof
fi
ce

Useoff
orce

Thegov
ernmentusesf
orcet
oremai
ninpowerandot
hermet
hodssuchasconst
it
uti
on
amendment
sandpost
ponementofel
ect
iondat
es

I
rr
egul
arandUnf
airel
ect
ions

El
ect
ionsar
enothel
dregul
arl
y.I
fhel
dtheyar
enotf
reeandf
air
.Ther
eisv
oter
iggi
ng

LackofCi
ti
zenPar
ti
cipat
ion

Thegov
ernmentdeci
desf
ort
hepeopl
e.Peopl
ebecomeser
vant
sinst
eadofmast
ersof
t
hegov
ernment
.Thegov
ernmentcl
aimst
oknow whati
sgoodf
ort
hepeopl
e.Peopl
e
ar
erar
elyconsul
tedandt
hei
rconcer
nsar
eof
teni
gnor
ed

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page17
El
ect
oral
syst
ems

El
ect
oralsy
stemsar
emet
hodst
hroughwhi
cht
hegov
ernedchooset
hei
rleader
sor
r
epr
esent
ati
ves

TYPESOFELECTORALSYSTEMS

SI
NGLEMEMBERPLURALI
TYSYSTEM (
SMPS)ORFI
RSTPASTTHEPOST(
FPTP)

I
tiscommonl
yknownasWi
nnerTakesal
l
.Int
hissy
stem t
hecount
ryi
sdi
vi
ded
i
ntoel
ect
oralconst
it
uenci
es.Anycandi
dat
ewhoget
sthehi
ghestnumberof
v
oteswi
nst
heel
ect
ionev
eni
fthecandi
dat
eget
sthev
oteabov
etheot
her

Di
sadv
ant
age

Thecandi
dat
ecanber
eject
edbymostoft
heel
ect
orat
ebutst
il
lmanaget
owi
n
anel
ect
ionbymi
nor
it
yvot
es

SI
NGLEMEMBERMAJORI
TARI
ANSYSTEM (
SMMS)

 The wi
nnerofan el
ect
ion mustwi
n an absol
ute maj
ori
tyofv
otes i
nthe
const
it
uency
.Thi
smeanst
hatacandi
dat
eshoul
dwi
nov
er50% oft
hev
otes
casti
nanel
ect
ion.

 Wher
ethecandi
dat
efai
l
stoget50+1per
cent
,thet
wot
opcandi
dat
esshoul
d
gof
oranEl
ect
ionRe-
run

PROPORTI
ONREPRESENTATI
ONSYSTEM (
PRS)
 I
nthi
ssy
stem r
epr
esent
ati
vest
othel
egi
slat
urear
echosenaccor
dingt
o
par
tyr
egi
onal
oret
hni
cPr
opor
ti
ons.

 ThemostcommonPr
opor
ti
onalRepr
esent
ati
onsy
stem i
sthepar
tyl
i
st
sy
stem (
PLS)
. Thewhol
ecount
ryf
ormsasi
ngl
econst
it
uency
.Af
ter
el
ect
ions par
li
ament
aryseat
s ar
e shar
ed among t
he pol
i
ticalpar
ti
es
accor
ding t
othe pr
opor
ti
on of(
per
cent
age)oft
otalv
otest
heyhav
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page18
 scor
ed.

 ForI
nst
anceI
fPar
tAwon42per
centoft
hev
otescastt
hen42%oft
he
seat
swi
l
lgot
opar
tyeachpar
tynomi
nat
esMember
sofpar
li
amentf
rom
amongi
tsmember
stor
epr
esenti
nthel
egi
slat
ure.

 Thel
eaderoft
hepar
tywhi
chget
sthehi
ghestpr
opor
ti
onofseat
sint
he
l
egi
sl
atur
efor
msgov
ernment
.

Di
sadv
ant
age

Themember
sofpar
li
amentar
enotanswer
abl
etot
heel
ect
orat
ebutt
othei
r
pol
i
tical
par
ti
eswhi
chnomi
nat
edt
hem.

MI
XEDMEMBERPROPORTI
ONALI
TYSYSTEM

Thi
sis a combi
nat
ion ofFi
rstPastt
he Post(
FTP)and t
he Pr
opor
ti
onal
Repr
esent
ati
onSy
stem.Thi
ssy
stem al
l
owsf
orsomemember
sofpar
li
amentt
o
be el
ect
ed t
hrough t
he FPTP sy
stem whi
l
e ot
her
s occupyl
egi
slat
ive seat
s
t
hrought
hepar
tyLi
stSy
stem

ELECTI
ONS

I
MPORTANCEOFELECTI
ON

 Obl
i
gecandi
dat
est
oexpl
aint
oci
ti
zenswhyt
heyshoul
dbeel
ect
ed
 Theymakepol
i
tical
par
ti
esaccount
abl
etot
hepeopl
e
 Pr
ovi
deamechani
sm ofpeacef
ult
ransf
erofpower
 Of
ferr
egul
aroppor
tuni
ti
esf
orpeopl
etochangegov
ernment
 Pr
ovi
det
hepeaceandst
abi
l
itynecessar
yfordev
elopment

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFELECTI
ONSI
NGOODGOVERNANCE

Per
iodi
c
Thi
smeanst
hatel
ect
ionsshoul
dbehel
datpr
escr
ibedi
nter
val
s

Compet
it
ive

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page19
 El
ect
ions mustt
ake pl
ace i
n a conduci
ve pol
i
ticalenv
ironmentwher
e al
l
candi
dat
escancompet
efr
eel
yandf
air
ly

I
ncl
usi
ve
Thedef
ini
ti
onoft
heel
i
gibl
evot
ermustbebr
oadenought
oincl
udeal
arge
pr
opor
ti
onofadul
tpopul
ati
on

Deci
siv
e
Democr
ati
cel
ect
ionsdet
ermi
net
hel
eader
shi
0pofgov
ernment
.Thewi
nni
ng
candi
dat
eorshoul
dnotbepr
event
edf
rom t
aki
ngof
fi
ce

THEZAMBI
ANELECTORALSYSTEM

The 2016 amended const

it
uti
on of Zambi
a pr
escr
ibes t
he Si
ngl
e member
maj
ori
tar
iansy
stem (
SMMS)
.TheEl
ect
oralCommi
ssi
onofZambi
a(ECZ)conduct
s
el
ect
ionsi
nZambi
a

TheEl
ect
oral
codeofConducti
nst
rumentnumber90of2006

Theel
ect
oralcodeofconductof2006i
sasetofr
ulesandpr
inci
plest
hatr
egul
ates
t
heconductofal
lst
akeor
der
sbef
ore,
dur
ingandaf
terel
ect
ions.Thecodedoesnot
al
l
ow anyf
orm ofi
nti
midat
ionv
iol
ence,br
iber
y,v
otebuy
ingcor
rupt
ionandof
fi
ce
i
nducementasmeansofwi
nni
ngel
ect
ions.Thecodeal
sodoesnotal
l
owt
heuseof
gov
ernmentf
aci
l
iti
esandt
ranspor
tforcampai
gnpur
pose.

TYPESOFELECTI
ONSI
NZAMBI
A

1.Pr
imar
yEl
ect
ions
Thesear
ehel
dwhenev
erdemocr
ati
cpol
i
ticalpar
ti
eswantt
ochoosecandi
dat
est
o
st
andi
npr
esi
dent
ial
,Par
li
ament
aryandl
ocal
gov
ernmentel
ect
ions

2.Pr
esi
dent
ial
,Par
li
ament
aryandl
ocal
Gov
ernmentEl
ect
ions
 Thesear
eal
soknownasGener
alort
ri
par
ti
teEl
ect
ions.Theyar
ehel
dev
eryf
ive
y
ear
stoel
ectt
hepr
esi
dent
,member
sofpar
li
amentandwar
dcounci
l
orsas
st
ipul
atedi
ntheZambi
anconst
it
uti
on

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page20
  Tost
andi
nthepr
esi
dent
ialel
ect
ions,t
hecandi
dat
emustbesponsor
edbya
pol
i
ticalpar
ty.I
nthepar
li
ament
aryandl
ocalgov
ernmentel
ect
ionst
hecandi
dat
e
canei
therbesponsor
edbyt
hepar
tyorst
andasani
ndependent

3.ByEl
ect
ions
Byel
ect
ionsar
ehel
dwhenacounsel
ororMemberofPar
li
amentort
hepr
esi
dent
di
es,orr
esi
gnsf
rom t
hepar
tyori
sexpel
l
edf
rom t
hepar
tyorsi
ximpr
isonedf
or
mor
ethansi
xmont
hs

VOTERSRI
GHTSI
NGOODGOVERNANCE

 Seeki
nfor
mat
ionf
reel
y
 Hav
eaccesst
ovot
ereducat
ion
 At
tendpar
tycampai
gnswi
thoutf
ear
 Expr
essopi
nionsf
reel
yandpeacef
ull
y
 Vot
eforcandi
dat
esoft
hei
rchoi
ce
 Vot
einsecr
ecy
 Vot
ewi
thouti
nti
midat
ionorf
ear
 Beassi
stedi
fonehasadi
sabi
l
ity
 Compl
ainabouti
rr
egul
ari
ti
es
 Beexcusedf
rom wor
ktogoandv
ote
 Bepr
otect
edbyl
awandpol
i
ce
ELECTI
ONRI
GGI
NG(
CHEATI
NG)

 Opposi
ti
onpar
ti
esar
enotal
l
owedt
oor
gani
zemeet
ingsf
reel
y
 Opposi
ti
onpar
ti
esar
enotgi
venenought
imeonmedi
atoexpr
esst
hei
rvi
ews
andpl
ans
 Member
soft
heopposi
ti
onpar
ti
esar
edet
ainedorputi
npr
isoni
nor
dert
o
si
l
encet
hem
 Thepr
essar
enotf
reet
oexpr
essv
iewsorgi
vei
nfor
mat
iont
hati
scr
it
icaloft
he
r
uli
ngpar
ty
 Apar
tyal
l
owsi
tsmember
stophy
sical
l
yassaul
tsuppor
ter
sofot
herpol
i
tical
par
ti
es

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page21
  Ther
eis no t
ranspar
encyi
nthe count
ing,t
ranspor
tat
ion,t
ransmi
ssi
on and
announcementofel
ect
ionr
esul
tsf
rom t
hepol
l
ing.
 I
fvot
ingt
imei
scutshor
tinconst
it
uenci
es wher
erul
i
ngpar
tyi
sunpopul
ar
ext
endedwher
eiti
spopul
ar
 Whenv
oterv
otest
wice
 Whenacandi
dat
egi
vesmoney
,beerandot
hermat
eri
alst
ovot
erswi
nthei
r
suppor
t
 Whent
hepar
tyi
npowerusesgov
ernmentr
esour
cest
ocampai
gn.For
,ex
ampl
e
ci
vi
lser
vant
sgov
ernmentv
ehi
clesandmat
eri
als.
 El
ect
ionr
esul
tsar
eannouncedwhi
l
evot
ingi
sst
il
lgoi
ngoni
not
herpl
aces.
DANGERSOFELECTI
ONRI
GGI
NG

 Theymayl
eadt
ocost
lyel
ect
ionpet
it
ionandby
-el
ect
ions.
 Peopl
emayl
osef
ait
hindemocr
acy
 Ther
emaybei
ncr
easedv
oterapat
hyaspeopl
eloseconf
idencei
nel
ect
ions
 Thegov
ernmentmayl
osesuppor
toft
hepeopl
e
 St
ri
kesanddemonst
rat
ionsmaybeor
gani
zedt
opr
otectagai
nstt
hef
alse
r
esul
ts
 I
fpr
event
edf
rom f
ormi
nggov
ernmentt
hathasl
ostt
heel
ect
ionsmayuse
weaponst
ofi
ghtagai
nstt
hegov
ernment
,ther
ebybr
ingi
ngaboutaci
vi
l.
 ar
iggi
nggov
ernmentmayf
acei
nter
nat
ional
sanct
ionandi
sol
ati
on

THELOCALGOVERNMENTSYSTEM

Bef
orei
ndependencei
n 1964 t
heBr
it
ish col
oni
alAdmi
nist
rat
ion r
uled t
hecount
ry
t
hrought
hecent
ral
gov
ernmentandnat
iveaut
h0r
it
ies.

Dut
iesper
for
medbyNat
iveAut
hor
it
ies

 Col
l
ect
ionoft
axesl
i
kepol
ltaxandhutt
ax.
 Theyal
soi
ssuedl
i
censessuchasdogl
i
cense,bi
cycl
eli
censeandst
orel
i
cense
t
om peopl
e.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page22
Fr
om 1964, t
he Mi
nist
ry of Local Gov
ernment became r
esponsi
ble f
or t
he
admi
nist
rat
ionofal
llocalaut
hor
it
iesi
nthecount
rywhi
chi
ncl
udedchi
efsappoi
ntedby
t
heMi
nist
erofLocalGov
ernment
.Thesecounci
l
swer
etopr
ovi
deal
i
mit
edr
angeof
basi
cessent
ialser
vice.I
n1965,t
hel
ocalgov
ernmentactnumber69wasamendedt
o
est
abl
i
shabasi
cal
l
yuni
for
m pat
ter
nofl
ocalaut
hor
it
iest
hroughoutZambi
a.Undert
he
Act
,ther
ewer
eci
tycounci
l
s,Muni
cipal
counci
l
sTowncounci
l
sandr
ural
counci
l
s.

I
n1980,t
hel
ocalgov
ernmentDecent
ral
i
zat
ionactwasenact
ed.UNI
Passumedf
ull
r
esponsi
bil
i
ty

Reasonsf
ordecent
ral
i
zat
ion

 r
educedel
aysast
hemostdeci
sionscoul
dbemadeont
hespott
oheadquar
ter
s
 Makepl
ansandpr
ogr
amsmor
erel
evantt
olocal
needsandcondi
ti
ons
 I
mpr
ovecoor
dinat
ionbet
weendi
ff
erentgov
ernmentagenci
esi
nanar
ea
 Reducet
hebur
den on senorst
affatnat
ionall
evelso ast
oimpr
ovet
hei
r
per
for
mance

Thecomposi
ti
onofDi
str
ictcounci
l
s

 Di
str
ictgov
ernor
-chai
rper
son
 Di
str
ictpol
i
tical
secr
etar
y
 Di
str
ictwomen’
schai
rper
son
 Twot
rust
ees
 War
dcounci
l
orsMember
sofpar
li
amentf
rom ar
eas
 Oner
epr
esent
ati
veofchi
efsel
ect
edbychi
efsi
nthedi
str
ict
 Oner
epr
esent
ati
vef
rom eachoft
hesecur
it
yfor
ces
 Oner
epr
esent
ati
vef
rom eachTr
adeUni
on

TheDi
str
ictcounci
lAdmi
nist
rat
ionwasheadedbyt
hedi
str
ictexecut
ivesecr
etar
yand
suppor
ted byni
ne secr
etar
ies.These wer
e secr
etar
iesf
orpol
i
tical
,admi
nist
rat
ion
Soci
alSecur
it
y,f
inance,
anddev
elopment
,commer
cial
,l
egal
andi
ndust
ri
alaf
fai
rs

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page23
I
n1991,t
hedecent
ral
i
zat
ionActwasamended.ThenewActi
ntr
oducedt
hreet
ypesof
l
ocalcounci
l
snamel
yci
ty,Muni
cipal
,andDi
str
ictcounci
l
s.Thi
ssy
stem hascont
inued
upt
odat
e.TheMMDgov
ernmentwant
edt
ogi
vemor
eaut
onomyt
ocounci
l
ssot
hat
t
her
ewasl
essdependenceoncent
ralgov
ernmentf
orf
unds.I
tal
somadecounci
l
sto
oper
atef
reel
yfr
om pol
i
tical
int
erf
erencesi
nceal
lcounci
l
orswer
eel
ect
edbyt
hepeopl
e.

Thecur
rentcomposi
ti
onofl
ocal
counci
l
s

 May
oroft
hecounci
l
 Deput
ymay
ororDeput
ycounci
l
;chai
rper
son
 War
dcounci
l
ors
 Ar
eamemberofpar
li
ament
 3chi
efsr
epr
esent
ati
ve
 1r
epr
esent
ati
vef
rom t
heLabourMov
ement
 Thet
owncl
erkort
hedi
str
ictSecr
etar
y(Exof
fi
cial
member
s)
May
orsandTowncl
erksar
efoundi
nci
tyandmuni
cipalcounci
l
s,wher
easchai
rper
sons
anddi
str
ictSecr
etar
iesar
efoundi
nDi
str
ictcounci
l
s.Theadmi
nist
rat
ivest
ruct
urei
s
headedbyt
het
owncl
erkort
heDi
str
ictSecr
etar
y.He/shear
eassi
stedbyDi
rect
ors
suchas:
-

 Di
rect
orheal
th
 Di
rect
orf
inance
 Di
rect
orengi
neer
ing
 Di
rect
orwor
ks
Funct
ionsoft
hel
ocal
counci
l

 Pr
ovi
decl
eanandsaf
ewat
er
 Pr
ovi
deaccommodat
ionandpl
otsf
ordev
elopment
 Mai
ntai
ningt
heenv
ironmentawar
dingt
radi
ngl
i
censest
opeopl
e
 Pr
ovi
dest
reetl
i
ght
ing
 Mai
ntai
ningst
reet
sandr
oads
 Mai
ntai
ninggr
avey
ards
 Cont
rol
l
ingl
i
vest
ockmov
ement

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page24
  Const
ruct
ingandmai
ntai
ningmar
ket
s
 Townpl
anni
ng
 Sewagedi
sposal
 Pr
ovi
dingr
ecr
eat
ionf
aci
l
iti
essuchasswi
mmi
ngpool
sandpar
ks
 Pr
ovi
dingpubl
i
cheal
thf
aci
l
iti
esandcont
rol
ofepi
demi
cssuchaschol
era
 Pr
ovi
dingeducat
ionf
aci
l
iti
essuchasschool
s
 Col
l
ect
ingl
evi
es
 Maki
ngbyl
aws
ROLETRADI
TIONALLEADERSI
NGOVERNANCE
Queens,Ki
ngs,chi
efs,Vi
l
lageheadsandel
der
sar
ethepeopl
ewhoar
eref
err
edt
oas
Tr
adi
ti
onalLeader
s.Dur
ingt
hecol
oni
aler
a(1890-
1964)t
hecol
oni
alpowerr
ecogni
zed
t
hei
mpor
tanceofi
nvol
vi
ngt
radi
ti
onall
eader
singov
ernance.Br
it
ainadopt
edapol
i
cy
knownasi
ndi
rectr
ulewhi
chmeantgov
erni
ngt
hepeopl
ethr
ought
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onal
st
ruct
ures.

HouseofChi
efs
Thehouseconsi
stsof30chi
efsf
rom eachoft
hent
het
enpr
ovi
nces.Thet
erm ofof
fi
ce
f
ort
heel
ect
edchi
efsi
sthr
eey
ear
sbutamembercanber
e-el
ect
edf
orasecondt
erm.
Thehouseel
ect
sachai
rper
sonandt
hev
icewhot
akeanoat
hofal
l
egi
ance(
Loy
alt
yto
t
hepr
esi
dent
).

Funct
ionsoft
hehouseofchi
efs
 Todi
scussanybi
l
laf
fect
ingcust
omsandt
radi
ti
onsofpeopl
ebef
oresuchbi
l
lis
i
ntr
oducedi
ntheNat
ional
Assembl
y.
 Toi
nit
iat
edi
scussi
onsandpassdeci
sionsonmat
ter
sconcer
ningcust
omar
ylaw
andcust
oms.
 Todi
scussanddeci
deonanymat
ter
sref
err
edt
othehousebyt
hepr
esi
dent
.
 Tosubmi
tther
esol
uti
onsoft
hehouset
othepr
esi
dent
,whowoul
dint
urn
submi
tthem t
otheNat
ional
Assembl
yforconsi
der
ati
on

SHORTCOMI
NGSOFTHEHOUSEOFCHI
EFS

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page25
  Thehouseofchi
efshasbeencr
it
ici
zedasamer
ecost
lyt
alki
ngshopbecausei
t
pl
ayani
nsi
gni
fi
cantadv
isor
yrol
eandi
thasnor
eali
nfl
uenceoni
ssuesof
dev
elopmentandgov
ernance
 The1996amendedconst
it
uti
onofZambi
aofdoesnotal
l
ow chi
efst
ojoi
na
pol
i
tical
par
tyort
ocont
estanel
ect
ion

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Di
scusst
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofbadgov
ernance.

2.Def
inegov
ernance.

3.Out
li
net
hef
eat
uresofgoodgov
ernance?

4.Descr
ibet
hedi
ff
erentel
ect
oral
syst
ems.

5.Whatcanhappenel
ement
sofgoodgov
ernancear
enotobser
ved?

6.Descr
ibet
heel
ect
oral
syst
em usedi
nZambi
a.

7.Gi
veex
ampl
eofel
ect
ionr
iggi
ngi
nZambi
a.

7.Expl
ainwi
thpr
act
ical
exampl
est
hemaj
orr
oleofl
ocal
counci
li
nZambi
a.

8.Out
li
newhatcoul
dhappeni
ftheconst
it
uti
ondoesnotst
andat
estoft
ime.

9.Di
ff
erent
iat
egoodgov
ernancef
rom badgov
ernance.

10.St
atet
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofel
ect
ionsi
ngoodgov
ernance.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page26
CI
TIZENSHI
P

Aci
ti
zeni
samemberofst
atewhoenj
oysal
lther
ight
sandpr
ivi
l
egesgr
ant
edbyi
t.

Ci
ti
zenshi
pist
her
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hest
ateandani
ndi
vi
duali
nwhi
chani
ndi
vi
dual
owesal
l
egi
ancet
othest
ateandi
ntur
nrecei
vesst
atepr
otect
ionf
rom t
hest
ate.
Thei
deaofci
ti
zenshi
por
igi
nat
edf
rom Gr
eece

LEGALANDMORALASPECTSOFCI
TIZENSHI
P

Legal
Aspect
s
Aci
ti
zeni
srecogni
zedbyl
awandhi
sorherr
ight
sar
eenshr
inedi
nthel
awsoft
hel
and.
Ev
eryci
ti
zenhast
hepr
otect
ionoft
hest
atewhet
herhomeorabr
oad.Aci
ti
zenwhof
ail
s
t
ocompl
ywi
tht
hel
egal
aspect
sofci
ti
zenshi
pisl
i
abl
eforpr
osecut
ion.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page27
Mor
alAspect
s
TheMor
alaspect
sofci
ti
zenshi
packnowl
edget
hev
alueofsel
f-
disci
pli
neandsel
f-
cont
rol
.Amor
all
yupr
ightci
ti
zenhasasenseofr
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
oful
fi
llal
lhi
sorher
obl
i
gat
ionst
othest
ateandt
hev
ari
oussoci
algr
oupst
hathe/
shebel
ongs.He/
shei
s
notonl
yresponsi
blet
ohi
sorherf
ami
l
ybutal
sot
ohi
sorhercommuni
tyandt
hest
ate.
Al
i
en
AnAl
i
eni
sper
sonl
i
vingi
nacount
rywhi
chi
snothi
sorherown.Anal
i
enowes
al
l
egi
ancet
oanot
her
.Al
i
ensenj
oyci
vi
lbutnotpol
i
ticalr
ight
s.Anal
i
enmaybedepor
ted
f
rom t
hehostst
atef
ormi
sconductorcommi
tt
ingaser
iouscr
ime.

KI
NDSOFCI
TIZENSHI
P

Nat
ural
cit
izenshi
p
 Ty
peofNat
ural
i
zedci
ti
zenshi
p
 Rul
eof
JusSangui
nis-bl
oodr
elat
ionanddescentdeci
desci
ti
zenshi
p.
 r
uleof
JusSol
ici
ti
zenshi
pisacqui
redont
hebasi
sofpl
aceofbi
rt
h
Ther
uleofJusSangui
nisi
sor
dert
hant
hatofJusSol
iandmanycount
ri
esf
oll
owt
his
pr
inci
ple.
egZambi
a.Butcount
ri
esl
i
keAmer
icaandBr
it
ainf
oll
owt
hepr
inci
plesofJus
sol
i
.
Nat
ural
i
zedCi
ti
zenshi
p
Af
orei
gnermayacqui
reCi
ti
zenshi
pofahostcount
ry.
PRESCRI
BEDCONDI
TIONSFORONETOACQUI
RENATURALI
ZEDCI
TIZENSHI
P
Rul
eofr
esi
dence:
Thi
sst
atet
hataf
orei
gneri
srequi
redt
oli
vei
nthehostcount
ryf
oruni
nter
rupt
ed
mi
nimum per
iodofr
esi
dencebywhi
chaf
orei
gnerbecomesel
i
gibl
eappl
yfor
ci
ti
zenshi
pist
eny
ear
s.
Thepr
inci
pleofdecl
arat
iononapr
escr
ibedf
orm:Thi
srequi
resaf
orei
gnert
ofi
l
l
i
npr
escr
ibedappl
i
cat
ionf
ormsandpr
ovi
denecessar
ydocument
sdecl
ari
nghi
s
orheri
ntent
ionofappl
yi
ngf
orci
ti
zenshi
p.
Renunci
ati
onofpr
evi
ousci
ti
zenshi
p:Thi
srequi
resanappl
i
cantt
ogi
veup hi
sor
herpr
evi
ousci
ti
zenshi
pandt
akeanoat
hofal
l
egi
ancet
othecount
ryofwhi
ch

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page28
 onei
ntendst
o
Mar
ri
age:Aspousecanacqui
reci
ti
zenshi
pofawi
feorhusband.Thi
srequi
res
onet
orenouncet
hepr
evi
ousci
ti
zenshi
p.Howev
er,
onecanoptt
omai
ntai
nhi
sor
nat
ural
cit
izenshi
pev
enwhenl
i
vingi
naspouse’
snat
ion.
Nat
ural
i
zat
ioncanbepar
ti
alorcompl
ete.
Whenaf
orei
gnerobt
ainst
hef
ullshar
eofenj
oymentoft
her
ight
sandpr
ivi
l
eges
oft
hatofanat
uralci
ti
zen ofhi
sorheradopt
ivecount
ryand t
her
eisno
di
scr
imi
nat
ionofanysor
t,Nat
ural
i
zat
ioni
ssai
dtobecompl
ete.
I
fther
eisdi
ff
erent
iat
ioni
nenj
oymentofr
ight
sandpr
ivi
l
egesbet
weent
henat
ural
ci
ti
zenandnat
ural
i
zedci
ti
zenwecal
lthatasPar
ti
al.

QUALI
FICATI
ONSFORZAMBI
ANCI
TIZENSHI
P
Ar
ti
cle4,
5and6st
ipul
atest
hef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
onsf
oronet
obeaci
ti
zen:
Ar
ti
cle4.
(
i) A per
son who st
ayed i
n Zambi
a bef
oret
he commencementoft
his
const
it
uti
on.
(
ii
) Any per
son,who was ent
it
led t
o ci
ti
zenshi
p ofZambi
a bef
oret
he
commencementoft
his const
it
uti
on subj
ectt
othe per
for
mance ofany
condi
ti
onsf
oll
owi
ngt
hehappeni
ngofaf
utur
eev
ent
,shal
lbecomeaci
ti
zen
uponper
for
manceofsuchcondi
ti
ons.
Ar
ti
cle5.
A per
son bor
n or out
side Zambi
a af
ter t
he commencementof t
his
const
it
uti
onshal
ecomeaci
ti
zenofZambi
a.
Ar
ti
cle6
Anyper
sonwho:
-
(
a)Hasat
tai
nedt
heaget
went
yoney
ear
sand
(
b)Hasbeenr
esi
denti
nZambi
aforacont
inuousper
iodofnotl
esst
hant
en
y
ear
scanappl
yandber
egi
ster
edasaZambi
anCi
ti
zen

Speci
algr
oups
 Ref
ugest
hesear
epeopl
ewhocamet
oseekf
reedom andsaf
etywi
thi
nher
/hi
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page29
 orout
sidecount
rybecauseofdi
ff
erentr
easons.
 Per
sons wi
th di
sabi
l
iti
es.The gov
ernmentshoul
dinst
it
ute measur
es t
hat
enabl
esper
sonswi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
est
oleadanor
mal
li
fe
 Theagedpeopl
eov
ersi
xtyy
ear
sneedspeci
alcar
e,l
oveandsecur
it
yast
heyar
e
seni
orci
ti
zen.
 Unempl
oyedy
out
hst
hegov
ernmentshoul
dputi
ntr
aini
ngf
aci
l
iti
eswhi
chsot
hat
y
out
hsar
epr
ovi
dedwi
thnecessar
yski
l
ls.
 Or
phansThegov
ernmentshoul
dof
fersoci
alsecur
it
yal
l
evi
atet
othesuf
fer
ingof
t
hesepeopl
e.
Sy
mbol
oft
heZambi
anCi
ti
zenshi
p
TheGr
eenNat
ionalRegi
str
ati
oni
sthesy
mbolofZambi
anci
ti
zenshi
p.Thi
sisi
ssuedby
t
heNat
ionalRegi
str
ati
onof
fi
ceundert
heMi
nist
ryofHomeAf
fai
rs.TheMi
nimalagef
or
t
oacqui
ret
heNRCs16y
ear
s.

LOSSOFCI
TIZEN
 Acqui
si
ti
onofnewci
ti
zenshi
pofanot
hercount
rybynat
ural
i
zedci
ti
zen;
 Deser
ti
ngf
rom Mi
l
itar
yser
vicebyanat
ural
i
zedci
ti
zenwhencal
l
eduponbyt
he
st
ate;
 Commi
tt
ing a ser
ious cr
ime orengagi
ng i
n unaccept
abl
e act
ivi
ti
es by a
nat
ural
i
zedci
ti
zen
I
nsomecount
ri
es,
aper
soncanal
sol
oset
hest
atusofbei
ngaci
ti
zeni
fone
 Accept
sfor
eigndecor
ati
onsoft
it
les
 I
scont
inuousl
yabsentf
rom t
hehomest
atef
oral
ongper
iodoft
ime
 Takesupempl
oymentundert
hef
orei
gngov
ernment
 Get
sMar
ri
ed(
woman)t
oaf
orei
gnersuchasaper
sonacqui
rest
heci
ti
zenshi
p
oft
hehusband.
Anat
ural
i
zedci
ti
zencanl
oseci
ti
zenshi
pift
hatper
soni
sexpel
l
edf
rom t
hecount
ryof
r
esi
dencybyt
hest
ate.Thi
ski
ndofexpul
sioni
sknownasFor
cedRepat
ri
ati
on.Howev
er,
i
fthenat
ural
i
zedci
ti
zenwi
shest
orev
ertt
ohi
sorhernat
uralci
ti
zenshi
pandgoesback
t
othecount
ryofor
igi
n,t
hisi
sknownasVol
unt
aryr
epat
ri
ati
on.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page30
QUALI
TIESOFAGOODCI
TIZEN
 Li
vi
ngupt
odemocr
ati
cpr
inci
ples:Thi
srequi
rest
hewi
l
li
ngnesst
opar
ti
cipat
ein
t
heaf
fai
rsoft
hest
atesuchasexer
cisi
ngt
her
ightt
ovot
e
 Cont
ri
but
iont
oNat
ionalDev
elopment:Thi
sist
her
eadi
nesst
orenderev
eryki
nd
ofser
vicet
othenat
ion
 Sel
f-
cont
rol
:Thi
sist
heabi
l
ityt
ocont
rolonesel
fandr
espectot
her
sinor
dert
o
av
oidconf
li
cts.
 Consci
ence:Thi
sist
he sense ofr
esponsi
bil
i
ty and ser
vice t
owar
ds t
he
communi
ty.
 Cour
age:Thi
sist
hest
rengt
htost
andupf
oronesconv
ict
ionswhenconsci
ence
demandsi
t.
 Respectf
ort
hel
aw:Thi
sist
hewi
l
li
ngnesst
owor
kthr
oughpeacef
ull
egalmeans
t
ochangeunj
ustl
aws.
 Per
sev
erance:Thi
sist
hewi
l
li
ngnesst
owor
kunderdi
ff
icul
tci
rcumst
ancesi
n
or
dert
oaccompl
i
shwor
thwhi
l
egoal
s
 Empat
hy:Hav
ingconcer
norcompassi
onf
ort
hewel
l
-bei
ngofot
her
sespeci
all
y
t
hev
ulner
abl
einsoci
ety
.
 Pat
ri
oti
sm:Thi
sinv
olv
esasenseofl
oveandl
oyal
tyt
othest
ate byobser
ving
v
aluesandpr
inci
ples’
ofone’
scount
ry

DUTI
ESANDRESPONSI
BILI
TIESOFACI
TIZEN
 Bepat
ri
oti
candl
oyal
toZambi
aandpr
omot
eit
swel
l
-bei
ng;
 To cont
ri
but
etot
he wel
l
-bei
ng oft
he communi
tywher
ethatci
ti
zen l
i
ves
i
ncl
udi
ngobser
vanceofheal
thcont
rol
;
 Pr
omot
edemocr
acyandt
her
uleofl
aw
 Fost
ernat
ional
Dev
elopment
;
 Vot
einnat
ional
uni
tyandl
i
vei
nhar
monywi
thot
her
s
 Vot
einNat
ional
andl
ocal
gov
ernmentel
ect
ions;
 Pr
ovi
dedef
enseandmi
l
itar
yser
vicewhencal
l
edupon;car
ryoutwi
thdi
sci
pli
ne
andhonest
ylegal
publ
i
cfunct
ions
 Payal
ltaxesandduesl
egal
l
yduet
othest
ate

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page31
  Assi
sti
ntheenf
orcementoft
hel
awatal
lti
mes
PERSONALRESPONSI
BILI
TIES
 Taki
ngcar
eofonesel
f
 Suppor
ti
ngonesf
ami
l
y
 Adher
ingt
omor
als,
pri
nci
plesandv
aluesofone’
ssoci
ety
 Respect
ingt
her
ight
sandi
nter
est
sofot
her
s
CI
VICRESPONSI
BILI
TIES
 Obey
ingt
hel
aw
 Pay
ingt
axes
 Respect
ingt
her
ight
sofot
her
s
 Bei
ngconcer
nedaboutpubl
i
cissues
 Par
ti
cipat
ingi
nci
vi
cact
ivi
ti
essuchasv
oti
ng
 Per
for
mingpubl
i
cser
vice
 Obser
vingandmai
ntai
ningt
hesecur
it
yoft
henat
ion
OBSTACLETOGOODCI
TIZENSHI
P
 I
ndi
ff
erence:WhenCi
ti
zensar
eindi
ff
erentt
othei
rri
ght
sanddut
iesandar
etoo
concer
nedwi
tht
hei
rper
sonal
saf
etyandsecur
it
y,democr
acycannott
hri
ve.
 Sel
fInt
erest
:an i
ndi
vi
dualwho i
smot
ivat
ed bysel
f-
int
erest av
oidspubl
i
c
r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesorsi
mpl
yignor
est
hegener
alwel
far
eofhi
sorhersoci
ety
 Al
l
egi
ancet
opol
i
ticalPar
ti
es:A badci
ti
zeni
sonet
hatput
sthei
nter
estof
apol
i
tical
par
tyhe/
shei
saf
fi
li
atedt
oabov
enat
ional
int
erest
s.
 Pov
ert
y:Apov
ert
yst
ri
ckenci
ti
zeni
snoti
nter
est
edi
nnat
ional
aff
air
s.
 I
gnor
ance:Ani
nfor
medori
gnor
antper
sonof
tenf
ail
stodi
ff
erent
iat
ebet
ween
wr
ongandr
ight
.
 Def
ect
sint
heel
ect
oralsy
stem:I
flar
gesect
ionsofsoci
etyar
eunr
epr
esent
edi
n
el
ect
oralsy
stem,t
hiscanmaket
hem l
osei
nter
esti
ntheaf
fai
rsoft
hest
ateas
t
heymaynotf
eel
asenseofbel
ongi
ng
 Repor
tsofCor
rupt
ioni
ntheMedi
a:Pr
intandel
ect
roni
cMedi
asuchast
he
newspaper
s,r
adi
otel
evi
sion,i
nter
netmayt
wistt
het
rut
handmi
sinf
ormt
he
publ
i
ctosuchanext
entt
heci
ti
zensar
enotabl
etoaccessi
ssuescor
rect
lyand
knowl
edgabl
y.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page32
  Thecompl
exofoursoci
ety
;Inmanycasesi
ndi
vi
dual
stoadybel
ongt
ovar
ious
t
ypesofci
ti
zenshi
psuchasChr
ist
ian,LocalNat
ionalEcoci
ti
zenshi
pandgl
obal
Ci
ti
zenshi
p.I
tmaybedi
ff
icul
tyt
ohar
moni
zei
nter
estofoneci
ti
zenshi
pwi
th
t
hoseofanot
herf
orexampl
eEco-ci
ti
zenshi
pwi
thChr
ist
ianci
ti
zenshi
p.

WAYSOFPROMOTI
NGGOODCI
TIZENSHI
P
Admi
nist
rat
ivei
mpr
ovement
 Ther
eshoul
dber
est
ruct
uri
ngofpol
i
ticalandsoci
ali
nst
it
uti
onst
okeeppace
wi
tht
het
imesandwi
shesofci
ti
zens.
 Shor
ttenur
eofof
fi
cef
orel
ect
edof
fi
cer
swi
l
lleadt
ofr
equentel
ect
ionst
hatwi
l
l
br
ingaboutaccount
abi
l
ityi
nleader
s.
 Br
oadeni
ngf
ranchi
sewhi
chwi
l
lincr
easeci
ti
zen’
sawar
enessoft
hei
rri
ght
s
Mor
alr
emedi
es:
Ci
ti
zensneedt
obespi
ri
tual
l
yandment
all
ymot
ivat
edf
ort
hem t
otakeanact
ive
i
nter
esti
npubl
i
caf
fai
rst
hrougheducat
ional
oppor
tuni
ti
es.
St
abi
l
ityandJust
ice:
Est
abl
i
shmentofsecur
it
y,st
abi
l
ityandj
ust
icewhi
chshoul
dmeasur
eleader
sand
t
heci
ti
zens

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.St
ateanyt
woqual
i
ficat
ionsf
orZambi
anci
ti
zenshi
p.

2.Namet
woki
ndsofCi
ti
zenshi
p.

3.Whatar
ethesy
mbol
sofZambi
anci
ti
zenshi
p?

4.Gi
vef
ourqual
i
tiesofagoodci
ti
zen.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page33
 5.St
atet
her
ulest
hatr
egul
ateNat
ural
cit
izenshi
p.

6. Undert
her
uleofnat
ural
i
sedci
ti
zenshi
p,whatdoest
her
uleofr
esi
dentst
ate?

7.Expl
ainwhyhumanr
ight
scanbesai
dtobeuni
ver
sal
.

8.I
dent
if
ytheobst
acl
esoft
hegoodci
ti
zen.

9.Di
scusst
hequal
i
tiesofagoodci
ti
zen.

10.
Descr
ibeway
sofpr
omot
inggoodci
ti
zen.

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOHUMANRI
GHTS

 Humanr
ight
sar
eent
it
lement
sthatonehasbecauseheorshei
sahumanbei
ng.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page34
 Ent
it
lement
sar
ecl
aimsorf
reedoms

 Humanr
ight
sar
euni
ver
sall
egalguar
ant
eesandf
reedomst
hatev
eryhuman
bei
nghasandmustenj
oysi
mpl
ybybei
ngahuman

 Theypr
otecti
ndi
vi
dual
sorgr
oupsofpeopl
efr
om act
ionst
hatmi
ghti
nter
fer
e
wi
thorst
oponef
rom enj
oyi
ngt
hem

 Theyar
ecl
aimedf
rom t
hesoci
etyi
nwhi
chpeopl
eli
ve.

HI
STORI
CALDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANRI
GHTS.

 Humanr
ight
shav
eal
way
sexi
stedast
heyar
einher
ent
,uni
ver
sal
andi
nal
i
enabl
e

 Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
sdonotbel
ongt
oanypar
ti
cul
argr
oupofpeopl
e,
r
aceornat
ional
i
ty.

Someoft
hedocument
sment
ioni
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
humanr
ight
sint
hepastar
e:

TheMagnaCar
taof1215.

TheChar
terofMandeof1222.

TheEngl
i
shBi
l
lofRi
ght
sof1689.

TheFr
enchDecl
arat
ionont
heRi
ght
sofManandCi
ti
zensof1791.

TheUSConst
it
uti
onandBi
l
lofRi
ght
sof1791.

 TheMagnaCar
tawast
heear
li
estdocumenti
ntheWor
ldi
nwhi
chhumanr
ight
s
wer
erecogni
zed.

 TheChar
terofMandewast
heear
li
estdocumentt
oout
li
nei
ndi
vi
dualhuman
r
ight
swhi
chwer
eguar
ant
eedbySoundi
ataKei
ta,
Kingoft
heEmpi
reofMal
i
,al
so
cal
l
edMande.

 I
tisal
socal
l
edt
heOat
hofMandeandwaspr
ocl
aimedathi
sCor
onat
ionasan
of
fi
cial
documentcont
aini
ngpr
inci
plesuponwhi
cht
heempi
reshoul
dber
uled.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page35
  Howev
er,al
ltheabov
eli
steddocument
swer
enotuni
ver
sali
nnat
urebecause
t
heyof
ten excl
uded women,chi
l
dren,sl
avesand per
sonsofcer
tai
n soci
al,
r
eli
gious,
economi
corpol
i
tical
groups.

THEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS-
1948.

 Thi
sis a setofpr
inci
ples ofwhi
ch t
he Uni
ted Nat
ions member
s commi
t
t
hemsel
vest
opr
ovi
deal
lpeopl
eoft
hewor
ldwi
thhumandi
gni
ty.

 Thedocument
ssetmi
nimum st
andar
dsofhow i
ndi
vi
dual
s,i
nst
it
uti
onsand
gov
ernment
sshoul
dtr
eatpeopl
easwel
lasaguar
ant
eeoff
reedom andj
ust
ice
f
orpeopl
ethr
oughoutt
hewor
ld.

 I edon10thDecember
twasadopt ,1948bymemberst
atesoft
heUni
tedNat
ions
whi
chmeantt
hathow agov
ernmentt
reat
edi
tsownci
ti
zenswasnol
ongera
domest
ici
ssue,
butoneofi
nter
nat
ional
concer
n.

 Howev
er,t
he Uni
ver
salDecl
arat
ion ofHuman Ri
ght
sis notl
egal
l
ybi
ndi
ng
becausei
tisonl
yadecl
arat
ion,whi
chmeansapr
onouncementwhi
chmaybe
ef
fect
edornot
.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFHUMANRI
GHTS

THEYAREI
NALI
ENABLE.

Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
scannotbet
akenawayorsepar
atedorgi
venaway
f
rom ahumanbei
ng.(
Insepar
abl
efr
om t
hehumanbei
ngs)
.

THEYAREI
NDI
VISI
BLE.

Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
scannotbedi
vi
dedbecauseal
lri
ght
sar
eequal
l
y
i
mpor
tant
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page36
 THEYAREI
NHERENT.

Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
sexi
sti
ndependent
lyoft
hewi
l
lofani
ndi
vi
dual
oragr
oupofper
sons.

THEYAREUNI
VERSAL.

Thi
smeanst
hathumanr
ight
sar
ethesameandappl
ytoal
lpeopl
eoft
he
wor
ldr
egar
dlessofr
ace,
sex,
col
our
,et
hni
cit
y,r
eli
gion,
pol
i
tical
,geogr
aphi
cal
,
bel
i
efs,
nat
ional
i
tyorsoci
alst
atus.

CATEGORI
ESOFHUMANRI
GHTS
 I
nter
nat
ional
humanr
ight
shav
ebeencat
egor
izedi
nto:
 Ci
vi
landPol
i
tical
right
s
 Economi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alr
ight
s
 Col
l
ect
iver
ight
s
 Atgl
oball
evel
,humanr
ight
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreecat
egor
iesaccor
dingt
o
t
hei
rev
olut
ionordev
elopmentpr
ocess,andt
hedi
ff
erentcat
egor
iesar
eref
err
ed
t
oas‘
gener
ati
ons’
.
 Thesegener
ati
onsar
enoti
nor
derofi
mpor
tancebuti
ntheor
deri
nwhi
cht
hey
wer
erecogni
zedhi
stor
ical
l
yint
hedev
elopmentofhumanr
ight
s.

CI
VILANDPOLI
TICALRI
GHTS
Theyar
ecal
l
edFi
rstGener
ati
onRi
ght
s.Thesear
efi
rstgener
ati
onr
ight
sbecause
t
heywer
ethef
ir
stRi
ght
stober
ecogni
zedasr
ight
soft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.
 Theyar
efoundi
npar
tii
itheZambi
anConst
it
uti
onwhi
chi
ncl
udes:
 Ri
ghtt
oli
fe
 Ri
ghtt
oper
sonal
li
ber
ty
 Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofex
pressi
on
 Fr
eedom f
rom t
ort
ureandi
nhumant
reat
ment
 Fr
eedom ofopi
nion
 Pr
otect
ionf
rom sl
aver
yorf
orcedl
abour

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page37
  Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofconsci
ence
 Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
on
 Pr
otect
ionoft
hef
reedom ofmov
ement
 Pr
otect
ionf
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsofr
ace,
age,
sex,
ethni
cit
y,r
eli
gion,
etc

ECONOMI
C,SOCI
ALANDCULTURALRI
GHTS
 Economi
c and Cul
tur
alr
ight
s ar
e cal
l
ed “
Second Gener
ati
on Ri
ght
s”Thi
s
cat
egor
yconsi
stsofr
ight
sthatar
eeconomi
c,soci
alandCul
tur
ali
nNat
ure.
 Thei
rreal
i
zat
ionbr
ingsaboutSoci
alj
ust
ice,
digni
tyandequi
ty
 Ri
ghtt
ofood
 Ri
ghtt
oempl
oyment
 Ri
ghtt
osoci
alSecur
it
y
 Ri
ghtt
oeducat
ion
 Ri
ghtt
oheal
th(Medi
cal
Car
e)
 Ri
ghtt
ocl
eanenv
ironment
 Ri
ghtt
odev
elopment
 Ri
ghtt
oadequat
ehousi
ng

COLLECTI
VERI
GHTS
 Thesear
eal
soknownas´
Thi
rdGener
ati
onRi
ght
s’andar
ethemostr
ecent
ly
i
dent
if
iedr
ight
s.
 Thet
erm col
l
ect
iver
ight
sref
ert
other
ight
sofPeopl
es’t
obepr
otect
edf
rom
at
tacksont
hei
rgr
oupi
dent
if
yandgr
oupi
nter
est
.
 These r
ight
s ar
e bestdescr
ibed as sol
i
dar
it
yri
ght
s because t
hey r
equi
re
i
nter
nat
ional
cooper
ati
onandai
m atcommuni
ty-bui
l
ding;
 Ri
ghtt
osel
fdet
ermi
nat
ion
 Ri
ghtt
oeconomi
candsoci
alDev
elopment
 Ri
ghtt
oaheal
thyenv
ironment
 Ri
ghtt
oNat
ural
resour
ces
 Ri
ghtt
opeace
 Ri
ghtt
ocommuni
cat
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page38
  Ri
ghtt
oPar
ti
cipat
ioni
ncul
tur
alHer
it
age
 Ri
ghtt
oint
ergener
ati
onal
equi
tyandsust
ainabi
l
ity
.

SI
GNI
FICANCEOFHUMANRI
GHTS
 HumanRi
ght
sfocusont
hedi
gni
tyoft
hehumanbei
ng.
 At
ti
tudessucht
heonesbel
ow mustbedev
eloped byev
ery
onei
n or
dert
o
pr
omot
ehumanr
ight
s:
 Respectf
orev
eryone’
sli
fe,
thei
rphy
sical
andment
ali
ntegr
it
y,f
reedom,
proper
ty,
pr
ivacyi
ncl
udi
ngone’
sown
 Respectf
ordi
ff
erencesei
theri
nsex,et
hni
cit
y,l
anguage,col
our
,age,r
eli
gion,
cul
tur
alaspect
s,opi
nion,
andi
dent
it
yofot
her
sandone’
sown.
 Taki
nguponesr
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
nsoci
ety
:Ri
ght
scomewi
thr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesand
r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesst
artwi
thr
espect
ingot
herpeopl
e’
sri
ght
s
 Respect
ingt
hef
actt
hatpeopl
ehav
elegal
l
yest
abl
i
shedcl
aimsandent
it
lement
s.
 Recogni
zi
ng Account
abi
l
ity and r
esponsi
bil
i
tyi
nrel
ati
onshi
p bet
ween t
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
,i
nst
it
uti
onorst
atet
hathasadut
ytof
ulf
il
lther
ight
.
 Ri
ght
s-hol
der
sneedt
obeempower
edi
nor
derf
ort
hem t
ocl
aimt
hei
rri
ght
sand
t
akepar
tinpubl
i
cdeci
sionmaki
ng.
 Par
ti
cipat
ioni
sani
mpor
tantHumanRi
ght
.Peopl
eofbot
hsexesandal
lages
hav
ether
ightt
opar
ti
cipat
einev
eryar
eaoft
hei
rli
ves.

SUMMARYOFASI
MPLI
FIEDVERSI
ONOFTHEUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMAN
RI
GHTS

Ev
ery
one:
 I
sbor
ninf
reedom,
equal
i
tyanddi
gni
ty.

 Hast
her
ightnott
obedi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nstonanybasi
s.

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
feandt
oli
vei
nfr
eedom andsaf
ety

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
ber
tyorf
reedom

 Hast
her
ightt
osecur
it
yofper
sonasnooneshoul
dbet
ort
uredorsuf
ferf
rom

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page39
 cr
uel
andi
nhumant
reat
ment
.

 Hast
her
ightt
oequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awandequal
prot
ect
ion.

 Hast
her
ightr
ecogni
ti
onbef
oret
hel
aw

 Hast
her
ightt
oef
fect
iver
emedy

 Hast
her
ightnott
obesubj
ect
edt
oar
bit
rar
yar
restordet
ent
ion.

 Hast
her
ightt
oful
landf
airhear
ingbef
oreani
mpar
ti
alandi
ndependentt
ri
bunal

 Hast
her
ightt
obepr
esumedi
nnocentunt
ilpr
ovengui
l
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
omar
ry

 Hast
her
ightt
oasy
lum

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofmov
ement

 Hast
her
ightt
oNat
ional
i
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
opr
ivacy
.

 Hasr
ightt
oownpr
oper
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandexpr
essi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofopi
nionandexpr
essi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
on

 Hast
her
ightt
otakepar
tingov
ernment
,accesst
opubl
i
cser
vicesandt
ovot
e.

 Hast
her
ightt
osoci
alsecur
it
y.

 Hast
her
ightt
owor
k

 Hast
her
ightt
orestandl
eisur
e

 Hast
her
ightt
oanadequat
est
andar
dofl
i
ving

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page40
  Hast
heei
ghtt
oeducat
ion

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eel
ypar
ti
cipat
eint
hecul
tur
all
i
feoft
hecommuni
ty

 I
sent
it
ledt
oasoci
alandi
nter
nat
ional
ordert
oreal
i
zet
her
ight
sandf
reedoms

 Hasdut
iest
othecommuni
ty

 Musti
nter
prett
hisdecl
arat
ioni
nawayt
hatcannotendangeranyoft
her
ight
s
andf
reedomsofot
her
s.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Whatar
eHumanRi
ght
s?

2.Di
scussanychar
act
eri
sti
csofHumanRi
ght
s?

3.Descr
ibet
hecat
egor
iesofHumanRi
ght
s?

4.I
dent
if
yway
sinwhi
chHumanRi
ght
sar
evi
olat
ed?

5. Howdoest
her
ightofhabeascor
pushel
paper
sonandcont
ri
but
etor
espectof
humanr
ight
s.

6.Di
sti
ngui
shr
ight
sfr
om r
esponsi
bil
i
ties.

7.Out
li
nesomesoci
al,
economi
candcul
tur
alr
ight
s.

8.Humanr
ight
sar
euni
ver
sal
,

9.Expl
ainI
dent
if
yway
sinwhi
chhumanr
ight
sar
einv
olv
ed.

10.
Discusst
hesi
gni
fi
canceofhumanr
ight
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page41
CORRUPTI
ON

Cor
rupt
ion: i
sthegi
vi
ngofmoney
,val
uabl
esorr
ender
ingaser
vicet
osomeonei
n
r
etur
nforaf
avourot
hert
hanacasual
gif
t.
Accor
dingt
otheAnt
i-
Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
onActofZambi
a,Cor
rupt
ioni
sdef
inedas
“
Sol
i
cit
ing,accept
ing,obt
aini
ng,gi
vi
ngorof
fer
inggr
ati
fi
cat
ionbywayofabr
ibeorany
ot
herper
sonalt
empt
ati
onsori
nducementormi
suseandabuseofpubl
i
cof
fi
cef
or
per
sonal
gai
norbenef
it
.’
’

Casualgi
fti
sanyor
dinar
ygi
ftof
fer
edt
oaper
soni
nhospi
tabl
emanner
,wi
thoutany
demandf
oraf
avour
.
Gr
ati
fi
cat
ionmeansanycor
ruptpay
mentmadewhet
heri
ncashorki
ndasar
esul
tof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page42
t
hecor
ruptmi
suseofpubl
i
cfundsorpr
oper
ty.

For
msofGr
ati
fi
cat
ion
 Cash.Thi
sinv
olv
esgi
vi
ngoraccept
ingmoneyi
nret
urnf
oraf
avour
.
 Ser
vice (ki
ckback)i
tinv
olv
est
her
ender
ingofaser
vicei
nret
urnf
oraf
avour
 Pay
menti
n ki
nd,wher
e one demands a f
avourf
oran act
ion done.E.
g.
demandi
ngf
orsexi
nret
urnf
orempl
oymentof
fer
.
 Loansandadv
ances.Thi
sinv
olv
esacor
ruptpay
menti
nfor
m ofal
oanoran
adv
ancesal
ary
AI
Iinv
olv
es f
orms ofv
iol
ati
on ofhuman r
ight
s and l
ack oft
ranspar
ency and
account
abi
l
ityi
ntheuseofpubl
i
cfundsandr
esour
ces.
CATEGORI
ESOFCORRUPTI
ON
Pet
tyCor
rupt
ion
 Wi
del
ypr
act
icedi
nZambi
aandusual
l
yinv
olv
essmal
lpay
ment
scal
l
edbr
ibes.
 Abr
ibei
sanof
ferormoneyof
fer
edt
oobt
ainf
avour
.(nchekel
ako)
.

Gr
andCor
rupt
ion
 I
nvol
vessubst
ant
ial
amount
sofmoney
.
 I
tisusual
l
ypr
act
icesbyhi
ghl
evelof
fi
cial
sandassoci
atedwi
thawar
ding
gov
ernmentcont
ract
s
Pol
i
tical
cor
rupt
ion
 I
tisassoci
atedwi
tht
heel
ect
oral
process.
 I
tisusual
l
ypr
act
icedbyt
hosecont
est
ingpol
i
tical
power
.
Forexampl
e:
 Donat
ionofmoneyt
oinf
luencet
hev
oter
schoi
ce
 Cashormat
eri
aldi
str
ibut
iont
oinf
luencev
oter
s
 Pr
ovi
sionofbeer
,toi
nfl
uencev
oter
schoi
ce
 Pr
ovi
sionofser
vicese.
g.r
oadmai
ntenanceatt
het
imeofel
ect
ions

Soci
alCausesofCor
rupt
ion
 Per
sonal
greedyanddi
shonest

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page43
  Leader
sinkeyposi
ti
onsar
enotcapabl
eof i
nspi
ri
ng and i
nfl
uenci
ng t
he
conductoft
hehi
ghestmor
alst
andar
ds
 Weakenf
orcementorabsenceofcodeofconduct
 Puni
shmentf
orof
fender
sisweak
 Lar
genumber
sofpeopl
ecompet
efori
nsuf
fi
cientser
vicese.
g.f
ew school
s
pl
aces

Economi
ccauseofcor
rupt
ion
 Shor
tagesofgoodsandser
vices
 Unequal
dist
ri
but
ionofweal
thandr
esour
ces
 Awar
dingofgov
ernmentl
oanst
osomepr
efer
redi
ndi
vi
dual
satt
heexcl
usi
onof
ot
her
s
 Lowsal
ari
esandwagesi
ncompar
isont
othecostofl
i
ving
 Pov
ert
y,whenpeopl
ear
epoort
heyar
edesper
atea

OTHERCAUSESTHATLEADTOCORRUPTI
ONANDRELATEDCRI
MES
 Unnecessar
yLongpr
ocedur
es(r
edTape)maydemandf
oraki
ckbacki
nret
urn
f
oranact
ion
 Lackofpol
i
ticalwi
l
l:Somegov
ernment
slackpol
i
ticalwi
l
ltodealwi
thcor
rupt
ion
f
ir
mly
.
 Lackoft
ranspar
encyandaccount
abi
l
ity
:whenagov
ernmentl
ackschecksand
bal
ances,
ther
eismi
smanagementandmi
suseofpubl
i
cfunds
 Abuseofpower
:ift
her
e’sexcessi
vepoweri
nthehandsofani
ndi
vi
dualmay
hi
nderi
nvest
igat
ionsi
ncor
ruptpr
act
ices.
 Lackofi
ndependenceoft
heJudi
ciar
y:Cour
tsmaynotacti
ndependent
lyon
mat
ter
sofcor
rupt
ion.
 Publ
i
cReact
ion:Thepubl
i
cthi
nkcor
rupt
ioni
snor
malbecauseoft
heeconomi
c
har
dshi
ps.
 Lackofpr
essf
reedom:Gov
ernmentownedmedi
ainAf
ri
cai
snotf
reet
oexpose
cor
ruptact
ivi
ti
esi
nthei
rowncount
ri
es

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page44
EFFECTSOFCORRUPTI
ON

 Bi
rt
hofcapi
tal
i
stpol
i
cies-makesf
ew cor
ruptof
fi
cial
sri
chatt
heexpenseof
Soci
ety
 Awar
dingofj
obt
ounqual
i
fiedPer
sonnelenabl
est
hosewhopaybr
ibest
owi
n
f
avour
stowhi
cht
heyar
enotent
it
led.Thi
scauseswi
despr
eadbi
tt
ernesson
deser
vingper
sonnel
orgr
oups.
 Lossofr
espectf
ort
her
uleofl
aw I
nter
fer
eswi
thenf
orcementoft
hel
aw and
r
espectf
ort
her
ule.
 Lowst
andar
dofl
i
ving-per
pet
uat
eshumansuf
fer
ingt
hroughescal
ati
ngpov
ert
y
l
evel
soft
heor
dinar
yci
ti
zenr
y
 Hamper
sEconomi
cDev
elopmentCor
ruptnat
ionnev
erpr
osper
seconomi
cal
l
yas
i
twi
l
lal
way
shav
ehi
ghdebtandbecomei
mpossi
blet
osav
e.

I
MPACTOFCORRUPTI
ONI
NZAMBI
ANSOCI
ETY

Cor
rupt
ionscour
gehashadanegat
ivei
mpactont
heZambi
anSoci
ety
.Hi
ghLev
elsi
f
cor
rupt
ioni
nfl
atepr
icesofgoodsandser
vices.Thi
shasbr
oughtunt
oldmi
ser
ytomany
peopl
epar
ti
cul
arl
ythepoor
.
AFFECTEDAREASONCORRUPTI
ON
Law enf
orcementAgenci
es:Pol
i
cehav
esomet
imesf
ail
edt
omai
ntai
nlaw andor
der
becauseofcor
rupt
ion.
TheJudi
cialSy
stem:Cor
ruptpr
act
icespr
eventj
ust
ice.Caser
ecor
dsdi
sappear
,tr
ial
s
ar
edel
ayedandt
heout
comeofcasesnol
ongerdependsont
hesuf
fi
ciencyoft
he
ev
idenceav
ail
abl
e.
El
ect
oralpr
ocess:Leader
sandpol
i
ticalpar
ti
eswhodonotdeser
vet
owi
ntheel
ect
ions
maycomei
ntopowerbecauset
heydi
shoutmoneyandmat
eri
als
Secur
it
yoft
heNat
ion:Of
fi
cesl
i
kei
mmi
grat
ionOf
fi
ceal
l
owsal
i
encr
imi
nal
swi
thi
l
l
i
ntent
ionst
oent
eri
nZambi
a.
TheEconomy
: Ther
ear
emoneyl
aunder
ingact
ivi
ti
es,
taxev
asi
on,
andot
hereconomi
c
i
ssueswhi
chl
eadt
oeconomi
cinst
abi
l
ity
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page45
Educat
ionSy
stem:Br
ibesar
epai
dinwhat
everf
orm bycandi
dat
est
obeadmi
tt
edi
ntoa
l
ear
ningi
nst
it
uti
onsofl
ear
ningi
nst
eadofbei
ngadmi
tt
edonmer
it
.
Admi
nist
rat
ionofl
andmat
ter
s:l
andhasusual
l
ybeenunf
air
lydi
str
ibut
edespeci
all
yby
t
he mi
nist
ryofLands and counci
lof
fi
cial
s.As a r
esul
t,unpl
anned orpr
ohi
bit
ed
set
tl
ement
sar
eacommonsi
ghti
nmoi
stur
banar
easi
nZambi
a.
Gov
ernmentPur
chases:Tenderpr
ocedur
esar
emaysomet
imesnotbef
oll
owedwhen
awar
dingcont
ract
s.Pot
ent
ialsuppl
i
ersar
ebei
ngdi
squal
i
fiedsi
mpl
ybecauset
heyhav
e
notr
ecei
vedabr
ibef
rom t
hem.

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSI
NVOLVEDI
NTHEFI
GHTAGAI
NSTCORRUPTI
ON
Ant
i-
Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
on(
ACC)
TheAnt
i-
Cor
rupt
ioni
stheof
fi
ciali
nst
it
uti
onest
abl
i
shedbyt
hegov
ernmentt
ofi
ght
cor
rupt
ion.I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1980andbecameoper
ati
onali
n1982.TheACCi
san
Aut
onomousbody
.
Aut
onomy
:meanssel
f-
gov
erni
ng
TheAnt
i-
Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
on
Usest
hef
oll
owi
ngmet
hodsi
nit
sfi
ghtagai
nstcor
rupt
ion
Cor
rupt
ionPr
event
ion
TheCommi
ssi
onexami
nespr
act
icesandpr
ocedur
esi
npr
ivat
eandpubl
i
csect
orst
o
f
aci
l
itat
ethedi
scov
eryofcor
ruptpr
act
ices.I
tal
soensur
est
hatanywor
k,met
hodsor
pr
ocedur
espr
onet
ocor
rupt
ionar
erev
ised.TheCor
rupt
ionPr
event
ionDepar
tment
(
CPD)conduct
s manager
ialaccount
abi
l
ity Wor
kshops i
n bot
h publ
i
c and pr
ivat
e
i
nst
it
uti
ons.

Communi
tyEducat
ion
Communi
tyRel
ati
ons Depar
tmenti
sresponsi
blef
oreducat
ing t
he communi
tyon
mat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
ocor
rupt
ion.I
nthi
swayt
hedepar
tmentr
eveal
sev
il
sanddanger
ous
ef
fect
sofcor
ruptpr
act
icesonsoci
ety
.
I
nvest
igat
ionandPr
osecut
ion
Commi
ssi
onr
ecei
vesandi
nvest
igat
escompl
aint
sofsuspect
edcor
ruptpr
act
icesand

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page46
wher
eev
idencei
sest
abl
i
shed,
prosecut
ionf
oll
ows.

OTHER GOVERNMENT I
NSTI
TUTI
ONS I
NVOLVED I
N THE FI
GHT AGAI
NST
CORRUPTI
ON
Zambi
aPubl
i
cpr
ocur
ementaut
hor
it
y
(
ZPPA)Wasest
abl
i
shedi
n1983asZambi
aNat
ional
TenderBoar
d
Theobj
ect
ive
 To cont
roland r
egul
ate pr
ocur
ementofgoods and ser
vice i
n gov
ernment
mi
nist
ri
esanddepar
tment
’sswel
laspar
ast
ernal
organi
zat
ions.
 Theboar
densur
est
hatpr
ocur
ementi
sdonei
nat
ranspar
entandaccount
abl
e
manner
.
Par
li
ament
Ther
oleoft
hepar
li
amenti
smakel
awsandpl
ayawat
chdogr
olei
npr
ovi
dingchecks
bal
ances.E.
g.t
hePubl
i
cCompl
aintCommi
tt
eescr
uti
nizest
heaudi
torGener
alsRepor
ts
onmi
suse,
misappl
i
cat
ionandembezzl
ementofpubl
i
cfunds.

Audi
torGener
al’
sOf
fi
ce
Theof
fi
cei
schar
gedwi
tht
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyofensur
ingt
hatpubl
i
cfundsal
l
ocat
edt
o
par
li
amentar
eexpendedf
ort
hei
ntendedpur
pose.TheAudi
torgener
al’
sof
fi
ceaudi
ts
account
srel
ati
ngt
othegener
alr
evenueoft
her
epubl
i
c.

I
nvest
igat
orGener
al’
sOf
fi
ce
The i
nvest
igat
orGener
ali so known as Ombudsman.He i
s al sthe head oft
he
Commi
ssi
onf
ori
nvest
igat
ions.TheI
nvest
igat
orGener
alwor
kswi
that
eam ofof
fi
cer
s
who car
ryouti
nvest
igat
ion on compl
aint
saboutcor
rupt
ion.Af
teri
nvest
igat
ion i
s
compl
ete,
thei
nvest
igat
orGener
aladv
isest
hepol
i
ceort
hecour
tont
heact
iont
otake.
Ant
i-MoneyLaunder
ingUni
t
Thi
sisundert
hedepar
tmentofDr
ugEnf
orcementCommi
ssi
on.I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n
2001t
omoni
torandi
nvest
igat
emoneyl
aunder
ingact
ivi
ti
esi
nZambi
a.
Moneyl
aunder
ingi
stheactofr
ecei
vi
ng,possessi
ng,conceal
i
ng,di
sgui
sing,di
sposi
ng
oforbr
ingi
ngi
ntot
hecount
ryanypr
oper
tymoneyi
ncl
usi
veder
ivedorr
eal
i
zeddi
rect
ly

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page47
ori
ndi
rect
lyf
rom i
l
legal
orcr
imi
nal
act
ivi
ti
es.

Zambi
aPol
i
ce
TheZambi
apol
i
cehav
ebeenchar
gedwi
thav
eryi
mpor
tantr
oleofi
nthef
ightagai
nst
cor
rupt
ion.Thepol
i
cei
nvest
igat
eandar
rest
speopl
einv
olv
edi
ncor
ruptpr
act
ice

CI
VILSOCI
ETYORGANI
ZATI
ONSI
NVOLVEDI
NTHEFI
GHTAGAI
NSTCORRUPTI
ON
Foundat
ionf
orDemocr
ati
cPr
ocess(
FODEP)
I
twasest
abl
i
shed i
n1991 wi
tht
heobj
ect
iveofpr
omot
ing democr
acyi
nZambi
a
t
hroughpr
ogr
ammesofCi
vi
cEducat
ionandpr
omot
ionofhumanRi
ght
sandel
ect
ion
Moni
tor
ing.

Tr
anspar
encyI
nter
nat
ional
Zambi
a
TheOv
eral
lobj
ect
ivei
stodev
elopsust
ainabl
ecapaci
tyi
ntheCi
vi
lSoci
ety
,Medi
a,
publ
i
candpr
ivat
esect
ors,i
nor
dert
oef
fect
ivel
yfi
ghtcor
rupt
ionandpr
omot
ehi
gh
i
ntegr
it
yandgoodgov
ernancei
nZambi
a.

Nat
ional
Mov
ementagai
nstCor
rupt
ion(
NAMAC)
Themov
ementhasembar
kedonawi
decampai
gnf
ort
heer
adi
cat
ionofcor
rupt
ioni
n
Zambi
a.I
tdemandshi
ghl
evel
sofi
ntegr
it
y,t
ranspar
encyandaccount
abi
l
ityandseeks
genui
nepar
ti
ci
pat
ioni
ntheaf
fai
rsofournat
ion.

Medi
a
Ther
oleoft
her
oleoft
hemedi
aist
odi
gdeeperandcar
ryoutr
esear
chonanycasesof
cor
rupt
ion.Thi
siscal
l
edi
nvest
igat
ivej
our
nal
i
sm.Theyi
nvest
igat
ecor
ruptpr
act
ices
andpr
esentf
indi
ngst
othepubl
i
c
 I
nvest
igat
iveJour
nal
i
sm-Mean’
scar
efuli
nqui
ryi
ntowor
kofwr
it
ingf
oredi
ti
on
andpubl
i
cat
ions.

I
ndi
vi
dual
s,Gr
oupsi
nSoci
etymustf
ightagai
nstCor
rupt
ion
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
heway
sbywhi
chi
ndi
vi
dual
sandgr
oupscanpar
ti
cipat
ein

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page48
t
hef
ightagai
nstcor
rupt
ion:
-
 Bychangi
ngt
hei
rat
ti
tudesf
rom t
oler
ancet
otot
alr
eject
ionofcor
rupt
ion
 Accessi
ngi
nfor
mat
iononpr
ocedur
esonhowt
odeal
wit
hcor
rupt
ioncases
 Repor
ti
ng Cor
ruptOf
fi
cer
stoi
nst
it
uti
onst
hatar
ecombat
ing cor
rupt
ion e.
g
Pol
i
ce.Ant
i-cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
onandTr
anspar
encyI
nter
nat
ional
.
 Suppor
ti
ngt
heor
gani
zat
ionf
ight
ingcor
rupt
ion
 Soci
etymustdemandi
ntegr
it
yandhi
ghsenseofmor
ali
tyf
rom publ
i
cof
fi
ce
bear
ers
 Theymustnotkeepsi
l
entwhent
heyf
eel
acor
ruptpr
act
icehasbeencommi
tt
ed

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Whati
sCor
rupt
ion?

2.Descr
ibet
het
ypesofCor
rupt
ion.

3.St
atet
hecausesofCor
rupt
ion

4.Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofCor
rupt
ionont
heZambi
anpeopl
e.

5.I
ll
ust
rat
ether
olepl
ayedbyi
nst
it
uti
onst
hatf
ightagai
nstcor
rupt
ioni
nZambi
a.

6.I
dent
if
yther
oleofpubl
i
cof
fi
cer
s,t
hecommuni
tyandt
hey
out
hinf
ight
ing
cor
rupt
ion

7.Mbi
tawasar
rest
edf
orusi
ngv
ari
ousf
ormsofgr
ati
fi
cat
ioni
nor
dert
ocor
rupt
peopl
e.

Gi
veanyexampl
esoft
hegr
ati
fi
cat
ionwhi
chhecoul
d hav
ebeenusi
ng i
nhi
s
act
ivi
ti
es.

8.Themedi
ahast
hei
mpor
tantr
olei
nfi
ghtagai
nstcor
rupt
ion.

9. I
dent
if
yther
olesoft
hemedi
acanuset
ofi
ghtcor
rupt
ion.

10.Ment
iont
woway
sofadopt
ingt
heconst
it
uti
oni
nZambi
aandwhi
chonedoy
ou

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page49
 t
hinki
sthebest
.

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOCULTURALSTUDI
ES.

Cul
tur
eref
erst
othewhol
ewayofl
i
feofagr
oupofpeopl
e.I
tisal
sot
hesum t
otalof
behav
iorwhi
chpeopl
ehav
elear
nedov
eraper
iodoft
imeanddef
inesway
sbywhi
ch
peopl
edot
hings.

COMPONENTSOFCULTURE
1.Language
 Languagei
sthemostobv
iousdi
ff
erencebet
weencul
tur
es.I
tdef
inesacul
tur
al
gr
oupev
ent
hought
hesamel
anguagemaybeusedi
ndi
ff
erentcount
ri
es.
 Languagei
ncl
udesunspokenl
anguagesuchasgest
ures,whi
chmeandi
ff
erent
t
hingsi
ndi
ff
erentl
anguages

2.Rel
i
gion
 Rel
i
gioni
samaj
orcul
tur
alcomponentandr
eli
gioust
aboos,cust
oms,hol
i
day
s
andr
it
ual
sdi
ctat
ethebehav
iorofagi
vensoci
ety
.
 Forexampl
e,Hi
ndusdonotdr
inkbev
eragesandcanonl
yeatmeatsl
aught
eredi
n
acer
tai
nwaycal
l
ed“
Hal
al”becauseofr
eli
gion

3.Val
uesandat
ti
tudes
 Thesear
easoci
ety
’sbel
i
efsy
stem aswel
lasasoci
ety
’shear
tandt
heyar
ethe
l
eastl
i
kel
ytochange.
 Theychangev
erysl
owl
yandasoci
ety
’sbel
i
efsy
stem gui
desi
tsat
ti
tudet
owhat
i
sconsi
der
edr
ightandwr
ongandi
tist
hebasi
sofasoci
ety
’swayofl
i
fe.
 Mostbel
i
efsy
stemsar
ebasedonsoci
ety
’scent
ral
rel
i
gion

4.Educat
ion
 Educat
ioni
sani
mpor
tantpar
tofcul
tur
esi
ncecul
tur
edi
slear
nedbehav
ior
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page50
  Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofl
ear
ningt
hatt
akespl
acei
nsoci
ety
.Thef
ir
stt
ypei
s
i
nfor
mall
ear
ningi
nwhi
chachi
l
dlear
nbyi
mit
ati
ngt
hebehav
iorofi
tsf
ami
l
y
member
s,f
ri
endsori
nhomeswher
ether
eisaT.
Vthechar
act
erspor
tray
edi
n
t
hef
il
ms.
 Theot
hert
ypei
sfor
mall
ear
ningi
nwhi
chadul
tsandol
dersi
bli
ngst
eachy
oung
f
ami
l
ymemberhowt
obehav
eincer
tai
nsi
tuat
ions.
 Thet
hir
dty
peofl
ear
ningi
stechni
call
ear
ningi
nwhi
cht
eacher
sinst
ructt
he
chi
l
dinaneducat
ionalenv
ironmentaboutwhatshoul
dbedone,
howt
oitshoul
d
bedoneandwhyi
tshoul
dbedone.

5.Soci
alor
gani
zat
ion:
 Thi
sist
hewayasoci
etyor
gani
zesi
tsel
f.I
trel
atest
ohow asoci
etydef
ines
r
elat
ionshi
ps,soci
ali
nst
it
uti
onssuchasmar
ri
agesandst
atussy
stem suchas
t
her
oleofwomenandchi
l
dren

6.Technol
ogi
cal
andMat
eri
alcul
tur
e:
 Theser
efer
stosoci
ety
‘sabi
l
ityt
ocr
eat
e,desi
gn,anduset
hings.Technol
ogy
andmat
eri
alcul
tur
erel
atest
othewaysoci
etyor
gani
zesi
tseconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

7.LawandPol
i
tics:
 Thesear
erul
esandst
ruct
urest
hatr
egul
atet
hebehav
iorofsoci
ety
.Thel
egal
r
ulesat
tractpuni
shmentwhencont
rav
ened.
 Thel
awspr
otectmember
sofsoci
etyt
oli
vei
npeace,f
reef
rom f
earand
i
nhumant
reat
ment

8.Aest
het
ics
 Thesoci
ety
’sper
cept
ionofwhati
sconsi
der
edbeaut
if
uli
nar
tandi
nper
sons.I
t
di
ctat
eswhati
saccept
abl
eorappeal
i
ngi
nthatcul
tur
e.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFCULTURE
Cul
tur
eisdy
nami
c:

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page51
  Thi
smeanst
hatcul
tur
eisnotconst
antasi
tisal
way
sev
olv
ingandchangi
ng.
Changei
ntechnol
ogyi
seasi
l
yaccept
edr
athert
hanchangei
nthev
aluesy
stem
ofsoci
ety
.
 Forexampl
e,t
heuseofcel
lphoneshasbeenaccept
edaspar
tofZambi
anway
ofl
i
feandy
ett
hesewer
enott
her
eunt
ilt
hemi
d-1990s
a)Cul
tur
eisl
ear
nt:
 I
tispassedonf
rom gener
ati
ont
ogener
ati
on.I
tist
aughtt
oani
ndi
vi
dualby
soci
etyi
nwhi
cht
hei
ndi
vi
dual
isbor
nin.
 Thewayt
ospeak,whatt
oeat
,how t
oheat
,how t
orel
atet
oot
her
s,whatt
o
bel
i
evei
nist
aught
.

b)Cul
tur
eiscumul
ati
ve:
 Ev
eryhumangener
ati
oncandi
scov
ernewt
hingsandi
nventbet
tert
echnol
ogi
es
whi
chbecomepar
tofcul
tur
e.
 Thenewcul
tur
alski
l
lsandknowl
edgear
eaddedont
owhati
slear
nedi
npr
evi
ous
gener
ati
ons.

c)Cul
tur
ali
scompr
ehensi
ve:
 I
tist
hesum t
otalofasoci
ety
’swayofl
i
fe,t
her
efor
eiti
scompr
ehensi
veasi
t
r
equi
resv
ari
ousaspect
swhi
chgi
vesmeani
ngt
oli
fe.

d)Cul
tur
eisshar
ed:
 Themember
sofacul
tur
eshar
easetof‘
i
deal
s,v
alues,and st
andar
dsof
behav
ior
”andt
hissetofshar
edi
deal
siswhatgi
vesmeani
ngt
othei
rli
ves,and
whatbondst
hem t
oget
herasacul
tur
e

e)Cul
tur
eisbasedonsy
mbol
s.
 I
nor
derf
oracul
tur
etobet
ransmi
tt
edsuccessf
ull
yfr
om onegener
ati
ont
othe
next
,asy
stem ofsy
mbol
siscr
eat
edandt
ransl
atest
hei
deal
soft
heCul
tur
eto
i
tsmember
s.
 Thi
sisaccompl
i
shedt
hroughl
anguage,
art
,rel
i
gion,
andmoney
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page52
 f
) Cul
tur
eisi
ntegr
ated:
 Thi
smeanst
hatcul
tur
emustbei
ntegr
atedi
nor
derf
ori
ttobet
ransmi
tt
ed
successf
ull
yfr
om oneper
sont
oanot
her
.

g)Peopl
ear
enotusual
l
yawar
eoft
hei
rcul
tur
eunt
ilt
heycomei
ntocont
actwi
th
ot
hercul
tur
e:
 Thi
smeanst
hatpeopl
ear
eunawar
eoft
hei
rcul
tur
ebecauset
heyar
esocl
ose
t
oitt
oknowi
tsowel
l
.

h)Peopl
edonotknowal
lthei
rcul
tur
e:
 Nooneknowsev
ery
thi
ngabouthi
sorherowncul
tur
e.

i
) Cul
tur
egi
vesasoci
etyar
angeofper
missi
blebehav
iorpat
ter
ns.
 Cul
tur
ecommonl
yal
l
owsar
angeofway
sinwhi
chmencanbemenandwomen
canbewomen.
 Cul
tur
eal
sot
ell
speopl
eofhowdi
ff
erentact
ivi
ti
esshoul
dbeconduct
edsuchas
howoneshoul
dactasahusband,
wif
epar
entet
c

j
) Cul
tur
esnol
ongerexi
stsi
nisol
ati
on:
 Ev
ensmal
loutoft
hewayet
hni
csoci
eti
esar
enow bei
ngi
ntegr
atedt
osome
ext
enti
ntot
hegl
obal
economy
.

THEI
MPORTANCEOFCULTURE
 Cul
tur
econt
ri
but
est
oreenf
orci
ngofone’
sident
it
yandt
heabi
l
ityt
ocr
it
ical
l
y
r
efl
ectont
hati
dent
it
y.
 Cul
tur
alher
it
agei
sunder
stoodt
omeanar
chi
ves,pi
ecesofar
t,andpl
acesof
wor
shi
ppedmonument
s.
 Nodev
elopmentwi
thoutcul
tur
e.I
fcul
tur
eisi
nter
pret
edasawhol
eofbel
i
efs,
habi
tsandcust
omsofasoci
ety
,hence,cul
tur
eist
hef
oundat
iont
hatsuppor
ts
ev
erydev
elopment
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page53
  Thest
atusofcul
tur
ehasev
olv
eddr
amat
ical
l
ysi
ncet
headopt
ionofAr
ti
cle27of
t
heUni
ver
sal
decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
swhi
chaf
fi
rmed,
fort
hef
ir
stt
ime.
 Al
lar
ound t
he wor
ld,t
he i
ntr
insi
cvi
rt
uesand t
he i
mpactofcul
tur
e on an
i
ndi
vi
dualandcommuni
tydev
elopmentar
ebei
ngquest
ioned,st
udi
ed,measur
ed
andhopef
ull
y,r
edi
scov
ered.

TYPESOFCULTURE

1.MASSCULTURE.
 Thi
sist
hecul
tur
epr
oducedf
rom machi
nesandconsumedonal
argescal
e,f
or
exampl
e,r
ecor
dingi
ndust
ry,
tel
evi
sion,
orv
ideocasset
tes.
 I
tisspr
eadt
hroughel
ect
roni
cmedi
aandot
herhi
ght
echnol
ogy
.

2.POPULAR CULTURE
 Thi
sist
hecul
tur
ewhi
chi
sapr
oductofchangi
ngneedsandi
nnov
ati
onsi
n
peopl
e’
sli
fest
yles.
 I
tisusual
l
yonhi
ghdemandespeci
all
yfr
om t
hey
out
hwhohav
enew musi
c,
f
ashi
onot
herpr
oduct
sint
hef
iel
dofent
ert
ainment
.

3.FOLKCULTURE
 I
tisal
sor
efer
redt
oasr
esi
dualcul
tur
ethati
s,r
emai
nsoft
hepast
.Anexampl
e
off
olkcul
tur
ewast
hepr
ogr
am off
olkmusi
cwhi
cht
heZambi
anNat
ional
Br
oadcast
ingCor
por
ati
on[
ZNBC]pl
ayedsomet
imeback

4.I
DEALCULTURE:
 I
tref
erst
osomeki
ndofdr
eamsandaspi
rat
ionsofwher
eagi
venpeopl
ewoul
d
wi
sht
obe.
 Ev
erysoci
etyv
iewsi
tsel
fvi
ewsi
tsel
finaposi
ti
vewayandhast
hehi
ghest
v
irt
uesandst
andar
dsbywhi
chi
tappear
stobe.

5.REALCULTURE

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page54
  Thi
sref
erst
otheact
ualbehav
iorofpeopl
einsoci
etysuchassl
eepi
ngata
f
uner
alhouseunt
ilt
hedayofbur
ial
.
6.SUBCULTUREPEOPLE
 A sub cul
tur
eisawayofl
i
feorbehav
ing whi
ch asmal
lgr
oup ofpeopl
e
bel
ongi
ngt
othesamecul
tur
emaypor
tray
.
 I
tmay ar
ise because ofdi
ff
erentoccupat
ions i
n soci
ety whi
ch r
esul
tsi
n
di
ff
erencesi
npowerandpr
est
ige

7.COUNTERCULTURE
 Thi
srepr
esent
sbehav
ior
alpat
ter
ns,act
ivi
ti
esorst
ylesofl
i
fepor
tray
edbya
gr
oup ofi
ndi
vi
dual
s who ar
e gener
all
yopposed t
othe gener
all
yaccept
ed
st
andar
dofbehav
ior
.
 Suchi
ndi
vi
dual
smayr
efuset
osubmi
ttot
heway
sthatt
hingsar
eexpect
edt
obe
doneandt
heymaydev
elopt
hei
rownl
i
fest
yles.

8.CULTURALHETEROGENEI
TY
 Thi
sref
erst
oasoci
etyt
hatcont
ainsav
ari
etyofgr
oupsofdi
ff
erentr
aces,
bel
i
efs,
rel
i
gionsandnat
ional
i
ties.
 Ther
epubl
i
cofSout
hAf
ri
cai
sagoodexampl
e.Cul
tur
alhet
erogenei
typr
omot
es
cul
tur
alpl
ural
i
sm,whi
chr
ecogni
zesandr
espect
sthecont
ri
but
ionsofv
ari
ous
cul
tur
est
othewhol
esoci
ety
.

9.CULTURALHOMOGENI
ETY
 Thi
sref
erst
oacommoncul
tur
eofpeopl
eofasi
mil
arr
ace,bel
i
efs,r
eli
gionand
nat
ional
i
ty.Forexampl
e,Nor
thAf
ri
cancount
ri
essuchasTuni
sia,
Egy
pt,
Liby
aet
c.
t
hathav
emor
ethan90%oft
hepeopl
eoft
hesamer
ace,
shar
ethesamer
eli
gion
andnat
ional
i
tymay
becl
assi
fi
edashomogenous.

ZAMBI
A’SSOCI
ETALCOREVALUES
 Ev
erycul
tur
algr
ouphascor
eval
ueswhi
chpr
ovi
deast
andar
dmeasur
ementby
whi
chi
tisr
egar
ded.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page55
  Thewor
dcor
emeansCent
reandv
aluemeanst
hequal
i
tyofbei
ngusef
ul.Cor
e
v
aluesar
eshar
edv
alueswhi
char
echer
ishedi
nanysoci
ety
.

ZAMBI
A’SCORESOCI
ETALVALUES
1. OBEDI
ENCETOAUTHORI
TY
 Aut
hor
it
yispoweri
nvest
edi
nagr
ouporani
ndi
vi
dualwhoi
sresponsi
blef
or
ot
herpeopl
eormanagei
nst
it
uti
ons.
 Per
sonswi
thaut
hor
it
yincl
udeci
vi
c,pol
i
tical
,school
,chur
ch,pol
i
ce,f
ami
l
yand
peergr
oupl
eader
s.

2. TOLERANCE
I
tist
hequal
i
tyofal
l
owi
ngopi
nions,
bel
i
efs,
cust
omsandbehav
iorofot
herpeopl
eto
al
sopr
evai
lev
enwhenonei
snoti
nagr
eementwi
tht
hem.

3. MUTUALRESPECT
Thi
sist
hev
alueoft
reat
ingeachot
herwi
thconsi
der
ati
on.Mut
ualr
espectal
so
wor
ksont
hei
deat
hati
fonedoesnotr
espectot
herpeopl
e,t
hatper
sonwi
l
lnotbe
r
espect
ed.

4. RESPECTFORPRI
VACY
Ev
eryper
sonr
equi
rest
imet
obeonhi
sorherown,awayf
rom ot
her
s.Pr
ivacyal
so
hast
odowi
thkeepi
ngpr
ivat
e,t
hei
nfor
mat
ionaper
sondoesnotwantt
orev
eal
.

5. HONESTY
Honest
yist
hequal
i
tyoft
ell
i
ngt
het
rut
h,notcheat
ingandnotst
eal
i
ng.I
tisaqual
i
ty
ofbei
ngt
rust
wor
thyandst
rai
ght
for
war
d.

6. FREEDOM OFEXPRESSI
ON
I
tist
her
ightofaper
sont
obehear
dasl
ongaswhatt
heyar
esay
ingi
swi
thi
nthe
l
aw.
7. I
NTEGRI
TY

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page56
 Thi
sist
hequal
i
tyofbei
nghonestandmor
all
yupr
ight
.Itgoesbey
ondj
ustbei
ng
honestasi
tincl
udesal
lqual
i
tiesofgoodness.

8. COMMI
TMENTTOTHEDEMOCRATI
CRESOLUTI
ONSOFDI
SPUTES
I
tist
her
ecogni
ti
ont
hatsor
ti
ngoutt
ensi
on,di
sput
esanddi
ff
erencesi
sbestdone
t
hroughdi
alogueandt
heaccept
anceoft
hemaj
ori
ty’
svi
ew.
I
tisacommi
tmentt
opeacef
ulr
esol
uti
onsofanyf
orm ofconf
li
ct.

9. RESPONSI
BILI
TY
Responsi
bil
i
ty means doi
ng whatone i
s expect
ed t
o do wi
thoutbei
ng t
old,
super
visedorf
orced.

10. SOCI
ALJUSTI
CE
Thi
sist
reat
ingev
ery
onei
nthecommuni
tyf
air
ly.

11. COOPERATI
ON
I
tist
hewor
kingt
oget
herf
ort
hecommongoodofev
ery
onei
nthecommuni
ty.

12. LOVE
Lov
eist
hequal
i
tyofgoodwi
l
ltowar
dsev
eryper
son.I
tisawar
m ki
ndoff
eel
i
ngand
f
ondnesst
oot
herhumanbei
ngs.

13.
PEACE
Thi
sisf
reedom f
rom st
ressandphy
sicalt
hreatt
oones’wel
l
bei
ngi
ncl
udi
ngwar
,
capt
ivi
tyandconf
inement
.

14. LOYALTY
Loy
alt
yist
hef
ait
hful
nessandt
rut
hful
nesst
opeopl
e,gr
oupsoror
gani
zat
ionst
hat
onei
samemberof
.

15. TRUST

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page57
 I
stheconf
idence,bel
i
efi
nthegoodness,st
rengt
handr
eli
abi
l
ityofonesel
fand
ot
her
s

16. ATTAI
NMENTOFSETGOALS
Thi
sisper
sonal
under
taki
ngi
nwhat
everonei
sunder
taki
ng.
17. HARDWORK
Thi
sist
heabi
l
ityt
oaccompl
i
shdi
ff
icul
ttasksasopposedt
oidl
eness.

18. NATI
ONALI
SM
Thi
sisaf
eel
i
ngofonenessbyagr
oupofpeopl
ewi
tht
hesameor
igi
nandcul
tur
e.

19. PATRI
OTI
SM
Thi
sisl
ovi
ngone’
scount
ryandwi
l
li
ngt
osacr
if
icef
ori
tswel
l
-bei
ng.

20. SCI
ENTI
FICADVANCEMENT
Thi
sisabel
i
efi
nsci
enceandt
echnol
ogyast
ool
stomakepr
ogr
essandi
mpr
ovi
ng
i
none’
ssoci
alandi
ncomepr
obl
ems.

CULTURALPRACTI
CESI
NZAMBI
A

1. Respectf
orEl
der
s
 Thi
sisabel
i
eft
hatany
oneel
dert
hanonesel
fshoul
dbeaccor
dedr
especti
n
speechandt
reat
mentr
egar
dlessofst
atus,
raceorbl
oodr
elat
ionshi
p.
 El
der
lypeopl
ear
eref
err
edt
oasf
atherormot
herorgr
andmot
herofgr
andf
ather
.

2. Ext
endedFami
l
ySy
stem
 Thi
sist
hef
ami
l
ysy
stem t
hatnotembr
acest
henucl
earf
ami
l
ybutal
souncl
es,
cousi
ns,
aunt
ies,
inl
aws,
nephewsandni
eces.
 I
nZambi
a,t
het
erm‘
Mot
her
’isext
endedt
oone’
s‘mot
her
s’si
ster
sand‘
fat
her
’to
one’
s‘f
ather
’sbr
other
s
3. Ri
tesofPassage

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page58
  Thesear
eri
tual
sthatoneunder
goest
omar
kimpor
tantchangesi
naper
son’
s
posi
ti
oni
nsoci
ety
.
 Theser
it
esofpassagei
ncl
udesuchr
it
ual
ssuchasnami
ngofanew bor
n,
i
nit
iat
ion,mar
ri
age,deat
handaf
terdeat
hcer
emoni
es.
egI
samboLy
amf
wai
sa
cer
emonyper
for
medaf
terdeat
h.

4. Tr
adi
ti
onal
Cer
emoni
es
 Manyt
radi
ti
onalcer
emoni
es ar
e hel
dto commemor
ate pastev
ent
s.Ot
her
f
unct
ionsoft
radi
ti
onal
cer
emoni
esi
ncl
ude;
 Expr
essi
ng,
ref
lect
ingandr
einf
orci
ngcul
tur
alr
elat
ionshi
psandv
alues.
 Obser
vingcer
tai
nri
tual
s
 Connect
iont
otheancest
ors
 Asser
ti
onofl
ocal
tradi
ti
onal
leader
shi
p.
 Reconci
l
ingi
ntergr
oupconf
li
cts.
 Cel
ebr
ati
ngpastwarv
ict
ori
es.
 Har
vestcer
emoni
es.
 Rel
i
giousf
est
ival
s.
 Cer
emoni
eswhi
chmov
ether
hyt
hm ofnat
uresuchasr
isi
ngofnew moon,
f
loodi
ngcy
clessuchasKuombokaCer
emony
.

COMMONPUBLI
CCEREMONI
ESI
NZAMBI
A
 KuombokaCer
emonyoft
heLozi
peopl
e.
 Umut
ombokoCer
emonyoft
heLundapeopl
eofLuapul
a.
 Ukusef
yapaNg’
wenacer
emonyoft
heBembapeopl
e
 Kul
ambacer
emonyoft
heNsengapeopl
e.
 Shi
munengacer
emonyoft
heI
lapeopl
e.
 Nc’
wal
acer
emonyoft
heNgoni
peopl
e.
 Li
kumbi
LyaMi
zecer
emonyoft
heLuv
alepeopl
e.
 Mal
ail
acer
emonyoft
heKundapeopl
e.
 Kul
ambaKubwal
ocer
emonyoft
heLenj
epeopl
e
Tr
adi
ti
onal
Att
ir
es

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page59
  SomeZambi
ancul
tur
esdi
spl
ayuni
quest
yleofdr
essi
ng.Thesei
ncl
udet
heLozi
,
menwearaSi
zi
ba(
Kil
t)whi
l
ewomenwearaMusi
si
.
 TheChewa’
sNy
audancer
sal
soexhi
bitdi
ff
erentat
ti
ref
rom t
heLuv
aleLi
ki
shi
dancer
s.

TheAr
ts
 Ar
tisexpr
essedi
ndance,musi
c,pai
nti
ngs,f
olkl
ore,cr
aft
s,et
c.Zambi
anshav
e
songsanddancesf
ormostoccasi
ons.Ev
enmostZambi
anpai
nti
ngsdepi
ctr
eal
l
i
fesi
tuat
ions.

Hospi
tal
i
ty
 Tr
adi
ti
onal
l
y,Zambi
ansar
ehospi
tabl
epeopl
ebecausewel
comi
ngpeopl
eand
v
isi
tor
sisav
eryi
mpor
tantZambi
ansoci
etal
val
ueandi
scher
ishedandpr
act
iced.

APPRECI
ATI
ONOFTHECULTURALDI
VERSI
TYI
NZAMBI
A
 Zambi
acanbecl
assi
fi
edashav
ingabr
oadhomogeneouscul
tur
e,i
nter
msof
r
aceandr
eli
gion.Butt
her
eexi
stsav
ari
ati
onofet
hni
cdi
ver
sit
yint
ermsof
l
anguage,
tradi
ti
onsandcust
omst
hatgi
vei
tahet
erogeneouschar
act
eri
sti
c.
 Ther
efor
e,i
nappr
eci
ati
ngt
hecul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
ythatexi
stsi
nZambi
a,peopl
e
shoul
d bemi
ndf
uloft
hef
oll
owi
ng aspect
sthathav
eabear
ing oncul
tur
al
di
ver
sit
y.

STEREOTYPI
NG
 Thi
siswhenonemakesanopi
niononanot
herpur
elyont
hebasi
sofgr
oup
member
shi
p.eg r
egar
ding al
lfemal
es as weak or al
lyoung peopl
e as
i
rr
esponsi
ble

PREJUDI
CE.
 Pr
ejudi
cei
sani
rr
ati
onal
,il
l
ogi
calhat
redandsuspi
cionofapar
ti
cul
argr
oup,
whi
chcanbebasedongender
,age,et
hni
cit
y,r
eli
gion,pl
aceofr
esi
denceor
occupat
ion.St
ereot
ypi
ngandPr
ejudi
cel
eadt
odi
scr
imi
nat
ion.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page60
 ETHNOCENTRI
SM
 Thi
sist
hebel
i
eft
hatone’
sowncul
tur
eist
hebestandj
udgi
ngot
herpeopl
es
cul
tur
ebyi
tsst
andar
d.Peopl
etendt
ovi
ewt
hecust
omsofot
her
sint
hel
i
ghtof
t
hei
rownbel
i
efsandv
alues.
CULTURALRELATI
VISM
 Thi
smeanst
heabsenceofdi
rectandi
ndi
rectdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nal
lar
easofl
i
fe.
 I
tisal
soadel
i
ber
ateat
temptt
ovi
ew t
hewor
ldasseenbymember
sofot
her
soci
eti
es.
 I
tisbasedont
hebel
i
eft
hateachgr
oup’
swayofl
i
fei
slogi
calt
othatgr
oup’
s
r
esponset
osur
viv
ali
ssues.

Assi
mil
ati
on i
sa si
tuat
ion when peopl
efr
om mi
nor
it
ygr
oupsand di
ff
erent
cl
assesofsoci
etyar
eaccept
edi
nmaj
orsoci
ali
nst
it
uti
ons.

Amal
gamat
ioni
sapr
ocessofbl
endi
ngmi
nor
it
yandmaj
ori
tygr
oupst
hrough
soci
albondi
ngsuchasmar
ri
age.

PROMOTI
ONOFZAMBI
A’SCULTURALPRACTI
CES
Zambi
a’
scul
tur
alher
it
age
 Zambi
a’
scul
tur
alher
it
agei
ncl
udesbot
htangi
bleandi
ntangi
blewor
ksofar
ti
sts,
ar
chi
tect
s,musi
ci
ans,
sci
ent
ist
sandwr
it
ers.
 Thesewor
ksar
edemonst
rat
edt
hroughl
anguages,r
it
es,bel
i
efs,hi
stor
icsi
tes,
monument
s,l
i
ter
atur
eandwor
ksofar
t,ar
chi
vesandl
i
brar
ies.

Cul
tur
eanddemocr
acy
 Theenshr
inementofani
ndi
vi
dual
’
scul
tur
e,t
radi
ti
ons,cust
omsandl
anguagei
n
t
henat
ionalconst
it
uti
onr
einf
orcesZambi
a’
ssi
gni
ngoft
heUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ion
ofHumanRi
ght
sAr
ti
cles27.
 Thi
sisbecausedemocr
ati
cpr
act
iceswi
thoutef
fect
iveexer
ciseofcul
tur
alr
ight
s
pr
omot
etr
uedemocr
acy
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page61
I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATPRESERVECULTURALHERI
TAGEI
NZAMBI
A
MUSEUMS
 Thesear
eadmi
nist
eredbyt
heNat
ional
MuseumsBoar
dandar
eresponsi
blef
or:
 Col
l
ect
ionofar
ti
fact
s.
 Rest
orat
ionofar
ti
fact
s.
 Di
spl
ayofar
ti
fact
sofhi
stor
ical
,cul
tur
al,sci
ent
if
ic,t
echnol
ogi
calandeconomi
c
si
gni
fi
cancet
othenat
ion.

Nat
ional
her
it
ageconser
vat
ioncommi
ssi
on
 I
tadmi
nist
ersi
mmov
abl
eher
it
agesuchassi
tesandmonument
s.
 I
tsheadquar
ter
sar
einLi
vi
ngst
oneandi
nLi
vi
ngst
oneandi
thasof
fi
cesi
n
Kasama,
Sol
wezi
andLusaka.

Nat
ional
art
scounci
l
 I
tpr
omot
esar
ti
sti
candi
ntel
l
ect
ual
creat
ivi
tyandAr
tEducat
ion.
 I
trecogni
zest
hatf
reedom ofopi
nionandexpr
essi
oni
sessent
ialf
orr
eact
ive
act
ivi
ti
esofar
ti
stsandi
ntel
l
ect
ual
sal
i
ke.

I
NTERNATI
ONALCULTURALCOOPERATI
ON
 I
tisdonet
hroughI
nter
nat
ional
Cul
tur
alExchangesandencount
ers.
 Thi
scont
ri
but
est
othepr
omot
ionofgl
obalpeace,
respect
,mut
ualunder
standi
ng
andcooper
ati
on.
 Zambi
aisamemberoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmul
ti
lat
eral
Cul
tur
alOr
gani
zat
ions:
i
. Wor
ldCr
aft
sCounci
l[
WCC]
i
i
. I
nter
nat
ional
Counci
lofMuseums[
ICOM]
i
i
i. I
nter
nat
ional
Theat
erI
nst
it
ute[
ITI
]
i
v. Sout
her
nAf
ri
canDev
elopmentCommuni
ty[
SADC]
v
. I
nter
nat
ional
Cent
ref
orBant
uCi
vi
li
zat
ion[
CICI
BA]
v
i. Wor
ldI
ntel
l
ect
ual
Proper
tyOr
gani
zat
ion[
WIPO]

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page62
ADMI
NISTRATI
ONANDCOORDI
NATI
ONOFCULTURALAFFAI
RSI
NZAMBI
A
 TheCul
tur
alSect
orcut
sacr
ossanumberofl
i
negov
ernmentmi
nist
ers,
whi
ch
hasaf
fect
edef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ionf
oref
fi
cientr
unni
ngofcul
tur
alaf
fai
rs.
 Suchmi
nist
ri
esi
ncl
udes:
 The Mi
nist
ry of Communi
ty Dev
elopment
, Mot
her and Chi
l
d
Heal
th[Depar
tmentofCul
tur
alSer
vices/Nat
ional
Art
sCounci
lofZambi
a
 Mi
nist
ryofHomeAf
fai
rs[Nat
ional
Archi
ves
 Mi
nist
ryofGener
alEducat
ion[Tr
aini
ngofar
ti
stsi
nCol
l
eges
 Mi
nist
ryofChi
efsandTr
adi
ti
onalAf
fai
rs,
Admi
nist
rat
ionofChi
efs’
Aff
air
sand
Tr
adi
ti
ons

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.
Cul
tur
e di
ver
sit
yin Zambi
a has r
esul
ted i
nto et
hni
c gr
oupi
ng whi
ch cel
ebr
ate
t
radi
ti
onal
cer
emoni
es:

i
. Whati
scul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
y?

i
i
. Ment
ionanyt
hreecul
tur
alpr
act
icesi
nZambi
a

i
i
i. Whyar
etr
adi
ti
oncer
emoni
esi
mpor
tant
?St
atef
iver
easons.

2.Out
li
net
hecomponent
sofcul
tur
e.

3.I
dent
if
yinst
it
uti
onst
hatpr
eser
vecul
tur
alher
it
agei
nZambi
a.

4.Wi
thcl
earexampl
esi
dent
if
yfact
orst
hataf
fectt
heappr
eci
ati
onofcul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
y
i
nZambi
a.

5.Di
scusst
hechar
act
eri
sti
cofcul
tur
e.

6.Li
stdownt
hesoci
etal
cor
eval
vesandexpl
aineachoneoft
hem.

7.Gi
ver
easonswhycul
tur
eisi
mpor
tant
.

8.Ment
ionsi
xcommoncul
tur
alpr
act
icesi
nZambi
a.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page63
9.Di
scussgl
obal
cul
tur
e.

10.I
dent
if
yinst
it
uti
onst
hatpr
eser
vecul
tur
alher
it
agei
nZambi
a.

SUBSTANCEABUSE

Subst
ancemeansmat
eri
alort
ypeofmat
ter
Abusemeansusesomet
hingwr
ongl
y
Subst
anceabusemeanst
aki
ngsomet
hingof
tent
haty
ourbodydoesneedandf
or
wr
ongr
easons.

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFSUBSTANCES
1.Ov
ert
hecount
ersubst
ances
Thesear
esubst
anceswhi
chcaneasi
l
ybeboughtov
ert
hecount
erandusedf
or
medi
cal
pur
posesuchaspanadol
,aspi
ri
n,caf
enol
,fansi
darandv
emox.
2.Cont
rol
l
edSubst
ances
Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatcanbeobt
ainedi
fonehasapr
escr
ipt
ion.These
subst
ances can be danger
ous i
fnotused pr
oper
ly.E.
g.Mor
phi
ne,v
ali
um,
cocai
neandmar
ij
uana

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFSUBSTANCESACCORDI
NGTOTHEI
REFFECTS
 Depr
essant
s-Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatsl
ow downt
heact
ionoft
hecent
ral
ner
voussy
stem.Theyar
eal
soknownasSedat
ivesorhy
pnot
ics.E.
g.Al
cohol
,
mandr
axandv
ali
um.Theydecr
easeawar
enessandt
ensi
on.Butwhent
akeni
n

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page64
 l
argeramount
s,t
heyl
eadi
ntocoma.
 St
imul
ant
s.Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatst
imul
atet
hecent
ralner
voussy
stem and
speedupt
hebodypr
ocesses.Themostcommonst
imul
anti
scaf
fei
nef
oundi
n
t
eacof
fee,
chocol
ateandcocacol
a.
 Hal
l
uci
nogenst
hesear
esubst
anceswhi
chdi
stor
tthewayt
hebr
aint
ransl
ates
i
mpul
sesormessagesf
rom sensor
yor
ganspr
oduci
ngper
cept
ualchanges.The
br
ainmaypr
oducei
mageswi
thnobasi
sinr
eal
i
tycal
l
edhal
l
uci
nat
ions.These
subst
ancesi
nthi
scat
egor
yincl Ly
ude. ser
gicaci
ddi
ethy
lLSD,cocai
ne,magi
c
mushr
ooms,
andecst
asy
.
 Nar
cot
icsoropi
ates.Thesear
esubst
ancest
hatmaket
hesensesdul
landr
eli
eve
pai
nbydepr
essi
ngt
hecer
ebr
alcor
tex
.Thecer
ebr
alcor
texi
stheout
erl
ayerof
t
he br
ainr
esponsi
blef
orconsci
ousness i
ncl
udi
ng per
cept
ion,memor
yand
l
ear
ning.
 I
nhal
ant
sorsol
vent
s.Thesear
edr
ugsf
oundi
nhousehol
dpr
oduct
ssuchasgl
ue,
deodor
ant
sli
keper
fumespr
aysandf
uelgasses.Thecapi
l
lar
ysur
faceoft
he
l
ungsal
l
owsqui
ckabsor
pti
onoft
hesubst
ance.Ent
ryi
ntot
hebr
aini
sfastand
i
ntoxi
cat
ingef
fect
sar
eint
ense.
SUBSTANCESANDTHEI
REFFECTS
ALCOHOL
Al
coholi
sapur
ecol
orl
essl
i
qui
dpr
esenti
ndr
inks.Peopl
etakeal
coholf
orpl
easur
e.
Mostoft
hemedi
cinescont
ainaper
cent
ageofal
cohol
Al
cohol
abusei
swhenonedr
inkst
oomuchal
cohol
tooof
ten.
Addi
cti
ont
aki
ngsomet
hingt
hatonecannotst
opcannotst
op.
Al
cohol
i
cisper
sonwhoi
saddi
ctedt
oal
cohol
.
Al
cohol
i
sm i
s a sev
ere and pot
ent
ial
l
yfat
alcondi
ti
on caused by phy
sical
dependenceonal
cohol
.Iti
mpai
rsphy
sical
andment
alheal
th.

BEVERAGESANDTHEI
RPERCENTAGE

Bev
erage Per
cent
ageofEt
hanol
%
Mosi
l
arger 4.
5

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page65
 Ohl
ssonsl
arger 5
Cast
lel
ager 5
Chi
buku 46
Wi
ne 1220
Kachasu(
tradi
ti
onal 2565
Spi
ri
ts 3345

Thest
rengt
hofanyal
cohol
i
cbev
eragedependsont
heper
cent
ageconcent
rat
eof
et
hanolperv
olume meani
ng t
he mor
e et
hanolt
he mor
e ef
fect
sithas t
o an
i
ndi
vi
dual
.

EFFECTSOFALCOHOL
 I
ncr
easebl
oodpr
essur
eandhear
tbeat
 Causesv
iol
entbehav
ior
 Af
fect
sthebr
ain,
itdi
stor
tst
heonewayt
hinks,
speakandact
s.
 Causes ci
rr
hosi
s. The l
i
ver becomes f
att
y and enl
arged causi
ng
i
nfl
ammat
ions.
 Hy
pot
her
miaf
eel
i
ngwar
m ev
enwheni
nreal
i
tyonei
slosi
ngheat
.
 Di
stor
tsper
cept
ionoft
imeandspaceandhav
eadoubl
evi
sion(
uncl
ear
obj
ect
s).

TOBACCO
Tobaccoi
smadeupofsomechemi
cal
swhi
char
epoi
sonouswhenone
smokesasi
tent
erst
hebl
oodst
ream.
Car
bonmonoxi
de-
Iti
sdeadl
ygast
hataf
fect
sthebl
oodsabi
l
ityt
ocar
ry
oxy
genar
oundt
hebody
.
Tar-
Cont
ainsanumberofsubst
ancest
hatcancausecancer
Ni
cot
inei
sthev
erypower
ful
drugt
hatmakest
hehear
tbeatf
ast
er.
EFFECTSOFTOBACCO
 Br
onchi
ti
s
 Emphy
sema-Lungdi
seasewhi
chaf
fect
sbr
eat
hing.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page66
  Hear
tdi
seaseni
cot
inei
ncr
easest
hehear
tbeatandsowear
sdownt
hehear
t.
 Cancer–smoki
ngcausesabout90%ofdeat
hsf
rom cancer
 Bl
oodcl
otsandst
omachul
cer
s.
 damaget
heunbor
nbabi
es
 Shor
tnessofbr
eat
h
 Col
ds,
fluandot
heri
nfect
ions
 Non-smoker
sinhal
esmokewhi
chmaket
hem passi
vesmoker
s
 Def
orest
ati
on.Duet
othepr
ocessordr
yingandcur
ingt
obacco.

I
NHALANTS
 I
nhal
ant
sar
edi
ver
segr
oupofsubst
ancest
hati
ncl
udev
olat
il
esol
vent
sand
gases.Thev
olat
il
esubst
ancesar
efoundi
nhousehol
dpr
oduct
ssuchasgl
ue,
pai
nt,
nai
lpol
i
sh,
powder
edt
obacco,
tipex
,pet
ro,
rubberandl
i
ght
erf
lui
d.

 I
nhal
ant
sar
eusual
l
ysni
ff
edf
rom anopencont
ainerandl
ungsal
l
ow r
api
d
absor
pti
onasar
esul
tent
ersi
ntot
hebr
aini
sfastandi
ntoxi
cat
ingef
fect
s
i
ntense.

EFFECTSOFI
NHALANTS

 Depr
essi
onoft
hecent
ral
ner
voussy
stem.(
Reduci
ngbr
eat
hrat
eand

 Causi
nghi
ghbl
oodpr
essur
e.

 Headaches,
nausea,
slur
redspeechandl
ossofmot
orcoor
dinat
ion.

 Rashar
oundt
henoseandmout
h.

 Unpr
edi
ctabl
ebehav
ior
.

 Memor
yimpai
rmentandat
tent
iondef
ici
t.

 Li
verandki
dneyabnor
mal
i
ties.

 Red,
glassyandwat
eryey
es.

 Di
stor
ti
oni
nper
cept
ionoft
imeandspace.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page67
DRUGS

Adr
ugi
sanysubst
ancewhi
chal
ter
sthechemi
str
yoft
hebodyandaf
fect
sthenat
ural
bal
anceoft
hemi
ndandemot
ions.Dr
ugscanei
therbenat
uralorsy
nthet
icchemi
cal
s.
Nat
uraldr
ugsar
ethosewhi
char
efoundi
ncer
tai
npl
ant
s.Forexampl
e,caf
fei
nei
n
cof
fee,
nicot
inei
ntobaccoandt
etr
ahy
dro-
cannabi
no

CANNABI
S

Thi
sisahar
dbr
ownmat
eri
alorher
bal
mixt
uret
hatcomesf
rom acannabi
spl
ant
.

THREEFORMSCANNABI
S

Mar
ij
uana:Thi
scomesf
rom t
hedr
iedl
eav
es,f
lower
sorst
emsoft
hecannabi
s
pl
ant
.Ithasaconcent
rat
ionofdel
ta-
9-t
etr
ahy
docannabi
nol
(THC)ofabout0-
12%.

Hashi
sh:
Thi
sismadef
rom t
hedar
k,st
ickyr
esi
noft
hepl
antandcont
ainsTHCof
about12-
18%.

Hashi
shoi
l
:Thi
sismadebycompr
essi
nghashi
sht
opr
oduceoi
lusi
ngasol
vent
.
Theconcent
rat
ionofTHC i
sabout18-
25% andi
smuchhi
ghert
hant
hatof
mar
ij
uanaandhashi
sh.

EFFECTSOFCANNABI
S

 Causi
ngcr
avi
ngf
orcer
tai
nfoods(
incr
easi
ngappet
it
e).

 Maki
ngmostuser
srel
axedort
alkat
ive.

 Maki
nguser
spar
anoi
dandanxi
ous,
dependi
ngont
hei
rmoodandsi
tuat
ion.

 Causi
ngheal
thpr
obl
emssuchascancerandr
espi
rat
orydi
sor
der
s.

 Af
fect
ing t
her
epr
oduct
ivesy
stem byr
educi
ng sper
m counti
n mal
eswhi
l
e
i
rr
egul
armenst
rual
cycl
esi
nfemal
es.

 Af
fect
ingmemor
yandcoor
dinat
ion.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page68
  Leav
inguser
sfeel
i
ngexhaust
ed.

HEROI
N

Her
oini
sabr
ownorwhi
tespeckl
edpowdermadef
rom j
uiceext
ractf
rom t
heunr
ipe
capsul
eoft
hepoppypl
ant
.Theseedcapsul
eoft
hegr
eenopi
um pr
oducesami
l
kyj
uice
(
lat
ex)f
rom whi
chmanydr
ugscanbemadesuchasmor
phi
ne.Mor
phi
nei
susedf
or
medi
cinal
pur
poses.

EFFECTSOFHEROI
N

 Depr
essessomebr
aincel
l
sorst
imul
atesot
hert
ypesofbr
ainf
unct
ionsl
eadi
ng
t
odi
stur
bedpat
ter
nofner
veact
ivi
ty,
per
cept
ion.

 Lossofappet
it
e.

 Chr
oni
cconst
ipat
ion.

 Deat
hduet
oov
erdose.

 Ur
get
ocommi
tsui
cide.

 I
rr
egul
armenst
rual
cycl
esi
nwoman

COCAI
NE

Cocai
nei
swhi
tepowdermadef
rom t
hel
eav
esofaCocabush. Thecocapl
anti
s
mai
nlygr
owni
ncoast
alpl
ainsoft
heAt
lant
icOceanandt
heCar
ibbeanSea.

Cocai
nei
susual
l
ysmoked,bei
nject
edi
ntot
hebl
oodandcanal
sobet
akenor
all
yby
mi
xi
ngwi
thl
i
qui
dori
nacapsul
efor
m.

EFFECTSOFCOCAI
NE

 menst
rual
cir
cles

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page69
  Tr
ansmi
ssi
onofdi
seasessuchHepat
it
isandHI
VAI
DSusi
nghy
poder
micneedl
es
 Ov
eral
ert
nessandel
evat
ionofmood
 Dr
ymout
h
 Sweat
ing
 Sev
erewei
ghtl
oss
 Exhaust
ionandl
ackofsl
eepi
nsomni
a
 Di
gest
ionpr
obl
ems
 Ul
cer
ati
onoft
henasal
passage
 Hear
tandbl
oodci
rcul
ati
onpr
obl
ems
 Deat
hduet
oov
erdose

REASONSFORSUBSTANCEABUSE

 Cur
iosi
ty:Somepeopl
ear
etempt
edt
otr
youtsubst
ances.Theywoul
dli
ket
o
t
ast
ehowi
tfeel
s,l
i
ket
otakesubst
ances.
 Peerpr
essur
es,
Youngpeopl
eendupt
aki
ngsubst
ancesbecauset
heywantt
odo
whatt
hei
rfr
iendsar
edoi
ng.
 I
gnor
ance:Peopl
ebegi
ntot
akesubst
ancesonexper
iment
albasi
sandmaynot
beawar
eoft
hedanger
soft
hesubst
ancet
heyabuse.
 St
ress:Adol
escencecanbeapar
ti
cul
arl
ydi
ff
icul
typer
iod.Onemaybeundera
conf
li
cti
ngpr
essur
efr
om par
ent
s,school
,fr
iendsandmanydi
ff
icul
tychoi
ces
mi
ght
yhav
etobemad.Adol
escencecanaswel
lbeat
imef
rust
rat
ionand
bor
edom;
asar
esul
t,y
oungpeopl
ear
eusual
l
yvul
ner
abl
etopeerpr
essur
e.
 Av
ail
abi
l
ityofsubst
ances:Ther
ear
eanumberofsubst
ancest
hatar
ereadi
l
y
av
ail
abl
eont
hemar
ket
.Thesei
ncl
ude:
alcohol
i
cbev
eragesandsol
vent
ssuchas
gl
ue,
tipexandmet
hyl
atedspi
ri
ts
 Changi
ngsoci
alst
ruct
ures:Af
ami
l
yisauni
tyt
hatser
vesasasuppor
tgr
oupf
or
i
tsmember
s.Whenaf
ami
l
ybegi
nst
ochangei
nanegat
iveway
,forexampl
e:
l
ossofaf
ami
l
ymember
.
 Al
i
enat
ion:Wehav
ethesenseofbel
ongi
ngt
oaf
ami
l
y,gr
oup,communi
tyor
count
ry.Whenwef
eeli
sol
atedwet
ryt
ofi
ndagr
oupt
obel
ongt
obyassoci
ati
ng

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page70
 wi
thpeopl
ewhoal
sof
ell
isol
ated.
 Unempl
oyment
:InZambi
a,wehav
ehi
ghl
evel
sofunempl
oymentwhi
chl
edt
o
empl
oyment
.
 Lack ofRecr
eat
ionalFaci
l
iti
es:Recr
eat
ion f
aci
l
iti
es ar
elacki
ng i
n Zambi
an
communi
ti
es.Youngpeopl
ehav
enowher
etospendt
hei
rlei
sur
eti
measar
esul
t
t
heymayr
esor
ttosubst
anceabuse
 Enhancementofsel
f-
conf
idence:Somebel
i
evet
hatt
aki
ngsubst
ancesmayhel
p
t
hem t
oimpr
ovei
nthei
r sel
f conf
idence i
n spor
ts,sexuali
nter
cour
se
exami
nat
ionsandot
heract
ivi
ti
es.

SI
GNSANDSYMPTOMSOFSUBSTANCEABUSE

 Suddenchangei
nper
sonal
i
ty
 Unusual
moodswi
ngs,
rest
lessness,
ori
rr
it
abi
l
ity
 Decl
i
nei
nschool
per
for
mance
 Spendi
ngmor
eti
meawayf
rom home
 St
eal
i
ngmoneyorgoodsandexcessi
vespendi
ngorbor
rowi
ngofmoney
 Heav
yuseofper
fumest
odi
sgui
set
hesmel
loft
hesubst
ances
 Associ
ati
ngwi
thapar
ti
cul
argr
oupespeci
all
yonet
hatabusessubst
ances
 Lackofi
nter
esti
nschool
wor
kandabsent
eei
sm f
rom wor
k
 Lossofappet
it
e
 Wear
ingofsungl
assesati
nappr
opr
iat
eti
met
odi
sgui
set
heappear
ance

POSSESSI
ONOFCERTAI
NOBJECTSMAYALSOI
NDI
CATESUBSTANCEABUSE.

 Sy
ringesandneedl
es
 Smal
lpl
ast
icorgl
assbot
tl
es
 Pi
l
lboxes
 Pl
ast
iccel
l
ophaneormet
alf
oil
wrapper
s
 St
raws
 Sugarl
umps

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page71
  Foi
lcont
ainer
sormet
alt
insusual
l
ydi
scol
oredbyheat
 Shr
eddedci
gar
ett
es’
andpi
pes

AVOI
DINGSUBSTANCES
 Saynot
hanks:
Ify
ouar
eof
fer
eddanger
oussubst
ancesal
way
ssaynot
hanky
ou.
 Gi
vi
ngr
easonorexcuse:
Alway
sgi
vear
easonf
ordecl
i
ninganof
fer
 Changi
ngt
hesubj
ect
:Ifsomeonei
sent
ici
ngy
out
ousedanger
oussubst
ances
y
oushoul
dchanget
hesubj
ectt
odi
scour
agehi
m orher
 Wal
ki
ngaway
:Youcanal
sowal
kawayt
oav
oidbei
ngt
empt
edt
otakedanger
ous
subst
ances
 Av
oidi
ngt
hesi
tuat
ion:I
fyouknow pl
aceswher
etheyabusesubst
ancesst
ay
awayf
rom suchpl
aces.
 Associ
ati
ngwi
thnon-
user
s:Makey
our
sel
fal
way
sbusybydoi
ngsomet
hingl
i
ke
spor
ts.

DEPENDENCEONSUBSTANCE
Twof
ormsofdependence:
 Phy
sicaldependence:i
s when one t
ri
es t
o wi
thdr
aw f
rom usi
ng a cer
tai
n
subst
ancebutexper
iencesphy
sical
eff
ect
ssuchasshaki
ng.
 Psy
chol
ogi
cal
dependence:
Moods,
depr
essi
on,
andanxi
ety
.

I
MPACTOFSUBSTANCEABUSE

I
ndi
vi
dual
Lev
el
 Asubst
anceabuseri
sli
kel
ytoexper
ienceheal
thpr
obl
ems
 Rel
ati
onshi
ps wi
thf
ri
ends and f
ami
l
ymaybecome st
rai
ned as a r
esul
tof
subst
anceabusermaynothav
esuppor
tfr
om t
hel
ovedones
 Peopl
ewhoabusesubst
ancesr
iskheav
yfi
nesori
mpr
isonment
.
Fami
l
yLev
el
 Mostsubst
anceabuser
stendt
ospend al
otofmoneyt
osust
aint
hehabi
tand
endupnegl
ect
ingt
hei
rfami
l
ies

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page72
  Subst
anceabuser
scausedi
srupt
ionanddi
shar
monywi
thi
nthef
ami
l
y.Hence
ev
ery
onei
nthef
ami
l
yisaf
fect
ed.
 Youngpeopl
einhomeswher
etheyabusesubst
ancest
heyt
hinksubst
ance
abusei
snor
malandaccept
edi
nsoci
etyhencet
heygeti
nfl
uencedandbecome
abuser
s

Communi
ty
 Subst
anceabuser
stendt
o commi
tcr
imessuchasmur
derandaggr
avat
ed
r
obber
yinor
dert
oacqui
remor
emoneyt
osuppor
tthei
rhabi
t.
 Ot
hermaybei
nvol
vedi
nvi
cesl
i
kepr
ost
it
uti
onanddr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ng
 Thespr
eadofHI
V/AI
DSi
sli
kel
ytobecomer
ampantamongabuser
sespeci
all
yif
t
heyar
eusi
ngneedl
es
 Abuser
swhobecomet
ermi
nal
l
yil
liti
sthecommuni
tyt
hatusual
l
ytakecar
eof
t
hem
 Ther
eisal
sol
ossofmoneyi
nter
msofpr
oduct
ioni
nindust
ryacci
dent
s,v
iol
ence
cr
ime,
treat
mentandr
ehabi
l
itat
ionandcar
eforsubst
anceabuser
s.

I
nter
nat
ional
Lev
el
 I
ncr
easei
ndr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ng
 Moneyl
aunder
ingi
sal
socommoni
ndr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ng,dr
ugt
raf
fi
cker
suset
hei
r
moneyt
odest
abi
l
izegov
ernment
sthr
oughcor
rupt
ion,i
nti
midat
ion,v
iol
enceand
buy
ingoft
hev
otes.
 Gov
ernment
sofmanycount
ri
est
heyspendal
otofmoneyt
ryi
ngt
oer
adi
cat
e
dr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ng

ROLEOFTHECOMMUNI
TYI
NCOMBATI
NGSUBSTANCEABUSE
 Abol
i
shi
ngt
hecul
ti
vat
ionofdr
ugs.
 Educat
ingt
hepeopl
e.
 Taki
ngkeeni
nter
esti
nwhati
sgoi
ngonhi
sorhercommuni
ty.
 Changi
ngpeopl
e’
sat
ti
tudest
owar
dsubst
anceabuse.
 Est
abl
i
shi
nggr
oupsandcl
ubs.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page73
MEASURETOFI
GHTSUBSTANCEABUSE

 The publ
i
cis sensi
ti
zed on t
he danger
s ofsubst
ance abuse and i
tsl
egal
i
mpl
i
cat
ions.
 Dr
ugabusei
sli
abl
eforpuni
shmentbyi
mpr
isonmentf
oraper
iodnotexceedi
ng
10y
ear
siff
oundgui
l
ty
 The gov
ernmentofZambi
a al
so wor
ks wi
th ot
hercount
ri
es t
o exchange
i
nfor
mat
ionondr
ugt
raf
fi
cki
ngandr
elat
edcr
imesi
nor
dert
oar
restof
fender

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATFI
GHTSUBSTANCEABUSE
Dr
ugEnf
orcementCommi
ssi
on(
DEC)
I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1989.I
tisagov
ernmenti
nst
it
uti
onchar
gedwi
tht
her
esponsi
bil
i
ty
ofcur
bing subst
anceabuse.I
tinv
est
igat
esand pr
osecut
escasesr
elat
ed t
o dr
ug
t
raf
fi
cki
ngandsubst
anceabuse.

NGOI
NVOLVEDI
NTHEFI
GHTAGAI
NST.
 Pl
annedPar
ent
hoodAssoci
ati
onofZambi
a
 Yout
hAl
i
ve
 YoungWomenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on
 Soci
etyf
orFami
l
yHeal
th
 Local
Chur
ches
 Spor
tinAct
ion

Agr
oupofci
vi
ceducat
ionpupi
l
sfr
om MuunduSecondar
ySchoolcar
ri
edoutasur
vey
t
ofi
ndoutpr
eval
ental
coholabusei
nthei
rschool
.Theycameupwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ng
i
nfor
mat
ionr
epr
esent
edi
nthebarchar
tbel
ow;

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON
1 Whoi
sanabuser
?
2 Anal
yzewhypeopl
eresor
ttosubst
anceabuse.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page74
 3 I
dent
if
ythemeasur
est
hatshoul
dbeputpl
acet
ocur
bsubst
anceabuse
4 .
Descr
ibet
het
ypesofsubst
anceof
tenabusedbypeopl
e.
5 Di
scusst
hesubst
ancesandt
hei
ref
fect
s.
6 Di
scuss t
he i
mpactofsubst
ance on i
ndi
vi
dual
,nat
ional
,communi
ty and
i
nter
nat
ional
lev
el.
7 Ment
iont
hei
nst
it
uti
onst
hatf
ightsubst
anceabuse.

8 St
udyt
hedi
agr
am bel
ow andanswert
hequest
ions.Agr
oupofci
vi
ceducat
ion
pupi
l
sfr
om MuunduSecondar
ySchoolcar
ri
edoutasur
veyt
ofi
ndoutpr
eval
ent
al
coholabusei
nthei
rschool
.Theycameupwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion
r
epr
esent
edi
nthebarchar
tbel
ow;

key

Gi
rl
s

Boy
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page75
 I
. Whati
ssubst
anceabuse
I
I. I
nwhi
chgr
adear
esubst
anceabusemor
epr
eval
entandt
wor
easons?
I
II
. Whatt
ermi
sgi
vent
oachi
l
dwhodependsonal
coholf
orhi
s/herphy
sicaland
ment
alst
abi
l
ity
?
I
V. I
magi
ney
ourschoolhasapr
obl
em ofal
coholabuseasshowni
nthebarchar
t.
Whatbehav
iour
alt
rai
tswi
l
lbedi
spl
ayedbyt
hoseabusi
ngal
cohol
?

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page76
 GRADEELEVEN

CI
VILSOCI
ETYANDTHEMEDI
AINGOVERNANCE

WHATI
SACI
VILSOCI
ETY?

 Thi
sref
erst
o t
hose non- mi
l
itar
y,non-
gov
ernment
al or
gani
zat
ions and
i
ndi
vi
dual
swhomakei
tthei
rbusi
nesst
opr
omot
eanddef
endt
hebasi
cideal
sof
goodgov
ernance.

 I
tcanal
sor
efert
oor
gani
zat
ionsandsoci
alr
elat
ionshi
psout
sideoft
hecont
rol
ofgov
ernment
.
 I
tincl
udesev
erynonmi
l
itar
yindi
vi
dual
out
sidet
hegov
ernment
.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFCI
VILSOCI
ETY
 I
tisnotgui
dedbyar
egul
ator
yfr
ame.
 Notpr
ofi
tmaki
ng
 Dr
awssuppor
tfr
om wel
l
-wi
sher
ssuchasdonor
sandot
heri
nst
it
uti
ons
 Shapesownnat
ureofneedsandi
nter
est
s
 Wor
ks wi
thi
n speci
fi
c env
ironment whi
ch det
ermi
nes i
ts oper
ati
on and
maneuv
ers[
tact
ics]
 Dr
awsmember
shi
pfr
om f
ormal
andi
nfor
mal
organi
zat
ionsandassoci
ati
ons.

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFCI
VILSOCI
ETYI
NZAMBI
A
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
eexampl
esofCi
vi
lSoci
etyOr
gani
zat
ionsar
e:

I
nter
nat
ional
organi
zat
ions
 I
nterAf
ri
canNet
wor
kforHumanRi
ght
sandDev
elopment(
AFRONET)
 TheMedi
aInst
it
uteofSot
her
nAf
ri
ca(
MISA)
 Tr
anspar
entI
nter
nat
ional
Zambi
a(TI
Z)
 WomenI
nLawandDev
elopmenti
nAf
ri
ca(
WILDAF)
 WomenI
nlawI
nSout
her
nAf
ri
ca(
WILSA)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page77
Theseor
gani
zat
ionsar
eref
err
edt
oasachapt
er.
Achapt
eri
sabr
anchofani
nter
nat
ional
Civ
ilSoci
etyOr
gani
zat
ion
Pr
essur
egr
oups
Thesear
eor
gani
zat
ionsf
ormedt
oinf
luencegov
ernmentpol
i
cyanddeci
sionsona
par
ti
cul
arsubj
ect
.Theyar soknownasI
eal nter
estgr
oups
 Ci
ti
zensFor
um
 Oasi
sFor
um
 TheCommi
tt
eef
orCl
eanCampai
gn[
CCC]
 TheZambi
aConsumerAssoci
ati
on[
ZCA]

Ci
vi
cor
gani
zat
ions
Ar
econcer
nedwi
thi
ssuesofCi
vi
cEducat
ion,
HumanRi
ght
sandGoodGov
ernance
 Ant
i-Vot
erApat
hyPr
ogr
amme(
AVAP)
 Foundat
ionf
orDemocr
ati
cPr
ocess(
FODEP)
 Non-
Gov
ernment
alOr
gani
zat
ionscoor
dinat
ingCommi
tt
ee(
NGOCC)
 Oper
ati
ony
oungv
ote(
OYV)
 TheNat
ional
Mov
ementagai
nstcor
rupt
ion(
NAMAAC)
 Zambi
aCi
vi
cEducat
ionOr
gani
zat
ion(
ZCEA)

Women’
sgr
oups
Thesear
econcer
nedwi
thpr
omot
ingandpr
otect
ingwomen’
sri
ght
s
 For
um f
orWomenEducat
ional
i
stsofZambi
a(FAWEZA)
 Nat
ional
Women’
sLobbyGr
oup.(
NWLG)
 WomenForChange[
WC]
 Womeni
nDev
elopment
 YoungMen’
sChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on(
YMCA)
 YoungWomenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on(
YWCA)
 Zambi
aAl
l
ianceofWomen(
ZAW)

Pr
ofessi
onal
associ
ati
ons
Thesear
efor
medbypeopl
einpar
ti
cul
arpr
ofessi
onst
opr
omot
eandpr
otectt
hei
r

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page78
i
nter
est
s
 Pr
essAssoci
ati
onofZambi
a(PAZA)
 TheLawAssoci
ati
onofZambi
a(LAZ)
 Womeni
nLawandDev
elopmenti
nAf
ri
ca(
WILDAF)
 Zambi
aIndependentMedi
aAssoci
ati
on(
ZIMA)

I
ndust
ri
alor
gani
zat
ions
Thesear
epr
imar
il
yfor
medbypeopl
eint
hesamei
ndust
ryt
osaf
eguar
dint
erest
s
 LabourMov
ement(
TradeUni
on)
 Zambi
aAssoci
ati
onofManuf
act
urer
s(ZAM)
 Zambi
aChamberofCommer
ceandI
ndust
ry(
ZAAC)
 Zambi
aCr
ossBoar
derTr
ader
sAssoci
ati
on(
ZCBBTA)
 Zambi
aFeder
ati
onf
orWomenI
nBusi
ness(
ZFWB)
 Zambi
aNat
ional
Far
mer
sUni
on(
ZNFU)

Rel
i
giousor
gani
zat
ions
 Car
it
asZambi
a,f
ormer
ly t
heCat
hol
i
cCommi
ssi
on f
orPeace,Just
iceand
Dev
elopment
 Counci
lofChur
chesi
nZambi
a(CCZ)
 I
slami
cAssoci
ati
onOfZambi
a(I
AZ)
 YoungMenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on(
YMCA)
 YoungMenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on(
YWCA)
 Zambi
aEv
angel
i
calFel
l
owshi
p(ZEF)

ROLESOFTHECI
VILSOCI
ETY
 Actasagent
sofdemocr
ati
cchangeorexampl
ebyadv
ocat
ingf
orconst
it
uti
onal
r
efor
m,genderequal
i
tyandf
reeandf
airel
ect
ions.
 Actaschannel
sthr
oughwhi
chi
ndi
vi
dual
scanpar
ti
cipat
ebot
hingov
ernment
andcommuni
tydeci
sionmaki
ngpr
ocess
 ActasLi
nkbet
weent
hecommuni
tyandt
hegov
ernment
.Ci
vi
lsoci
eti
esof
ten
t
ransmi
tpubl
i
copi
niononv
ari
ousi
ssuest
othegov
ernment
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page79
  Car
ryoutCi
vi
ceducat
ion act
ivi
ti
est
o pr
omot
epubl
i
cawar
enesson i
ssues
af
fect
ingsoci
etysuchasHI
V/AI
DS,
HumanRi
ght
sabusesandpov
ert
y
 Debat
ebi
l
lsandi
nfl
uenceamendment
sordeci
sionsoft
hel
egi
slat
ure.
 Def
endandpr
omot
eHumanRi
ght
sandr
uleofl
aw:Rul
eofl
awmeansev
ery
one
mustacti
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
aw.
 Def
end t
he i
deal
s ofDemocr
acybychecki
ng t
he gr
owt
h ofundemocr
ati
c
t
endenci
esi
nthepol
i
ciesofgov
ernment
.
 Ensur
ethatt
hegov
ernmentandot
herpeopl
einaut
hor
it
yar
eaccount
abl
etot
he
publ
i
c
 I
nfl
uencePubl
i
copi
nion:Ci
vi
lsoci
etyor
gani
zat
ionsusest
rat
egyofadv
ocacyt
o
i
nfl
uencepubl
i
copi
nioni
nfav
ourofspeci
fi
cobj
ect
ives.
 Publ
i
cizeandar
ti
cul
atet
heDemandsoft
hei
rmember
s.Fori
nst
ancet
heNat
ional
women’
sLobbygr
oupdemandsf
orami
nimum of30%f
emal
erepr
esent
ati
oni
n
par
li
amentandal
lot
herl
eader
shi
pandmanager
ial
posi
ti
ons.

REQUI
REMENTFORTHEESTABLI
SHMENTOFACI
VILSOCI
ETY
 Agov
ernmentwhi
chr
espect
sandaccept
sthev
iewsofopponent
sand mi
nor
it
y
gr
oups
 A pr
o-act
ive popul
ati
on wi
l
li
ng t
o par
ti
cipat
ein communi
ty and nat
ional
act
ivi
ti
es
 Ci
ti
zenswhoacceptopposi
ngv
iewsi
nademocr
ati
csoci
ety
,andt
heneedf
or
negot
iat
ionandcompr
omi
sewi
thi
nthef
ramewor
koft
hel
awsoft
henat
ion
 Fav
our
abl
elawswhi
chper
mitandr
espectt
hef
reedom ofexpr
essi
on
 Theexi
stenceofa speci
fi
cpr
obl
em encour
agesi
ndi
vi
dual
stof
orm a ci
vi
l
Soci
etyor
gani
zat
iont
oaddr
esst
hepar
ti
cul
ari
ssue.
 Wher
eist
her
eisapat
hy,
civ
ilSoci
etyor
gani
zat
ionsmaynotf
lour
ish

CI
TIZENPARTI
CIPATI
ONI
NGOVERNANCE
Thi
sref
erst
othel
evel
ofi
nvol
vementofpeopl
eint
hedeci
sionsmaki
ngpr
ocess.

FORMSOFCI
TIZENPARTI
CIPATI
ON

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page80
Pol
i
tical
act
ivi
ti
es
 At
tendi
ngapol
i
tical
par
tymeet
ing
 Cast
ingav
otei
nanel
ect
ion
 Cont
act
ingacounsel
ororaMemberofPar
li
amentt
orai
seani
ssues
 Joi
ningandcampai
gni
ngf
orpol
i
tical
apar
tyofone’
schoi
ce
 St
andi
ngf
orapol
i
tical
off
icei
nanel
ect
ion
 Wr
it
ingnewspaperar
ti
clest
ocommentongov
ernmentpol
i
cies.

Ci
vi
lsoci
etyor
gani
zat
ions
 At
tendi
ngsemi
nar
s
 Joi
ningaci
vi
lSoci
etyor
gani
zat
ion
 Readi
ngpost
ersandbr
ochur
es
 Taki
ngpar
tinl
egal
demonst
rat
ion

Communi
tyact
ivi
ti
es
 At
tendi
ngacommuni
tymeet
ingt
odi
scusscommuni
tyaf
fai
rs
 At
tendi
ngaPar
ent
sTeacher
sAssoci
ati
on[
PTA]meet
ingatal
ocal
school
 Maudl
i
ngbr
icksf
oracommuni
tyschool
 Si
gni
ngapet
it
ionwi
thot
herpeopl
etoexpr
essdi
ssat
isf
act
ionwi
thadeci
sion
madebyal
ocal
counci
loraschool
admi
nist
rat
ion

WOMENPARTI
CIPATI
ONI
NGOVERNANCE
Womenhav
ebeenexcl
udedf
rom ef
fect
ivepar
ti
cipat
ioni
ngov
ernance,pol
i
ticaland
Leader
shi
pmaki
ngsi
ncei
ndependence.Al
thought
her
ehasbeenamodesti
ncr
ease
si
nce1992,t
heper
cent
ageofwomenpar
li
ament
ari
ansi
nZambi
ast
il
lfal
l
sbel
ow30%
whi
chi
sthemi
nimum r
ecommendedbySADCandNat
ional
Women’
sLobbyGr
oup

Year of El
ect
ion Mal
e Femal
e Tot
alel
ect
ed
Hel
d Par
li
ament
ari
ans Par
li
ament
ari
ans Par
li
ament
ari
ans
1968 104 1 105
1973 120 5 125

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page81
1983 122 3 125
1988 119 6 125
1991 144 6 150
1996 135 15 150
2001 137 13 15

OBSTACLESOFFEMALEPARTI
CIPATI
ONI
NGOVERNANCE
Cul
tur
alAspect
s:
 Thecul
tur
alsetupi
nZambi
ansoci
etyencour
ageswoment
obesubor
dinat
e
andsubmi
ssi
vet
omen.Hencemostpeopl
ebel
i
evet
hatwomencannotmake
goodl
eader
s.
Mal
eEconomi
cDomi
nance:
El
ect
ion campai
gnsar
eusual
l
ydomi
nat
ed bymal
ecandi
dat
escampai
gni
ng
agai
nstf
emal
eswhoar
eusual
l
yunabl
etor
aiseenoughmoneyf
ort
hecampai
gn.
LackofSol
i
dar
it
yamongwomen:
 Femal
evot
erst
endnott
osuppor
tfemal
ecandi
dat
es.Ther
eisusual
l
yar
if
t
bet
weenhi
ghl
yeducat
edandl
esseducat
edwomen.
 womenal
sot
endt
ohav
eli
tt
leconf
idencei
nthei
rfel
l
owwomen
Pol
i
tical
discr
imi
nat
ion:
Pol
i
ticalpar
tycommi
tt
eesr
esponsi
blef
oradopt
ing aspi
ri
ng candi
dat
esar
e
mal
edomi
nat
edandt
endt
odi
scr
imi
nat
eagai
nstwomen

NEEDFORCI
TIZENPARTI
CIPATI
ON
Ci
ti
zenpar
ti
cipat
ioni
sakeyf
act
ori
ndemocr
acy
.
Lackofci
ti
zenpar
ti
cipat
ion
 Ci
ti
zensmayr
emai
nignor
antofgov
ernmentpol
i
ciesandi
ntent
ions.
 Gov
ernmentl
eader
smaynotbehel
daccount
abl
e
 Gov
ernmentl
eader
s woul
d be el
ect
ed by a mi
nor
it
y ofci
ti
zens who ar
e
pol
i
tical
l
yact
ivet
ogov
ernov
ert
hei
nact
ivemaj
ori
ty.
 Poorgov
ernmentpol
i
ciesmaygounchecked
 Sel
fi
shl
eader
smayf
indi
teasyt
ocor
ruptt
hef
ewpol
i
tical
l
yact
iveci
ti
zensand

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page82
 wi
nel
ect
ions.
Themedi
a
TheMedi
acomesf
rom t
hewor
dmedi
um meani
nggobet
ween.
Mass Medi
aref
erst
otechni
caldev
ices t
hatmake i
tpossi
blet
o di
ssemi
nat
e
i
nfor
mat
iont
oal
argenumberofpeopl
e
TYPESOFNEWSMEDI
A

Pr
intMedi
a
 I
tist
het
ypeofmedi
athatr
eli
esonpr
int
edpapert
odi
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
ion.I
t
i
sal
sor
efer
redt
oasPr
ess.Pr
intmedi
aconsi
stofper
iodi
call
i
ter
atur
eanddai
l
y
newspaper
s.
 I
tal
soi
ncl
udesNot
iceboar
ds,
post
ersandbr
ochur
es.
Exampl
eofPr
intMedi
a
 Chal
l
engeMagazi
ne
 Moni
tor
 PostNewspaper
 SpeakoutMagaz
ine
 Sundayt
imesofZambi
a
 Ti
mesofZambi
a
 Zambi
aDai
l
yMai
l

El
ect
roni
cMedi
a
I
tisat
ypeofmedi
athatusesel
ect
ri
cmet
hodst
odi
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
ion.
Exampl
es:
 I
nter
net
 Radi
oChr
ist
ianVoi
ce
 Radi
oMano
 Radi
oPhoeni
x
 Zambi
aNat
ional
Broadcast
ingCooper
ati
on
TheMedi
acanal
sobecl
assi
fi
edaccor
dingt
oowner
shi
p.
 Publ
i
cMedi
a:i
stoal
argeext
entownedandcont
rol
l
edbyt
hest
ate

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page83
  Pr
ivat
eMedi
a:i
sowned bypr
ivat
ecompani
esand i
nst
it
uti
onssuchast
he
chur
ch.
Newsagenci
es
 Thesear
emedi
ainst
it
uti
onswhi
chcol
l
ectandsuppl
yinf
ormat
iont
omedi
a
i
nst
it
uti
ons.
Exampl
es:
 Reut
ers
 Zambi
aNewAgency
 Zambi
aNewsandi
nfor
mat
ionser
vice

THEROLEOFTHEMEDI
AINGOODGOVERNANCE
Toi
nfor
m andeducat
e:
Ci
ti
zenscannotf
ull
ypar
ti
cipat
eingov
ernanceunl
esst
heyar
ewel
linf
ormed.
Hence,t
hemedi
aist
her
etoi
nfor
m andeducat
easwel
lasf
ormi
ngpubl
i
c
opi
nion.
Toactaswat
chdog:
I
tpl
ayst
her
oleoft
hewat
chdogandj
eal
ousguar
dianoft
her
ight
sofci
ti
zensby
hol
dingpubl
i
cof
fi
cial
saccount
abl
efort
hei
ract
ions.
Themedi
ashoul
dnotonl
ypubl
i
cizet
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
her
uli
ngpar
tybuti
tshoul
d
al
soi
nvest
igat
eandexposet
hemal
pract
icesoft
hegov
ernmentandot
herpubl
i
c
of
fi
cial
s.
Topr
omot
epubl
i
cDebat
e
TheMedi
apr
ovi
desaf
orum f
orexpr
essi
onofv
iewsandopi
nionsofbot
hthe
gov
ernmentandt
hepeopl
eonmat
ter
sofpubl
i
cint
erest
.
Tosett
heAgenda:
TheMedi
adeci
desonbehal
foft
hepubl
i
cwhati
snewsandwhati
snot
.

SHORTCOMI
NGSORLI
MITATI
ONSOFTHEMEDI
A
Owner
shi
pandcont
rol
:
Thosewhoownandcont
rolt
hemedi
atendt
ouset
hem t
oser
vet
hei
rown
i
nter
estt
otheexcl
usi
onofopposi
ngv
iews.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page84
 Accessi
bil
i
ty:
Publ
i
caccesst
othemedi
aisr
est
ri
ctedbyv
ari
ousf
act
orsandt
hedi
scr
imi
nat
ory
pol
i
ciesofsomeoft
hemedi
aor
gani
zat
ionswhi
chdel
i
ber
atel
ydenypubl
i
cit
yto
peopl
ehol
dingv
iewscont
rar
ytot
hei
rown.
Peopl
ewi
thdi
sabi
l
iti
es
Themedi
adoesnotf
ull
ycat
erf
ort
hebl
i
ndanddeafast
her
eisnonewsi
nbr
ail
l
e.
Costofadv
ert
isi
ng
I
tisv
erycost
lyt
oadv
ert
isei
nthemedi
athemaj
ori
tyofpeopl
ear
epoorand
cannotaf
for
dtomar
kett
hei
rpr
oduct
s.

FREEDOM OFTHEMEDI
A
Thi
sisessent
ialf
ort
hemedi
ainst
it
uti
onst
oser
vet
hepubl
i
cwi
thouti
nter
fer
encef
rom
anyquot
a.Fr
eedom oft
hemedi
aent
ail
s:
Fr
eedom ofowner
shi
p
I
tmeanst
hatev
eryci
ti
zeni
sfr
eet
o st
artorownamedi
ainst
it
uti
onsuchasa
newspaper
,magazi
neorbr
oadcast
ingst
ati
on.
Fr
eedom ofaccessandpubl
i
cat
ion
I
tmeans t
hatmedi
a pr
act
it
ioner
s ar
efr
ee t
o gat
herand publ
i
sh orbr
oadcast
i
nfor
mat
ion
Ri
ghtoft
hepubl
i
ctobei
nfor
med
I
tmeanst
hatt
hepubl
i
cenj
oyt
her
ightt
orecei
vef
air
,ful
landobj
ect
ivei
nfor
mat
ion.
Pr
otect
ionofmedi
apr
act
it
ioner
sfr
om unduer
est
ri
cti
ons
Fav
orabl
elawsar
eenact
edt
opr
otectmedi
apr
act
it
ioner
sforunduer
est
ri
cti
onssuch
as pr
ohi
bit
ive l
i
censi
ng r
equi
rement
s, di
scr
imi
nat
ory t
axat
ion and censor
shi
p
r
egul
ati
ons.
Pr
ofessi
onal
andr
esponsi
blej
our
nal
i
sm
I
tmeans t
hatf
reedom oft
he medi
a demands f
orpr
ofessi
onaland r
esponsi
ble
j
our
nal
i
sm.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page85
SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.
Def
ineci
vi
lSoci
ety
.

2.
Classi
fyci
vi
lsoci
etyi
nZambi
aaccor
dingt
othei
rfunct
ions.

3.
Anal
ysest
her
olesofsoci
etyi
ngov
ernancei
ssues

4.
Expl
aint
hecondi
ti
onsnecessar
yfort
heest
abl
i
shmentofci
vi
lsoci
etyor
gani
sat
ions.

5.
Discusst
hei
mpor
tanceofci
ti
zenpar
ti
cipat
ioni
ngov
ernance.

6.
Eval
uat
etheneedf
orci
ti
zenpar
ti
cipat
ioni
ngov
ernance.

7.
Ident
if
ydi
ff
erentt
ypesofmedi
a.

8.
Anal
yzet
hel
i
mit
ati
onst
omedi
acov
erage.

9.
Discusst
hei
mpor
tanceofaccesst
othemedi
aingov
ernance.

10.
Expl
aint
hei
mpor
tanceoft
hei
ndependenceoft
hemedi
aingov
ernance.

ECONOMI
CANDSOCI
ALDEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT
Thi
sist
hepr
ocessofi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hequal
i
tyofhumanl
i
fe.I
tal
someanst
hechange
f
rom t
heol
dtosomet
hingcompl
etel
yneworar
epl
acementoft
heol
dbyt
henew.
 Bui
l
dinganewschool
 Const
ruct
ingabr
idge
 Openi
nganewmi
ne
Dev
elopmental
someanst
her
eisani
mpr
ovementi
nthepr
ovi
sionsofbasi
cneeds.

Economi
cDev
elopment
Economi
cDev
elopmentmeansi
ncr
easei
nacount
ry’
stechnol
ogi
es,st
andar
dofl
i
ving
andal
soi
ncr
easei
npr
oduct
ivecapaci
tysuchast
her
ealNat
ionali
ncomeorGr
oss
Domest
icPr
oduct(
GDP)ov
eraPer
iodofy
ear
s.

HOW ACOUNTRYCANACHI
EVEECONOMI
CDEVELOPMENT
 Expansi
onofagr
icul
tur
e
 Pr
oduci
ngsur
pluspr
oduct
sforexpor
t

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page86
  Expansi
onofmanuf
act
uri
ng
 I
ndust
ryt
opr
ocessv
ari
ouspr
oduct
swi
thi
nthecount
ry
 I
mpr
ovementoft
echnol
ogi
essuchasef
fi
cientt
ool
sandmachi
nes
 Resear
chonnewt
echnol
ogi
es
 I
mpr
ovedski
l
lsl
eadi
ngt
oincr
easedpr
oduct
ionofgoodsandser
vices

Pr
oduct
ivecapaci
ty:
meanst
heabi
l
ityt
opr
oducemor
egoods.
RealNat
ionali
ncomeorGDP:Thi
sist
het
otalv
alueofal
lgoodsandser
vicespr
oduced
i
nthecount
rywi
thi
nthespeci
fi
cper
iodofoney
ear
.

Soci
alDev
elopment
Thi
sref
erst
othei
mpr
ovementi
nthest
andar
dofl
i
vingoft
hepeopl
e.
Soci
aldev
elopmentcov
ersal
otoft
hingsandt
hef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeexampl
es:
 HumanRi
ght
s
 Goodgov
ernance
 Accesst
oeducat
ionandheal
thcar
e
 Ensur
ingt
hatani
ndi
vi
dualhasoppor
tuni
ti
esandchoi
cest
oful
fi
llhi
sorher
pot
ent
ial
.

LackofSoci
alDev
elopmentl
eadst
oPov
ert
y.
Pov
ert
y
Pov
ert
yisacondi
ti
onofbei
ngpoor
.Apoorper
soni
sonewhohasnosuf
fi
cientmoney
ofr
esour
cest
oaf
for
dthebasi
cneedssuchsf
ood,cl
eanandsaf
edr
inki
ngwat
er,
cl
othesandhousi
ng.Pov
ert
yist
hebi
ggestobst
acl
etohumansecur
it
y.Ther
efor
ethe
bi
ggestchal
l
enget
osoci
aldev
elopmenti
sthef
ightt
ocont
ain.

Basi
cHumanNeeds
Thesear
ethi
ngst
hataper
soncannotdowi
thout
.
Thesecanbedi
vi
dedi
ntoGoodsandSer
vices.
Goodsar
etangi
bleorphy
sical
itemst
hatcanbeseen.
Boat
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page87
Fur
nit
ure
Cl
othes
Mot
orv
ehi
cle
Radi
o
Ser
vicesar
enotphy
sicalbutar
eact
ivi
ti
esorbenef
it
sof
fer
edt
hatgi
vesat
isf
act
iont
o
consumer
s.Ent
ert
ainmentbymusi
cians
Educat
ion
Heal
thser
vices
Want
s
Thesear
ethi
ngst
hatonecandowi
thout
.Theyar
enotr
eal
l
yessent
ialf
orpr
oper
f
unct
ionoft
hebodysuchasal
cohol
,fur
nit
ureandmot
orv
ehi
cles.

FACTORSOFPRODUCTI
ON
Thesear
ethi
ngst
hatar
enecessar
yforpr
oduct
iont
otakepl
ace.
Pr
oduct
ionr
efer
stoanyact
ivi
tyt
hathel
pst
osat
isf
ywant
s.

LAND
Landcompr
isest
hoser
esour
cesmadeav
ail
abl
ebynat
ureorsi
mpl
ynat
uralr
esour
ces
suchas:
 Agr
icul
tur
alar
eas
 Nat
ural
grassl
ands,
woodl
andsandf
orest
s
 Deser
ts
 Oceansl
akes,
seasandr
iver
s
 Chemi
cal
soft
heear
th’
scr
ustandt
heat
mospher
e

LABOUR
 These ar
e human ef
for
ts ei
therphy
sicalorment
al,whi
ch di
rect
ed att
he
pr
oduct
ionofgoodsandser
vicesi
nyourr
out
inewor
k.Labouri
snotonl
yaf
act
or
ofpr
oduct
ionbutal
sot
her
easonwhyeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esar
ecar
ri
edout
.
 I
tist
hepr
oduct
sofl
abourt
hatar
eboughtandsol
dandnotl
abouri
tsel
f.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page88
 TYPESOFLABOUR
 Ski
l
ledLabour
:Thi
sisl
abourt
hatr
equi
respr
ofessi
onalt
rai
ning,l
i
kedoct
ors,
l
awy
erst
eacher
saccount
ant
s,et
c.
 Semi
-Ski
l
ledLabour
:Thi
sisl
abourt
hatr
equi
rest
rai
ningf
orashor
tper
iodoft
ime
f
orex
ampl
esi
xweeksoranyper
iodl
esst
hanoney
ear
.
 Unski
l
ledLabour
:Thi
sisl
abour
thatr
equi
resl
i
ttl
etr
aini
ngorno t
rai
ningf
or
exampl
efar
mlabor
ers,
cleaner
sandgar
denboy
s.

EFFI
CIENCYOFLABOUR
Thi
sref
erst
othemaxi
mum andef
fect
iveuseofl
abourwi
thoutwast
e.
Pr
oduct
ivi
tyout
putofawor
kerperuni
toft
ime

FACTORSAFFECTI
NGTHEOFEFFI
CIENCY
 Educat
ionandt
rai
ning:A per
sonwhoi
seducat
edandhassoundt
echni
cal
t
rai
ningwoul
dbemor
eef
fect
ivet
hanonewhol
acksknowl
edge.
Wor
kingcondi
ti
ons:Theef
fi
ciencyofl
abouri
sinf
luencedbygoodwor
kingcondi
ti
ons
andaf
avor
abl
ewor
kingenv
ironmentf
orexampl
e,al
i
vingwage,goodsani
tat
ionand
wel
lvent
il
atedwor
kpl
ace.
Wel
far
eSer
vices:Wel
far
eser
vicesar
epr
ovi
dedt
oawor
kersuchasmedi
calcar
e,
t
ranspor
t,andhousi
ng.
Mot
ivat
ion:Thi
sinv
olv
esv
ari
ousi
ncent
ivessuchasmonet
aryr
ewar
d,asameansof
st
imul
ati
ng

CAPI
TAL
 Capi
tali
shumanmader
esour
ce.I
tref
erst
othephy
sicalasset
scr
eat
edi
nthe
pastandi
sav
ail
abl
eforpr
esentuse.
 I
tincl
udesmachi
nesandi
ndust
ri
albui
l
dingst
hatcont
ri
but
etopr
oduct
ion.
TYPESOFCAPI
TAL
 Wor
kingCapi
tal
:Thi
sismoneyabusi
nessmusthav
einor
dert
omeeti
tsdayt
o
day expenses such as pay
ing f
or r
aw mat
eri
als,el
ect
ri
cit
y/wat
er bi
l
ls,
wor
ker
sal
ari
es.I
tal
soi
ncl
udesmoneyowedt
othebusi
nessbydebt
ors.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page89
  Fi
xedCapi
tal
:Thi
sref
erst
ophy
sicalasset
ssuchasl
and,t
ranspor
t,bui
l
dings,
machi
ner
yandequi
pment
.Ital
sor
efer
stomoneyusedt
ost
artabusi
ness.

Ent
repr
eneur
shi
p
 Thi
sisanabi
l
itysomepeopl
ehav
etoacceptr
isksandcombi
nef
act
orsof
pr
oduct
ioni
nor
dert
opr
oducegoodsandser
vices
 AnEnt
repr
eneuri
ssi
mpl
eaper
sonwhost
art
sabusi
ness.I
nor
derf
orl
and,
l
abourandt
hecapi
talt
opr
oduceany
thi
ng,t
her
emustbeaper
sonwhoshoul
d
or
gani
zet
hesef
act
orssot
hatpr
oduct
ioncant
akepl
ace.

CAPI
TALACCUMULATI
ON
Capi
talaccumul
ati
onmeansi
ncr
easi
ngt
hepr
oduct
ionofcapi
talgoodsi
naddi
ti
ont
o
whatt
hecount
ryal
readyhas,economi
cdev
elopmentl
argel
ydependsont
her
ateof
capi
tal
accumul
ati
on.

FACTORSTHATAFFECTCAPI
TALACCUMULATI
ON
 Lowi
ncomes:
Peopl
ewhohav
eli
tt
lemoneyornot
hingt
osav
e.
 Consumpt
ionHabi
ts:Peopl
eeatexpensi
vef
ood,t
akeexpensi
vef
orei
gndr
inks
l
i
kebr
andyandbuyexpensi
vecar
s.Thi
smaket
hem sav
eli
tt
leornot
hing
 Ext
endedf
ami
l
ysy
stem:Somepeopl
emai
ntai
nlar
geFami
l
iesandf
indi
tdi
ff
icul
t
t
osav
emoney
.Aper
soncankeepmanyr
elat
ivesi
naddi
ti
ont
ohi
sorherf
ami
l
y.
 Nof
utur
epl
ans:Peopl
espendmor
etof
ulf
il
lthei
r[pr
esentneeds,henceendup
bei
ngext
rav
agant
.
 Lackofknowl
edget
osav
efori
nvest
ment
:Mostpeopl
edonothav
ethei
deaof
sav
ingf
ori
nvest
ment
.
 Soci
alst
atus:Somepeopl
eespeci
all
ythosei
nthehi
ghgr
oupt
endt
ospendal
ot
ofmoneyonexpensi
vegoodscar
sandcl
othesi
nor
dert
omai
ntai
nthei
rst
atus
i
nsoci
ety
.
 Lar
gequant
it
iesofi
mpor
tedf
ini
shedpr
oduct
s:Mostoft
hei
mpor
tedpr
oduct
s
ar
equi
etexpensi
vehenceal
otofmoneyi
sspentt
oimpor
tfi
nishedgoodsi
nto

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page90
 t
hecount
ryi
nst
eadofhav
ingt
hem pr
oducedl
ocal
l
y.
 Pov
ert
yiti
ssi
tuat
ionwher
epeopl
elackbasi
cneedsandcannotent
eri
nto
busi
nessv
ent
ure

BANKI
NG
Banki
ngi
sanactofsav
ingmoneyi
naf
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
oncal
l
edabank.Banki
nghel
ps
i
nfi
nanci
ngoft
radeact
ivi
ti
esort
ransf
eroff
undsf
rom oneper
sont
oanot
herorone
i
nst
it
uti
ont
oanot
her
.

TYPESOFBANKS
Cent
ral
Bank
Thi
sist
hepr
inci
palf
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
oni
nthecount
ryandact
sasar
egul
atoroft
he
banki
ngsy
stem.I
tdoesnotdealdi
rect
lywi
tht
hepubl
i
cbutr
atherpr
ovi
desser
vicest
o
t
hecommer
cialBanksandt
hegov
ernment
.InZambi
a,t
heCent
ralBanki
scal
l
edt
he
BankofZambi
a(BOZ)andi
tisownedbyt
heZambi
angov
ernment
.

FUNCTI
ONSOFTHECENTRALBANK
 Keepi
ngmoneyf
orcommer
cialBanks.I
tpr
ovi
desal
loft
hebanki
ngser
vicest
o
t
hebanki
ngsect
or.
 Keepi
ngGov
ernmentr
evenues:I
tpay
smoneyonbehal
foft
hegov
ernmentand
car
ri
esoutf
orei
gnt
ransact
ion.I
twor
kscl
osel
ywi
tht
heMi
nist
ryofFi
nanceAnd
Nat
ional
Planni
ngandgi
vesi
tadv
iceonf
inanci
almat
ter
s.
 I
ssui
ngBanknot
esandcoi
ns:I
tal
sowi
thdr
awsMut
il
atednot
esf
rom ci
rcul
ati
on
t
hroughcommer
cial
Banks
 Cl
ear
ingchequesandt
ransf
err
ingofmoneyt
ocommer
cial
Banks
 Keepi
ngf
orei
gncur
renci
esandsel
l
ingt
hem t
ocommer
cial
Banksandbur
eaus.
 Lendi
ngmoneyt
ocommer
cial
banks.
 Ser
vici
ngt
henat
ionaldebt
.Thegov
ernmentusest
hecent
ralbankt
opayi
ts
nat
ional
andi
nter
nat
ional
debt
.
 I
tal
sof
ixest
hemi
nimum andmaxi
mum amountaper
soncandeposi
tand
wi
thdr
aw r
espect
ivel
y.Thi
sisi
n or
dert
o cont
rolt
he amountofmoneyi
n

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page91
 ci
rcul
ati
oni
nor
dert
oav
oidi
nfl
ati
onanddef
lat
ion.
 Conduct
ingor
dinar
ybanki
ngbusi
nesssuchascashi
nggov
ernmentchequesand
t
reasur
ybi
l
ls.

COMMERCI
ALBANKS
Commer
cialbanksar
efi
nanci
ali
nst
it
uti
onsl
i
censedt
opr
ovi
debanki
ngser
vicest
othe
publ
i
c.

BASI
CFUNCTI
ONSOFTHECOMMERCI
ALBANKS
 Col
l
ect
ssur
plusf
undsf
rom t
hegener
alpubl
i
c
 Tr
ansf
erf
undsf
rom oneper
sont
oanot
herbymeansofachequeorcr
edi
tcar
d.
 Lendsur
plusf
undsatani
nter
estt
othecust
omer
sandot
herent
erpr
ises.
 Pr
ovi
demoneyt
ransf
erser
vices.
 Faci
l
itat
epay
mentofgoodsandser
vices.
 Of
feradv
iceonbusi
nessmat
ter
ssuchasi
nvest
mentoppor
tuni
ti
es,
etc.
 Lookaf
terv
aluabl
essuchasj
ewel
ry,
wil
l
s,t
it
ledeeds,
etc.

TYPESOFACCOUNTSOFFEREDBYCOMMERCI
ALBANKS

Cur
rentaccount
s:Thesear
edeposi
tswhi
char
ewi
thdr
awnondemandandar
e
subj
ectt
otr
ansf
erbycheque.SuchDeposi
tsdonotear
nint
erestandbankscan
makeachangef
orhandl
i
ngt
hechequesdr
awnont
heaccount
s.Hol
der
sar
e
al
soent
it
ledt
oanov
erdr
aft
.
Deposi
tAccount
:
Thesear
edeposi
tswhi
chear
nint
erestbutwhi
chcannotbet
ransf
err
edby
cheque orwi
thdr
awn on demand.Theyi
ncl
ude t
ime deposi
ts and sav
ings
account
s.
Lar
geFi
xedTer
m Deposi
ts:
Thesear
edeposi
tswhi
chi
nvol
vel
argesumsofmoneyanddoesnotal
l
owhol
der
t
owi
thdr
awmoneyondemandbutaf
tersomet
ime.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page92
 OTHERFI
NANCI
ALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS
Ther
oleoft
hesei
nst
it
uti
onsi
stocol
l
ectsav
ingsf
rom member
soft
hepubl
i
c
andchannel
them t
oindust
ryandt
hegov
ernment
.InZambi
a,t
hesei
ncl
ude;
Nat
ional
Sav
ingsandCr
edi
tBank
TheNat
ionalSav
ingsandCr
edi
tBankal
sopr
ovi
desav
ingsaccount
sandbasi
c
banki
ngser
vicespar
ti
cul
arl
ytol
owi
ncomegr
oupsi
nbot
hur
banandr
ural
areas.
Dev
elopmentbankofZambi
a(DBZ)
Thi
swasest
abl
i
shedbyt
hegov
ernmentt
oof
ferl
ongt
ermf
inancef
orr
isky
busi
nessesorv
ent
ureswher
e ot
herbanksar
erel
uct
antt
o oper
atei
n,e.
g.
agr
icul
tur
eandi
ndust
ri
alsect
ors.
Zambi
aNat
ional
Bui
l
dingSoci
ety(
ZNBS)
Thi
spr
ovi
desl
ongt
erml
oanst
hatenabl
epeopl
etobui
l
dorpur
chasehouses.I
t
al
sopr
ovi
dessav
ingsaccount
s.
LusakaSt
ockExchange(
LuSE)
St
ockExchangei
sahi
ghl
yor
gani
zedmar
ketwher
eshar
esandst
ocksar
eboughtand
Sol
d.

Funct
ionsofLuSE
 Pr
ovi
demar
ketf
orsecondhandshar
es.
 Hel
pcompani
esorbusi
nessest
orai
senewcapi
tal
.
 Encour
agesi
nvest
menti
nsecur
it
ies.
 Enabl
esf
lowofcapi
tal
forpr
oduct
ivei
ndust
ry.
 Regul
atespr
icesofshar
esont
hemar
ket
.

I
NSURANCE

I
nsur
ancei
sasy
stem ofpr
otect
ionagai
nstal
lki
ndsofr
isk.Peopl
ebuyi
nsur
ance
pol
i
ciest
opr
otectt
hemsel
vesagai
nstt
hel
ossofsomet
hingwhi
chi
sver
yval
uabl
eto
t
hem,
suchasacar
,ahouse,
afar
m andaf
act
ory
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page93
  I
nsur
erorunder
wri
teri
sthei
nsur
ancecompany
.
 I
nsur
eist
heper
sont
aki
ngouti
nsur
ance.
 I
nsur
ancepol
i
cyi
sCont
ractsi
gned bet
weent
hei
nsur
ancecompanyand a
per
soni
nsur
ed.
 Pr
emi
umsar
enor
mal
l
ypai
dmont
hly
,quar
ter
lyandannual
l
y.I
nret
urnf
ort
he
pay
mentofapr
emi
um ani
nsur
erorunder
wri
teragr
eest
ocompensat
ethe
i
nsur
edi
ntheev
entofhi
sorhersuf
fer
ingaspeci
fi
edl
oss,

WORKCULTURE
Thi
sist
heat
ti
tudeandv
aluesofpeopl
etowar
dswor
k.Wor
kcul
tur
ecanei
therbe
posi
ti
veornegat
ive.

FORMSOFWORKCULTURE
NEGATI
VEWORKCULTURE
Char
act
eri
sti
csofNegat
iveWor
kCul
tur
e
 Aper
sonempl
oyedi
nthef
ormalori
nfor
malsect
ordoesnotwantt
owor
khar
d
butwoul
dli
ket
obepai
dfordoi
ngv
eryl
i
ttl
e.
 Aper
sonspendsmostoft
het
imedoi
ngnot
hingorpl
ayi
ngaboutupt
otheend
oft
heday
’swor
k
 Ani
ndi
vi
dual
cannotwor
kwi
thoutbei
ngsuper
vised.
 Poormanshi
pint
hepr
oduct
ionofgoodsandser
vice.
 Fai
l
uret
oappr
eci
ateoneswor
k.
POSI
TIVEWORKCULTURE
Char
act
eri
sti
csofPosi
ti
veWor
kCul
tur
e
 Wor
kshar
dtoachi
evepr
oduct
ivi
tyt
arget
swi
thi
nagi
vent
ime
 Doesnotwai
tforsuper
visi
on.Oncewor
khasbeenassi
gnedheormakessur
e
t
hatt
hatt
het
aski
scompl
etedi
nti
me.
 Ear
nsal
i
vingt
hroughhar
dwor
kandput
ti
ngmaxi
mum ef
for
ttocompl
eteany
assi
gnedt
ask.
 Usesi
ndi
vi
duali
nit
iat
ivet
odowhati
srequi
redr
athert
hanwai
ttobet
oldev
ery
t
ime.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page94
  Doesn’
thav
enegat
iveat
ti
tudet
owar
dscer
tai
njobssuchasmeni
alwor
k.

THEI
MPORTANCEOFPOSI
TIVECULTURE
 Theat
ti
tudeofpeopl
etowar
dswor
kisv
eryi
mpor
tantbecauset
hesur
viv
aland
dev
elopmentofasoci
etydependsont
hewor
kofi
tsmember
s
 Goodwor
kcul
tur
edet
ermi
nest
hepr
oduct
ivi
tyofwor
ker
s.
 Asoci
etywi
thaposi
ti
vewor
kcul
tur
ehasv
eryhi
ghpr
oduct
ivi
tyandal
otof
goodsandser
vicesar
eav
ail
abl
e.

FORMALANDI
NFORMALSECTOR

 Empl
oymentcanei
therbeFor
mal
orI
nfor
mal
.

 TheFor
malSect
ori
ncl
udesgov
ernment
,publ
i
cent
erpr
ises,pr
ivat
ecompani
es
andcommer
cialf
ar ng.TheI
mi nfor
malSect
ori
smadeupofsubsi
stencef
armer
s
andi
ndi
vi
dual
swhomakeal
i
vingbydoi
ngpr
ivat
ewor
kei
theri
ndi
vi
dual
l
yori
na
gr
oup.

 Thegov
ernmenti
sthebi
ggestempl
oyeri
ntheFor
malsect
or.Howev
er,t
he
numberofpeopl
eempl
oyedasf
ullt
imewor
ker
sisf
arl
esst
hant
hedemandf
or
j
obsbyt
hel
abourmar
ket
.

 ALabourMar
keti
sapl
acewher
eindi
vi
dual
sar
elooki
ngf
orempl
oymentandar
e
r
eadyt
osel
lthei
rlabourf
orawage.

I
MPORTANCEOFI
NFORMALSECTORI
NNATI
ONALDEVELOPMENT

 I
tcont
ri
but
esgr
eat
lyt
oeconomi
cdev
elopmentf
ort
hecount
ry.

 I
tisal
soi
mpor
tantbecausei
ttakesupal
argernumberofpeopl
ecompar
edt
o
f
ormalsect
or.Peopl
ear
eabl
etogener
atei
ncomeont
hei
rownl
i
vel
i
hoodor
sur
viv
al.Asar
esul
t,pov
ert
ylev
elsar
ereducedi
nthecount
ry.

 I
tal
sopr
ovi
dest
rai
ningschemesf
ory
out
hsout
sideschool
sandcol
l
eges.

 I
thasal
sopr
ovi
dedi
nfr
ast
ruct
uresuchasbui
l
dings,
shoppi
ngcent
res,
transpor
t

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page95
 andcommuni
cat
ion.

 Ithasalsopr
omotedaccessi
blecr
edi
tfaci
l
iti
esandi
mpr
ovedpr
oduct
ioni
n
subsist
encefar
ming.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Def
inedev
elopment
.

2.Basi
chumanneedscanbedi
vi
dedi
ntogoodsandser
vices.Def
inest
het
erm
goodandSer
vices.

3.Ment
iont
hechar
act
eri
sti
cofnegat
iveandposi
ti
vewor
kcul
tur
e.

4.Whatar
ethet
wocl
assi
fi
cat
ionofcapi
tal
?

5.Whatar
esomeoft
hef
act
orst
hataf
fectcapi
tal
for
mat
ion?

6.Apar
tfr
om cent
ral
andcommer
cial
banks,
ment
ionot
heri
mpor
tantf
inanci
al
i
nst
it
uti
onswhi
chpl
ayani
mpor
tantr
olei
ndev
elopmentofanycount
ry.

7.Cent
ral
bankat
tract
sdeposi
tfr
om t
hepubl
i
cint
hreemai
nfor
ms.

8.St
atet
het
hreef
orms.Whati
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weenneedsandwant
s?

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page96
I
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS.

Human r
ight
sinst
rument
sref
ert
oinst
it
uti
ons and mechani
sms t
hatar
e used t
o
pr
omot
eandpr
otecthumanr
ight
s,suchast
her
ightt
oli
fe,r
ightt
ovot
e,r
ightt
o
educat
ionet
c.

TYPESOFI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS

TheI
nter
nat
ionalBi
l
lofRi
ght
swhi
chi
smadeupoft
hreemai
nint
ernat
ionalhuman
r
ight
sinst
rument
snamel
y:

 Uni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s.[
UDHR]of1948

 I
nter
nat
ionalCov
enantonCi
vi
landPol
i
ticalRi
ght
s.[I
CCPR]
of1966andi
ts
t
woopt
ional
prot
ocol
s

 I
nter
nat
ionalCov
enantonEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alr
ight
s[I
CESCR]of
1966.

SPECI
ALI
ZEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTSI
NCLUDES

 The I
nter
nat
ionalConv
ent
ion on t
he El
i
minat
ion ofal
lfor
ms ofRaci
al
Di
scr
imi
nat
ion[
ICERD]
of1965.

 TheConv
ent
ionont
heEl
i
minat
ionofal
lfor
msofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nst
Women[
CEDAW]
of1979andi
tsOpt
ional
Prot
ocol
.

 The Conv
ent
ion agai
nstTor
tur
e and ot
herCr
uel
,Inhuman orDegr
adi
ng
Tr
eat
mentorPuni
shment[
CAT]of1984.

 Conv
ent
ionont
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d[CRC]of1989andi
tst
woOpt
ional
Pr
otocol
s.

 TheI
nter
nat
ionalConv
ent
ionont
hePr
otect
ionoft
heRi
ght
sofAl
lMi
grant
Wor
ker
sandMember
soft
hei
rFami
l
ies[
CMW]of1990.

CHARTERBASEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENT

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page97
THEUNI
VERSALDECLARATI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTS(
1948)

 Thi
sinst
rumentbegi
nswi
tht
hepr
eambl
eori
ntr
oduct
ionwhi
chst
atest
hev
alues
andbel
i
efsoft
hedocument
.Iti
sani
nter
nat
ional
l
yrecogni
zedandagr
eedupon
i
nst
rumentt
hroughwhi
chi
ndi
vi
dual
sandgov
ernment
scanwor
kanddel
i
ver
basi
cri
ght
s.

 I edon10th December
twasadopt ,1948byt
heUni
tedNat
ionsi
nGenev
a,
ast
her
esul
tofgenoci
det
hatt
ookpl
acei
nNazi
,Ger
manydur
ingt
heSecond
Wor
ldWaragai
nstt
heJews.

 Thi
sdecl
arat
ioncont
ains30ar
ti
cleswhi
char
eal
i
stofbasi
cri
ght
sev
ery
humanbei
ngi
sbor
nwi
thandcanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
wot
hemesnamel
yCi
vi
l
andPol
i
tical
right
saswel
lasEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alr
ight
s.

TheUDHRar
ti
clesar
esummar
izedbel
ow.

Ev
ery
one:

 I
sbor
ninf
reedom,
equal
i
tyanddi
gni
ty.

 Hast
her
ightnott
obedi
scr
imi
nat
edagai
nstonanybasi
s.

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
feandt
oli
vei
nfr
eedom andsaf
ety

 Hast
her
ightt
oli
ber
tyorf
reedom

 Hast
her
ightt
osecur
it
yofper
sonasnooneshoul
dbet
ort
uredorsuf
ferf
rom
cr
uel
andi
nhumant
reat
ment
.

 Hast
her
ightt
oequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awandequal
prot
ect
ion.

 Hast
her
ightr
ecogni
ti
onbef
oret
hel
aw

 Hast
her
ightt
oef
fect
iver
emedy

 Hast
her
ightnott
obesubj
ect
edt
oar
bit
rar
yar
restordet
ent
ion.

 Hast
her
ightt
oful
landf
airhear
ingbef
oreani
mpar
ti
alandi
ndependentt
ri
bunal

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page98
  Hast
her
ightt
obepr
esumedi
nnocentunt
ilpr
ovengui
l
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
omar
ry

 Hast
her
ightt
oasy
lum

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofmov
ement

 Hast
her
ightt
oNat
ional
i
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
opr
ivacy
.

 Hasr
ightt
oownpr
oper
ty

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandexpr
essi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofopi
nionandexpr
essi
on

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
on

 Hast
her
ightt
otakepar
tingov
ernment
,accesst
opubl
i
cser
vicesandt
ovot
e.

 Hast
her
ightt
osoci
alsecur
it
y.

 Hast
her
ightt
owor
k

 Hast
her
ightt
orestandl
eisur
e

 Hast
her
ightt
oanadequat
est
andar
dofl
i
ving

 Hast
heei
ghtt
oeducat
ion

 Hast
her
ightt
ofr
eel
ypar
ti
cipat
eint
hecul
tur
all
i
feoft
hecommuni
ty

 I
sent
it
ledt
oasoci
alandi
nter
nat
ional
ordert
oreal
i
zet
her
ight
sandf
reedoms

 Hasdut
iest
othecommuni
ty

 Musti
nter
prett
hisdecl
arat
ioni
nawayt
hatcannotendangeranyoft
her
ight
s
andf
reedomsofot
her
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page99
TREATY–BASEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS

THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCOVENANTON ECONOMI
C,SOCI
ALAND CULTURALRI
GHTS
[
ICESCR]
-1966.

 Thi
sisanext
ractoft
heUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
swhi
chwasal
so
anef
for
ttocomeupwi
thal
egal
l
ybi
ndi
ngdocument
,for
medi
n1966

 Theser
ight
sar
epr
obl
emat
icbecauset
heyar
edependentonr
esour
cesf
ort
hei
r
r
eal
i
zat
ion.

 Thepr
eambl
egi
vesanout
li
nef
ort
heexpl
anat
ionoft
her
ight
sint
heCov
enant
andt
alksaboutwhati
scont
ainedi
ntheUni
ver
salDecl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s
[
UDHR]becauset
heser
ight
sint
heCov
enantar
ebasedont
hei
nher
entdi
gni
ty
oft
hehumanper
son.

 Thepr
eambl
eal
so emphasi
zest
hei
ndi
vi
sibi
l
ityand i
nter
dependenceofal
l
humanr
ight
sbyst
ati
ngt ,t
hat hei
dealoff
reehumanbei
ngsenj
oyi
ngf
reedom
f
rom f
earandwantcanonl
ybeachi
evedi
fcondi
ti
onsar
ecr
eat
edi
nwhi
ch
ev
ery
onecanenj
oyhi
seconomi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
s,aswel
lashi
sci
vi
l
andpol
i
ticalr
ight
s

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHEI
CESCR

 Ri
ght
stowor
k

 Ri
ghtt
ojustandf
avor
abl
econdi
ti
onsofwor
k,i
ncl
udi
ngf
airwages,
equalpayf
or
equal
wor
kandhol
i
day
swi
thpay
.

 Ri
ghtt
ofor
m andj
oint
radeUni
ons,
incl
udi
ngt
her
ightt
ost
ri
ke.

 Ri
ghtt
osoci
alsecur
it
y.

 Pr
otect
ionoft
hef
ami
l
y,i
ncl
udi
ngspeci
alassi
stancef
ormot
her
sandchi
l
dren.

 Ri
ghtt
oadequat
est
andar
dofl
i
vingi
ncl
udi
ngf
ood,
clot
hingandhousi
ng

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page100
  Ri
ghtt
othehi
ghestat
tai
nabl
est
andar
dofphy
sical
andment
alheal
th

 Ri
ghtt
oeducat
ion

 Ri
ghtt
opar
ti
ci
pat
eint
hecul
tur
all
i
feandenj
oyt
hebenef
it
sofsci
ent
if
icpr
ogr
ess.

THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCOVENANTONCI
VILANDPOLI
TICALRI
GHTS[
ICCPR]
-1966.

 Thi
scamei
ntof
orcei
n1996andi
slegal
l
ybi
ndi
ngt
oit
smemberst
ates.These
ar
eri
ght
sthatar
eeasyt
onat
ureandi
mpl
ementbecauset
heyr
equi
renobi
g
i
nvest
ment
sfort
hem t
obeenj
oyed.

 Thepr
eambl
e(i
ntr
oduct
ion)oft
hisdocument
sst
atest ,t
hat hei
dealoff
ree
humanbei
ngsenj
oyi
ngf
reedom f
rom f
earandwantcanonl
ybeachi
evedi
f
condi
ti
onsar
ecr
eat
edi
nwhi
chev
ery
onecanenj
oyhi
seconomi
c,soci
aland
cul
tur
alr
ight
s,aswel
lashi
sci
vi
landpol
i
ticalr
ight
s

 Thet
reat
yexpandsont
heCi
vi
landPol
i
ticalr
ight
ssetouti
ntheUni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s[UDHR]
,wi
tht
heexcept
ionoft
her
ightt
opr
oper
ty
andr
ightt
oasy
lum.

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHEI
CCPR.

 Ri
ghtt
oli
fe

 Fr
eedom f
rom t
ort
ureandi
nhumant
reat
ment

 Fr
eedom f
rom sl
aver
yandf
orcedl
abour

 Ri
ghtt
oli
ber
tyandsecur
it
y

 Ri
ghtofdet
ainedper
sonst
obet
reat
edwi
thhumani
ty

 Fr
eedom f
rom i
mpr
isonmentf
ordebt

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page101
  Fr
eedom ofmov
ementandchoi
ceofr
esi
dence

 Fr
eedom ofal
i
ensf
rom ar
bit
rar
yexpul
sion

 Ri
ghtt
oaf
airt
ri
al

 Pr
otect
ionagai
nstr
etr
oact
ivi
tyoft
hecr
imi
nal
law

 Ri
ghtt
orecogni
ti
onasaper
sonbef
oret
hel
aw

 Ri
ghtt
opr
ivacy

 Fr
eedom oft
houghtorconsci
enceandr
eli
gion

 Fr
eedom ofopi
nionandex
pressi
on

 Pr
ohi
bit
ionofpr
opagandaf
orwarandofi
nci
tementt
onat
ional
,raci
alorr
eli
gious
hat
red

 Ri
ghtt
oassembl
y

 Fr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on

 Ri
ghtt
omar
ryandf
indaf
ami
l
y

 Ri
ght
soft
heChi
l
d

 Pol
i
tical
right
s

 Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw

 Ri
ght
sofmi
nor
it
ies

OPTI
ONALPROTOCALS

AnOpt
ional
Prot
ocol
isapr
ovi
sionat
tachedt
oani
nter
nat
ional
humanr
ight
sinst
rument
i
nor
dert
oof
fermor
epr
otect
ion.TheI
CCPRhast
woopt
ional
prot
ocol
snamel
y:

FI
RSTOPTI
ONALPROTOCOL(
1976)
:Thi
spr
ovi
sional
l
owsi
ndi
vi
dual
stocompl
aint
o
t
heUni
tedNat
ionsHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
ononi
ssuesofhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page102
cont
ained i
nthe I
CCPR pr
ovi
ded t
heyexhaustal
lchannel
sofcompl
aint
susual
l
y
t
hrought
hecour
tsofl
aw.Zambi
aisast
atepar
ty(
member
)tot
hispr
otocol
.

SECONDOPTI
ONALPROTOCAL(
1990)
:

Thi
sai
msatt
heabol
i
tionoft
hedeat
hpenal
tyandZambi
aisnotast
atepar
tyt
othi
s.

SPECI
ALI
SEDI
NTERNATI
ONALHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTS

THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCONVENTI
ONONTHEELI
MINATI
ONOFALLFORMSOFRACI
AL
DI
SCRI
MINATI
ON[
ICERD]
-1969.

 I
tcamei
ntof
orcei
n1969andi
twasdr
aft
edt
odr
aw at
tent
iont
omat
ter
sof
r
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ionwhi
chwer
est
il
lrampanti
nthewor
ld.

 Pr
inci
ple Def
ini
ti
on ofRaci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion:I
tis anydi
sti
nct
ion,excl
usi
on,
r
est
ri
cti
onoranyper
for
mancebasedonr
ace,
col
or,
descentornat
ionaloret
hni
c
or
igi
nwhi
chhast
hepur
poseofi
mpai
ri
ngt
her
ecogni
ti
onorenj
oymentonan
equalf
oot
ing,ofhuman r
ight
s and f
undamentf
reedoms i
nthe pol
i
tical
,
economi
c,soci
al,
cul
tur
aloranyot
herf
iel
dofpubl
i
cli
fe.

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHEI
CERD

 Condemnr
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion,
segr
egat
ionandapar
thei
d.

 Pr
ohi
bitt
heactofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionbyi
ndi
vi
dual
soror
gani
zat
ions

 Assur
eev
ery
onewi
thi
nthepower
s,adequat
epr
otect
ionandr
emedi
es

 Condemn al
lpr
opaganda and or
gani
zat
ions based on i
deas ort
heor
ies of
super
ior
it
yofoner
aceorgr
oup.

 Pr
ohi
bitandel
i
minat
eraci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ionandequal
enj
oymentofal
lther
ight
s

 Under
takei
mmedi
ateandef
fect
ivemeasur
esi
nteachi
ng,educat
ion,cul
tur
eand
i
nfor
mat
ion,wi
thav
iew of combat
ing pr
ejudi
ces whi
ch l
ead t
oraci
al
di
scr
imi
nat
ion.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page103
THECONVENTI
ONONTHEELI
MINATI
ONOFALLFORMSOF

DI
SCRI
MINATI
ONAGAI
NSTWOMEN[
CEDAW]
-1979

 Thi
s came aboutaf
tert
he f
ail
ure of t
he 1967 decl
arat
ion t
o el
i
minat
e
di
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen.

 I
twasobser
vedt
hatf
emal
esst
il
lsuf
fert
hewor
stdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nthesoci
al
economi
caswel
last
hei
rci
vi
landpol
i
tical
right
s.

 Thi
sinst
rumentwasputi
nfor
cei
n1979t
odi
rect
ly.

 Pr
inci
pledef
ini
ti
onofr
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion:t
hisi
sanydi
sti
nct
ion,excl
usi
on,
r
est
ri
cti
onoranyper
for
mancebasedonsexwhi
chhast
hepur
poseofi
mpai
ri
ng
t
her
ecogni
ti
onenj
oymentofanequalf
oot
ingofhumanr
ight
sandf
undament
al
f
reedom i
nthepol
i
tical
economi
csoci
alot
herr
ighti
npubl
i
cli
fe.

SUMMARYOFPROVI
SIONSI
NTHECEDAW

 El
i
minat
eal
lfor
msofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen.

 Est
abl
i
shl
egal
prot
ect
ionoft
her
ight
sofwomenonanequal
basi
swi
thmen.

 Pr
omot
ethepr
inci
pleofequal
i
tyofmenandwomeni
nthei
rdomest
icl
egi
slat
ion

 Modi
fyorabol
i
shexi
sti
ngnat
ionall
egi
slat
ionandpr
act
iceswhi
chconst
it
ute
di
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen.

 El
i
minat
edi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
ntheenj
oymentofal
lri
ght
sbet
weenmenandwomen

ACCORDWOMENEQUALI
TYWI
THMENBEFORETHELAW

 El
i
minat
edi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomeni
nal
lmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
omar
ri
ageand
pr
oper
ty.

CEDAW hasanopt
ional
prot
ocol
adopt
edi
n1999whi
chal
l
owst
heUni
tedNat
ions

Commi
tt
eeont
heEl
i
minat
ionofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstWoment
orecei
veandhear

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page104
Casesofv
iol
ati
onsofwomen’
sri
ght
s

THE CONVENTI
ON AGAI
NST TOTURE AND OTHER CRUEL,I
NHUMAN OR
DEGRADI
NGTREATMENTORPUNI
SHMENT[
CAT]
-1984.

 Thi
sconv
ent
ioncamei
nt ngon10th December
obei 1984andZambi
abecamea
st
atepar
tyt
otheconv
ent
ioni
n1998.

 Theai
m oft
hei
nst
rumenti
stot
otal
l
yfor
bidt
ort
ureandot
hercr
uel
,i
nhumanor
degr
adi
ngt
reat
mentorpuni
shment
.

 Pr
inci
pledef
ini
ti
on:
Tor
tur
eisdef
inedasanactbywhi
chsev
erepai
norsuf
fer
ing,
whet
herphy
sicalorment
al,i
sint
ent
ional
l
yinf
li
cted on a per
son f
orsuch
pur
posesasobt
aini
ngf
rom hi
m orat
hir
dper
soni
nfor
mat
ion orconf
essi
on,
puni
shi
nghi
mforanactheorat
hir
dper
sonhascommi
tt
edori
ssuspect
edof
hav
ingcommi
tt
ed.

SUMMARYOFPROVI
SIONSI
NCAT

 Pr
ohi
bitt
ort
ure

 Notr
efoul
er,whi
chmeanst
osendbackaper
sont
oacount
rywher
ehe/
shei
s
l
i
kel
ytounder
got
ort
ure.

 Puni
sht
ort
urer
s.

 Rehabi
l
itat
evi
cti
msoft
ort
uret
hroughcounsel
i
ng

 Cont
rol
thesy
stem ofi
nter
rogat
ionanddet
ent
ion

 Repor
ttot
hecommi
tt
ee.

 Educat
eci
ti
zensont
heev
iloft
ort
ure

THEI
NTERNATI
ONALCONVENTI
ONONTHEPROTECTI
ONOFTHERI
GHTSOFALL
MI
GRANTWORKERSANDMEMBERSOFTHEI
RFAMI
LIES [
CMW]
-1990.

 Thi
sismeantt
opr
otectt
her
ight
sofpeopl
ewor
kingi
nacount
rywhi
chi
snot

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page105
 t
hei
rs.
[int
heDi
aspor
a]

 St
atepar
ti
esar
eobl
i
gedt
opr
otectandseekj
udi
cialr
emedyt
othosemi
grant
wor
ker
swhoser
ight
shav
ebeenv
iol
ated.

Pr
inci
pledef
ini
ti
on:t
hisappl
i
est
oal
lmi
grantwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rfami
l
ies
wi
thoutdi
sti
nct
ionofanyki
ndsuchassex,r
ace,col
or,l
anguage,r
eli
gionorconv
ict
ion,
pol
i
ticalorot
heropi
nion,nat
ional
,et
hni
corsoci
alor
igi
n,nat
ional
i
ty,age,economi
c
posi
ti
on,
proper
ty,
mar
it
alst
atus,
bir
thorot
herst
atus.

SUMMARYOFTHEPROVI
SIONSI
NTHECMW

 Non–di
scr
imi
nat
ionofmi
grantwor
ker
sandt
hei
rfami
l
ieswi
thoutdi
sti
nct
ionof
anyki
nd.

 Mi
grantwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lbef
reet
oleav
eanyst
ate,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hei
rst
ateofor
igi
n.

 Theyhav
ether
ightt
oent
erandr
emai
nint
hei
rst
ateofor
igi
n.

 Ther
ightt
oli
feofmi
grantwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lbe
pr
otect
edbyl
aw.

 Nomi
grantwor
kerormember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lbesubj
ect
edt
otor
tur
eor
cr
uel
,i
nhumanordegr
adi
ngt
reat
mentorpuni
shment
.

 Nomi
grantwor
kerormember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lbehel
dinsl
aver
yor
ser
vit
ude.

 Nomi
grantwor
kerormember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lber
equi
redt
oper
for
m
f
orcedorcompul
sor
ylabor
.

 Theyshal
lhav
ether
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
eli
gion.

 Theyshal
lhav
ether
ightt
ohol
dopi
nionswi
thouti
nter
fer
ence.

 Theyshal
lnotbesubj
ect
edt
oanyar
bit
rar
yorunl
awf
uli
nter
fer
enceoft
hei
r
pr
ivacy
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page106
SAMPLEQUESTI
ON.

1.Def
inei
nter
nat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sinst
rument

2.Descr
ibet
het
ypesofi
nter
nat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sinst
rument

3.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weent
hef
ir
stopt
ionalpr
otocolandt
hesecondopt
ional
pr
otocol

4.St
atet
heel
ement
soft
heI
nter
nat
ional
Conv
ent
ionont
heel
i
minat
ionofal
l
f
ormsofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstwomen

5.Expl
ain cl
ear
lyhow Zambi
aisi
mpl
ement
ing t
he i
nter
nat
ionalHuman
Ri
ght
s

6.St
atet
hei
mpor
tanceofi
nter
nat
ional
HumanRi
ght
s

7.Wr
it
ebr
iefnot
esont
hef
oll
owi
ngHumanRi
ght
sinst
rument
s.

i
. Conv
ent
ionAgai
nstTor
tur
eandot
hercr
uel
,i
nhumanordegr
adi
ng
orpuni
shment

i
i
. Conv
ent
ionont
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d(CRC)

i
i
i. I
nter
nat
ionalConv
ent
ionont
heEl
i
minat
ionofal
lfor
msofRaci
al
Di
scr
imi
nat
ion(
ICERD)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page107
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOTHEZAMBI
ANLEGALSYSTEM

WHATI
SALAW?

 Lawi
sasetofr
uleswhi
chasoci
etydev
elopsf
ori
tsel
ftocont
rolt
hebehav
ior
s
ofi
tsmember
stooneanot
her
.

 I
tincl
udest
hemeet
ingoutofpuni
shmentt
omember
sofsoci
etyt
hatdonot
abi
debyt
her
ulesandawar
dingofcompensat
iont
o peopl
ewho hav
ebeen
wr
onged.

 Forar
ulet
ober
ecogni
zedt
her
eshoul
dbeawayofcompel
l
ingpeopl
etoobeyi
t,
donebyi
mposi
ngpenal
ti
esorpuni
shmentt
olaw br
eaker
sandr
ewar
dst
othe
wr
ongedper
sons.

WHATI
SALEGALSYSTEM?

 I
tisasy
stem f
ori
nter
pret
ingandenf
orci
ngt
hel
aws.

 I
tal
sor
efer
stoapr
ocedur
eorpr
ocessf
ori
nter
pret
ingandenf
orci
ngt
hel
aw.

 Rul
eswhi
chmakel
aws,t
hei
nst
it
uti
onst
hatadmi
nist
ert
hel
aws,t
hepr
inci
ples,
i
deas,
theor
ies,
pract
ices,
procedur
es,
andt
echni
quest
hatdev
elopov
ert
hey
ear
s
i
ndeal
i
ngwi
thl
awmakeupal
egal
syst
em

Ther
ear
easmanyl
egalsy
stemsast
her
ear
esoci
eti
es.Forexampl
e:Zambi
anl
egal
sy
stem,t
heZi
mbabweanl
egalsy
stem,t
heSout
hAf
ri
canl
egalsy
stem andt
heEngl
i
sh
l
egal
syst
em whi
chi
sal
soknownast
hecommonl
awsy
stem

ELEMENTSOFAGOODLEGALSYSTEM

A goodl
egalsy
stem i
sonet
hatser
vesmember
sofi
tssoci
etyf
air
lyandwi
thout
v
iol
ati
ngt
hei
rri
ght
s.

ELEMENTSOFAGOODLEGALSYSTEM.

1.Si
mpl
e.Al
awhast
obewr
it
teni
nal
anguaget
hatcanbeunder
stoodbyal
arger
sect
ionofsoci
ety

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page108
 2.Compr
ehensi
ve–I
tshoul
dnotl
eav
egapsbutat
temptt
ocov
eral
lpossi
blear
eas
ofdi
sput
e,concer
nordebat
eandant
ici
pat
efut
urepr
obl
ems.
3.Cer
tai
n-Ci
ti
zensoughtt
oknowcl
ear
lyofwhati
spr
ohi
bit
edbyl
aw.Al
awshoul
d
notbeambi
guoust
hati
tisonl
yful
l
yunder
stoodandi
nter
pret
edbysmal
lsect
ion
oft
hesoci
ety
.
4.Accessi
ble.Thel
awshoul
dbeav
ail
abl
etot
hemember
soft
hepubl
i
c.I
tshoul
d
beaf
for
dabl
easci
ti
zensshoul
dbeabl
etohav
elegal
repr
esent
ati
on.
5.Fl
exi
ble-Lawshav
etokeepupwi
thsoci
alchangeandt
her
efor
e,t
heyshoul
d
changewi
tht
ime.Al
awshoul
dal
way
schanget
otakecar
eofanewpr
obl
em.
6.Mor
alv
alues-
Thel
awshoul
dbebasedont
hemor
alv
aluesofsoci
ety
.Ifl
awsdo
notr
efl
ectt
hesoci
ety
’scor
eval
ues,
cit
izensar
eunl
i
kel
ytor
especti
t

SOURCESOFLAWSI
NZAMBI
A

Zambi
ahasaduall
egalsy
stem andr
eli
esont
heEngl
i
shl
awandt
heAf
ri
cancust
omar
y
l
aw.

ENGLI
SHLAW SOURCES

Commonl
aw

Commonl
aw i
sthel
aw t
hatst
art
edascust
omst
hatwer
ecommont
oal
lpar
tsof
Engl
and.

 WhenKi
ngWi
l
li
am,t
heconquer
orofuni
tedEngl
andi
n1066AD,hesenthi
s
Judgest
ogor
oundEngl
andt
ohearcasesandcodi
fyt
hem byput
ti
ngt
hem i
nto
asy
stem ofr
ulesandpr
inci
ples.

Codi
fy-
Inl
egal
languaget
hismeanst
owr
it
esomet
hingi
nfor
m ofadocument
.

LEGI
SLATI
ONORSTATUTES

Thesear
elawsenact
edbypar
li
ament
.Iti
sthel
argestsour
ceofl
awi
nZambi
a

Thr
eet
ypesofl
awsmadebypar
li
ament

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page109
THEZAMBI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ON

I
tist
hesupr
emel
awoft
hel
and.Thi
smeanst
hati
fanyl
awdoesnotconf
orm wi
tht
he
const
it
uti
ont
hent
hatl
awbecomesv
oidwhi
chmeansi
nval
i
d.

 Forexampl
ecust
omar
ylawal
l
owsgi
rl
swhohav
ereachedpuber
tyt
ogetmar
ri
ed.
Butt
heconst
it
uti
onst
atest
hatanyper
sonbel
owt
heageof16i
sachi
l
dandi
s
notol
denought
ogetmar
ri
ed.

 Amanwhohasmar
ri
edherwi
l
lhav
ecommi
tt
edacr
imi
nalof
fenceofDef
il
ement
and her par
ent
s wi
l
l be char
ged wi
th Accessor
y t
o a cr
ime.
Accessor
ytoacr
ime. Thi
sisasi
tuat
ionwher
eaper
sonhel
psi
ntheactof
commi
tt
ingacr
imeoral
l
owsacr
imet
obecommi
tt
edi
nhi
sorherpr
esence.

ACTSOFPARLI
AMENT

Thesear
elawsmadet
hroughbi
l
lsofpar
li
amentandasser
tedt
obyt
hepr
esi
dent
.

 The pr
ocess st
art
s wi
tht
he pr
esent
ati
on oft
he bi
l
lwhi
ch passes t
hrough
di
ff
erentst
ages.Thepr
esi
dentcanei
therassentorv
eto.I
fnotassent
,thebi
l
lis
t
akent
onat
ionalassembl
yforf
urt
herdebat
eandbesentbackt
othepr
esi
dent
i
nit
sor
igi
nal
for
m.

 Pr
esi
denthas21day
sinwhi
cht
oei
therassentordi
ssol
vepar
li
amentt
opav
e
wayf
orf
reshel
ect
ions.

DELEGATEDORSUBSI
DIARYLEGI
SLATI
ON

 Del
egat
edorsubsi
diar
ylegi
slat
ionar
elawsdel
egat
edt
otheexecut
ivewi
ngof
t
heGov
ernmentt
omakel
awsaspr
ovi
dedi
nanactofpar
li
ament
.

 Gov
ernment has al
l
owed mi
nist
ri
es t
o make l
aws known as st
atut
ory
i
nst
rument
s.

CASELAW

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page110
  I
tist
hesecondl
argestsour
ceofl
awi
nZambi
a,al
soknownasLawRepor
tsor
j
udi
cial
precedent
.

 Thi
sisdonewhendi
sposi
ngof
facase,t
hecour
tref
erst
ohow asi
mil
arcase
wasdeci
deduponbyasuper
iorcour
ts.

 Thet
hreecour
tshandl
eappealcaseshencet
heyar
eknownasAppel
l
antcour
ts.
Deci
sionsofappel
l
antcour
tsar
erepor
tedi
ntheZambi
anl
awRepor
ts.

 Theser
epor
tedcasesar
etheonesacour
tdi
sposesofundert
hepr
inci
pleofRes
Judi
cat
ameani
ngt
oresol
veacasesoast
hepar
ti
esi
nvol
veddonothav
etogo
t
ocour
ttoseekf
urt
herr
esol
uti
on.

I
MPORTANCE

 Sav
eti
meast
her
eisnoneedf
orawhol
enewr
esear
ch.
 Shawr
espectt
ojudgeswhomadet
hepr
evi
ousdeci
sions
 Ensur
eequal
i
ty,
Uni
for
mit
yandst
abi
l
ityi
nthel
aw.

I
NTERNATI
ONALTREATI
ES

 Thesear
eint
ernat
ionalagr
eement
sorconv
ent
ionst
hatZambi
ahassi
gned.
Cont
ent
soft
heset
reat
iesar
eal
sosour
cesofl
awi
nZambi
a.

 Howev
er,t
heset
reat
iesdo notaut
omat
ical
l
ybecomel
aw unl
essan actof
par
li
amentdomest
icat
est
hem.

CUSTOMARYLAW

 Thesear
elawsder
ivedf
rom cust
oms,
apr
act
iceofdoi
ngt
hingsi
nsoci
ety
.

 Theyar
edi
ff
erentf
rom st
atut
oryi
nst
rument
sbecauset
heyar
enotwr
it
tenand
codi
fi
edf
ori
ttober
ecogni
zedandenf
orcedbycour
tsofl
aw.

 Cust
omar
ylaw uses adv
isorwho ar
e cal
l
ed assessor
sto gi
ve adv
ice on
par
ti
cul
armat
ter
s.Thesear
enotJust
icesbutpl
ayt
her
oleofconsul
tant
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page111
TYPESOFCOURTCASES

Cr
imi
nal
case

Ci
vi
lcase.

CRI
MINALCASE.

Thi
sisacour
tcasei
nwhi
cht
heaccusedi
str
iedf
orcommi
tt
ingacr
imeagai
nstt
he
gov
ernmentorst
ate.I
tdeal
swi
thacr
ime.

Acr
imei
sanywr
ongf
ulactoromi
ssi
oni
nsoci
ety
,whi
cht
hepar
ti
cul
arsoci
etyt
hinks
af
fect
sthei
nter
estofal
li
tsmember
s.

ELEMENTSOFACRI
ME

Ev
erycr
imehast
woel
ement
s:

(
a) Thewr
ongf
ulactoromi
ssi
on.
 Thi
scr
eat
esof
fencessuchasr
ape,
mur
der
,bur
glar
y,ordef
il
ement
,whi
chhasan
el
ementofphy
sical
actt
aki
ngpl
ace.

 I
nat
hef
t,t
her
eist
het
aki
ngawayofsomet
hingandkeepi
ngi
t.I
namur
der
’ther
e
i
stheact
ionofki
l
li
ng.Thi
sel
ementi
nLat
ini
sknownasAct
usReus,meani
nga
phy
sical
act
.

(
b) Thei
ntent
ionordesi
ret
ocausehar
m.
 Thei
ntent
ionordesi
ret
ocausehar
m,l
ossori
njur
yisknownast
heGui
l
tyst
ate
orbl
amewor
thyst
ateofmi
ndont
hepar
toft
heof
fender
.

 TheLat
inphr
asef
ort
hisi
sMen’
sReawhi
chmeansagui
l
tymi
ndorMal
i
ce
af
oret
hought
.

CLASSFI
CACATI
ONOFACRI
ME

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page112
Br
oadl
ycr
imesar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
nto:

(
a) Cr
imesofspeci
fi
cint
ent
:Thesear
ecr
imest
hatar
ecommi
tt
edwi
thaspeci
fi
c
i
ntent
ione.
g.t
hef
t,bur
glar
y,r
obber
y,andwoundi
ngsomeonet
ocausehar
m.
(
b) Cr
imesofBasi
cint
ent
-Thesear
ecr
imescommi
tt
edt
hroughr
eckl
essnessor
asuddeni
mpul
sesuchasdr
ivi
ngpastr
edt
raf
fi
cli
ght
s(r
obot
s),
notst
oppi
ng
atast
opsi
gn,
exceedi
ngt
hespeedl
i
mitormansl
aught
er.

BROADCLASSI
FICATI
ONOFCRI
MES:

 Mi
sdemeanor
s.These ar
e pet
tycr
imes such as common assaul
t,i
ndecent
exposur
e,pi
ckpocket
ingorl
i
tter
ing.
 Fel
oni
es.Thesear
eser
iouscr
imessuchasmur
der
,tr
eason,
aggr
avat
edr
obber
y,
def
il
ementorr
ape.Thesear
eal
soknownascommonl
awcr
imes
 St
atut
orycr
ime.These ar
e cr
imes t
hatar
e commi
tt
ed cont
rar
yto whati
s
cont
ainedi
nst
atut
oryi
nst
rument
ssuchasVot
ingt
wicei
nanel
ect
ion,
riggi
ngan
el
ect
ionorf
ail
i
ngt
opayt
ax.

CI
VILCASE

Thi
sisawr
ongf
ulactt
hataf
fect
sonl
yindi
vi
dual
sorpar
ti
esi
nvol
ved.I
tisanycaset
hat
doesnothav
eacr
imi
nal
cont
ent
.E.
g.f
ail
i
ngt
oset
tl
eadebt
.

Ci
vi
ll
aw

Sect
ionsofci
vi
ll
aw

Fami
l
ylaw,
LawofCont
ract
,LawofTor
t,l
andLawandEmpl
oymentl
aw

LawofTor
t-

Thi
sispr
ivat
eorci
vi
lwr
ongf
orwhi
cht
hewr
ongedper
sonmaygetr
edr
essi
nacour
tof
l
aw.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page113
COMPARI
SONBETWEENACRI
MINALCASEANDACI
VILCASE

CRI
MINALCASE CI
VILCASE

Af
fect
sthewhol
ecommuni
tyhencei
t Af
fect
s i
ndi
vi
dual
s: I
tis r
ecor
ded
i
srecor
dedPeopl
eVsPhi
ri MwansaVsTembo

Ai
mist
opuni
shorr
efor
mtheof
fender Ai
m i
sto compensat
ethe wr
onged
per
son

Casei
nst
it
utedbyt
heDi
rect
orofPubl
i
c Casei
nst
it
utedbyt
hewr
ongedper
son
Pr
osecut
ions

Ser
iouswr
ongact Lessser
iouswr
ongf
ulact

Concer
ned wi
th t
he dut
ies t
hat a Concer
ned wi
thr
ight
s and dut
ies of
per
sonowet
othesoci
ety
. ci
ti
zens

Caseendsi
nsent
enci
ngt
heof
fender Caseendsi
nawar
dingdamagest
othe
wr
ongedper
son

Case must be pr
oven bey
ond Bal
anceofpr
obabi
l
ityappl
i
es
r
easonabl
edoubt

Bal
anceofpr
obabi
l
ity
-

 Thi
smeanst
hatwhent
wopar
ti
est
alkaboutt
hesamet
hing(
inci
dent
)butar
e
say
ingdi
ff
erentt
hings,
thenoneoft
hem i
snott
ell
i
ngt
het
rut
h.

 Bal
anceofpr
obabi
l
itydet
ermi
neswhoi
stel
l
ingt
het
rut
h.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page114
LEGALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONSANDTHEI
RFUNCTI
ONS

LEGI
SLATURE.

 Thi
sisoneoft
heor
gansoft
hegov
ernmentt
hati
schar
gedwi
thmaki
ngofl
aws
f
ort
henat
ion.I
tist
hehi
ghestl
awmaki
ngbody
.

 Lawsar
emadet
hroughmember
sofpar
li
amentwhor
epr
esentt
hepeopl
ein
const
it
uenci
es.

 Al
lthest
atut
es,
rul
eandr
egul
ati
onswhi
char
eenf
orcedbycour
ts,
pol
i
ceandt
he
execut
ivear
emadebyt
hel
egi
slat
ure.

THEZAMBI
APOLI
CESERVI
CE
 Thi
sist
hemosti
mpor
tanti
nst
it
uti
onoft
heZambi
anl
egalsy
stem.Thepol
i
ce
hav
ethet
askofmai
ntai
ningl
awandor
dert
opr
eser
vel
i
fe,pr
otectpr
oper
tyand
mai
ntai
npubl
i
cpeace.
 Theyar
restl
awbr
eaker
sandpr
osecut
ethem andwor
kcl
osel
ywi
tht
hecour
tsof
l
aw.

THEEXECUTI
VE
 Thi
sist
hel
egali
nst
it
uti
ont
hati
schar
gedwi
tht
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyofenf
orcement
ofl
aws.

 I
tisal
egali
nst
it
uti
onbecauset
hepr
esi
dentheadsi
tandhaspower
stomake
l
awsbyv
irt
ueofhi
spr
erogat
ivepower
s.Pr
erogat
ivepower
sar
especi
alpower
s
andpr
ivi
l
egesgi
vent
othepr
esi
dent
.

 Thi
sor
ganmakesl
awst
hroughcabi
netmi
nist
erswhoar
emember
soft
he
execut
ivet
hrough st
atut
oryi
nst
rument
s ordel
egat
ed subsi
diar
ylegi
slat
ive
power
s.

THECOURTSYSTEM.
 Cour
tsdeal
wit
hal
lar
east
odowi
tht
hel
awi
nthecount
ryandf
ormt
heJudi
ciar
y.

 TheJudi
ciar
ywor
kswi
thot
herl
egali
nst
it
uti
onssuchast
hepol
i
ce,
Pri
son,
off
ice

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page115
 oft
heDi
rect
orofpubl
i
cpr
osecut
ionsandt
heLegal
prof
essi
on.

TYPESOFCOURTSI
NZAMBI
A

LOCALCOURTS
Theyar
eest
abl
i
shedbyanactofpar
li
ament
,thel
ocal
Actcap29oft
hel
awsofZambi
a.
 Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofl
ocalcour
ts,
GradeAandGr
adeB.Gr
adi
ngi
sdonebyt
he
mi
nist
erofJust
iceandar
epr
esi
dedov
erbyt
hepr
esi
ding.
 Localcour
ts onl
y hearci
vi
lcases t
hatoccuri
nthei
rgeogr
aphi
calar
eas
especi
all
ythoset
odowi
thAf
ri
cancust
omar
ylaw.
THEMAGI
STRATEORSUBORDI
NATECOURTS.
 They ar
efound ev
ery
wher
ein Zambi
a and wher
e est
abl
i
shed undert
he
subor
dinat
ecour
tsActcap23oft
hel
awsofZambi
a.

Cl
assofsubor
dinat
ecour
ts(
orderofseni
ori
ty.
)

Cl
assI
II
,Cl
assI
IandCl
assI
.

 Cl
ass Imagi
str
ates ar
efur
therdi
vi
ded i
nto Resi
dent
,pr
inci
ple and Seni
or
Magi
str
ates.Thepr
inci
plemagi
str
atei
smor
eseni
orofal
l
.

 Thepr
osecut
ionandt
hedef
ensear
esupposedt
ofol
l
owst
ri
ctr
ulesofpr
ocedur
e
i
nthi
scour
t.

THEHI
GHCOURT.
 Theyar
efoundi
nal
lpr
ovi
nci
alcapi
tal
sofZambi
aandhav
eor
igi
nalunl
i
mit
ed
power
s(Jur
isdi
cti
ons)
.

 Theycan hearanycase such as di

vor
ce,el
ect
ion pet
it
ions,Human r
ight
s
appl
i
cat
ion,
treasont
ri
alsorpr
oceedi
ngoft
heHabeascor
pus.

 Thi
scour
tisal
so knownast
hecour
tofFi
rstI
nst
anceorappel
l
atecour
ts
becauset
heyhearappeal
casesf
rom t
hesubor
dinat
ecour
ts.

 Thesear
ecour
tswhi
char
eusual
l
ypr
esi
dedbypusi
nej
udges(
juni
orj
udges)who
ar
eappoi
ntedbyt
hepr
esi
dentaf
terr
ecommendat
ionbyt
heJudi
cialSer
vice

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page116
 Commi
ssi
on.

 Onceappoi
nted,t
heycanonl
yber
emov
edbyf
ell
owJudgeswhosetupat
hree
mant
ri
bunal
.

 Thi
sisusual
l oundsofgr
yongr ossi
ndi
sci
pli
ne,ment
aldi
sor
derorPhy
sicali
l
l
heal
thorf
ail
uret
oper
for
mfunct
ion.I
nthi
scour
titi
sadv
isabl
etober
epr
esent
ed
byal
awy
er.

 Ther
eisneedt
ohav
eal
awy
erwhoi
spr
ovi
dedbyt
hegov
ernmenti
ncasewher
e
onecannotaf
for
dtohi
reone.Thi
sisknownasLegal
Aid.

THEI
NDUSTRI
ALRELATI
ONSCOURTS.

 Thi
sist
hecour
tthathandl
esonl
yindust
ri
almat
ter
swhi
chdealwi
thempl
oyee
andempl
oyerr
elat
ions.

 I
tisgui
dedbyempl
oymentActcap268oft
hel
awsofZambi
aandi
sont
he
samel
evel
wit
htheHi
ghcour
tandappeal
sfr
om i
tgot
otheSupr
emeCour
t.

 Lawy
ersar
eal
l
owedt
orepr
esentt
hei
rcl
i
ent
s.

THESUPREMECOURT.
 I
tist
hehi
ghestcour
tofappeali
nZambi
aest
abl
i
shedbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tAct
andRepubl
i
canConst
it
uti
on.

 I
tisheadedbychi
efJust
icewhoi
sassi
stedbyot
herni
nej
udges.I
tisnotat
ri
al
cour
t,unl
esst
hecasei
sapr
esi
dent
ial
elect
ionpet
it
ion.

 I
thear
sappeal
sonquest
ionsofl
awot
hert
hanquest
ionsoff
act
s.I
tsi
tsmai
nly
i
nLusakabuthol
dssessi
onsi
nKi
twe,
Ndol
a,andKabwe.

 Forconv
eni
ence,
itmeet
sinKabwet
ohearappeal
sofcondemnedpr
isoner
swho
ar
eatMukobekoMaxi
mum pr
ison.

THELEGALPROFFESSI
ON.
 Thi
sisa bodyofl
egalpr
act
it
ioner
scommonl
ycal
l
ed l
awy
erswho r
ecei
ve

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page117
 t
rai
ningf
rom t
heUni
ver
sit
yofZambi
aorot
herUni
ver
sit
iesout
sidet
hecount
ry.

 Lawy
erscanonl
ybeal
l
owedt
opr
act
icewhent
heyhav
ebeenadmi
tt
edt
otheBar
af
terpassi
ngt
heexami
nat
ions.Exami
nat
ionsar
esetbyZambi
aInst
it
uteof
Adv
ancedLegal
Educat
ion

 Br
it
ain,t
hel
egalpr
ofessi
oni
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wobr
anches:Bar
ri
ster
swhoappear
i
nhi
ghercour
tsandsol
i
cit
orswhopr
act
icei
nlowercour
ts.

 I
nZambi
a,t
het
wobr
anchesar
efusedi
ntooneandl
awy
ersar
ecal
l
edAdv
ocat
es

ORGANI
SATI
ONSTHATPROMOTEJUSTI
CE

LEGALRESOURCESFOUNDATI
ON.

 I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1991andbecameoper
ati
onal
in1993.

 I
tisanon-
prof
itmaki
ngor
gani
zat
iont
hatwor
kst
opr
omot
eHumanr
ight
s
t
hroughpr
ovi
dingl
egal
Adv
iceandLi
ti
gat
ion.

I
tof
fer
sthef
oll
owi
ngser
vices:

 Fr
eel
egal
adv
icer
epr
esent
ati
ont
othoset
hatconsul
tthem
 Legal
assi
stancet
othoset
hatar
eref
err
edt
othem.
 Legal
adv
icet
oal
lwhoseeki
t

NATI
ONALLEGALAI
DCLI
NICFORWOMEN.

 I
twasf
ormedasapr
ojectundert
hewomen’
scommi
tt
eeoft
heLawassoci
ati
on
ofZambi
a.

 I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1990t
opr
ovi
deaf
for
dabl
eLegalAi
dtowomenandchi
l
dren
f
rom mar
ginal
i
zedsoci
alsect
orI
tal
soof
fer
scounsel
i
ngandl
egal
educat
ion.

WOMENI
NLAW I
NSOUTHERNAFRI
CA.(
WILSA)

 I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1989t
oimpr
ovet
hel
egalposi
ti
onofwomeni
nsout
her
n
Af
ri
canCount
ri
es.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page118
  Theor
gani
zat
ional
sopr
ovi
desl
egaladv
iceandl
i
tigat
iont
ovul
ner
abl
epeopl
ein
soci
etyespeci
all
yinWomen.

CI
TIZENSADVI
CEBUREAU(
CAB)–LAW ASSOCI
ATI
ONOFZAMBI
A.

I
tisabr
anchoft
heLawassoci
ati
onofZambi
aandi
tof
fer
sfr
eeadv
iceandl
i
tigat
ionon
aPr
obonobasi
s

 Pr
obonoi
sfr
eeadv
icet
hatev
eryl
awy
erwhoi
samemberofLawAssoci
ati
on
Zambi
aisobl
i
gedt
oof
feraspar
toft
hel
egalpr
ofessi
onal
’
sser
vicet
othe
communi
ty.

LEGALAI
DCLI
NIC,
SCHOOLOFLAW UNI
VERSI
TYOFZAMBI
A.

 TheSchool
ofLawoft
heUni
ver
sit
yofZambi
ahasi
tsownLegal
AidCl
i
nicwhi
ch
of
fer
slegal
adv
ice.

 Four
thy
earl
awst
udent
s,of
fer
slegaladv
ice.Sessi
onsar
ehel
dint
heaf
ter
noon
whent
heUni
ver
sit
yisi
nsessi
on.

YOUNGWOMENCHRI
STI
ANASSOCI
ATI
ON(
YWCA)
.

 I
tisnon-pr
ofi
tmaki
ngChr
ist
ianor
gani
zat
iondedi
cat
edt
oempower
mentof
womenbymaki
ngt
hem knowst
hei
rri
ght
s,dut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
nsoci
ety
.

 I
tof
fer
sfr
eel
egaladv
iceoni
ssuest
odowi
thi
nher
it
ance,pr
oper
tygr
abbi
ng,
mai
ntenance,phy
sicalv
iol
ence,ment
alabuse,Sexualabuse,chi
l
dabuseand
ot
herl
egal
mat
ter
s.

ZAMBI
ACI
VICEDUCATI
ONASSOCI
ATI
ON(
ZCEA)

 I
tisanon-pr
ofi
tmaki
ngor
gani
zat
iont
hatwasest
abl
i
shedi
n1993.

 I
tpr
omot
esandpr
otect
schi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sthr
oughci
vi
ceducat
ionandof
fer
s
f
reel
egal
adv
icet
ovul
ner
abl
egr
oupsi
nsoci
ety
.

CARI
TASZAMBI
A

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page119
  I
trunsl
egal
adv
iceDesksunderi
tsJust
icePr
ogr
ams.

 I
tisf
oundi
nal
lCat
hol
i
cDi
oceseswi
thi
nthecount
ryandof
fer
slegaladv
icet
o
v
ulner
abl
epeopl
e.

WOMENI
NLAW ANDDEVELOPMENTI
NAFRI
CA(
WILDAF)

 I
tisapanAf
ri
cannon-gov
ernment
alor
gani
zat
ionwhi
cht
ri
est
opr
omot
ea
cul
tur
efort
heexer
ciseofandr
espectf
orwomen’
sri
ght
sinAf
ri
cancount
ri
es.

 I
tof
fer
slegal
adv
icet
ovul
ner
abl
emember
sofSoci
ety
.

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOTHEPROCESSESOFTHEZAMBI
ANLEGALSYSTEM

RI
GHTSOFASUSPECTI
NAPRETRI
ALPROCEDURE

 Ther
ightt
oli
ber
tyi
sguar
ant
eedf
ori
nar
ti
cle13oft
heconst
it
uti
on.Howev
er,
some oft
he r
ight
s can be t
aken awayf
rom a per
son who i
sreasonabl
y
suspect
edofhav
ingcommi
tt
edanof
fence.
 I
nthi
sinst
ance,t
hel
i
ber
tyofasuspectwi
l
lbet
akenawayt
hrought
heactof
Appr
ehensi
onorar
rest
.
 Appr
ehensi
on:
Thi
siswhensomeonei
stakeni
ntocust
odywi
thoutawar
rant
 Ar
rest
:Thi
siswhensomeonei
stakeni
ntocust
odywi
thoutawar
rant
 Tr
ial
:Thi
sisexami
nat
ionofi
nvest
igat
ioni
n
 Der
ogat
ions:Thesear
eexcept
ions’t
other
uleespeci
all
ytot
heenj
oymentof
r
ight
sandf
reedomsoft
heper
son.

ARRESTWI
THOUTWARRANT
 Suspect
sshoul
donl
ybear
rest
eduponpol
i
ceof
fi
cer
spr
oduci
ngawar
rantof
ar
restunl
ess
Theaccusedwasseencommi
tt
ingacogni
zabl
eof
fence
 Cogni
zabl
eof
fencei
sanof
fencet
hatcanbeseenasacr
ime,f
orexampl
e,

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page120
 unl
awf
ulassembl
y,bur
glar
y,mansl
aught
er.
 A per
son who i
s ar
rest
ed wi
thouta war
rantshoul
d be br
oughtbef
orea
compet
entcour
twi
thi
ntwent
y-f
ourhour
sorassoonasr
easonabl
ypr
act
icabl
e.
I
fnott
ri
edbef
orear
easonabl
eti
me,
heorsheshoul
dber
eleased.

ARRESTWI
THAWARRANT
Cr
imesunderwhi
chaper
soncanbear
rest
edwi
thawar
ranti
ncl
ude:
 Al
l
owi
ngapr
isonerofwart
oescape
 Commonassaul
t
 Cor
rupt
ion
 Def
amat
ionofChar
act
er
 Deser
ti
onofchi
l
drenbyapar
ent
 Fr
aud
DETENTI
ONFORQUESTI
ONI
NG
 Thi
smeanst
hatt
hePol
i
cehav
enopowert
odet
ainaper
sonf
orquest
ioni
ng
unl
essheorshei
sar
rest
edf
oracr
imi
nalof
fenceandi
nfor
medoft
her
easons
f
ordet
ent
ion..
 Rel
ati
vesoft
heaccused coul
d secur
ehi
sorherf
reedom t
hroughHabeas
Cor
pus.
 HabeasCor
pusi
sanor
derobt
ainedf
rom t
hecour
tsr
equi
ri
ngaper
sonwhoi
sin
det
ent
iont
obebr
oughtbef
oreaJudgeorCour
ts.

COMPENSATI
ONFORFALSEI
MPRI
SONMENT
 Thi
simpl
i
est
hataper
sonwhoi
sunl
awf
ull
yar
rest
edordet
ainedcansuef
or
compensat
iont
hrought
hecour
tsofl
aw.
 I
fitt
hepol
i
cet
hatf
alsel
yimpr
isonedhi
m orher
,onecansuet
hest
atet
hrough
t
heAt
tor
neyGener
al,
whoi
sthegov
ernment
sLegal
Adv
iser
.

I
NTERROGATI
ON
 Thi
sisasi
tuat
ionwhent
hePol
i
ceaskt
heaccusedper
sonsomequest
ionsona
par
ti
cul
arcaseonwhi
chonei
sal
l
egedt
ohav
ecommi
tt
ed.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page121
  Thi
simpl
i
est
hatt
hepol
i
cear
enotal
l
owedt
oquest
ionaper
sonwhomaybe
suspect
edofwr
ongdoi
ngandsuchper
sonsar
eundernoobl
i
gat
iont
oanswer
.
 Thepol
i
cehav
enor
ightt
ousef
orcet
odr
awoutst
atement
sfr
om suspect
sand
t
ort
ureofsuspect
sisnotal
l
owedunderanyci
rcumst
ances.

JUDGES’
RULE
 Thi
srul
erequi
rest
hepol
i
cet
oinf
ormt
heaccusedofhi
sorherr
ightt
oremai
n
si
l
enti
ftheysowi
shasanyst
atementt
heymakecanbeusedasev
idence
agai
nstt
hem dur
ingt
ri
al.
 Ther
uleal
sopr
ovi
dest
hatt
heaccusedbeal
l
owedt
oconsul
twi
thl
awy
ersor
ot
herl
egal
pract
it
ioner
sev
enwhenpl
acedi
ncust
ody
.

THELAW OFBAI
L
 Thi
smeanst
hataper
sonar
rest
ed,det
ainedorappear
ingbef
oret
hecour
tmay
,
whi
l
eincust
ody
,oratanyst
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngappl
yforbai
l
.
 Bai
li
sasum ofmoneypai
dbyaper
sonaccusedofwr
ongdoi
ngassecur
it
ythat
heorshewi
l
lappearbef
oret
hecour
tunt
ilt
hecasei
sdi
sposed
 Bai
lcanbesecur
edbypr
ovi
dingt
woSur
eti
es,whoar
eper
sonst
hatgobef
ore
t
hecour
ttosweart
hatt
heywi
l
lmakesur
ethatt
heaccusedper
sondoesnotr
un
awayandt
hatheorshewi
l
lappeari
ncour
twhenev
erheorshei
srequi
redt
odo
so.
 I
ftheaccusedi
sar
espect
abl
ememberofsoci
ety
,heorshei
snotr
equi
redt
o
pr
ovi
desur
eti
esandcanbeadmi
tt
edt
obai
li
nhi
sorhercogni
zance.
 Cogni
zance means bei
ng awar
e or hav
ing consci
ous knowl
edge on t
he
i
mpl
i
cat
ionsofabscondi
ngf
rom j
ust
ice.

RI
GHTSOFASUSPECTATTHETRI
ALSTAGE
Ther
ear
ethr
eebasi
cpr
inci
plest
hatgui
det
hecr
imi
nal
procedur
enamel
y:
 Thedef
endanti
spr
esumedi
nnocentunt
ilt
hecour
tpr
oveshi
m orhergui
l
ty.
 TheBur
denofpr
oof
,whi
chi
sthedut
ythatl
i
esont
hepr
osecut
iont
opr
ovet
he
cr
imi
nal
all
egat
ionagai
nstt
heaccused.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page122
  I
tisbasedont
heaccept
edr
ule“
hewhoal
l
egesmustpr
ove”

 Thest
andar
dofpr
oof
,whi
chi
sthemeasur
eoft
hepr
oofbr
oughtagai
nstt
he
accusedbey
ondr
easonabl
edoubt
.

 I
tist
hewei
ghtoft
heev
idencet
hepr
osecut
ionmustpr
oducei
nor
dert
o
est
abl
i
sht
heal
l
egedcr
ime.

OTHERRI
GHTS
FAI
RTRI
ALANDANI
MPARTI
ALJUDGE
 Theconst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
dest
hatanyper
sonchar
gedwi
thacr
imi
nalof
fenceshal
l
be af
for
ded a f
airhear
ing wi
thi
nar
easonabl
eti
me and an i
mpar
ti
aland
i
ndependentcour
t.
Pr
inci
pleofnat
ural
Just
icest
atest
hat
:
 Nooneshoul
dbeaj
udgei
nhi
sorhercase

 I
nacase,
bot
hsi
desmustbehear
d

RI
GHTTOASPEEDANDPUBLI
CTRI
AL
 Thi
smeanst
hatanaccusedper
sondet
ainedi
npol
i
cecust
odymustbet
ri
edi
na
cour
tofl
awwi
thi
nfour
teenday
sofhi
sorherar
rest
.
 Thi
sis because t
he j
ust
ice sy
stem oper
ates on t
he pr
inci
plet
hat“
Just
ice
del
ayedi
sjustdeni
ed”whi
chmeansnotget
ti
ngaspeedyt
ri
ali
sasgoodasnot
get
ti
ngj
ust
ice.
 Thel
ongdel
ayi
ndi
sposi
ngof
fcasesi
sasar
esul
tofdel
aysi
nrecei
vi
ngt
hef
iat
f
rom t
heDi
rect
orofpubl
i
cPr
osecut
ions(
DPP)
.
 Fi
ati
sacer
ti
fi
cat
eofi
nst
ruct
ionsf
rom t
heDi
rect
orofPubl
i
cPr
osecut
ionst
o
commenceTr
ialbecauset
hedel
aysi
ntr
ial
sunder
minet
heRul
eofl
awaspeopl
e
l
oseconf
idencei
nthej
ust
icesy
stem

THERI
GHTTOSI
LENCE
 Thi
smeanst
hatt
heaccusedhast
her
ightt
oremai
nsi
l
entbynott
aki
ngt
he
st
andi
nthewi
tnessboxandgi
vi
ngev
idenceonoat
h.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page123
  Theaccusedmayal
sodeci
det
ogi
veunswor
nst
atementf
rom t
hedockwhi
chi
s
t
hesi
tt
ingpl
acef
ort
heaccusedper
sonsi
nacr
imi
nal
cour
tpr
oceedi
ng.

PROTECTI
ONAGAI
NSTDOUBLEJEOPARDY
 Thi
smeanst
hatanaccusedper
soncannotbet
ri
edagai
nforanof
fencewhi
ch
heorshehasbeenacqui
tt
ed.Forexampl
e,aper
sonacqui
tt
edofmur
dercannot
l
aterbet
ri
edonal
esserchar
geofmansl
aught
er.
 Thepr
osecut
ionshoul
ddeci
der
ightatt
hebegi
nni
ngwhet
hert
otr
ytheaccused
f
ormur
derormansl
aught
er.

PROTECTI
ONAGAI
NSTEX-POSTFACTOLAW.
 Thi
smeanst
hati
faper
soncommi
tsawr
ongf
ulactwhi
chatt
het
imedoesnot
const
it
uteacr
ime,
heorshecannotbet
ri
edatal
aterst
agewhenawr
ongf
ulact
becomesacr
ime.
 I
tal
so meanst
hatal
aw cr
eat
ing acr
imi
nalof
fencecannotbebackdat
ed
expr
essedi
nLat
inasExPostFact
oLaw.

THERI
GHTTOEXAMI
NEANDCROSSEXAMI
NEWI
TNESSES
 Thi
smeanst
hatt
hedef
endanthast
her
ightt
oquest
iont
hewi
tnessespr
esent
ed
byt
hepr
osecut
ionandexami
nehi
sorherownwi
tnesses.
 I
tisdonebyquest
ionandanswermet
hod.

THERI
GHTTOATTORNEY
 Thi
sisar
ightwhi
chanaccusedper
sonhast
ober
epr
esent
edbyal
awy
eri
fone
i
saccusedofof
fencest
hatar
esupposedt
obet
ri
edi
ntheappel
l
antcour
ts.
 Thi
sisbecausei
nbot
htheCi
vi
landCr
imi
nalt
ri
alsi
ntheZambi
anCour
tsar
e
basedont
headv
ersar
ypr
ocedur
e.
 Thi
sis a sy
stem wher
ethe pr
osecut
ion and def
ense t
reateach ot
heras
opponent
sbutnotasenemi
esorapr
ocessofopposi
ngsi
dest
ryi
ngt
owi
n
agai
nstt
heot
herbet
weent
hePr
osecut
ionandDef
enset
eams

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page124
RI
GHTTODEFENDONESELF
 Thi
sisaConst
it
uti
onalr
equi
rementt
hatt
heaccusedper
sonshoul
dbegi
ven
enought
imet
oconsul
tandpr
ovi
def
orhi
sorherdef
ense.
 I
nreal
i
ty,
thi
srar
elyhappensast
heaccusedi
susual
l
yincust
odyandnotgi
vena
chancet
ocol
l
ectev
idenceandasar
esul
tthedef
ensemer
elyr
eact
stot
he
pr
osecut
ion’
swi
tnesses.
 Ther
eisnoi
ndependentquest
ioni
ngofwi
tnesses,v
isi
tst
othesceneoft
he
cr
ime,al
i
biwhi
chi
spr
ooft
hatt
heper
sonaccusedofacr
imewasi
nanot
her
pl
acef
rom wher
ethecr
imet
ookpl
aceandt
hatt
heper
soncoul
dnothav
e
commi
tt
edt
hecr
ime.

RI
GHTSOFACONVI
CTEDPERSONATPOSTTRI
ALSTAGE
RI
GHTTOAPPEAL
 Thi
smeanst
hataconv
ict
edper
sonhast
her
ightt
oappealt
ohi
ghercour
tsi
f
notsat
isf
iedwi
tht
hedeci
sionoft
hel
owercour
t.
 Thi
sist
omakesur
ethatanyer
rort
hatmayhav
ebeenmadei
nthel
owercour
t
canbecor
rect
edbyanappel
l
antcour
tandaconv
ict
edper
soni
sinf
ormedofhi
s
orherr
ightt
oappeal
att
heendoft
ri
al.
OTHERRI
GHTSOFTHEACCUSED
Theconst
it
uti
onofZambi
aguar
ant
eest
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ight
stot
heaccused:
 Ther
ightnott
obet
ri
edf
oracr
imi
nalof
fencef
orwhi
chonehasbeenpar
doned
byt
heHeadofSt
ate

 Ther
ightt
ohav
eani
nter
pret
eri
fonedoesnotunder
standt
hel
anguagebei
ng
useddur
ingt
hepr
oceedi
ngs.

 Ther
ightt
obegi
venacopyoft
her
ecor
doft
hepr
oceedi
ngsmadebyt
hecour
t

Wi
thi
nar
easonabl
eti
meaf
terj
udgment

 Ther
ightnott
obeconv
ict
edofacr
imi
nalof
fenceunl
esst
hatof
fencei
sdef
ined
andt
hepenal
tywr
it
teni
nlaw.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page125
PROCEDURESI
NTHECRI
MINALJUSTI
CEPROCESS
Thepr
ocedur
esi
nthecr
imi
nalj
ust
icepr
ocessr
efer
stot
hest
epsf
oll
owedi
nacr
imi
nal
pr
ocedur
easout
li
nedi
nthecr
imi
nalpr
ocedur
ecode,whi
chi
sal
sor
efer
redt
oast
he
C.
P.Ci
nlegal
ter
ms.
Ar
rest

 Thi
smeanswhent
heaccusedper
soni
stakeni
ntocust
odywi
thorwi
thouta
war
rant
.

 I
timpl
i
est
hatanaccusedper
sonmaybear
rest
edwi
thawar
rantobt
ainedf
rom a
cour
tofl
aw f
orof
fencesl
i
kepoachi
ngf
rom r
est
ri
ctedar
easwhi
l
ecasesl
i
ke
t
hef
tal
l
owsar
restwi
thoutawar
rant
.

Pl
ea

Thi
siswhent
hechar
geagai
nstt
heaccusedi
sreadandi
ftheaccusedadmi
ts
t
heof
fence,t
henheorshei
ssai
dtohav
etakenapl
eaofgui
l
tybuti
fheorshe
deni
est
hechar
get
henapl
eaofdeni
ali
stakenwhi
chi
sal
socal
l
edapl
eaofnot
gui
l
ty.

Tr
ial

 Thi
shast
hepr
osecut
ionanddef
ensepar
tst
oit
.Thepr
osecut
ioncasei
swhen
t
hepr
osecut
ioncal
l
sthei
rwi
tnessesknownasExami
nat
ioni
nchi
ef,whi
chi
s
meantt
obui
l
dthecaseagai
nstt
heaccused.

 Ont
heot
herhand,t
hedef
ensewi
l
lthenbr
ingt
hei
rownwi
tnessesknownas
Def
ensewi
tnesseswhoseaccount
swi
l
lbet
hedef
ense’
sexami
nat
ioni
nchi
ef.

Fi
nal
submi
ssi
ons

Thi
sref
erst
oasi
tuat
ionwhenbot
hthedef
enseandpr
osecut
ionaddr
essest
he
Magi
str
ateort
heJudgewi
tht
hei
rst
rongpoi
nts.

Judgment

Thi
smeanswhent
hemagi
str
ateorj
udgedel
i
ver
sthef
inal
rul
i
ngorv
erdi
ctoft
he

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page126
 caseagai
nstt
heaccusedper
son.

Recor
dsofpr
evi
ousconv
ict
ions

Thi
siswhent
hepr
osecut
orr
eadst
othecour
tanypr
evi
ousconv
ict
ionswhi
ch
t
hedef
endantcanei
theracceptorr
eject(
deny
).

Mi
ti
gat
ion.

Thi
siswhent
hedef
endantgi
vesr
easonst
otheJudget
hatmaymaket
he
puni
shmentl
esssev
ere(
leni
encypuni
shment
).

Sent
enci
ng

 Thi
siswhent
hemagi
str
ateorj
udgesent
encest
heaccusedper
son,gui
dedby
t
het
hreepr
inci
plesofsent
enci
ngwhi
chi
ncl
udes:

 Ret
ri
but
ionwhi
chmeanspuni
shi
ngt
heof
fenderespeci
all
yinr
apecases.

 Det
err
ent
,whi
chmeanspuni
shmentmeantt
opr
eventt
heof
fenderorot
her
,
woul
dbeof
fender
sfr
om commi
tt
ingt
hesameorsi
mil
arcr
ime.

 Ref
ormat
ionorRehabi
l
itat
ion,
whi
chi
spuni
shmentmeantt
oref
ormt
heof
fender
i
nor
dert
oret
urnt
oadecentl
i
fe,
mai
nlyappl
i
edt
oJuv
eni
l
eandf
ir
stof
fender
s.

TYPESOFSENTENCES.

Concur
rentSent
ence

Thi
sisoneser
vedatt
hesamet
imeasanot
hersent
encei
mposedear
li
eroratt
he
samepr
oceedi
ng.

Consecut
iveorCumul
ati
veSent
encei
sonewhi
ch

Def
endanthasbeenconv
ict
edofsev
eral
count
s,eachoneconst
it
uti
ngadi
sti
nct

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page127
 of
fenceorcr
ime,orwhenadef
endanthasbeenconv
ict
edofsev
eralcr
imesat
t
hesamet
ime.Li
feSent
ence

Thepr
isonerspendst
her
emai
nderoft
hei
rli
vesi
npr
ison.

Mandat
orySent
ence

Thi
sonei
scr
eat
ed byt
hest
atest
atut
eand r
epr
esent
sther
ender
ing ofa
puni
shmentf
orwhi
chaj
udgehasnor
oom f
ordi
scr
eti
on.

Maxi
mum Sent
ence

I
trepr
esent
stheout
erl
i
mitofapuni
shment
,bey
ondwhi
chaconv
ict
edper
son
maynotbehel
dincust
ody
.

Mi
nimum Sent
ence

Thi
sonet
hatr
epr
esent
sthemi
nimum puni
shmentort
imeaconv
ict
edper
son
mustspendi
npr
isonbef
orebecomi
ngel
i
gibl
eforr
elease.

SuspendedSent
ence

I
tmeanswi
thhol
ding orpost
poni
ng ofpr
onounci
ng a sent
encef
oll
owi
ng a
conv
ict
ion orpost
poni
ng oft
he execut
ion ofa sent
ence af
teri
thasbeen
pr
onounced.

PROCEDURESI
NACI
VILCASE
Ther
ear
efi
vet
ypesofcour
tsi
nZambi
athatconductci
vi
lpr
ocedur
enamel
y:
 Local
Cour
ts

 Magi
str
ateorSubor
dinat
eCour
ts

 Hi
ghCour
ts

 I
ndust
ri
alRel
ati
onsCour
t

 Supr
emeCour
t

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page128
CI
VILPROCEDUREI
NALOCALCOURT
 Thepr
ocedur
eisgener
all
yinf
ormalbecauset
heai
m oft
hepr
oceedi
ngi
sto
admi
nist
ernecessar
yJust
ice.
 Thesecour
tshav
enotadopt
edcompl
expr
ocedur
ebecausemostoft
hepeopl
e
who use t
hese cour
ts ar
e not educat
ed t
o under
stand compl
ex cour
t
pr
oceedi
ngs.
 Ci
vi
lpr
ocedur
esi
nlocalcour
tsst
artwi
thWr
itofSummonsObt
ainedf
rom t
he
cour
tCl
erkbyt
hePl
aint
if
f,aper
sonorper
sonswi
thacompl
aint
.
 Thecour
tcl
erksf
il
lint
hepar
ti
cul
arsoft
hepl
aint
if
fandt
hedef
endantort
he
accusedPer
son
 Thesummonsi
sser
vedt
othedef
endantathi
sorherr
esi
dent
ialaddr
essanda
copyi
slef
twi
tht
hedef
endant
.
CI
VILPROCEDUREI
NSUBORDI
NATECOURTS
 I
nthesecour
ts,t
hepar
ti
esi
nvol
ved ar
esupposed t
ofol
l
ow st
ri
ctr
ulesof
pr
ocedur
e,whi
chbegi
nswi
tht
heser
vingoft
heWr
itofSummonsser
vedont
he
def
endant
,whoi
sexpect
edt
ofi
l
lint
heEnt
erofAppear
ance.
 Ent
erofappear
ancei
saf
ormf
il
ledbyt
heaccusedagr
eei
ngt
oappeari
ncour
tat
t
heappoi
ntedt
imeanddat
e

CI
VILPROCEDUREI
NAHI
GHCOURT
 Thepr
ocedur
eisf
ormalandt
hepl
aint
if
fmustf
il
einast
atementofcl
aim,
whi
ch
i
snotr
equi
redi
nthesubor
dinat
ecour
t.St
atementofcl
aimi
sadecl
arat
ion
st
ati
ngt
hedemandoft
hepl
aint
if
ffr
om t
hedef
endant
.
 I
tisser
vedt
oget
herwi
thawr
itofsummonsandt
hedef
endantf
il
lsi
nthecent
er
ofappear
ancet
oget
herwi
tht
hedef
ense.
 Thi
sisar
esponset
othest
atementofcl
aim andt
heTr
ialwi
l
lthent
akepl
ace
l
eadi
ngupt
othef
inal
submi
ssi
onandj
udgment
.
 I
fthecaseofacl
aimi
sknown,awar
rantofdi
str
esswi
l
lbeser
vedont
he
def
endantt
oseal
thej
udgment
.
 Ther
e ar
e cases t
hat come bef
oret
he hi
gh cour
tthat ar
e hear
d i
n
chamber
s,[
pri
vat
e]whi
chi
stheof
fi
ceoft
hej
udge.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page129
Someoft
hecasest
hatar
ecl
assi
fi
edaschambermat
ter
sincl
ude:
 Uncont
est
edmar
ri
agedi
vor
ceact
ions
 Appl
i
cat
ionf
oranor
derofv
acat
ioni
npr
oper
tyr
epossessi
on
 Appl
i
cat
ionf
oror
derofcompanydi
ssol
uti
onal
soknownasl
i
qui
dat
ion
 Appl
i
cat
ionf
ormai
ntenancei
ncaseofadi
vor
cedspouseandchi
l
dren
PROCEDUREI
NTHEI
NDUSTRI
ALRELATI
ONSCOURT
Thi
scour
thandl
esonl
yindust
ri
almat
ter
s,whi
chmat
ter
sar
eper
tai
ningt
oempl
oyee
andempl
oyerr
elat
ions.
CI
VILPROCEDUREI
NSUPREMECOURT
 Thepr
ocedur
eissi
mil
art
othatf
oundi
nthehi
ghcour
texceptt
hatt
hesupr
eme
Cour
tdoesnotconductt
ri
alsbecausei
thear
sappeal
s;hence.(
Cour
tofAppeal
).
 Theonl
ycaset
hatcanbet
ri
edi
ntheSupr
emeCour
tist
hePr
esi
dent
ialEl
ect
ions
pet
it
ion.
CAPI
TALPUNI
SHMENT
 Capi
talPuni
shmenti
sthe Deat
h Penal
tywhi
ch i
mpl
i
est
he t
aki
ng awayof
someone’
sli
feandaper
sonwhoi
ssent
encedt
odeat
hbecomesacondemned
per
son.
 Theyar
ecal
l
edcondemnedbecauset
heypayf
ort
hecr
imet
heycommi
tt
edwi
th
t
hei
rli
veswhi
chi
stheul
ti
mat
epuni
shmentt
hatcanbemet
edoutonahuman
bei
ng.
 I
tisr
efer
redt
oasPuni
shmentbey
ondpuni
shment
SOMEMETHODSOFEXECUTI
ONI
NCLUDE:
Hangi
ng:
Thenecki
sbr
okenanddeat
hcomesqui
ckl
yunl
esst
hef
ree-f
all.
Whi
chi
sadi
stance
cal
cul
atedaccor
dingt
othewei
ghtandhei
ghtoft
hecondemnedper
son,
isnotaccur
ate?
El
ect
ri
cchai
r
 Thi
sist
hechai
rwi
redupwi
thel
ect
rodesandacondemnedper
soni
sst
rapped
i
nwi
thel
ect
ri
ccabl
esar
oundt
heankl
es,
armsandhead.
 Thenanamountofel
ect
ri
calv
olt
agei
srunt
hroughhi
sorherbodyenought
o
ki
l
lhi
m orher
.
Fi
ri
ngSquad:
Thepr
isoneri
sshor
tthr
ought
hehear
tbymanyshoot
ersanddeat
h

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page130
 comesqui
ckl
y.
Let
halI
nject
ion:Let
haldr
ugsar
einj
ect
edi
ntot
hecondemnedper
son’
sbodywho
i
sst
rappedt
oabed.
 Beheadi
ng/Gui
l
lot
ine:Thi
siswhent
heheadi
scutof
fbyashar
pmet
alwhi
ch
sawst
hrought
heneckoft
hepr
isoner
.
 St
oni
ng:Thepr
isoneri
spel
tedwi
thr
ocksandbi
gst
onesunt
ilt
heyev
ent
ual
l
ydi
e
anddeat
hissl
owandpai
nful
.
 Cr
uci
fi
xi
on:Thi
smet
hodwasusedi
ntheki
l
li
ngofJesusChr
ist
.Itwasamet
hod
f
avour
edbyt
heRomansandwasabol
i
shedi
nthe4thCent
ury
.
 Bei
ngf
edal
i
vet
owi
l
dani
mal
s
 Bei
ngr
ippedapar
tbyhor
sesr
unni
ngi
nopposi
tedi
rect
ions
 Bei
ngt
hrownf
rom apeakoft
hemount
ain
 Bei
ngdr
owned.
ARGUMENTSAGAI
NSTCAPI
TALPUNI
SHMENT
Peopl
ewhoadv
ocat
efort
heabol
i
tionoft
heDeat
hPenal
tyar
ecal
l
edAbol
i
tioni
sts
 Thedeat
hpenal
typr
omot
est
heaccept
anceofv
iol
encebysoci
etybecauset
he
gov
ernmentwhi
chi
ssupposedt
ouphol
dthesanct
it
yanddi
gni
tyofl
i
feal
so
commi
tsav
iol
entactagai
nstt
heper
sont
heyexecut
e
 Thedeat
hpenal
tyi
sav
iol
ati
onoft
heuni
tedNat
ionsHumanRi
ght
s,Ri
ghtt
oli
fe,
whi
chi
saf
undament
alhumanr
ight
 Despi
tet
hedeat
hpenal
tybei
ngt
her
efr
om t
imei
mmemor
ial
,i
thasnotpr
event
ed
ot
herpeopl
efr
om commi
tt
ing Mur
derand ot
herser
ious cr
imes t
hatar
e
puni
shabl
ebydeat
h.
 I
tisi
rr
evocabl
eandt
her
iskofexecut
ingani
nnocentper
soni
sal
way
sther
e.
Hi
stor
yhaspr
ovedt
hatev
ent
hemostsophi
sti
cat
edLegalsy
stemsi
nthewor
ld
ar
enothundr
edper
centper
fectandst
udi
eshav
eshownt
hati
nnocentpeopl
e
hav
ebeenexecut
ed.
 Thedeat
hpenal
tyi
sasy
mpt
om ofacul
tur
eofv
iol
ence,notasol
uti
ont
oitand
t
hatci
vi
li
zedsoci
ety
’st
aski
stomai
ntai
nasy
stem ofj
ust
icebasedonpur
ely
l
awsnotemot
ions.
 Thedeat
hpenal
tyi
sanespeci
all
ybr
utal
andcol
dbl
oodedf
orm ofki
l
li
ngbecause

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page131
 t
her
eisnopassi
onorhear
t,oft
hemomenti
nvol
vedi
nthepr
ocess.
 Thedeat
hpenal
tymaymaket
err
ori
stmar
tyr
sint
heey
esoft
hei
rsuppor
ter
s
 Rat
hert
hant
hedeat
hpenal
ty,soci
etyshoul
dbegi
nlooki
ngi
ntot
hemot
ivesof
t
heki
l
ler
sandpr
essur
est
hati
tput
sthem t
hrough.Forexampl
e,t
her
easont
hat
i
nmostcasesofmur
der
,themur
der
eri
srel
atedt
othev
ict
im.

ARGUMENTSFORCAPI
TALPUNI
SHMENT
Peopl
ewhosuppor
ttheDeat
hpenal
tyar
ecal
l
eddef
ender
s.
 Taki
nganof
fender
’sl
i
fei
samor
esev
erepuni
shmentt
hanapr
isonsent
ence
 Thedeat
hpenal
tywi
l
lpr
eventf
utur
ewoul
dbeof
fender
snott
ocommi
tthecr
ime
andt
heexecut
edper
sononbei
ngr
emov
edf
rom soci
ety
,wi
l
lnotcommi
tthe
sameof
fenceorsi
mil
arof
fenceagai
n.
 Wi
thoutt
hedeat
hpenal
ty,
ther
eisnosuf
fi
cientpuni
shmentt
omet
eoutt
othose
ser
vingal
i
fesent
encei
npr
isoni
ftheydeci
dedt
oki
l
lanot
herper
sonwhi
l
ein
pr
ison.
 Thedeat
hpenal
tyhasBi
bli
calor
igi
nsi
nGenesi
s9:
6whi
chr
eads:Whososheds
aman’
sbl
ood,
bymanshal
lhi
sbl
oodbeshed;
mani
smadei
nthei
mageofGod.
 Puni
shmentshoul
dfi
tthecr
ime;t
her
efor
e,i
tfol
l
owst
hati
faper
sonmur
der
s
anot
herper
son,
theyshoul
dal
sobeputt
odeat
h.
 Soci
etyhasadut
ytoki
l
linsel
f-
def
enseofi
tsmember
sandt
hatt
hedeat
h
penal
tyhasheal
i
ngef
fect
sont
her
elat
ivesoft
heof
fender
’sv
ict
im ast
heyget
t
hepeaceofmi
ndt
hroughdeat
h.
 I
tpr
otect
sci
vi
li
ansand pol
i
ce f
rom bei
ng i
ndi
scr
imi
nat
elymur
der
ed and i
t
expr
essessoci
ety
’st
otal
sur
renderofmur
der
 Rev
engei
sanat
uralhumanemot
iont
her
efor
e;t
hel
aw shoul
dbebasedonan
ey
eforey
eandt
oot
hfort
oot
h.
 Li
fei
mpr
isonmenti
snotpuni
shmentenoughf
orki
l
ler
sandbesi
dessomepeopl
e
ser
vingl
i
fesent
encesar
epar
donedandi
nnot
imear
ebackont
hest
reet
swher
e
t
heyki
l
lagai
n.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page132
 1.Def
inel
egal
syst
em.
2.Out
li
neel
ement
sofagoodl
egal
syst
em.
3.Ment
ionf
ive(
5)sour
cesofl
awi
nZambi
a.
4.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbycr
imi
nal
cases?
5.Whati
sacr
ime?
6.Expl
aint
het
woel
ement
sofev
erycr
ime?
7.Whatar
ethet
wocl
assi
fi
cat
ionofacr
ime?
8.St
atesomeoft
hel
egal
inst
it
uti
oni
nZambi
aandt
hei
rfunct
ion.
9.Wr
it
edownt
hef
ourl
evel
sofcour
tsi
nZambi
a.
10.
Descr
ibesomeor
gani
zat
ionst
hatpr
omot
ejust
ice.
11.
Compar
eci
vi
landcr
imi
nal
case.

GENDER,
EQUI
TYANDEQUALI
TY
GENDER

Genderi
sdef
inedassoci
all
yconst
ruct
edandv
ary
ingr
olest
hatmenandwomenpl
ayi
n
t
hei
rdai
l
yli
ves.

EQUALI
TY

Thi
sisapr
inci
plet
hatconsi
der
ssamer
ight
sandoppor
tuni
ty.

GENDEREQUI
TY

I
tist
hePr
ocessbywhi
chwomenandmenar
etr
eat
edf
air
lyi
naccor
dancet
othei
r
r
espect
iveneedsi
nsoci
ety
.

GENDEREQUALI
TY

Thi
sisaconceptst
atest
hatal
lhumanbei
ngst
hati
s,gi
rl
sandboy
s,womenandmen
ar
efr
eet
odev
elopt
hei
rper
sonal
abi
l
iti
eswi
thoutl
i
mit
ati
onssetbysoci
ety

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page133
AFFI
RMATI
VEACTI
ON(
posi
ti
vedi
scr
imi
nat
ion.
)

I
tisapol
i
cywi
thspeci
almeasur
eswhi
char
eai
medatcr
eat
ingast
ateofequi
ty
bet
weenf
emal
esandmal
est
hrought
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofpol
i
ciesandpr
ogr
ammes.

GENDEREQUALI
TY

Thi
sisaconceptwhi
chst
atest
hatal
lhumanbei
ngst
hati
s;womenandmenar
efr
eet
o
dev
elopt
hei
rper
sonal
abi
l
iti
eswi
thoutl
i
mit
ati
onssetbysoci
ety
.

GENDERGAP

Thi
sisameasur
eofi
nequal
i
tyi
nanypar
ti
cul
arsoci
al-
economi
cindi
cat
orandmay be
t
hedi
ff
erencei
nanyaspectofsoci
al-economi
cst
atusofmenandwomen.

STEREOTYPE

I
tmeanst
hatdi
ff
erentbehav
iourandaspi
rat
ionsofal
lhumanbei
ngsar
econsi
der
ed,
v
aluedandf
lav
oredequal
l
y.

GENDERROLES

 GenderRol
esar
elear
ntbehav
iouri
nthegi
vensoci
ety
.Thesear
esubscr
ibed
f
unct
ionact
ivi
ti
eswhi
char
eper
cei
vedasmal
eorf
emal
e.
 Theyar
einf
luencedbycul
tur
epol
i
tical
,economi
candr
eli
gious,age,cl
assand
r
aci
alf
act
ors.Genderr
olesar
edy
nami
c;t
heychangef
rom t
imet
oti
me.
Genderr
oles:

 Busi
nessEnt
erpr
ise
 Wat
erResour
ceManagement
 Far
ming
 Gat
her
ing
 Tour
ism
 Cr
aft
swor
k
 Env
ironmentManagement
Speci
fi
crol
esassi
gnedbysoci
ety
:-

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page134
MEN

 At
tendi
ngofsoci
alandpol
i
tical
meet
ings.
 Cat
tl
erear
ing
 Bushcl
ear
ingandf
ell
i
ngt
rees
 Hunt
ing
 Keydeci
si
onmaker
sonf
armi
ngact
ivi
ti
es.
Women

 heal
thcar
epr
ovi
der
s
 Foodpr
epar
ati
on
 Pot
ter
ymaki
ng
 Matandbasketweav
ing.
 Cr
ophar
vest
ing
 That
chi
nggr
asshar
vest
ing.

SEXROLES

Sexi
sthebi
ologi
calt
erm whi
chr
efer
stot
heexcl
usi
vephy
siol
ogi
caldef
erencebet
ween
f
emal
esandmal
es.

Sexr
olesar
ether
efor
erol
eswhi
chf
emal
esandmal
esper
for
m ont
hebasi
soft
hei
r
r
epr
oduct
iveandbi
ologi
cal
makeup.

SEXROLESSTEREOTYPE.

Thi
sisabel
i
eft
hatmal
esandf
emal
esbyv
irt
ueoft
hei
rsexper
for
m cer
tai
nrol
es.For
exampl
egi
rl
sar
elessi
ntel
l
igentt
hanboy
s.

SOCI
ALI
ZATI
ON

Thi
sisapr
ocesst
hroughwhi
chf
emal
esandmal
es,
gir
lsandboy
s,womenandmenar
e
assi
gnedcer
tai
nrol
esandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesbasedont
hev
aluesofapar
ti
cul
arsoci
ety
.

AGENTSOFSOCI
ALI
SATI
ON

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page135
Thef
ami
l
y

 Soci
ali
zat
ioni
sini
ti
all
ycar
ri
edoutbypar
ent
sandr
elat
ivesl
i
vingwi
tht
hef
ami
l
y.

 Thesoci
alandcul
tur
alat
ti
tudest
endt
ofav
orst
heboychi
l
d.Hencet
hemal
e
chi
l
drecei
vesav
ail
abl
eresour
cesaswel
laspar
ent
alat
tent
ion,heal
thcar
eand
educat
ion.

 Agi
rlchi
l
dper
for
msmor
ehousechor
est
hanaboychi
l
dandt
her
ebyl
eav
ingher
sev
erel
ydi
sadv
ant
agedi
nter
msofeducat
ionoppor
tuni
ti
es.Si
mil
arl
y,Women
ar
emadet
obel
i
evet
hatt
heyi
nfer
iort
omen.

Deci
sionmaki
ngi
nthef
ami
l
y

 Cont
rol
ofr
esour
ces.
 Sexual
rel
ati
onshi
panduseofcont
racept
ives.
 Pol
ygamousmar
ri
ages.

TheSchool

 Ther
ear
eper
sist
entsexdi
ff
erencesi
neducat
ionalpr
ocesseswi
thi
ntheschool
.
Femal
eandmal
elear
ner
sar
esubj
ect
edt
odi
ff
erentsoci
ali
zat
ioni
ntheschool
sy
stem.

 Thef
ormaleducat
ionpr
ovi
dedt
endst
oconf
inegi
rl
stodomi
nantandhousehol
d
l
evel
sseent
hrought
heki
ndofsubj
ect
stheyt
ake.Forexampl
e,mostgi
rl
stend
t
oav
oidchal
l
engi
ngsubj
ect
sandt
akepr
act
ical
subj
ect
s.

RELI
GIOUSI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

Theypl
ayani
mpor
tantr
olei
nsoci
ali
zat
ionpr
ocess.Al
lrel
i
giont
eachest
hatwomen
shoul
dbesubmi
ssi
vet
omenandmenshoul
dber
ecogni
zedasl
eader
s.

Peergr
oup

Peopl
eoft
hesameagear
equi
tei
nfl
uencedt
hroughsoci
ali
zat
ionpr
ocesshencet
hey

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page136
copycer
tai
nbehav
iour
alt
rai
tsf
rom eachot
her
.

Themedi
a

Themedi
ainZambi
aisanot
heragentofsoci
ali
zat
ionandhadcont
inueddepi
cti
ngt
he
posi
ti
onofwomenasbei
ngsubor
dinat
etomen.Someoft
hesongspl
ayedonr
adi
o
andt
elev
isi
ondescr
ibet
hei
mmor
albehav
iourofwomenwhi
l
eot
her
semphasi
zesi
n
t
hei
rtot
alsubmi
ssi
ont
omen.

THEI
NTERSTATESUCCESSI
ONACT(
1989)

 Theactwasenact
edbyt
heZambi
anPar
li
amentonMay14,
1989.

 TheActi
sast
epr
elat
edgui
demeantt
ofaci
l
itat
eway
sofensur
ingadequat
e
f
inanci
alandpr
oper
tyshar
ingf
orsur
viv
ingspouse(
s),chi
l
drenpar
ent
soft
he
deceasedandanyot
herr
elat
ivesoft
hedeceasedper
son.

 Thi
sisi
nacasewher
eadeceasedper
sondi
dnotl
eav
eawi
l
last
ohowpr
oper
ty,
l
egal
l
yref
err
edt
oasEst
ate

Wi
l
l

Awi
l
lisadecl
arat
iont
hatout
li
neshow f
inancesandpr
oper
tyofadeceasedper
son
shoul
dbedi
str
ibut
edamongt
hebenef
ici
ari
es

Anadmi
nist
rat
ori
sal
egal
l
yappoi
ntedper
sonwhoact
sonbehal
foft
hest
atei
n
handl
i
ngmat
ter
soft
hedeceasedper
son.He/
shei
snotpar
toft
hebenef
ici
ari
es.

Di
str
ibut
ionoft
heEst
ates.

 50%f
ort
hechi
l
drent
aki
ngi
ntoconsi
der
ati
ont
hei
ragesandeducat
ionneeds.

 20% f
orsur
viv
ingspouse(
s)wi
dow(
s)orwi
dower
.Thi
smeanst
hati
ncaseof
pol
ygamousmar
ri
agest
heper
cent
ageshal
lbedi
str
ibut
edamongal
lsur
viv
ing
spouses.I
fther
eisnospouse,
the20%shal
lbegi
vent
ochi
l
dren.

 20%f
ort
hedeceased,i
nacasewher
ether
ear
enopar
ent
sthe20%shoul
dbe
di
str
ibut
edamongt
hespouse,
chi
l
drenanddependent
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page137
  10%f
oral
lthedependent
sifany
.

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
onot
ethatt
hebr
other
s,si
ster
sandanyr
elat
ionsoft
hedeceasedar
e
notpar
toft
hebenef
ici
ari
es.

PERSONALCHATTELSANDHOUSE.

Per
sonal
chat
tel
s.

Thesei
ncl
udet
hingsl
i
kehousehol
dgoods,agr
icul
tur
eandhut
ti
ngequi
pment
,books
andmanyot
her
s.Thesear
efort
hesur
viv
ingspouseandchi
l
dren.

Thehouse

Thehousei
sfort
hesur
viv
ingspouse(
s)andt
hechi
l
dren. Howev
er,t
hesur
viv
ing
spouseonl
yhasal
i
fei
nter
esti
nthehouse.He/Shecanonl
yremai
nint
hehouseas
he/
shel
i
vesanddoesnotr
e-mar
ry.

Abr
eachofanypar
toft
heI
ntest
ateActconst
it
utesacr
imi
nalof
fence.Thi
smeans
t
hatpr
oper
tygr
abbi
ngi
sst
rongl
ypr
ohi
bit
edundert
hisact
.

PRACTI
CALPROBLEMSANDLI
MITATI
ONSOFTHEI
NTESTATEACT.

 Cust
omar
yLawofI
nher
it
ancei
spr
act
icei
nZambi
adoesnotpr
otectt
hewi
dows
andt
heor
phans.

 A chi
l
dbor
noutofcohabi
tat
ionshoul
dful
l
yenj
oyhi
s/herr
ight
s. Howev
er,
cour
tssomet
imesr
eluct
ant
lyr
ecogni
zesuchuni
ons.

 Chi
l
drenbor
noutof“
wedl
ock”i
fnotknownorr
ecogni
zedbyasur
viv
ingspouse,
donotbenef
itf
rom t
hepr
oper
tyoft
hedeceasedpar
ent
.

 Sect
ion10oft
heI
ntest
ateActpr
ovi
desf
ort
hesur
viv
ingspouset
ohav
eli
fe
i
nter
esti
npr
oper
ty,
li
kehouseandt
hati
fhe/
sher
e-mar
ri
es.

 Er
ri
ngadmi
nist
rat
orsmustbepuni
shedundersect
ion29oft
hei
ntest
ateAct
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page138
  Sect
iont
wooft
heI
ntest
ateActdoesnotf
avourandpr
otectwomenov
ert
he
cont
rol
oft
radi
ti
onal
land.

 Thei
ntest
ateActsuppor
tst
hel
egal
i
tyofpol
ygamousmar
ri
age.

 TheI
ntest
ateActdoesnothav
eapr
ovi
sionf
orassi
stanceoft
hev
ulner
abl
e
chi
l
drenespeci
all
ycompl
eteor
phanswhomayhav
ebeenaf
fect
edbyHI
V/AI
D
pandemi
c.

GENDERI
SSUESI
NTRADI
TIONALANDMODERNSOCI
ETY

Compar
isons.

 Bot
hhav
egener
almi
sconcept
iont
hatr
egar
dswomenasi
nfer
iort
omen.
 Tr
ibalwar
far
e,Mi
l
itar
yfor
ceandmal
ebr
aver
yandst
rengt
har
eusual
l
yat
tr
ibut
ed
t
omenandnotwomen.
 Landi
spr
edomi
nant
lyownedbyt
hemenf
olkandt
hel
awswhi
chgov
ernt
he
Zambi
anl
egal
syst
em ar
esenderbi
l
l.
 I
nsuf
fi
ci
entdeci
sionmaki
ngpoweri
nahomei
sexper
iencedbymostmar
ri
ed
womenwhof
indt
hemsel
vesi
nunf
airsi
tuat
ions.
 At
radi
ti
onofmal
emonopol
yofcont
rolov
erf
emal
erepr
oduct
ionhast
obeown
ext
entcont
inuedev
eni
nthemoder
nsoci
ety
.Iti
sbel
i
evedt
hatt
hehusbandhas
ar
ightt
ocont
rol
sexual
rel
ati
onshi
p.
 Fami
l
yofachi
l
dlessmar
ri
agewher
eawi
fei
sinf
ert
il
e,ahusbandmayeasi
l
y
mar
ryanot
herwomanandnotv
icev
ersa.
 Womenandt
hei
rgi
rlchi
l
drenspendmor
ehour
sofwor
kthant
hei
rcount
erpar
ts.

Cont
rast
s.

 Tr
adi
ti
onal
l
ywomenar
esoci
ali
zedt
obepassi
veandobedi
entwhi
l
emenar
e
t
aughtt
o beaggr
essi
veanddomi
nant
.To ensur
egenderequal
i
tymenand
women can now mi
xand par
ti
cipat
etoget
heri
n al
lar
easofdev
elopment
.
Tr
adi
ti
onal
l
ythesour
ceofpoweri
nsoci
etywassol
elyi
nthehandsofmen.
 Womensubor
dinat
ioni
namar
ri
ager
elat
ionshi
pduet
oBr
idepr
icei
mpl
i
edt
hat

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page139
 womenhadl
i
ttl
echoi
cet
oabandonmar
ri
age. Howev
ergr
iev
ancesar
enow
bei
ngaddr
essedbyt
hecour
tsofl
aw.
 Tr
adi
ti
onal
l
y,gi
rl
sandwomenwer
eexpect
edt
odot
hehousewor
k.Si
mil
arl
yat
school
.Toachi
evegenderbal
ance,
thet
rendhasnowchanged.
 Tocur
btheHI
V/AI
DSandot
herSTDsi
nsoci
ety
,issuesofsexualr
elat
ionshi
ps
bet
weengi
rl
sandboy
sar
etodayf
reel
ybei
ngdi
scussedatdi
ff
erentl
evel
s.

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADVOCATEFORGENDEREQUI
TYANDEUALI
TY.

ZAMBI
ANATI
ONALWOMEN’
SLOBBYGROUP

ZNWLG -t
hisgr
oupwasf
ormedi
n1991bywomenf
rom Non-
gov
ernment
al
Or
gani
zat
ionsandPol
i
ticalpar
ti
esconcer
nedaboutdi
scr
imi
nat
iont
hatwomen
di
ff
erandt
hei
rpoorr
epr
esent
ati
oni
ngov
ernmentandot
herpubl
i
cof
fi
ces.

I
thasof
fi
cesi
nthef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
nci
alcent
res:
-

 Copper
bel
t(Ki
twe)

 East
ern(
chi
pat
a)

 West
ern(
Mongu)

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heor
gani
sat
ion.

 Pr
omot
ionofequalpar
ti
cipat
ionandr
epr
esent
ati
onofwomanandmeni
n
deci
si
onmaki
ng.
 Cul
ti
vat
ionandpr
omot
ionofcul
tur
eofgenderequi
tyandequal
i
tyandr
espect
f
orwomen’
sri
ght
s.
 Undert
aki
ng t
rai
ning and managi
ng r
esour
ce mobi
l
izat
ion pr
ogr
ammes
meantf
orcapaci
tybui
l
ding.

PROGRAMMESTAKENBYTHEORGANI
SATI
ON.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page140
  Capaci
tybui
l
dingf
orf
emal
easpi
ri
ngcandi
dat
esf
orel
ect
ions.
 Ci
vi
ceducat
ionr
elat
ingt
oconst
it
uti
onal
mat
ers.
 Moni
tor
ingandobser
vingel
ect
ions.
 Conduct
ingcommuni
tydebat
eont
opi
cal
issues.
 I
nfor
mat
iondi
ssemi
nat
iont
hroughpubl
i
cat
ions.
JUSTI
CEFORWI
DOWSANDORPHANSPROJECT(
JWOP)

I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n2001undert
hesuppor
toft
heembassyofFi
nland.

Obj
ect
ives

 Todi
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
ionont
her
ight
sofwi
dowsandor
phans.
 Tohi
ghl
i
ghtandpuni
shcasesofv
iol
ati
onofhumanr
ight
s.
 Toconductsensi
ti
zat
ionpr
ogr
ammesf
orcommuni
tyl
eader
sandt
hegener
al
publ
i
c.

YOUNGWOMENCHRI
STI
ANASSOCI
ATI
ON(
YWCA)

Theadv
ocacypr
ogr
ammewhi
chf
all
sundert
hewomen’
sri
ght
s(WHR)pr
ogr
amme
est
abl
i
shmenti
n1993.

Ai
ms

 Ensur
ingt
hatwomenknowt
hei
rri
ght
sdut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
nsoci
ety
.
 Hel
pingwomenr
eal
i
set
hei
rful
lpot
ent
ialashumanbei
ngsandt
hecont
ri
but
e
t
othecommuni
ty.
ZAMBI
AASSOCI
ATI
ONFORRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT.(
ZARD)

ZARDwasf
ormedi
n1984.
Ai
ms

 To upl
i
ftt
he st
atus and posi
ti
on of women t
hrough act
ion or
ient
ed
par
ti
cipat
oryandgendersensi
ti
ver
esear
ch.
 To under
takesr
esear
chact
ivi
ti
est
hatai
med pr
omot
egenderbal
ancei
n

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page141
 soci
ety
.

Zambi
aAssoci
ati
onf
ordi
sabl
edwomen(
1992)
.

Ai
m

Todev
eloppr
ogr
ammesf
orempower
ingdi
sabl
edwomensoast
oinf
luencel
ong
est
abl
i
shedassoci
ati
ont
owar
dsani
mpr
ovedf
ocusont
hespeci
alpr
obl
emsofdi
sabl
ed
women.

ZAMBI
AALLI
ANCEOFWOMEN-(
ZAW)

ZAW wasf
ormedi
n1978butf
ormal
l
yregi
ster
edi
n1982.

Ai
ms

 Adv
ocacyf
orwomen’
sri
ght
s as human r
ight
s gendersensi
ti
zat
ion and
popul
ari
zi
ngCEDAW.
 Pr
omot
ionandenhancementofwomen’
sri
ght
sandi
nher
it
ance,womenand
educat
ionandwomenanddev
elopmenti
ngener
al.
 Adv
ocacyf
orgoodgov
ernanceandpr
omot
ionofpeace.
 Er
adi
cat
ionofpov
ert
ythr
oughf
oodsecur
it
y.
 Resear
chanddocument
ati
oni
nsoci
aleconomi
cpr
ogr
ammesandi
nheal
th
andeducat
ionmat
ter
s.
ACHI
EVEMENTS

 Spearheadedt
heSADCRegi
onalRur
alI
ndust
ri
alst
udyt
opr
omot
eindust
ri
es,
suchasbasket
ry,
baki
ngandf
ishpr
ocessi
ng.
 Pr
omot
ehousehol
dfoodsecur
it
ythr
oughcr
opdi
ver
sif
icat
ionpr
oject
sat
v
il
lagel
evel
.
 Dev
elopagr
ofor
est
rypr
ogr
ammes.
 Render
edsuppor
ttomai
nlyr
ural
sel
f-
hel
ppr
e-school
sandheal
cent
res.

VI
CTI
M SUPPORTUNI
T(VSU)(
ZAMBI
APOLI
CE)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page142
 TheVSUwasf
ormedi
n1994andst
art
edoper
ati
ngi
n1997.

Ai
ms

 Pr
eser
vat
ionofl
i
fe
 Pr
otect
ionofpr
oper
ty
 Pr
event
ionofcr
imeand
 Mai
ntenanceofpeacei
nsoci
ety
.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngconcept
s

i
.Gender
,

i
i
.Genderequi
ty,

i
i
i.Genderequal
i
ty,

i
v.Af
fi
rmat
iveact
ionandposi
ti
vedi
scr
imi
nat
ion.

1..
Stat
esomei
ssuest
hataf
fect
swomen’
ssoci
o-economi
cneeds.

2.Whatar
eGenderr
oles?

3.Whatdoy
ouunder
standbyt
het
erm‘
GenderGap?

4.Def
inesoci
ali
zat
ioni
nrel
ati
ont
ogenderr
oles.

5.St
atet
heagent
sofsoci
ali
zat
ion.

6.Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms.

i
. Theact

i
i
. Awi
l
l

i
i
i. Est
ate

NORTHERNPROVI
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CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page143
 i
v. Admi
nist
rat
or

7.Undert
hei
ntest
atesSuccessi
onAct
,howshoul
dbet
heest
atedi
str
ibut
ed?

8.St
atesomegov
ernment
ali
nst
it
uti
onst
hatadv
ocat
egenderequi
tyandequal
i
ty.

9.Ment
ionsomeNon-
Gov
ernmentOr
gani
zat
iont
hatadv
ocat
egenderequi
tyand
equal
i
ty.

CULTUREOFPEACE

PEACE

Peacei
stheabsenceofwar
.Buti
nreal
i
tyPeacemeansmor
ethant
heabsenceofwar
.
I
tal
someanst
hepr
esenceofj
ust
ice.

Sub-
div
isi
onofPeace

Negat
ivePeacer
efer
stot
heabsenceofdi
rectphy
sical
viol
ence,

Posi
ti
vePeacer
efer
stot
hepr
esenceofcondi
ti
onsofwel
l
-bei
ngandj
ustr
elat
ionshi
ps
i
nsof
arast
hesoci
al,
economi
c,pol
i
tical
andecol
ogi
cal
wel
far
eisconcer
ned.

Vi
olencei
sthepr
esencewar
,tor
tur
e,pov
ert
y,di
scr
imi
nat
ion,
andecol
ogi
cal
viol
ence.

PEACE

Negati
vePeace:Absenceof Posit
ivePeace:Presenceofconditi
onsof
Di
rectPhysi
calVi
olence well
-bei
ngandjustr el
ati
onshipsi
.e.
economic,soci
al,
pol i
ti
calandecologi
cal
.
NORTHERNPROVI
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CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page144

Di
rectVi
olence;
e.g.
St
ruct
ureVi
olencei
.e.pr
esenceof
METHODSOFPROMOTI
NGPEACE

Peacei
sver
ycent
ralandi
mpor
tantt
ohumanaf
fai
rsanddev
elopment
.Wi
thoutpeace,
dev
elopmentsuf
fer
s.

I
nter
mar
ri
ages – among di
ff
erentet
hni
c gr
oupi
ngs,i
nter
mar
ri
ages ar
e a good
met
hodofpr
omot
ingpeace.

 Fr
iendshi
p-maki
ngf
ri
endswi
thpeopl
esecur
espeaceandt
her
ear
edi
ff
erent
degr
eeswhi
chcoul
dcr
eat
eamongpeopl
eofdi
ff
erentl
ocat
ionsandor
igi
ns.
 Reci
proci
ty:Thi
siswher
etwoormor
epeopl
eexchangegi
ft
sorf
avour
sina
mut
ual
manner
 Mut
ualAi
d:Thi
sty
peofcr
eat
ingpeacepeopl
einv
olv
esexchangi
nghel
p,
assi
stanceorai
dint
het
imeorpr
obl
ems.
 For
giv
eness:Whensomebodyhascommi
tt
edanof
fenceandpeopl
ebecome
ki
ndenought
ofor
giv
esuchaper
son,
peacecanbegener
ated.
 Tol
erance:Thi
sref
erst
oawayofl
i
vingandaccept
ingdi
ff
erentoropposi
ng
v
iewpoi
nts.Thi
sexpr
essespeacei
nthesenset
hatpeopl
eexpr
essdi
ff
erent
oropposi
ngv
iewpoi
nts.

NORTHERNPROVI
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CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page145
  Respect
:Thi
sinv
olv
esr
espect
ingot
herpeopl
escul
tur
es,opi
nions,i
deas,
bel
i
efs,
languagesandhumani
ngener
al.

CHALLENGESTOPEACE

 Peopl
e’
sbel
i
eft
hatwarandv
iol
encear
eor
gani
cmeani
ngt
hatwarandv
iol
ence
ar
einev
itabl
eandunav
oidabl
efeat
uresofhumansoci
ety
.
 PeaceandJust
icear
esomet
imesv
iewedascont
radi
cti
onsi
npr
act
icalt
erms.I
f
onebel
i
evest
hatt
heonl
ywayt
opr
eventi
njust
iceandcr
eat
ejust
icei
sbyf
orce,
t
hensuchaper
sonbel
i
evest
hatj
ust
icer
equi
reshost
il
it
iesandwar
.
 Peopl
e’
sdesi
ret
ohav
epowerandt
obeatanadv
ant
agei
nrel
ati
ont
oot
her
s.
Suchasi
tuat
ionof
tenl
eadst
ocompet
it
ionwhi
chmayr
esul
tinv
iol
enceandwar
.

Exampl
esofpeacef
ulCount
ri
esandCommuni
ti
es

 Ami
sh(
1693t
opr
esent
)
 Sweden(
1814t
oPr
esent
)
 Swi
tzer
land(
1848t
opr
esent
)
 Cost
aRi
ca(
1949t
opr
esent
)
 Zambi
a(1964t
opr
esent
)
Conf
li
ct.

Conf
li
cti
sthequar
rel
,st
ruggl
eorf
ightbet
weent
woi
ndi
vi
dual
s,communi
ti
es,
soci
eti
es
orcount
ri
es.Conf
li
ctsmaybephy
sical
whi
chmeansi
tleadst
obodi
l
yhar
m.

Vi
olence

I
tisanext
remedest
ruct
ivef
orcewi
l
lful
l
yexer
tedagai
nstsomeone,i
sal
way
snegat
ive
andbegi
nsi
nourhear
ts.

 Aconf
li
ctshowsi
tsel
fthr
oughanger
,hur
t,f
rust
rat
ion,di
sappoi
ntment
,quar
rel
,
phy
sical
fightorv
erbal
fightusi
ngabusi
vel
anguage.
 Conf
li
ctcanoccurati
ndi
vi
duall
evel
,fami
l
ylev
el,communi
tyl
evel
,regi
onal
,
nat
ional
andi
nter
nat
ional
lev
el.

NORTHERNPROVI
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CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page146
CAUSESOFCONFLI
CTS

Hi
stor
y
Resear
ch has r
eveal
ed t
hathi
stor
icalr
easons hav
e cont
ri
but
ed t
o emer
gence of
conf
li
ctsi
nAf
ri
ca.Forexampl
e:t
heconf
li
ctbet
weenChr
ist
iansandMosl
emsi
nmost
par
tsofAf
ri
cahassomet
hingt
odowi
thl
ongst
andi
ngani
mosi
ti
esandmi
str
ust
.

Et
hni
cit
y
Deepnegat
ivef
eel
i
ngsagai
nstagr
oupofpeopl
ethatdonotbel
ongt
oyourownet
hni
c
gr
oupcanbr
ingaconf
li
ctbet
weent
woet
hni
cgr
oups.Forexampl
e:-

 I
nNi
ger
ia,1967–1970,Bi
afr
aapr
ovi
ncedomi
nat
edbyI
boet
hni
cgr
oup
t
empor
arybr
oke awayf
rom t
he count
ry. Theyaccused t
he f
eder
al
gov
ernmentofdi
scr
imi
nat
ingagai
nstt
heI
bopeopl
e.
 Accusedt
heFeder
algov
ernmentofdi
scr
imi
nat
ingagai
nstt
heI
bopeopl
e.
 Kat
angaShabaPr
ovi
nce/
regi
ont
empor
ari
l
ybr
okeof
ftheCongo(
DRC)
.
Justaf
teri
ndependencei
n1960.

I
mbal
anceofNat
ural
Resour
ces.
Thei
ncr
easedpopul
ati
onputt
oomuchpr
essur
eonl
andandNat
ural
Resour
ces.Peopl
e
f
ightov
erNat
ural
Resour
cessuchasmi
ner
al.Bur
undi
andRwanda.

I
mmi
grat
ion
Massi
vef
orei
gni
mmi
grat
ioni
ncr
easesr
esent
ment
sbyt
hehostpeopl
e.Exampl
esar
e
f
oundi
nCent
ralandWest
ernCot
eDev
oir(
Ivor
yCost
)wher
eani
nfl
uxofi
mmi
grant
s
hascr
eat
edser
iousxenophobi
cconf
li
cts

Xenophobi
a-Ref
erst
oani
ntensef
earordi
sli
keoff
orei
gnpeopl
e,t
hei
rcust
omsand
cul
tur
e.

Economi
candExpor
tResour
ces.

NORTHERNPROVI
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CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page147
Thest
atesf
ightov
erapi
eceofl
andt
hati
ssuspect
edt
ohav
e(orhasconf
ir
med)r
ich
deposi
tsofmi
ner
als.Forexampl
e;

 Chad-Li
byaconf
li
ctov
ert
heAouzouSt
ri
pin1973–1994.
 Camer
oon–Ni
ger
iaconf
li
ctov
ert
heBakassi
Isl
andunt
il2004.
 Mal
i–Bur
kinaFasoconf
li
cti
n1986and
 Et
hiopi
a–Er
it
reaconf
li
cti
n2001.

Mi
smanagementofEconomi
cResour
ces.
Count
ri
eswher
ether
eispoorgov
ernance,
cor
rupt
ionandwi
despr
eadpov
ert
yconf
li
cts
ar
eli
kel
ytoar
ise.

Ref
ugees.
Lar
ge number
s ofr
efuges i
ncr
ease pr
essur
e on t
he l
ocalr
esour
ces i
nthe host
count
ri
escommuni
ti
es.Somet
imes,t
her
efugesuset
hesear
easasspr
ingboar
dsf
or
at
tacki
ngt
hei
rgov
ernmentf
orces.

Pov
ert
y,I
ll
i
ter
acyandunempl
oyment
.
I
nthi
rdWor
ldCount
ri
es,i
nequal
i
tyi
naccessi
nggoodsandser
vicesl
eadi
ntoconf
li
cts
i
nur
banar
eas.Unempl
oyedpoorpeopl
edal
soknownasLumpenPr
olet
ari
atcommonl
y
cal
l
edKapony
as.Theyar
eeasyt
arget
sforwarr
ecr
uit
sandpol
i
tical
ext
remi
sts.

I
njust
ices
Wher
evert
her
eisi
njust
icepeacewi
l
lnev
erpr
evai
lbecausei
njust
icemani
fest
sit
sel
fin
manyway
s.I
susual
l
ythesour
ceofanger
,fr
ust
rat
ion,andr
esent
mentt
otheex
ist
ing
gov
ernment
?

Conf
li
ctaboutI
nfor
mat
ion
I
nmanyi
nst
ances,t
hepar
ti
esi
nconf
li
ctdonothav
esuf
fi
cient
,orev
ent
hesame
i
nfor
mat
ionaboutasi
tuat
ion.

Conf
li
ctov
erResour
ces

NORTHERNPROVI
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CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
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Di
sput
esaboutmat
eri
alr
esour
cessuchasl
and,
moneyorobj
ect
sar
enor
mal
l
yobv
ious
t
oident
if
yandof
tenl
endt
hemsel
veswel
ltost
rai
ghtf
orwar
dbar
gai
ning.

Conf
li
ctsov
erRel
ati
onshi
ps
Peopl
eint
hef
ami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
psbusi
nesspar
tner
shi
psorcommuni
tyor
gani
zat
ions
commonl
yhav
edi
sagr
eement
sov
erav
ari
etyofspeci
fi
cissues.

Conf
li
ctsov
eri
nter
est
sorneeds

I
mpor
tantandpower
fulneedsf
orsucht
hingsasi
dent
if
y,r
espect
,par
ti
cipat
ion,abi
l
ity
t
oinf
luenceot
her
sandsuccessar
eof
tenatt
hehear
tconf
li
ctst
hatappear t
o be
acont
estov
ermat
eri
alt
hings.

Conf
li
ctsaboutst
ruct
ures

St
ruct
urescr
eat
edpeopl
esuchaspol
i
ticalorr
eli
giousst
ruct
ures,usual
l
ydet
ermi
ne
whohasaccesst
opowerorr
esour
ceswhoi
saccor
dedr
espectandwhohasaut
hor
it
y
t
omakedeci
si
ons.

Conf
li
ctsi
nvol
vi
ngv
alues

Val
uesandbel
i
efsar
esomet
imesf
ormedbyl
i
feexper
iencesandf
ait
hper
spect
ives.
Becauseachal
l
enget
oaper
son’
sval
uei
sseenasat
hreatt
oone’
sident
it
y

NEGATI
VEI
MPACTSOFCONFLI
CTSI
NAFRI
CA

 I
nnocentpeopl
ear
eki
l
ledespeci
all
ychi
l
dren,womenandt
hedi
sabl
ed.Women
ar
eal
sosexual
l
yhar
assed.
 Peopl
ear
efor
cedt
orunawayf
rom t
hei
rhomest
otaker
efugei
nar
easwher
e
t
her
eisnowar
.
 Theeconomyofacount
ryi
nconf
li
cti
snegat
ivel
yaf
fect
ed.Agr
icul
tur
eandt
rade
decl
i
ne.
 Damagest
othei
nfr
ast
ruct
ure;br
idges,bui
l
dings,ai
rpor
tsandr
ail
wayl
i
nesar
e
dest
roy
ed.
 Conf
li
ctsl
eadt
oenv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion.Env
ironmentdegr
adat
ioni
smaki
ng
t
heenv
ironmentl
essf
itf
orhuman,
ani
mal
andpl
antl
i
fe.

NORTHERNPROVI
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CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page149
  Publ
i
c expendi
tur
eis pr
edomi
nant
lyf
ormi
l
itar
y ef
for
t. Such expendi
tur
e
nor
mal
l
yincr
easest
heNat
ional
debtasacount
rybor
rowsf
ort
hewaref
for
t.
 Conf
li
ctweakensgov
ernancei
nst
it
uti
ons,ashasbeent
hecasei
nSomal
i
.Asa
r
esul
t,cr
imer
isesast
her
eisnost
ronggov
ernancei
nst
it
uti
on.
 Pr
ovi
sionofheal
thandeducat
ionalser
vicesi
sdi
srupt
edaspeopl
ear
eaf
rai
dto
r
epor
tforwor
k.
 Emer
genceofchi
l
dsol
dier
swhoar
efor
cef
ull
yrecr
uit
edi
ntoar
medmi
l
iti
as.
 Thei
n-f
lowofr
efugeescr
eat
esbur
densandgr
iev
ancesi
nnei
ghbor
ingcount
ri
es
andpossi
bil
i
tiesofspi
l
lov
erconf
li
ctsbecomehi
gh.
 Cr
imel
evel
sescal
ateaspeopl
eeasi
l
yacqui
resmal
lar
msandl
i
ghtweapons.

POSI
TIVEI
MPACTS(
ECONOMI
CANDPOLI
TICALGAI
NS)

 Whenagr
oupcapt
urest
het
err
it
oryoft
heenemy
,ther
esour
ces ar
epl
under
ed
byt
hegr
oupt
hathascapt
uredi
t.Forexampl
etheUNI
TAgr
oupi
nAngol
a,RUFi
n
Si
err
aLeon.

 Compani
espr
oduci
ngar
ms(
guns)ammuni
ti
ons,uni
for
m,boot
s,f
ood,mi
l
itar
y
har
dwar
eli
ket
anksandpl
anesgai
neconomi
cal
l
y.
 Whenonegr
oupi
sdef
eat
ed,suchadef
eatl
eadst
oter
ri
tor
ialexpansi
onbyt
he
v
ict
orsi
ntheconf
li
ct.
 Thosewhowor
khar
dtobr
ingpeacei
nther
egi
onsofconf
li
ctsal
sobenef
itf
rom
t
heconf
li
ctsf
orexampl
e:t
heI
nter
nat
ionalCommuni
typr
ovi
dedmuchf
undt
o
br
ingaboutpeacei
nDRC.
 Conf
li
ctst
hati
nvol
vemor
egr
oupsornat
ionsal
l
iancesar
efor
medi
nor
dert
o
def
eatt
heot
her
.Suchal
l
iancescr
eat
epol
i
tical
uni
ty.

CONFLI
CTRESOLUTI
ON

Conf
li
ctResol
uti
oni
stheset
tl
ementorav
oidanceofdi
sput
esbet
weeni
ndi
vi
dual
sor
gr
oupst
hroughsol
uti
onst
hatav
oidv
iol
enceandat
temptt
ore-
uni
tet
hepeopl
e.

NORTHERNPROVI
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CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page150
METHODSOFRESOLVI
NGCONFLI
CT

Counsel
i
ng
Thi
smet
hodi
susednor
mal
l
yini
ndi
vi
dualsi
tuat
ions. Thecounsel
ori
ssomeone
t
rust
edbybot
hpar
ti
es.

Negot
iat
ion
Thi
sisapr
ocessconduct
edbyar
eli
abl
eandski
l
lednegot
iat
iondi
rect
lybet
weent
he
di
sput
ingpar
ti
es.

Medi
ati
on
Thi
sisamet
hodofconf
li
cthandl
i
ngbyaneut
ralt
hir
dpar
tyaccept
abl
etot
hedi
sput
e
par
ti
esorgr
oupst
oar
ri
veatanaccept
abl
esol
uti
ongener
atedbyt
hepar
ti
esorgr
oups
t
hemsel
ves.Lunda-
Luv
alei
nZambi
a.

Ar
bit
rat
ion
Thi
sisaconf
li
cthandl
i
ngski
l
lunder
takenbyanar
bit
rat
orwhoi
sappoi
ntedbyt
he
di
sput
ingpar
ti
esorgr
oupst
oresol
vet
hei
rdi
ff
erences.

Li
ti
gat
ion
Thi
sisamet
hodt
hatal
l
owst
hepar
ti
esconcer
nedt
opr
oceedt
othepubl
i
ccour
tsof
l
aw.Somet
imesdi
sput
esofconf
li
ctsbet
weencount
ri
esar
etakent
othei
nter
nat
ional
cour
tofj
ust
icet
ober
esol
ved

CREATI
NGACULTUREOFPEACE

Peacei
swhatshoul
dpr
evai
linanycount
ry.Butpeacecanonl
ybei
nourhear
tsi
fwe
r
espectot
herhumanbei
ngs.

 Weshoul
dcont
rolouranger
,thehur
twehav
eforot
herpeopl
eandcont
rolt
he
r
esent
mentt
hatwehar
bori
nourhear
tsf
orot
herpeopl
e
 Pr
omot
ionofgoodgov
ernancei
sanot
heri
mpor
tantst
ept
owar
dst
hecr
eat
ionof
acul
tur
eofpeacei
nourcount
ry.
 Pr
omot
eposi
ti
vesoci
alandeconomi
cdev
elopmentf
ort
hebenef
itofal
lci
ti
zens.


NORTHERNPROVI
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ONNOTES,
2016Page151
ROLESOFTHEUNI
TEDNATI
ONI
NPROMOTI
NGPEACE

 Sendi
ngpeacekeepi
ngt
roopst
ocount
ri
eswer
ethei
rconf
li
cts.
 Appl
ysanct
ionsonanycount
ryt
hreat
eni
ngpeace.
 Encour
agi
ngdi
alogueamongcount
ri
eswhi
char
einconf
li
ctt
hroughmedi
ati
on.
 Usemi
nimum f
orcei
fnecessar
yoncount
ri
eswhi
cht
hreat
enwor
ldpeacei
n
or
dert
omai
ntai
npeacef
ulco-
exi
stenceofst
ates.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.Def
inepeace
2.Expl
ainsomemet
hodsofpr
omot
ingpeace.
3.Gi
vesomeexampl
esofpeacef
ulcount
ri
esandcommuni
ti
es.
4.Br
ief
lyout
li
nesomecausesofconf
li
cts?
5.Anal
yzet
heI
mpact
sofconf
li
ctsi
nAf
ri
ca.
6.Out
li
nesomemet
hodsofr
esol
vi
ngconf
li
cts.
7.Whati
sther
oleofuni
tednat
ioni
npr
omot
ingpeace?
8.Assesst
hei
mpactofconf
li
ctonAf
ri
casoci
ety
.
9.I
ll
ust
rat
ethef
ormsofconf
li
ctatv
ari
ousl
evel
sinsoci
ety
.
10.I
fyouwantpeacewor
kforj
ust
ice,
expl
ainway
sofcr
eat
ingcul
tur
epeace.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page152
HI
V/AI
DS

HI
V

Acr
ony
mforHumanI
mmunodef
ici
encyVi
rus

I
tisat
inyv
iruswhi
chcausesAI
DS.I
tdest
roy
sthebody
’sI
mmuneSy
stem

AI
DS

Acqui
redI
mmuneDef
ici
encySy
ndr
ome

Thebodybecomesweaker
;itl
osesi
tspowerorabi
l
ityt
ofi
ghtdi
seases.

MODESOFTRANSMI
SSI
ONFORHI
V

Unpr
otect
edsexual
int
ercour
se
 SexualI
nter
cour
sei
sthemai
nwayofHI
Vtr
ansmi
ssi
onwhi
chgr
adual
l
yleadst
o
AI
DS.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page153
  Unpr
otect
ed sexcan exposey
ou t
o sexual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
ed di
seasesi
nfect
ion
STD/
STI
scommonSTI
sincl
ude

Sy
phi
l
is,
Gonor
rhea,
Her
pes,
War
ts,
Cancr
oids,
Hepat
it
is“
B”andPubi
cLi
ce

Pr
egnancyandbr
eastf
eedi
ng

Thi
sisal
soknownasMot
hert
ochi
l
dtr
ansmi
ssi
on(
MTCT)
.MTCTofHI
Vmeans
t
hespr
eadoft
heHI
Vfr
om mot
hert
oherbaby
.

I
nfect
edbl
ood

Thev
iruscanbepassedf
rom ani
nfect
edper
sont
oani
nfect
edper
sont
hrough
bl
oodt
ransf
usi
on.

Unst
eri
l
izedi
nst
rument
s

HI
Vcanbet
ransmi
tt
edt
hroughshar
ingofunst
eri
l
izedshar
pinst
rument
ssuch
asneedl
esandr
azorbl
ades.

Pr
event
ionofHI
Vtr
ansmi
ssi
on

HI
Vcanbepr
event
edt
hrought
hef
oll
owi
ngway
s:-

 Abst
inence–Compl
etel
yst
ayi
ngawayf
rom sex.
 Bei
ngf
ait
hful–Bybei
ngf
ait
hfulandst
icki
ngt
ooneuni
nfect
edsexual
par
tner
.
 Condom use–byusi
ngcondomsev
eryt
imey
ouhav
esex.
 Vol
unt
arycounsel
i
ngandt
est
ing–byknowi
ngonesst
atus.

I
MPACTOFHI
V/AI
DSI
NZAMBI
A

I
ndi
vi
dual
/Fami
l
ylev
el

 Atf
ami
l
ylev
el,
thedi
seaseshav
eki
l
ledspouses,
eit
herbot
hatt
hesamet
imeor
oneatat
imewi
thi
nashor
tper
iodoft
ime.

 Suchsi
tuat
ionhascr
eat
edor
phanst
hathav
etobet
akencar
eofbymember
sof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page154
 t
hef
ami
l
ythatar
esur
viv
ing.

Nat
ional
i
tyl
evel

 Onnat
ional
lev
elt
hegov
ernmentl
osesmi
l
li
onsofhumanhour
sasar
esul
toft
he
i
nfect
edandsi
ckwor
ker
sinv
ari
ousdepar
tment
sint
hewhol
ecount
ry.

 I
thasal
sobeent
aki
ngv
ibr
anty
out
hs.

Bur
ial
sit
es

AsChr
ist
ianswebur
ryourdepar
tedl
ovedones.Thi
srequi
reshuget
ract
sof
l
andt
hebur
ythehundr
edst
hatdi
eev
erydayf
orexampl
einLusaka,t
her
eis
shor
tageofbur
ial
sit
es(
cemet
ery
)

Sci
ent
if
icr
esear
ch

Thoughnotv
eryact
ivei
nthi
scount
rybuti
not
hercount
ri
essci
ent
if
icr
esear
ch
hasbeeni
ntensi
fi
edwi
tht
hev
iewoff
indi
ngst
hecur
efort
hedi
seases.

Cof
fi
ns

Manycompani
esAssoci
atedwi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionofcof
fi
nshav
ebeenest
abl
i
shedi
n
or
dert
ohandl
etheAI
DScr
isi
sespeci
all
yinur
banar
eas.

STI
GMAANDDI
SCRI
MINATI
ON

St
igma

Thi
sist
henegat
iveat
ti
tudet
hatpeopl
ehav
etowar
dsot
herpeopl
ebecauseofpr
ejudi
ce.

PREJUDI
CE

 Thi
sisl
abel
i
ngofpeopl
ebecauset
heyar
edi
ff
erentorj
udgi
ngi
nadv
ance

 Peopl
eli
vi
ngwi
thHI
V/AI
DSar
est
igmat
izedanddi
scr
imi
nat
edi
nal
lar
easofl
i
fe
–f
orexampl
e:-

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page155
HI
V/AI
DSi
sGod’
swr
ath.

Wr
ath–meansgr
eatanger
.Somepeopl
esaypeopl
eli
vi
ngwi
thHI
V/AI
DSar
ebei
ng
puni
shedbygodf
ort
hei
rsi
ns.

Pr
omi
scuouspeopl
egetHI
V/AI
DS

Pr
omi
scuous–hav
ingsexual
int
ercour
sewi
thoutcar
eful
choi
ceandt
hought
.

Peopl
ewi
thAI
DSshoul
dbeI
sol
ated

Somebel
i
evet
hatpeopl
eli
vi
ngwi
thHI
V/AI
DSshoul
dbei
sol
atedt
ocont
aint
hedi
sease

DI
SCRI
MINATI
ON

Thi
siswher
eyout
reatpeopl
edi
ff
erent
lybecauseoft
hei
rst
atusandcol
our
.

Way
sofsuf
fer
ingdi
scr
imi
nat
ion

 Pl
acesofwor
k

Atsomepl
acesofwor
k,PLWHAar
enotconsi
der
edf
orpr
omot
ion,t
her
ear
enot
speci
alar
rangement
sforwor
kingt
ime,speci
alequi
pmentandoppor
tuni
ti
esf
or
r
est
,beaksandf
lexi
blesi
ckl
eav
e.

 Mandat
oryHI
Vtest
ing

Mandat
ory–compul
sor
y.Someempl
oyer
srequi
remandat
oryHI
Vtest
ingasa
condi
ti
onf
orr
ecr
uit
ment
.

 I
nsur
ancecompani
es.

Somei
nsur
ancecompani
esr
equi
reHI
Vtest
ingbef
orel
i
fe.Assur
anceasabase
f
orpr
emi
um pay
ment
s.

 Pr
emi
um pay
ment
s.

Annualpay
ment
s by t
he per
son i
nsur
ed t
othe i
nsur
ance company as
cont
ri
but
iont
otheamountofmoneyi
nsur
edf
or.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page156
  Conf
ident
ial
i
tyonVCT.

Heal
th wor
ker
sent
rust
ed wi
thi
nfor
mat
ion do notr
espectconf
ident
ial
i
tyof
HI
V/AI
DSst
atus.

 Educat
ional
schol
arshi
p.

Peopl
eli
vi
ng wi
th HI
V/AI
DS ar
e deni
ed Educat
ionalSchol
arshi
p by bot
h
i
nter
nat
ional
andnat
ional
organi
sat
ion

 Nat
ional
document
s/Vi
sa

Tr
aveli
srest
ri
ctedt
oPLWHAbecausesomecount
ri
esr
equi
rest
atusacondi
ti
on
f
orVi
saappl
i
cat
ion.

Vi
sa

St
amporsi
gnat
ureputonpasspor
ttoal
l
owoneent
eraf
orei
gncount
ry.

RI
GHTSOFPEOPLELI
VINGWI
THHI
V/AI
DS

Theconst
it
uti
onpr
otect
sdi
scr
imi
nat
ionandguar
ant
eesf
reedomsandr
ight
sunder
Ar
ti
cle23.Al
lthepeopl
eshoul
denj
oyt
hei
rri
ghtr
egar
dlessoft
hei
rst
atus.

SOMEOFTHESERI
GHTSARE:
-

 Ri
ghtt
omakedeci
sionaboutmedi
calt
reat
mentandt
her
efor
ecannotbe
f
orcedt
otestHI
V.
 Ri
ghtt
oli
fe
 Ri
ghtt
oli
ber
ty.
 Ri
ghtt
opr
otect
ionf
orpr
ivacy
.
 Fr
eedom ofexpr
essi
on.
 Fr
eedom ofmov
ement
.
 Fr
eedom ofAssoci
ati
on
 Ri
ghtt
oheal
th
 Ri
ghtt
oconf
ident
ial
i
ty(
Conf
ident
ial
i
tymeanssecr
ecy
)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page157
MI
TIGATI
ONSTRATEGI
ES

Tr
eat
mentcar
eandcounsel
i
ng.

 Ant
i-
ret
rov
iraldr
ugs(
ARVs)ar
enow av
ail
abl
einZambi
a.Theydonotcur
e
HI
V/AI
Dsbutpr
olongst
hel
i
vesofPLWHA.
 Onecanl
i
veposi
ti
vel
ywi
thHI
Vbyhav
ingact
ive,soci
all
i
feeat
ingnut
ri
ti
ous
f
oods,av
oidi
ng al
coholand t
obacco,av
oidi
ng st
ress and sel
f-
pit
y and
dev
elopi
ngast
rongspi
ri
tual
cor
rect
ion.
STRATEGI
ES

 Est
abl
i
shment of HI
V/AI
Ds communi
ty car
e and suppor
t cent
res e.
g.
Hospi
ces.
 Test
ing(
VCT)cent
rese.
g.Kar
acounsel
i
ngcent
re.
 Conduct
ingadv
ocacycampai
gnse.
g.adv
ert
isi
ngmessagesaboutHI
V/AI
D
car
eandsuppor
t.
 I
ntegr
ati
onofHI
V/AI
DSi
ntheschool
cur
ri
cul
um.
 Dev
elopmentofpol
i
ciest
hati
ntegr
ateHI
V/AI
DSandhumanr
ight
s.
 I
nvol
vementofpeopl
einHI
V/AI
DSact
ivi
ti
es.

NATI
ONALHI
V/AI
DSPOLI
CY–COMPONENTSOFTHEDRAFTPOLI
CY.
Thepol
i
cypr
ovi
desaf
ramewor
kforaddr
essi
ngt
heHI
V/AI
DS/
STI
s/TB i
ssues. I
t
cont
ainst
hef
oll
owi
ngconcer
n.

 Causesandf
act
orsf
ort
het
ransmi
ssi
onoft
hedi
sease.
 Theef
fect
sont
heZambi
anpopul
ati
on.
 Responseandi
mpactmi
ti
gat
ion
 Vi
si
on,measur
es,i
nst
it
uti
onal and l
egal f
ramewor
k r
equi
red f
or i
ts
i
mpl
ement
ati
on.
SI
TUATI
ONANALYSI
S
Tr
ansmi
ssi
onofHI
V/AI
DS/
STI
s/TB

HI
Vtr
ansmi
ssi
oni
smai
nlyt
hrough:
-

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page158
  Sexual
cont
act(
bot
hheat
ersexual
andHomosexual
)
 Mot
hert
ochi
l
d
 Bl
oodt
ransf
usi
on
CAUSES

 Hi
ghpov
ert
ylev
els.
 Hi
ghsoci
almobi
l
ity
 Soci
alcul
tur
albel
i
efsandpr
act
ices
 St
igmaanddi
scr
imi
nat
ion
 I
nadequat
eori
mpr
opr
iat
iononeducat
ionandcommuni
cat
ion
 Genderdi
scr
imi
nat
ion
 Dr
ugandal
cohol
abuse.
PREVENTI
ONANDCONTROL

 Awar
enesspr
ogr
ammessoast
oinf
luencebehav
iour
alchange
 Vol
unt
arycounsel
i
ngandt
est
ing
 Pr
event
ionofmot
hert
ochi
l
dtr
ansmi
ssi
on.
 Pr
omot
ionofcondom use.
 Pr
ovi
si
onofsaf
ebl
oodandbl
oodpr
oduct
s.
Vol
unt
arycounsel
i
ngandt
est
ing

VCTshal
lbeencour
aged,st
rengt
henedandexpandedi
nal
lli
nemi
nist
ri
esasawayof
pr
event
ing,
cont
rol
l
ingandcar
eofHI
V/AI
DS.

Condom Use.

Gov
ernmentshal
lencour
ageuseoff
emal
eandmal
econdomsmaki
ngt
hem accessi
ble
andaf
for
dabl
etoal
lsexual
l
yact
ivei
ndi
vi
dual
sthr
oughoutt
hecount
ry.

Bl
oodt
ransf
usi
on.

Thebl
oodpr
oduct
sthatar
eusedar
escr
eenedf
orHI
Vandsy
phi
l
isandHepat
it
is.

TRADI
TIONAL/
ALTERNATI
VEREMEDI
ES

Gov
ernmentencour
ages t
he use oft
radi
ti
onalr
emedi
es t
ofi
ghtHI
V/AI
DS. I
t

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page159
encour
agescompet
encesoft
radi
ti
onalheal
ersi
nthei
rendeav
orsbypr
ovi
dingt
hem
wi
tht
echni
cal
suppor
t.

TREATMENTCAREANDSUPPORT

Gov
ernmentai
msatpr
ovi
dingef
fect
ivedi
agnosi
sandt
reat
mentser
vicesf
orHI
V/AI
DS
andr
elat
edoppor
tuni
sti
cinf
ect
ionsatal
ll
evel
sfort
heheal
thcar
eser
vicessy
stems.

SUPPORTFORTHEI
NFECTEDANDAFFECTED

Suppor
tismai
nlygi
venbychur
ches,f
ait
hbasedor
gani
zat
ionsandgov
ernmentpubl
i
c
wel
far
eassi
stanceDev
elopmentandSoci
alSer
vices.Ot
herpr
ogr
ammesar
e:-

 Dr
opi
ncent
res
 Smal
lscal
eagr
icul
tur
alschemes.
 Vi
l
lagePubl
i
cAssi
stancecommi
tt
eesandCommuni
tySchool
s.
Gov
ernmentai
ms atst
rengt
heni
ng t
reat
ment
,car
e and suppor
tst
ruct
ures f
or
i
nfect
edandaf
fect
edpeopl
eby
:

 Pr
omot
ingandst
rengt
heni
nghospi
ceser
vicesact
ivel
ysuppor
ti
nggr
oups
engagedi
nhomebasedcar
eofOVC’
s.
 Pr
ovi
dingpsy
cho-
soci
alcounsel
i
ngsuppor
t.
 Pr
ovi
ding home based car
e HBC t
hroughout l
eak and communi
ty
pr
ogr
ammes.
 Mai
nst
reami
ngPLWHAatal
ll
evel
sofnat
ional
heal
thcar
esy
stems.
Peopl
eli
vi
ngwi
thHI
VB/
AIDS(
PLWHA)

Gov
ernmentshal
lsuppor
ttheNet
wor
kofZambi
anpeopl
eli
vi
ngwi
thHI
V/AI
DS.

HUMANRI
GHTSANDHI
V?AI
DS
Thegov
ernment
’sai
m atel
i
minat
ingst
igmaanddi
scr
imi
nat
ion. Thi
sshal
lbedone
t
hrough:
-

 Encour
agi
ngv
olunt
arycounsel
i
ngt
est
ing.
 Ensur
ingandmai
ntenanceofconf
ident
ial
i
ty.
 Legal
i
zingmandat
oryt
est
ingi
ncaseswher
ecer
tai
nper
sonsar
eatr
iskof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page160
 HI
Vtr
ansmi
ssi
on(
e.g.
)bet
weencoupl
eifonei
sHI
Vposi
ti
ve)
.
 Di
scour
agemandat
oryt
est
ingf
orschol
arshi
psandempl
oyment
.

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONALFRAMEWORK

Theai
m oft
heGov
ernmenti
stost
rengt
hencoor
dinat
ionofHI
V/AI
DS/
STI
sandTB
r
esponsesatNat
ional
,Pr
ovi
nci
alandcommuni
tyl
evel
s.

COMPOSI
TIONOFTHEFRAMEWORK

 I
tcompr
isesal
i
neofmi
nist
ri
esandt
hecommi
tt
eei
smandat
edt
opr
ovi
depol
i
cy
di
rect
ionofpol
i
tical
leader
shi
pandadv
ocacy
.

 TheNat
ionalHI
V/AI
DS/
STI
/Tbi
smandat
edt
ocoor
dinat
emoni
torandev
aluat
e
Mul
tisect
orant
i–HI
V/AI
DInt
erv
ent
ions.

 I
tal
soundert
akesr
esear
chandpr
ovi
det
echni
calgui
dancet
oHI
V/AI
DSf
ocal
per
sonsi
nal
lMi
nist
ri
es.
 I
tal
socoor
dinat
esNGOsdeal
i
ngsi
nHI
V/AI
DS.
MONI
TORI
NGANDEVALUATI
ON

Gov
ernmenti
scommi
tt
edt
othet
askofpr
omot
ingr
esear
ch. Dat
awhi
chi
s
col
l
ect
edf
rom heal
thf
aci
l
iti
esi
susedt
opr
ovi
dequal
i
tycar
eheal
thser
vices.

CONSTRAI
NTS

 I
nadequat
e pr
otest
ati
on,coor
dinat
ion and appl
i
cat
ion of r
esear
ch and
dev
elopmentact
ivi
ti
es.
 I
nadequat
ehumanr
esour
ce
 Weaki
nst
it
uti
onal
li
nkages.

VI
SION,
RATI
ONALEANDGUI
DINGPRI
NCI
PLES

Vi
sion-
Thev
isi
onofnat
ional
HIV/
AIDSpol
i
cyi
sanat
ionf
reeofHI
V/Ai
ds.
Goal
-Toat
tai
nasoci
etyi
nwhi
cht
her
ear
elessi
nci
dent
sandmanageabl
elev
elsof

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page161
HI
V/AI
Ds?
Rat
ional
e-TheNat
ionalpol
i
cyi
sint
ended t
o pr
ovi
det
hef
ramewor
kfori
nfor
ming
v
ari
ousst
akehol
der
s.
GUI
DINGPRI
NCI
PLES
 Addr
essi
ng ofHI
V/AI
DS pandemi
casanat
ionali
ssueand dev
elopment
pr
ior
it
ywi
thal
lef
for
tsandcommi
tmentbyal
lst
akehol
der
s.
 Di
ssemi
nat
ionofi
nfor
mat
ionbyal
ll
ineMi
nist
ri
es.
 Byuphol
dingandmai
ntenanceandr
espectofhumanr
ight
s.
 Pr
ovi
si
onal
ofcar
eandcounsel
i
ng.
 Acknowl
edgementofgenderawar
eness
 Pr
ovi
si
onofappr
opr
iat
enat
ionalcoor
dinat
ionandadv
ocacyf
ramewor
kfor
t
hef
ightst
rat
egi
es.
 Recogni
ti
onandi
mpl
ement
ati
onofHI
V/AI
DSi
nter
nat
ional
.
 Coor
dinat
ioncapaci
tybui
l
dingf
ort
hepr
event
ionofHI
V/AI
DS.
 Mai
ntai
ningofHI
V/AI
DSi
nter
vent
ionsi
npov
ert
yreduct
ionst
rat
egypaper
.
 Publ
i
cser
vicer
efor
m pr
ogr
amme(
PSRP)Medi
um Ter
m Expendi
tur
efr
ame
wor
k(MTEF)
AI
M ULTI
MATEOBJECTI
VESANDOUTPUTS

Ai
m

Tor
educet
hebot
hinci
denceandi
mpactofHI
V/AI
DS/
STI
/TBi
nZambi
a

Obj
ect
ives

 Faci
l
itat
eamul
tiSect
or-sect
oral
landmul
ti
-di
mensi
onalnat
ionalr
esponset
o
t
heHI
V/AI
D/STI
s/TB.
 Pr
ovi
deandenabl
i
ngpol
i
cyf
ramewor
kforadv
ocacysoci
almobi
l
izat
ionand
i
nfor
mat
iondi
ssemi
nat
ion.
 Pr
ovi
deway
sofr
esour
cemobi
l
izat
ion,
moni
tor
ingandev
aluat
ionpr
ogr
ammes.
Output
s

 I
mpr
oved HI
V/AI
DS/
STS/
TB awar
eness,posi
ti
ve at
ti
tudes and behav
iour
changes.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page162
  ReducedHI
V/AI
DSt
ransmi
ssi
on.
 Pr
ior
it
y
 Reducednegat
iveonsoci
ety
.
 El
i
minat
ed st
igma and di
scr
imi
nat
ion agai
nst t
he i
nfect
ed and af
fect
ed
i
ndi
vi
dual
s’f
ami
l
ies.

RESPONSI
BILI
TIESOFMI
NISTRI
ES

Fi
nanceandNat
ional
Planni
ng

I
tsr
olei
stopr
ovi
despeci
fi
cbudgetl
i
nesf
orHI
V/AI
DSpr
event
ion.

LabourandSoci
alsecur
it
y

 TheMi
nist
ryi
smandat
edt
oaddr
essHI
V/AI
DSandempl
oymenti
ssues.

 Theamendmentempl
oymenti
sai
medatmaki
ngi
sai
medatmaki
ngt
henon-
v
olunt
aryHI
Vpr
e-empl
oymentscr
eeni
ngi
l
legal
.
 To col
l
ect
,coor
dinat
e and di
ssemi
nat
e HI
V/AI
Ds i
nfor
mat
ion r
elat
ed t
o
empl
oymentpr
act
ices
Educat
ion

 I
ncor
por
ateHI
V/AI
DSi
ssuesi
nthe cur
ri
cul
um.
 St
rengt
hent
her
oleoft
eacher
sinmobi
l
izi
ngmat
ers.
 Rev
iew andputi
npr
act
icepenal
ti
es.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.Whati
sVol
unt
aryCounsel
i
ngandTest
?

2.St
atet
wor
easonwhypeopl
eav
oidgoi
ngf
orVol
unt
arycounsel
i
ng
andTest
ing(
VCT)

3.WhendoesHI
Vdev
elopi
ntoAI
DS?

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page163
 4.Expl
aint
hei
mpactofHI
V/AI
DSont
heZambi
aneconomy
.

5.Suggestway
syoumayuset
osensi
ti
zepeopl
einy
ourcommuni
ty
aboutt
hedanger
sofHI
V/AI
DS

6.Ment
ion way
sin whi
ch HI
V/AI
DS has af
fect
ed t
he qual
i
ty of
educat
ioni
nyourcommuni
ty.

7.Ment
ionsomeadv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesoft
aki
ngAnt
i-
Ret
ro
Vi
ral
(ARVs)dr
ugs.

8.Showsomer
ight
sofaper
sonl
i
vingwi
thHI
V/AI
DSmaybev
iol
ated
att
hepl
aceofwor
k.

9.Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weenHI
VandAI
DS.

SOCI
ALCHALLENGES

Soci
alChal
l
enges

Thesear
eissuesandpr
obl
emsf
aci
nghumanbei
ngst
oday
.Forexampl
e,Chi
l
dAbuse,
Sex
ual
Assaul
t,TeenagePr
egnanci
esandGenderVi
olence

CHI
LDABUSE

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page164
Chi
l
dabusei
sanyf
orm ofi
l
ltr
eat
mentofachi
l
d.Thi
sil
ltr
eat
mentcoul
dbephy
sical
,
ment
alorv
erbal
.

 Phy
sicalabuseanyact
ion t
hatcausephy
sicali
mpai
rmentsuch asBat
ter
y,
sl
appi
ng,
pinchi
ngoft
heski
n,pul
l
ingear
s,bur
ningoft
heski
n,bi
ti
ngt
hechi
l
d.
 Ment
alabusecoul
dbel
ackofl
ove,negl
ect
,insul
ts,shout
ingatt
hechi
l
d,name
cal
l
ingorr
idi
cul
e.
FORMSOFCHI
LDABUSE.

Chi
l
dDef
il
ement
Def
il
ementi
stheactofhav
ingunl
awf
ulsexuali
nter
cour
sewi
thagi
rlundert
heageof
16y
ear
s.I
tincl
udes:

 Touchi
ngpr
ivat
epar
tsofachi
l
d.
 Maki
ngt
hechi
l
dtouchorpl
aywi
thsexual
organsofanol
derper
son.
 Showi
ng chi
l
drenpi
ctur
esofnakedpeopl
eforpur
poseofexci
ti
ng t
hem
sexual
l
y.Suchanacti
scal
l
edI
ndecentassaul
t.
Chi
l
dBat
ter
ing
Thi
sisaf
orm ofchi
l
dabusewher
esomeonebeat
sachi
l
dof
ten.

Chi
l
dNegl
ect
Thi
sisasi
tuat
ionwher
echi
l
drenar
enott
akencar
eofbyt
hei
rpar
ent
sorguar
dians.
Somet
imechi
l
drenar
eabandoned

Chi
l
dlabour
Ref
erst
owor
kthati
sment
all
y,phy
sical
l
y,soci
all
yormor
all
ydanger
ousandhar
mfult
o
chi
l
dren.

Chi
l
dSexual
Abuse
Sex
ualabusei
sanysexualacti
mposedonachi
l
dory
oungper
sonbyacl
oser
elat
ive
andi
ncl
udesf
ondl
i
ngachi
l
d’sgeni
tal
s,maki
ngt
hechi
l
dfondl
etheadul
t’
sgeni
tal
sand
hav
ingsexual
int
ercour
sewi
thachi
l
d.

Sexual
assaul
tiswhenast
rangercommi
tst
heabov
etot
heChi
l
d.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page165
Chi
l
dtr
aff
icki
ng
Thi
sist
hei
l
legalt
ranspor
tat
ionandsel
l
ingofchi
l
drenwi
thi
norout
sideacount
ry,f
or
pr
ost
it
uti
on,por
nogr
aphy
,for
cedl
abour
,cr
imeorbusi
nessi
nvol
vi
ngsel
l
ingofbody
or
gans.

Chi
l
dPr
ost
it
uti
on
Thi
sissexual
expl
oit
ati
onofchi
l
dren.I
tcanbef
orcedorv
olunt
ary
.

 For
cedchi
l
dpr
ost
it
uti
oni
swhenchi
l
drenar
ecompel
l
edt
osel
lsexualser
vices
f
orex
ampl
einhot
els,
brot
hel
s,orst
reet
s.

 Vol
unt
arychi
l
dpr
ost
it
uti
oni
sasi
tuat
ionwher
egi
rl
ssel
lsexualser
vicesf
ora
l
i
ving,
inor
dert
omeett
hei
rdai
l
yneeds.

WAYSOFADDRESSI
NGCHI
LDABUSE.

 Legi
slat
iononchi
l
dlabour–t
hel
awshoul
dpr
escr
ibepenal
ti
esorpr
act
ici
ngand
encour
agi
ngal
lfor
msofchi
l
dlabour
.
 Enact
ingst
if
fpuni
shmentf
orchi
l
ddef
il
ersi
ncl
udi
ngt
hosewhobat
terornegl
ect
t
hei
rchi
l
dren.
 Sensi
ti
singt
hecommuni
tyaboutchi
l
dabuse.
 Repor
ti
ngcaseofchi
l
dpr
obl
em.
 Speaki
ngaboutt
hepr
obl
ems
 Encour
agi
ngv
ict
imst
ogot
ovi
cti
m suppor
tuni
t.Dr
opi
ncent
resandNGO’
sfor
counsel
i
ngser
vicesandl
egal
adv
ice
I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADDRESSCHI
LDABUSE.

 Vi
cti
m suppor
tuni
t(Zambi
aPol
i
ceSer
vice)
 YoungWomen’
sChr
ist
iansAssoci
ati
on(
YWCA)
 YoungMenChr
ist
iansAssoci
ati
on(
YMCA)
 Zambi
aCi
vi
cEducat
ionAssoci
ati
on(
ZCEA)

PROTECTI
ONAGAI
NSTSEXUALASSAULT

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page166
  Tr
ytomakey
ourhomeassecur
easpossi
ble.

 Donotl
etany
onei
ntoy
ourhomei
fyouf
eel
inanywaydoubt
ful
orsuspi
cious.
 Av
oidsi
tuat
ionst
hatmakey
ouf
eeluncomf
ort
abl
eorunsaf
e,ev
eni
fyoucansee
nor
easonf
ory
ourf
eel
i
ngs.
 Tr
ytogethel
pfr
om someonenear
by,
butst
ayal
ertandusey
ourj
udgment
.
 Hi
ck-
Hiki
ngi
sri
skyf
orgi
rl
sandwomen.
 Wheny
out
rav
elal
oneusi
ngpubl
i
ctr
anspor
ttr
ytosi
twi
thanot
herwoman.
 Remember
sthatmostoft
heabuser
sar
epeopl
ewhoknowy
ousuchasf
ri
ends
andr
elat
ives.
 Pr
act
icesel
f-
def
enseski
l
lsr
egul
arl
y.
RAPE

Thi
sisanactoff
orci
ngaper
sont
ohav
esexuali
nter
cour
seagai
nsthi
sorherownwi
l
l.
I
nZambi
a,accor
dingt
othepenal
code,
rapei
sdef
i Anyper
nedas: sonwhohasunl
awf
ul
car
nalknowl
edgeofawomanoragi
rlwi
thoutherorwi
thherconsentbyusi
ngf
orce,
t
hreat
sori
nti
midat
ion.

WAYSOFRESI
STI
NGRAPE

 At
tent
ionseeki
ngt
act
ics,shout
ing,scr
eami
ngort
ryi
ngt
ogetsomeonet
o
hel
p.
 Noncor
por
ati
ont
act
icsf
orexampl
eref
usi
ngt
otakey
ourcl
othesof
f.
 Psy
chol
ogi
calt
act
ics;
forexampl
ereasoni
ngwi
tht
her
api
st,
try
ingt
ofr
ight
en
hi
m,di
sgusthi
m orgai
nsy
mpat
hy.
 Phy
sical
resi
stance;
fight
ingbackorst
ruggl
i
ng.

POSSI
BLEREACTI
ONSAFTERRAPE

 Shock
 Lossofcont
rol
,feel
i
ngsofpower
lessness.
 Un-
mat
urel
ycal
m
 Tr
yingt
oact
ingnor
mal
l
y.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page167
  Pr
obl
emswi
thsl
eepf
orexampl
eni
ght
mar
es.
 Fear
 Shame
 Feel
i
nggui
l
ty
 Av
oidi
ngphy
sical
cont
act
 Depr
essi
on
 Anger
 Tr
auma
WHATTODOAFTERRAPE

 Repor
ttot
hepol
i
ce
 Getamedi
cal
repor
tfr
om t
henear
estheat
hcent
re.
 Vi
si
tacounsel
or.
 Seekl
egal
adv
ice.

TEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES

FACTORSTHATCONTRI
BUTETOPREGNANCY

Peerpr
essur
e

Somet
imesboy
sandgi
rl
sengagei
nsexualact
ivi
ti
esduet
opeerpr
essur
eandwoul
d
l
i
ket
obel
i
keot
her
s.

Per
sonal
Dev
elopment

Aschi
l
drengr
ow somet
imest
heydev
elopsex
ualf
eel
i
ngsandemot
ionswhi
cht
hey
don’
tunder
standasar
esul
ttheywantt
oful
fi
ll
theseal
l
eges

Lackofsexeducat
ion

Par
ent
sdonotdi
scusssexual
issueswi
tht
hei
rchi
l
dren.

Soci
etyandmedi
ainf
luence.

I
nfl
uenceofcul
tur
esmoder
nsongst
elev
isi
onandr
adi
opr
ogr
ammes.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page168
Cul
tur
ali
ssues.

Gi
rl
sar
emar
ri
edof
fatanear
lyageandar
enotal
l
owedt
ogot
oschoolonl
yboy
sar
e
al
l
owed.

Economi
cissues.

Somegi
rl
sengagei
nsex
ual
act
ivi
ti
esf
ormonet
arygai
ns.

EFFECTSOFTEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES

 Theheal
thoft
hemot
heri
saf
fect
edbecausehe/
shei
snoty
etmat
uref
or
r
epr
oduct
ion.
 Themot
hermaynotknowhowt
otakecar
eoft
hebaby
,hencepoorheal
thf
or
t
hebaby
.
 Thebur
deni
sshi
ft
edt
othepar
ent
sift
hey
oungcoupl
ecannotcopewi
th
cost
s.
 Chancesoft
hegi
rlget
ti
ngmar
ri
edar
eatst
ake
 Chi
l
ddumpi
ng.
 Di
stur
bancei
ntheeducat
ionoft
hemot
her
.

PREVENTI
ONOFTEENAGEPREGNANCI
ES

 Abst
inence
 Av
oidi
ngbadcompany
 Set
ti
nggoal
sorpr
inci
pal
s
 Di
scussi
ngwi
thf
ri
ends
 Av
oidi
ngal
cohol
anddr
ugs.
 Resi
sti
ngpeerpr
essur
e
 Uphol
dinggoodmor
alsandv
alues
 Beoccupi
edwi
thact
ivi
ti
esl
i
kej
oini
ngcl
ubs.
SEXUALHARASSMENT

Sex
ualhar
assmenti
swhensomeonekeepsonsay
ingt
hingsordoi
ngt
hingsofsexual
ki
ndl
i
ket
ouchi
ngormaki
ngsexual
remar
ks.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page169
Peopl
ewhoar
esexual
l
yhar
assedcandot
hef
oll
owi
ng

 Makei
tcl
eart
haty
oudonotwantt
hatki
ndofbehav
iourf
rom t
heper
son.
 I
fhe/
shecont
inuest
ohar
assy
ou,keepar
ecor
doft
hei
nci
dent
sinanot
e
bookandt
ell
afr
iendt
owi
tnesst
hem f
orsuppor
t.
 Di
scusst
hepr
obl
em openl
yandi
nthatwayy
oucanmakepr
obl
em knownt
o
st
opt
hehar
asser
.

GENDERVI
OLENCE

Genderbasedv
iol
encei
sphy
sicaloremot
ionalf
orcei
nvol
vi
ngmenandwomeni
n
whi
cht
hef
emal
ear
eusual
l
ythev
ict
im.

FORMSOFGENDERVI
OLENCE.

Phy
sical
Viol
ence

Af
orm ofv
iol
encedi
rect
edont
hebody
.Itt
akest
hef
orm off
ondl
i
ng,
beat
ing,
slappi
ng,
punchi
ng,
shoot
ing,
kicki
ng,
stabbi
ng,
rapeandsexual
assaul
t.

Psy
chol
ogi
cal
viol
ence

I
tisv
iol
encet
owar
dthemi
nd.I
ttakest
hef
orm ofhumi
l
iat
ion,
thr
eat
s,har
assmentand
at
tackonanot
herper
son’
ssur
fwor
th.

St
ruct
urev
iol
ence

I
tincl
udesv
iol
ence t
hatexi
stswi
thi
nthe st
ruct
uresofi
nst
it
uti
ons. I
toccur
sin
economi
c,pol
i
tical
,soci
alandmi
l
itar
ysy
stems.

Genderbasedv
iol
enceemanat
esl
argel
yfr
om t
hepat
ri
archal
gendersy
stem t
hatv
iol
ets
women’
sri
ght
satal
llev
els. I
tincl
udespov
ert
y,l
andev
ict
ionofl
ackofaccesst
o
ser
vices.

CausesofGenderBasedVi
olence.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page170
  Soci
ali
zat
ion–Lear
nedbehav
iourbasedoncul
tur
alpr
act
icesandbel
i
efst
hat
di
sadv
ant
agewomenandchi
l
drenespeci
all
ygi
rlchi
l
d.
 Lowsel
f-
est
eem byper
pet
rat
or.
 I
nsecur
it
y,soci
alandf
inanci
aleconomi
cdependencebyt
heabused.
 Bel
i
efst
hatwomenpr
ovokemenbyanswer
ingback.
 Suspect
edext
ramar
it
alaf
fai
rs.
 Ref
usal
ordel
ayt
oser
vef
ood.
 Per
cei
vedsadnessandl
ackofr
espectf
ort
hehusband.
 Bel
i
eft
hatmenshowl
ovebybeat
ingwi
ves.
 Ref
usal
tohav
esex
.
 Fai
l
uret
osetper
missi
onf
rom mal
epar
tner
stodosomet
hing
 Genderr
olesst
ereot
ypi
ng-soci
etalbel
i
efs,my
thsorat
ti
tudest
hatmenand
womenbyv
irt
ueoft
hei
rsoci
ali
zat
ionshoul
dper
for
m cer
tai
ntasks.
 Dr
unkenness.
 Pet
tyj
eal
ousy
.

Whoar
etheAbuser
s?

Abuser
smayi
ncl
udepeopl
ewi
thi
nthef
ami
l
ysuchashusbandandwi
feguar
dianand
t
hoseout
sidet
hef
ami
l
yfr
iendsandst
ranger
s.

COMMONFORMSOFVI
OLENCE

 Phy
sical
(spousebat
ter
y)
 Ver
bal
abusef
orexampl
einsul
ts)
 Rapeanddef
il
ement
 I
ncest
 Thr
eat
s
 Pr
oper
tygr
abbi
ng
 Cr
uel
tybyguar
dians
 Lackofchi
l
dorspousesuppor
t.
EFFECTSOFGENDERBASEDVI
OLENCE

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page171
  Oppr
essi
onoft
hespouse.
 Theabusedmaybef
ear
ful
andangr
y
 Sexual
viol
encecont
ri
but
ionst
othespr
eadofHI
V/AI
DSandSTI
s.
 Phy
sical
,ment
ali
njur
yanddeat
h
 Per
manentdi
sabi
l
ity
 Unpl
annedpr
egnanci
es
 Sui
ci
de
 Depr
essi
onort
rauma
 Lossofsel
f-
est
eem andconf
idence.
 Fami
l
ydi
srupt
ion,
forexampl
edi
vor
ce.

WAYSOFREDUCI
NGGENDERBASEDVI
OLENCE

 Speaki
ngaboutt
hepr
obl
em.
 Sensi
ti
sing t
hecommuni
tyaboutgenderv
iol
enceand t
heneed t
o wor
k
t
oget
hert
ost
opt
hev
ice.
 Assi
sti
ngcoupl
est
odi
scussandr
esol
vet
hei
rpr
obl
ems.
 Repor
ti
ngcasesofv
iol
encet
othepol
i
cev
ict
im suppor
tuni
tforl
egalact
ion
andcounsel
i
ng.
 Encour
agev
ict
imst
ogof
orl
egaladv
icet
oNGOsordr
opi
ncent
resdeal
i
ng
wi
thgenderbasedv
iol
ence.

MEASURESTOCURBGENDERVI
OLENCEANDCHI
LDABUSE

 Lobbyand f
orchangesi
nlawsand enf
orcementl
awsr
egar
ding gender
v
iol
ence.
 Awar
enesscompani
esongenderv
iol
enceandchi
l
dabuse.
 Est
abl
i
shi
ngcounsel
i
ngcent
resf
orv
ict
ims.
 Put
ti
ngpr
essur
eont
hecommuni
tyt
omakecondi
ti
onssaf
erf
orv
ulner
abl
e
peopl
esuchasi
mpr
ovi
ngst
reetl
i
ght
ingi
ncer
tai
nar
eas.
 Resear
chi
ngandkeepi
ngr
ecor
dsonchi
l
dabuseandgenderv
iol
encef
or

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page172
 soci
alact
ionandpol
i
cymaki
ng.
 For
mul
ati
onofcommuni
tybasedgenderv
iol
encecommi
tt
ees.

I
NSTI
TUTI
ONSTHATADDRESSGENDERBASEDVI
OLENCE

 Vi
cti
m Suppor
tUni
t
 YoungWomenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on
 YoungMenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on
 Legal
AidCl
i
nicf
orwomen
 Ot
herNGOs.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.Def
inet
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erm:

i
. Soci
alchal
l
enges.

i
i
. Chi
l
dabuse.

i
i
i. Sexual
har
assment
.

i
v. Teenagepr
egnanci
es.

v
. Genderv
iol
ence.

2. I
dent
if
yinst
it
uti
onst
hatdeal
wit
hgenderbasedv
iol
ence.

3.Whatar
etheef
fect
soft
eenagepr
egnanci
esonschoolgoi
ngchi
l
drenand
gi
veway
sofaddr
essi
ngt
hisi
ssue?

4.I
dent
if
ypossi
ble ef
fectofr
ape on t
he v
ict
im and descr
ibe way
s of
pr
otect
ingr
ape.

5.Ther
ear
evar
iousf
ormsofabuse,suggestway
sofaddr
essi
ngdi
ff
erent
f
ormsofchi
l
dabuse.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page173
 6.Di
ff
erent
iat
echi
l
dlabuorandchi
l
dwor
k.Suggestway
sofi
nvest
igat
ing
genderbased-
viol
enceandhow y
oucanpr
esentt
hef
indi
ngst
ovi
cti
m
suppor
tuni
t.

7.Out
li
net
hei
nst
it
uti
ont
hataddr
essessoci
alchal
l
engesi
nZambi
a.

8. Di
scussMeasur
est
ocur
bGenderVi
olenceandChi
l
dAbuse.

9. I
dent
if
ythei
nst
it
uti
onst
hataddr
essgenderbasedv
iol
ence.

10.
Descr
ibet
heef
fect
sofgenderbasedv
iol
ence.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page174
GRADETWELVE

THEZAMBI
ANBI
LLOFHUMANRI
GHTS

TheNat
ional
Bil
lofRi
ght
s

 TheZambi
anBi
l
lofRi
ght
sisal
i
stoff
undament
alr
ight
sandf
reedomscov
ered
i
npar
tii
ioft
heZambi
anConst
it
uti
onwhi
chi
sthesupr
emel
awoft
hel
and.
 TheBi
l
lofRi
ght
sisent
renchedi
ntheconst
it
uti
onandhencecannotbeeasi
l
y
amendedbecauseoft
hest
ri
ctamendmentr
equi
rement
s.
 I
tcanonl
ybeamendedaf
teranat
ionalr
efer
endum i
nwhi
chnotl
esst
hant
wo
t
hir
dsor50%oft
heel
i
gibl
evot
ersv
otei
nfav
ouroft
heamendment
.

Theconst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
sionsi
nthebi
l
lofr
ight
slar
gel
yref
lectpr
ovi
sionscont
ainedi
nthe
i
nter
nat
ional
bil
lofr
ight
ssuchas:

 TheUni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s(UDHR)
 TheI
nter
nat
ional
conv
ent
iononEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s(I
CESR)
 Thei
nter
nat
ional
Conv
ent
iononCul
tur
alandPol
i
tical
Right
s(I
CCPR)
 Thet
woopt
ional
prot
ocol
sfi
rstandsecondopt
ional
prot
ocol

BRI
EFHI
STORYOFZAMBI
ASBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

Thehi
stor
yoft
heZambi
abi
l
lofRi
ght
sget
sbackt
o1964.

 The Bi
l
lofRi
ght
s was f
ir
sti
ncor
por
ated f
ort
he f
ir
stt
ime i
nthe nor
ther
n
Rhodesi
asel
f-
gov
ernmentconst
it
uti
onof1963.I
twasr
epr
oducedwi
thmi
nor
amendment
sin1964Mul
ti
-Par
tyDemocr
ati
c(i
ndependence)Const
it
uti
on.

 The1972Chonacommi
ssi
onr
ecommendedt
her
e-i
ntr
oduct
ionofonepar
ty
par
ti
cipat
orydemocr
acywhi
chwasaf
fect
edt
hef
oll
owi
ngy
eari
n1973.Thi
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page175
 amendmenti
ntheI
ndependenceconst
it
uti
onl
i
mit
edt
heenj
oymentofr
ight
sand
f
reedomsofi
ndi
vi
dual
s.
 The1991Mv
ungacommi
ssi
onr
ecommendedt
her
e-i
ntr
oduct
ionofMul
ti
-Par
ty
Democr
acyi
nZambi
awi
thani
ncl
usi
onoft
hechi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sfort
hef
ir
stt
ime.
 The1996Mwanakat
wecommi
ssi
onal
somadeaf
ewamendment
stot
he1991
const
it
uti
on.
 The1996 Mwanakat
wecommi
ssi
on madeaf
ew amendment
stot
he1991
const
it
uti
on.Howev
er,
theBi
l
lofRi
ght
swasl
efti
ntact
.
 I
n2005,t
heMung’
ombacommi
ssi
oni
ncl
udedsoci
al,cul
tur
alandeconomi
c
r
ight
sini
tsdr
aftconst
it
uti
on.
 TheConst
it
uti
onalAmendmentActNo.I
IOF 2016 hasal
so i
ncl
udesoci
al,
economi
candcul
tur
alr
ight
sbutt
hebi
l
lhasnoty
etbeenamendedasi
tisst
il
l
wai
ti
ngf
ort
henat
ional
ref
erendum

ELEMENTSOFTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

Thecur
rentBi
l
lofr
ight
sfor
mspar
tII
Ioft
heConst
it
uti
onwhi
chcov
ersAr
ti
cles11t
o
32.

Pr
eambl
eisani
ntr
oduct
ionorpr
eli
minar
yst
atementonal
egal
document

Ext
radi
te:
Tohandov
eraf
orei
gncr
imi
nal
tot
hei
rownst
atef
orpr
osecut
ion

Pr
osecut
e:Tost
artl
egal
proceedi
ngsagai
nstasuspect

Der
ogat
e:Tor
educeorl
essent
hest
rengt
horaut
hor
it
yofar
ight
.

Fr
ivol
ous:
Ref
erst
oav
eryser
iouscaseorsi
tuat
ion.

Vexat
ious:
Ref
erst
oacaset
hatpr
ovokest
roubl
eangerordi
str
ess

Enf
orce:
Thi
smeanst
ogi
vef
ormt
oal
awort
omakel
awef
fect
ive.

FUNDAMENTALRI
GHTSANDFREEDOMSCOVEREDI
NTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page176
Ar
ti
cle11:Pr
eambl
eisgener
aldecl
arat
ionoft
her
ight
sev
eryper
soni
n Zambi
ais
ent
it
ledt
oenj
oyt
hehumanr
ight
s.
Ar
ti
cle12:
Prot
ect
ionoft
heRi
ghtt
oli
fe
I
tisdescr
ibedast
hesupr
emeHumanRi
ghtasi
tfor
mst
hebasi
sofot
herr
ight
s.I
tev
en
pr
otect
sthel
i
feofunbor
n.

Ar
ti
cle:
13:
Prot
ect
ionoft
her
ightt
oper
sonal
li
ber
ty.
Thi
sRi
ghtdeal
swi
tht
hepr
ocedur
eforar
restanddet
ent
ionwhi
chcur
tai
l
sthef
reedom
ofmov
ementofani
ndi
vi
dual
.

Ar
ti
cle14:
ther
ightt
opr
otect
ionandf
orcedl
abour
Sl
aver
yandf
orcedl
abourpr
event
sthel
i
ber
tyandf
reedom ofani
ndi
vi
dualasaper
son
hasl
i
ttl
esayov
eronesel
f.

Ar
ti
cle15:
Prot
ect
ionf
rom t
ort
ure,
Inhumanordegr
adi
ngt
reat
mentorPuni
shment
Ther
ightt
ofr
eedom f
rom t
ort
ure,
inhumanordegr
adi
ngt
reat sabsol
menti ute.

Ar
ti
cle16:
Prot
ect
ionf
rom depr
ivat
ionofpr
oper
ty
Thi
spr
otect
sthei
ndi
vi
dualf
rom bei
ngdepr
ivedoft
hei
rpr
oper
tyexcepti
ncases
per
mit
tedbyl
awsuchasf
ail
uret
opayt
ax.

Ar
ti
cle17:
Prot
ect
ionf
orpr
ivacyofhomeandot
herpr
oper
ty
Thear
ti
clemakespr
ovi
sionf
orpr
otect
ionofpr
ivacyofhomeandot
herpr
oper
ty.

Ar
ti
cle18:
Prov
isi
ont
osecur
epr
otect
ionoft
hel
aw
Thear
ti
cl
egi
vespr
ovi
sionst
osecur
epr
otect
ionoft
hel
awf
oranyper
sonchar
gedwi
th
acr
imi
nalof
fence.I
tdeal
swi
thadmi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
icer
elat
ingt
opr
etr
ialt
estand
det
ent
ion.

Ar
ti
cle19:
Prot
ect
ionoft
hef
reedom ofconsci
ence
Thear
ti
cleguar
ant
eest
hef
reedom oft
houghtandf
reedom ofr
eli
gionwhi
chmay
al
soi
mpl
yfr
eedom t
ochanger
eli
gionorbel
i
ef.

Ar
ti
cle20:
Prot
ect
ionoff
reedom ofexpr
essi
on

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page177
Thi
sgi
vesf
reedom t
oindi
vi
dualt
ohol
dopi
nion,r
ecei
vei
deasandi
nfor
mat
ion,i
mpar
t
andcommuni
cat
eideasandi
nfor
mat
ioni
ndi
vi
dual
s.

Ar
ti
cle21Pr
otect
ionoff
reedom ofassembl
yandassoci
ati
on
Ev
eryci
ti
zenhasar
ightt
oassembl
efr
eel
ythr
oughoutZambi
a

Ar
ti
cle22:
Prot
ect
ionoff
reedom ofmov
ement

Thi
sar
ti
cleguar
ant
eesf
reedom t
omov
efr
eel
ythr
oughoutZambi
a

Ar
ti
cle23:
Prot
ect
ionf
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ion
Thear
ti
clepr
ovi
desf
ort
hepr
otect
ionf
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsofr
aceet
hni
c,
sex,
placeofor
igi
n,mar
it
alst
atuspol
i
tical
opi
nion,
col
ourcr
eedandbel
i
ef.

Ar
ti
cle24:
Prot
ect
ionofy
oungper
sonsf
rom expl
oit
ati
on
Pr
ohi
bit
sengagementofy
oungper
sonsi
nanyoccupat
ionorEmpl
oymentwhi
chwoul
d
pr
ejudi
ce one’
s heal
th oreducat
ion orI
nter
fer
e wi
th phy
sical
,ment
alormor
al
dev
elopment
.

Ar
ti
cle25:
Der
ogat
ionf
rom f
undament
alr
ight
sanddet
ent
ion
Thear
ti
clepr
ovi
desf
order
ogat
ionf
rom f
undament
alr
ight
sanddet
ent
ioni
nti
mesof
warorpubl
i
cemer
gence.

Ar
ti
cle26:
thi
sdeal
swi
thdet
ainedper
sons.
Onehast
her
ightt
obei
nfor
medi
nwr
it
ingi
nal
anguaget
hathe/
sheunder
standswi
thi
n
14day
sofdet
ent
ion.

Ar
ti
cle27:
Speci
alTr
ibunal
toRepor
tonLegi
slat
ion

Undert
hisar
ti
cle,
member
sofpar
li
amentcanar
rest(
stop)abi
l
lwhi
chI
nfr
ingesont
he
Bi
l
lofRi
ght
s.

Ar
ti
cle28:
Enf
orcementofpr
otect
ivepr
ovi
sions.

Thear
ti
clemakesapr
ovi
sionf
ort
heenf
orcementoft
her
ight
spr
ovi
dedi
ntheBi
l
lof
r
ight
s.I
tpr
ovi
desar
emedyt
othedomest
iccour
twhi
chi
stheHi
ghCour
t.I
ntheHi
gh

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page178
Cour
t;t
hear
ti
cl
emakesapr
ovi
sionf
orappealt
otheSupr
emeCour
t.Pr
ovi
dedhi
scase
snotf
i ri
vol
ousorv
exat
ious

Ar
ti
cle29-
31
Speci
alpower
soft
heRepubl
i
canPr
esi
dentsuchast
heDecl
arat
ionoft
hest
ateof
emer
gency

WAYSOFENFORCI
NGTHEBI
LLOFRI
GHTS

TheJudi
ci
aryar
m oft
hegov
ernmenti
sthemai
nmechani
sm f
ort
hepr
otect
ionand
enf
orcementofr
ight
sandf
reedomsout
li
nedi
ntheBi
l
lofr
ight
s.Thi
siscont
ainedi
n
ar
ti
cle28oft
heconst
it
uti
on.

 Aper
sonwhoi
saggr
iev
edduet
othev
iol
ati
onofhi
sorherr
ight
s,canpet
it
ion
t
heHi
ghCour
tforr
edr
ess.
 TheJudi
ci
alRev
iewunderOr
der53oft
heRul
esoft
heSupr
emeCour
tisanot
her
popul
arl
yusedmechani
sm.(HabeasCor
pusorWr
itofcer
ti
orar
i)
 Thel
atestmechani
sm i
ntr
oducedi
nar
ti
cle125oft
heconst
it
uti
oni
stheuseof
t
heper
manentHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
onwhi
chact
sasawat
chdogt
othe
cour
tsi
nenf
orci
nghumanr
ight
s.
 Theof
fi
ceoft
heI
nvest
igat
orGener
al(
Ombudsman)equal
l
yenf
orceshuman
r
ight
scl
aims.Anyper
soni
sfr
eet
owr
it
etot
heI
nvest
igat
orGener
alt
olodgea
compl
aintabouthumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions.
 Themedi
a,ci
vi
lsoci
ety
,Par
li
ament
,theLaw Associ
ati
onofZambi
a(LAZ)and
t
heTr
adeUni
onsar
eal
soi
nvol
vedi
nmoni
tor
inghumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions.

PROMOTI
ONOFHUMANRI
GHTSI
NZAMBI
A.

TheJudi
ciar
y
TheJudi
cial
syst
em i
nZambi
aconsi
stoft
hesupr
emecour
tthehi
ghcour
tthei
ndust
ri
al
r
elat
ionscour
t,subor
dinat
ecour
ts,LocalCour
tsand anyot
hercour
tsasmaybe
pr
escr
ibedbyanActofPar
li
ament
.TheJudgesofCour
tsar
eindependent
,impar
ti
al
andsubj
ectonl
ytot
heconst
it
uti
onandt
hel
aw.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page179
Ant
i-cor
rupt
ioncommi
ssi
on
TheAnt
i-Cor
rupt
ionCommi
ssi
oni
sanaut
onomousgov
ernmenti
nst
it
uti
onwhi
chhel
ps
t
ost
rengt
henhumanr
ight
sthr
oughi
tsf
ightagai
nstcor
rupt
ionandi
nvest
igat
ionsi
nto
anyr
epor
tedcor
rupt
ioncaseswhi
chmayal
sobecent
reonhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions.

Zambi
aPol
i
ce
Thr
ought
heVi
cti
m Suppor
tUni
t,Thepol
i
cepr
ovi
deser
vicet
othecommuni
tyby
pr
omot
ingandpr
otect
ingt
her
ight
soft
hev
ict
imsofabuseort
ort
ure.Lawbr
eaker
sar
e
appr
ehended,
arr
est
edandpr
osecut
edaccor
dingl
y.

Cat
hol
i
cCommi
ssi
onf
orJust
iceDev
elopmentandPeace(
CCJDP)
TheCCJDPi
saf
ait
hbasedor
gani
sat
ion(
FBO)i
nspi
redbyGospelv
aluesandt
hesoci
al
t
eachi
ngoft
heCat
hol
i
cChur
ch.I
tpr
omot
esi
ntegr
alhumandev
elopment
,economi
c
j
ust
ice,
humandi
gni
ty,
andempower
mentoft
hel
esspr
ivi
l
egedi
nsoci
ety
.

Just
icef
orwi
dowsandor
phanspr
oject(
CCJDP)

Themai
nobj
ect
ivei
stof
ightagai
nstv
ari
ousf
ormsofi
njust
icewhi
chhav
eaf
fect
edt
he
pl
i
ghtoft
hewi
dowsandor
phansanddi
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
iononhumanr
ight
stot
he
gener
alpubl
i
c

TheLawAssoci
ati
onofZambi
a(LAZ)
Thel
aw associ
ati
onofZambi
aisabodyofl
awy
erswhi
chi
smandat
edt
opr
omot
e
humanr
ight
sbydev
elopi
ng.Lawasani
nst
rumentofsoci
alj
ust
ice.

Legal
Resour
cesFoundat
ion
Theor
gani
zat
ionspr
omot
ehumanr
ight
sbypr
ovi
dingl
egaladv
iceandl
i
tigat
ionf
ort
he
v
ulner
abl
emember
sofsoci
ety
.

Nat
ional
Legal
AidCl
i
nic
Pr
ovi
desaf
for
dabl
elegalai
dtot
hev
ulner
abl
emember
sofsoci
etyespeci
all
ywomen
andchi
l
dren.Thi
sisdonet
hroughl
i
tigat
ionar
bit
rat
ionandi
nter
vent
ioni
ncaseswhi
ch
hav
eimpact
ednegat
ivel
yont
hel
esspr
ivi
l
egedi
nsoci
ety
.

Soci
etyf
orWomenandAi
dsi
nZambi
a(SWAAZ)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page180
SWAZWasf
ormedt
oaddr
essi
ssuesofwomenandchi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s.Theor
gani
sat
ion
hasembar
kedoneducat
iont
rai
ningandcounsel
i
ngpr
ogr
ammes.

YoungwomenChr
ist
ianAssoci
ati
on(
YWCA)
OFZambi
aisaf
ait
hbasedor
gani
sat
ion
(
FBO)whi
ch was dedi
cat
ed t
owar
ds upl
i
fti
ng t
he st
andar
ds ofl
i
fe pr
omot
e and
adv
ocat
ewomenandchi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s
I
tal
so pr
ovi
des adv
ocacyand publ
i
c educat
ion on mat
ter
s ofhuman r
ight
s and
r
epr
oduct
iveheal
th.

Zambi
aCi
vi
cEducat
ionAssoci
ati
on(
ZCEA)
Theor
gani
sat
ionof
fer
slegaladv
icet
ovul
ner
abl
egr
oupsi
nsoci
ety
,especi
all
ythe
chi
l
dren.I
tconduct
sci
vi
ceducat
ionpr
ogr
ammesont
hepr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ionof
chi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sthr
ought
hechi
l
dren’
sri
ght
scl
ubs(
CRC)

Amnest
yInt
ernat
ional
(AI
)

Amnest
yint
ernat
ionali
sawor
ldwi
desel
f-
gov
erni
ngmov
ementofpeopl
ewhoseai
m
i
stocampai
gnf
ori
nter
nat
ional
l
yrecogni
zedhumanr
ight
s.Thev
isi
onofAmnest
y
I
nter
nat
ionali
stoensur
ethatev
eryper
sonenj
oysal
loft
her
ight
senshr
inedi
nthe
Uni
ver
salDecl
arat
ion ofHuman Ri
ght
s and ot
heri
nter
nat
ionalhuman r
ight
s
conv
ent
ions.

THEAFRI
CANCHARTERONHUMANANDPEOPLE’
SRI
GHTS

 Thi
swaspr
epar
edatanOr
gani
sat
ionofAf
ri
canUni
ty(
OAU)sessi
onhel
din
Monr
ovi
a,Li
ber
ia,
inJul
y1979.
 The char
teron human and peopl
e’
sri
ght
s whi
ch was adopt
ed undert
he
auspi
cesoft
heOAUwassubsequent
lyest
abl
i
shedi
n1981.
 I
tcamei
ntof
orcei
nOct
ober1986.
 Af
ri
can char
tersaf
e guar
ds i
ndi
vi
dual
sri
ght
s ,peopl
e’
sri
ght
s orgr
oups
mi
nor
it
ies,r
efugees,handi
capped,or
phansandt
hosei
nfect
edandaf
fect
edby
t
heHI
V?AI
DSpandemi
c.

TheAf
ri
canChar
tert
her
efor
e:

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page181
  Pr
ocl
aimsbot
hri
ght
sanddut
ies
 Codi
fi
esandemphasi
zesoni
ndi
vi
dual
saswel
lpeopl
esorgr
oupr
ight
s
 Guar
ant
eesci
vi
landpol
i
ticalr
ight
saswel
laseconomi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
al
r
ight
sandgr
oupr
ight
s
 Per
mit
sthest
atepar
ti
est
oimposer
est
ri
cti
onsandl
i
mit
ati
onsont
heexer
cise
ofguar
ant
eedr
ight
s.
Ri
ght
s

I
ndi
vi
dualRi
ght
s:Thesesar
eenshr
inedi
nwi
thi
ntheI
nter
nat
ionalConv
ent
ionon
Economi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alr
ight
s(I
CCPR)andt
hei
nter
nat
ionalConv
ent
ionon
Economi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s(I
CESR)

 Equal
i
ty
 I
ntegr
it
y
 Ther
ightt
olegal
def
ace
 Fr
eedom ofbel
i
efandr
eli
gion
 Fr
eedom ofmov
ement
,associ
ati
onorassembl
y
 Ri
ghtt
oseekasy
lum
 Pr
otect
ionofnon-
nat
ional
s
 Ri
ghtt
opr
oper
tyRi
ghtt
owor
k
 Ri
ghtt
ogoodHeal
th

Peopl
e’
sRi
ght
s

Theyar
eal
socal
l
edGr
oupRi
ght
sort
hir
dGener
ati
onRi
ght
s.

 Sel
fdet
ermi
nat
ion
 Economi
c,Soci
alandcul
tur
alDev
elopment
 Nat
ional
andI
nter
nat
ional
Peaceandsecur
it
y
 Env
ironment
 Sov
erei
gnt
yov
ert
heenv
ironmentanti
tsr
esour
ces

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page182
Dut
ies

Thesei
ncl
udedut
iesofi
ndi
vi
dual
sorgr
oupst
owar
dsf
ami
l
yandsoci
ety

TheChar
teri
sdut
yboundt
oensur
ethat
:

 Ther
ight
sandf
reedomsofi
ndi
vi
dual
sandgr
oupsshal
lbeexer
cisedwi
thdue
r
egar
dtot
her
ight
sofot
herpeopl
e
 Af
ri
canCul
tur
alv
aluesar
epr
eser
vedandst
rengt
henedi
nel
ati
onwi
thot
her
member
sofsoci
ety
.
St
ateObl
i
gat
ions

 Adoptl
egi
sl
ati
veandot
hermeasur
esf
ort
hei
ref
fect
iveness
 Ensur
eindependenceoft
hej
udi
ciar
y
 Est
abl
i
shnat
ional
inst
it
uti
onst
opr
omot
eandpr
otecthumanr
ight
s.
 Recogni
zet
her
ight
senshr
inedi
nthechar
ter
 Submi
tst
ater
epor
tsonl
egi
slat
ureandot
hermeasur
es
 Under
takehumanr
ight
str
aini
ngandawar
enesspr
ogr
amme

TheAf
ri
cancommi
ssi
ononHumanandPeopl
esRi
ght
s(ACHPR)

 I
twasest
abl
i
shedunderAr
ti
cle30oft
heChar
ter
.
 I
tiscomposedof11member
sel
ect
edbyt
heAUAssembl
yofHeadsofSt
ates
andGov
ernmentf
rom al
i
stofnamespr
esent
edbyt
heSt
atePar
ti
es.
 Theysav
ethecommi
ssi
oni
nthei
rper
sonal
capaci
ty.
FUNCTI
ONSOFTHECOMMI
SSI
ON:

 Ensur
epr
otect
ionofhumanandpeopl
e’
sri
ght
sundert
hecondi
ti
onsl
aiddown
byt
hepr
esentchar
ter
.
 Col
l
ectdocument
s,under
takest
udi
esandr
esear
chonhumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions
i
nAf
ri
ca
 Di
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
iont
hroughsemi
nar
s,Sy
mposi
aconf
erenceandt
omake
r
ecommendat
ionst
ogov
ernment
s
 For
mul
ateandl
aydownpr
inci
plesandr
ulesai
medatsol
vi
ngl
egalpr
obl
ems

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page183
 r
elat
ingt
ohumanandpeopl
e’
sri
ght
sandf
undament
alf
reedomswhi
char
ethe
basi
sofAf
ri
cangov
ernmentl
egi
slat
ure.
 Net
wor
kwi
thot
herAf
ri
canandI
nter
nat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onsconcer
nedwi
tht
he
pr
omot
ionandpr
otect
ionofhumananpeopl
e’
sri
ght
s
 I
nter
prett
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hepr
esentchar
teratt
her
equestofast
atepar
tyan
Af
ri
canUni
on(
AU)i
nst
it
uti
onoranyAf
ri
canOr
gani
sat
ionr
ecogni
sedbyAf
ri
can
Uni
on.
 Per
for
m anyot
hert
askent
rust
edt
othecommi
ssi
onbyt
heAssembl
yoft
he
HeadsofSt
ateandGov
ernment
PRI
NCI
PLES

 Thecommi
ssi
oni
sgui
dedbyt
heI
nter
nat
ionalLawonHumanRi
ght
snsPeopl
es
Ri
ght
sinr
elat
iont
othef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sions:
 Var
iousAf
ri
cani
nst
rument
sonHumanandpeopl
e’
sri
ght
s
 Thechar
teroft
heUni
tedNat
ions
 TheUni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionHumanRi
ght
s
 Ot
herI
nst
rument
sonHumanandpeopl
e’
sRi
ght
sadopt
edbyt
heUni
tedNat
ions
andt
heAf
ri
canSt
ates.
 Thecommi
ssi
onshal
ldet
ermi
nepr
inci
plesofl
aw,set
ti
ngst
andar
dsofAf
ri
can
pr
act
icesconsi
stentwi
thi
nter
nat
ionalnor
msonhumanand peopl
e’
sri
ght
s
cust
omsgener
all
yaccept
edasl
awbyAf
ri
cansSt
ates
 Each St
atepar
tyshal
lunder
taket
o submi
tar
epor
ton l
egi
slat
ion orot
her
f
reedomsr
ecogni
zedandguar
ant
eedbyt
hechar
ter
.
 TheChar
tershal
lbeopent
osi
gnat
ure,r
ati
fi
cat
ionoradher
encebyt
hemember
st
atesoft
heAf
ri
canUni
on.

THEHUMANRI
GHTSCOMMI
SSI
ON(
HRC)

 ThePer
manentHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
onwasest
abl
i
shedbyanactof
par
li
amentNo.39of1996butcamei
ntof
orcei
nMay1997.
 Theai
m wast
opr
omot
eposi
ti
vehumanr
ight
scul
tur
eint
hecount
ry.
 The commi
ssi
on i
s made up oft
he Di
rect
or,Deput
y and f
ive ot
her

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page184
 Commi
ssi
oner
swhoar
eappoi
ntedbyt
hepr
esi
dent
,subj
ectt
orat
if
icat
ionby
par
li
ament
.
 Thet
enur
eofof
fi
ceoft
heseposi
ti
onsi
sthr
eey
ear
sthoughr
enewabl
e.

Funct
ionsoft
heCommi
ssi
on

 I
nvest
igat
ehumanr
ight
svi
olat
ions.
 I
nvest
igat
eanymal
admi
nist
rat
ionofj
ust
ice
 Pr
oposeef
fect
ivemeasur
est
opr
eventhumanr
ight
sabuses
 Vi
si
tpr
isonsandpl
acesofdet
ent
ionorr
elat
edf
aci
l
iti
eswi
thav
iew t
o
assessi
ngandi
nspect
ingcondi
ti
onsoft
hepr
isoner
s.
 Est
abl
i
sh a cont
inuous pr
ogr
amme ofr
esear
ch educat
ion,ot
herr
elat
ed
i
ssuest
ohumanr
ight
s.
Power
soft
hecommi
ssi
on

 I
nvest
igat
eanyhumanr
ight
sabuseori
tsi
nit
iat
iveornon-
recei
vi
ngcompl
aint
s.
 Anaggr
iev
edper
sonact
ingi
nthei
rowni
nter
est
.
 Aper
sonact
ingonbehal
fofanaggr
iev
edper
son
 Aper
sonact
ingonbehal
fofandi
nthei
nter
estoft
hegr
oup.
 Associ
ati
onact
ingi
nthei
nter
estofi
tsmember
s.
 I
ssuesummonsoror
der
srequi
ri
ngat
tendanceofanyper
sonr
elev
antt
oany
i
nvest
igat
ionsbyt
hecommi
ssi
on.
 Pr
oduceanydocument
srel
evantt
othecommi
ssi
on
 Quest
ionanyper
soni
nrespectofanysubj
ectmat
terunderi
nvest
igat
ionbef
ore
t
heCommi
ssi
on
 Recommend t
o Cour
ts ofl
aw pr
osecut
ion ofany per
son f
ound by t
he
Commi
ssi
ont
ohav
eper
pet
uat
edabuseofhumanr
ight
s

SAMPLEQUESTI
ON

1.Par
t3oft
heconst
it
uti
onofZambi
acov
erst
heNat
ionalBi
l
lofRi
ght
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page185
 a)Out
li
neanyf
ivepr
ovi
sionsi
ntheNat
ional
Bil
lofRi
ght
s.

b)Anal
yzet
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofZambi
a’
sNat
ional
Bil
lofRi
ght
s.

2.Descr
ibet
hei
nter
nat
ional
Bil
lofRi
ght
sandt
heZambi
aBi
l
lofr
ight
s.

3.St
atet
heel
ement
soft
heBi
l
lofRi
ght
sint
heZambi
anConst
it
uti
on.

4.Descr
ibeway
sofenf
orci
ngt
heZambi
aBi
l
lofRi
ght
s.

5.Di
scusst
her
oleoft
hei
nst
it
uti
ont
hatpr
omot
esHumanRi
ght
sZambi
a.

6.I
dent
if
ythei
nter
nat
ionalpr
ovi
siont
hatr
efl
ectt
hecont
entoft
heZambi
an
Bi
l
lofr
ight
s.Di
scussv
ari
ousway
sofenf
orci
ngt
hebi
l
lofr
ight
s

7.Ment
iont
hei
nst
it
uti
onst
hatpr
omot
etheZambi
abi
l
lofr
ight
s.

8. Expl
aint
hef
unct
ionsoft
heHumanRi
ght
scommi
ssi
on.

9. Exampl
ehowt
heZambi
abi
l
lcanbeamended.

10.
Giv
eexampl
esofgr
oupsi
nsoci
etywhoser
ight
sar
esaf
eguar
dedand
expl
ainwhy
?

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page186
RI
GHTSOFACHI
LD

HumanRi
ght
sar
euni
ver
saland,
ther
efor
e,ev
eryet
hni
cit
yisent
it
ledt
othem asl
ongas
onei
shuman.

WHOI
SACHI
LD

 Theconv
ent
iondef
inesachi
l
dasev
eryhumanbei
ngbel
owt
heageof18y
ear
s.

 Theconv
ent
ionr
ecogni
zest
hatchi
l
drenr
equi
respeci
alcar
eandassi
stance.I
t
asser
tst
her
oleoft
hef
ami
l
yinchi
l
dren’
sli
ves.

 I
tident
if
iest
hechi
l
d’sexper
ienceofchi
l
dhoodasbei
ngl
argel
ydet
ermi
nedbyt
he
car
eandpr
otect
iont
heyr
ecei
vef
rom adul
t,soci
etyandst
ate.

CHI
LDREN’
SRI
GHTSAREHUMANRI
GHTS

Asepar
atehumanr
ight
sinst
rumentf
orchi
l
drendoesnotmeant
hatchi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s
ar
edi
ff
erentf
rom HumanRi
ght
s.Chi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sar
eH/
Randar
eder
ivedf
rom t
he
sameUni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofH/
R(UDHR)exceptt
hatt
heconv
ent
ionsr
ight
shav
ebeen
dr
awnupspeci
fi
cal
l
ytoaddr
esst
hechi
l
dren’
shumanr
ight
ssi
tuat
ions. A chi
l
dis
ent
it
ledt
ospeci
alcar
eandpr
otect
ion.

REASONSFORASEPARATEHUMANRI
GHTSI
NSTRUMENTSFORCHI
LDREN

 Chi
l
drenexper
iencedi
scr
imi
nat
ionandt
her
efor
eneedspeci
alpr
otect
ionunder
i
nter
nat
ional
.

 Chi
l
drenar
eindi
vi
dual
swi
thequal
stat
usasadul
ts.

 Thehi
ghestl
evelofdev
elopmentofanysoci
etycanonl
ybeat
tai
nedwi
thi
nthe

NORTHERNPROVI
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CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page187
 heal
thyandact
ivepar
ti
cipat
ionofchi
l
dren

 Chi
l
drenbecomedependentonl
ywi
tht
hehel
pofadul
tswhi
chmakest
hem
v
ulner
abl
east
heyar
emor
esensi
ti
vet
osoci
alcondi
ti
onsofsoci
ety
.

 Chi
l
drenar
emor
eaf
fect
edbyGov
ernment
’sact
ionsandpol
i
ciest
hananyot
her
gr
oup.

 Most
lychi
l
drenhav
eli
mit
edaccesst
ocompl
aint
smechani
smsofany l
egal
sy
stems.

 Chi
l
drenar
emor
evul
ner
abl
etoexpl
oit
ati
onandabusebecauseoft
hei
rphy
sical
,
emot
ional
.

 Chi
l
drenar
easaf
eguar
doft
hehumanr
acewi
thoutwhom t
hehumanr
acewi
l
l
becomeext
inct
.Consequent
ly,whenchi
l
drenar
enegl
ect
edi
tisatt
hecount
ry’
s
ownhar
m.

STEPSTAKENTOCOMEUPWI
THTHECONVENTI
ONONTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD

 Bef
orecomi
ngupwi
tht
heconv
ent
ionont
her
ight
soft
hechi
l
dthatwasadopt
ed
byt
heUni
tedNat
ionson20thNov
ember1989.

 Sev
eralat
tempt
swer
emadet
ocomeupwi
tht
hecompr
ehensi
vei
nst
rumentf
or
chi
l
dren.Egl
ant
yneJebbanEngl
i
shwomanwasaf
ounderofSav
etheChi
l
dren
al
l
ianceaf
terser
vingi
ntheBal
kanWar
.Shedi
scov
eredt
hatChi
l
drenneedspeci
al
pr
otect
swhi
chl
eadt
otheat
tempt
stocomeupwi
thspeci
fi
cH/
Rinst
rument
s.

YEAR EVENT

1924 The f
ive poi
nt decl
arat
ion of t
he r
ight
s of chi
l
d. The
decl
arat
ion.Wasadopt
edbyt
heLeagueofNat
ions

1946 Theuni
tednat
ionsgener
alassembl
ycr
eat
edt
heUNI
CEFasa

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
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 uni
ver
sal
mov
ementf
orchi
l
dren.

1959 TheTenpoi
ntDecl
arat
ionoft
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d.Thi
s
Decl
arat
ion by U.
N Gener
alAssembl
y cont
ained t
en mai
n
Poi
nts

1961 Ar
esol
uti
on byt
he UNGA based on t
he 1959 Decl
arat
ion
br
oadensUNI
CEF’
sfi
eldofoper
ati
on

1965 Hague Conv

ent
ion on Jur
isdi
cti
on, Appl
i
cabl
e Law,
Recogni
ti
on, Enf
orcementand cooper
ati
on i
nrespectof
Par
ent
al Responsi
bil
i
tyandmeasur
es
f
ort
hepr
otect
ionofchi
l
dren.

1979 The Uni

ted Nat
ions Gener
al Assembl
y pr
ocl
aims t
he
I
nter
nat
ional Year of t
he Chi
l
d (
IYC) t
o cel
ebr
ate t
he
20thAnni
ver
sar
yoft
hedecl
arat
ionoft
her
ight
soft
hechi
l
d.
TheI
YC Wasi
ntendedt
oencour
age
t
he i
mpl
ement
ati
on of t
he 1959
Decl
arat
ion.

1980 Hague Conv

ent
ion on ci
vi
laspect
s ofi
nter
nat
ionalchi
l
d
Adopt
ion

1986 Uni
ted Nat
ions Decl
arat
ion on Soci
aland LegalPr
inci
ples
Rel
ati
ngt
othepr
otect
ionandwel
far
eofchi
l
drenwi
thspeci
al
r
efer
encet
ofost
erpl
acementandNat
ionalandI
nter
nat
ional
adopt
ion.

1989 Adopt
ion byt
he Uni
ted Nat
ionsGener
alAssembl
yin New
Yor
konConv
ent
ionont
her
ight
soft
hechi
l
d.

1990 TheConv
ent
ionwhi
chi
sal
egali
nst
rumentent
ersi
ntof
orce
af
ter

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CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
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 THEFOURPRI
NCI
PLESONTHECONVENTI
ONONTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD

TheCRCi
sfoundedonf
ourgener
alpr
inci
plesandt
hesear
e:

Thebesti
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d-

 Al
ladul
tsmustdowhati
sbestf
orchi
l
dren.

 Thi
sent
ail
sthatwhenadul
tsmakedeci
si
ons,t
heyshoul
dthi
nkabouthowt
hei
r
deci
sionswi
l
laf
fectchi
l
dren.

Non-
discr
imi
nat
ion-

 Theconv
ent
ionappl
i
est
oal
lchi
l
dren,what
evert
hei
rrace,r
eli
gionorabi
l
iti
es,
what
evert
heyt
hinkorsay
,what
evert
ypeoff
ami
l
ytheycomef
rom.

 Nochi
l
dshoul
dbet
reat
edunf
air
lyonanybasi
s.

Sur
viv
alanddev
elopment
-

 Chi
l
drenhav
ether
ightt
oli
fe.Ther
efor
eGov
ernmentshoul
densur
ethatchi
l
dren
sur
viv
eanddev
elopheal
thi
l
y.

 Dev
elopment
alr
ight
sincl
udepr
ovi
sionsf
oreducat
ion,accesst
oinf
ormat
ion,
pl
ayandl
eisur
e,cul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
es.

Par
ti
cipat
ion

 Whenadul
tsar
emaki
ngdeci
sionst
hataf
fectchi
l
dren.

 Chi
l
drenhav
ether
ightt
osaywhatt
heyt
hinkshoul
dhappenandhav
ethei
r
opi
nionst
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
on.

PROVI
SIONSOFTHEUNI
TEDNATI
ONSCHI
LDRENSRI
GHTSCONVENTI
ON(
UNCRC)

1.Ci
vi
lRi
ght
sandFr
eedoms

Thesear
eri
ght
sthathav
etodowi
thbei
ngaci
ti
zenandi
ncl
udepol
i
tical
,soci
al,

NORTHERNPROVI
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CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page190
 l
egal
right
sandequal
i
ty.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethepr
ovi
sions

 Nameandnat
ional
i
ty:ev
erychi
l
disent
it
ledt
oaname,
nat
ional
i
tyandhas
t
her
ightt
oknow hi
s/herpar
ent
sandt
obecar
edf
orbyt
hepar
ent
s.
Chi
l
drenhav
ether
ightt
oident
it
ysuchasabi
rt
hcer
ti
fi
cat
e.

 Pr
eser
vat
ionofi
dent
it
y:I
tist
hedut
yoft
hegov
ernmentt
oassi
stanychi
l
d
whosei
dent
it
yhasbeenunl
awf
ull
ytakenawayt
ogeti
tback.

 Fr
eedom ofexpr
essi
onandi
nfor
mat
ion:t
hisr
ightpr
ovi
desf
ort
hechi
l
dto
f
reedom ofexpr
essi
on and t
o seek i
nfor
mat
ion.The r
ighti
ncl
udes
f
reedom t
oseek,
recei
veandt
ogi
veouti
nfor
mat
ionandi
deasofal
lki
nds.

 Fr
eedom oft
hought
,consci
enceandr
eli
gion:t
hisr
ightal
l
owsachi
l
d
f
reedom oft
houghtorconsci
encei
nchoosi
ngt
odot
her
ightr
athert
han
t
hewr
ongt
hing.Chi
l
drenhav
ether
ightt
othi
nkandbel
i
evei
nwhatt
hey
wantandt
opr
act
icet
hei
rrel
i
gion.

 Fr
eedom ofassoci
ati
on:Thi
sri
ghtpr
ovi
desf
orgov
ernment
stor
ecogni
se
t
her
ight
soft
hechi
l
dtof
reedom ofassoci
ati
on and t
ofr
eedom of
peacef
ulassembl
y.Associ
ati
oni
sbel
ongi
ngt
oagr
oupf
orachi
evi
nga
commonpur
pose.

 Access t
o i
nfor
mat
ion and medi
a: The pr
ovi
sion r
ecogni
ses t
he
i
mpor
tanceofmassmedi
aandhow i
tshoul
densur
ethatt
hechi
l
dhas
accesst
oinf
ormat
ionf
orbot
hlocal
andi
nter
nat
ional
sour
ces.

 Tor
tur
e,capi
talpuni
shment
,depr
ivat
ionofl
i
ber
ty:Thi
spr
ovi
sionpr
otect
s
chi
l
drenf
rom t
ort
ure,cr
uelt
reat
mentorpuni
shment
,unl
awf
ular
restor
depr
ivat
ionofl
i
ber
ty.I
tfur
therpr
otect
sthechi
l
dfr
om bei
ngsent
encedt
o
deat
h.

 Fami
l
yenv
ironmentandal
ter
nat
ivecar
e:Ther
ight
sundert
hiscl
ust
er
deal
swi
tht
hef
ami
l
yenv
ironmentandal
ter
nat
ivecar
efort
hosechi
l
dren
whoar
eunabl
etobel
ookedaf
terbyt
hei
rownpar
ent
sforv
ari
ousr
easons.

NORTHERNPROVI
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CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page191
  Par
ent
s,f
ami
l
y,communi
tyr
ight
s and r
esponsi
bil
i
ties:t
his pr
ovi
sion
r
equi
rest
he gov
ernmentt
orespectt
he r
ight
sand r
esponsi
bil
i
tiesof
par
ent
sandt
heext
endedf
ami
l
ytopr
ovi
degui
dancef
ort
hechi
l
dwhi
chi
s
appr
opr
iat
eto hi
s orherev
olv
ing capaci
ty.Ev
olv
ing capaci
tyi
sthe
mat
uri
ngpr
ocesst
hatchi
l
drengot
hroughbef
orer
eachi
ngadul
thood.

2.FAMI
LYENVI
ROMENTANDALTERNATI
VECARE

 NON-
SEPERATI
ONFROM PARENTS

Thi
sisar
ightt
hatensur
est
hati
fachi
l
dissepar
atedf
rom hi
s/herpar
ent
s
he/
shehast
her
ightt
okeepcont
actwi
thhi
sorpar
ent
s.

 FAMI
LYREUNI
FICATI
ON

Request
sbyachi
l
dtol
eav
eorent
eracount
ryf
ort
hepur
poseoft
hechi
l
d
r
euni
ti
ngwi
tht
hef
ami
l
ymember
sshal
lbedeal
twi
thi
nahumanemanner
.The
chi
l
dhast
her
ightt
okeepcont
act
swi
tht
hepar
ent
sift
heyl
i
vei
ndi
ff
erent
count
ri
esorpl
aces.

 I
LLI
CITTRANSFERANDNON-
RETURNOFCHI
LDREN

Thegov
ernmentshal
ltakemeasur
est
ocombatt
hei
l
li
citori
l
legalt
ransf
erand
non-
ret
urnofchi
l
drenabr
oad.

 PARENTALRESPONSI
BILI
TY

Thi
srequi
respar
ent
stohav
eful
lresponsi
bil
i
tyt
obr
ingupt
hei
rchi
l
drenandt
hat
par
ent
sshoul
dal
way
sconsi
derwhati
sbestf
ort
hei
rchi
l
dren.I
ncaseswher
ethe
par
ent
sfai
ltog

 ABUSEANDNEGLECTWHI
LEI
NFAMI
LYORCARE

Gov
ernmenthast
hedut
yto makel
awsandpr
ovi
desoci
alandeducat
ional

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page192
 measur
est
opr
otectt
hechi
l
dfr
om al
lfor
msofphy
sical
orment
alv
iol
ence.

 ALTERNATI
VECAREFORCHI
LDRENI
NTHEABSENSEOFPARENTS

Thi
sri
ghtpr
ovi
desf
orachi
l
dwhoi
stempor
ari
l
yorper
manent
lydepr
ivedofhi
s
orherf
ami
l
ywi
thspeci
alpr
otect
ionorassi
stancebyt
hegov
ernment
.

 ADOPTI
ON

Thi
sri
ghtr
ecogni
zest
hatchi
l
drenhav
ether
ightt
ocar
eandpr
otect
ion.Soi
f
adopt
edorundercar
e,t
heconcer
nwi
l
lbewhati
sbestf
ort
hechi
l
dadopt
ed.

 REVI
EW OFTREATMENTI
NCARE

Chi
l
drenwhoar
elookedaf
teri
ninst
it
uti
onsofcar
erat
hert
hant
hei
rpar
ent
s,
hav
ether
ightt
hei
rli
vi
ngar
rangement
srev
iewedr
egul
arl
ytochecki
ftheyar
ethe
mostappr
opr
iat
e.

 STANDARDOFLI
VING

Thi
sri
ghtpl
acesdut
yon t
he gov
ernmentt
otake st
epst
orecov
erunpai
d
mai
ntenancef
ort
hechi
l
dfr
om par
ent
sorot
her
swhoar
erequi
redt
otakecar
eof
t
hechi
l
dfi
nanci
all
y.

 RECOVERYANDREI
NTEGRATI
ON

Gov
ernmenthast
hedut
ytor
educeandr
euni
techi
l
dvi
cti
msofexpl
oit
ati
on,
t
ort
ureoranyot
hermi
str
eat
mentbacki
ntot
hei
rcommuni
ti
es.

3.BASI
CHEALTHANDWELFARE

Her
e,t
her
ight
sar
emeantt
opr
omot
etheheal
thandwel
far
eoft
hechi
l
d.

͓wel
far
eist
hesi
tuat
ionofhav
inggoodheal
thandcomf
ort
abl
eli
vi
ng.

 PARENTALRESPONSI
BILI
TY

Undert
hispr
ovi
sion,gov
ernment
shav
eresponsi
bil
i
tyoft
aki
ngal
lappr
opr
iat
e
measur
est
oensur
ethatchi
l
drenofwor
kingpar
ent
shav
ether
ightt
obenef
it

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page193
 f
rom chi
l
dcar
eser
vicesandf
aci
l
iti
esf
orwhi
cht
heyar
eel
i
gibl
e.

 CHI
LDRENWI
THDI
SABI
LITI
ES

Ther
ightpr
ovi
dest
hatadi
sabl
edchi
l
dhast
her
ightpr
ovi
dest
hatadi
sabl
ed
chi
l
dhast
her
ightt
ospeci
alcar
e,educat
ionandt
rai
ningt
ohel
phi
m orherenj
oy
af
ull
anddecentl
i
fe.

 HEALTHANDHEALTHSERVI
CES

Chi
l
drenhav
ether
ightt
othebestheal
thcar
esuchassaf
edr
inki
ngwat
er,
nut
ri
ti
ousf
ood,
acl
eanandsaf
eenv
ironment
.

 SOCI
ALSECURI
TY

Gov
ernmentshal
lrecogni
zef
orev
erychi
l
dther
ightt
o benef
itf
rom soci
al
secur
it
y,i
ncl
udi
ng soci
ali
nsur
ance and shal
ltake necessar
y measur
es t
o
achi
evet
hisr
ighti
naccor
dancewi
tht
hei
rnat
ional
law.

 PARAGRAPHS:
1AND3:
STANDARDOFLI
VING

Gov
ernmentaccept
sther
ightofev
erychi
l
dtoast
andar
dofl
i
vingsui
tabl
efor
t
hechi
l
d’sphy
sical
,ment
al,spi
ri
tual
,mor
alandsoci
aldev
elopment
.Par
ent
sor
ot
herpeopl
eresponsi
blef
ort
hechi
l
dhav
ethef
ir
str
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
opr
ovi
de
wi
thi
nthei
rabi
l
iti
es.

4.EDUCATI
ON,
LEI
SUREANDCULTURALACTI
VITI
ES

Ther
ight
sher
ehav
etodowi
theducat
ion,
recr
eat
ionandcul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
es.

RI
GHTTOEDUCATI
ON

Al
lchi
l
drenhav
ether
ightt
oapr
imar
yeducat
ion,
whi
chshoul
dbef
ree.

 Di
sci
pli
ne i
n school
s mustr
espectchi
l
dren’
s di
gni
ty.Any f
orm of
di
sci
pli
neshoul
dtakei
ntoaccountt
hechi
l
d’shumandi
gni
ty.

 Schooladmi
nist
rat
orsshoul
d makesur
ethatanydi
sci
pli
nepr
act
ices

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page194
 i
nvol
vi
ngphy
sical
orment
alv
iol
enceornegl
ecti
sel
i
minat
ed.

 Secondar
y and v
ocat
ional educat
ion shoul
d be encour
aged by
Gov
ernmentandmaket
hem av
ail
abl
etoev
erychi
l
d.

 Measur
essuchast
hei
ntr
oduct
ionoff
reeeducat
ionandof
fer
ingf
inanci
al
assi
stancei
ncaseofneedshoul
dbet
akenbygov
ernment
.

 Gov
ernmentshoul
dmakehi
ghereducat
ionaccessi
blet
oal
lont
hebasi
s
ofcapaci
ty.

AI
MSOFEDUCATI
ON

 Educat
ionoft
hechi
l
dshoul
dbet
hedev
elopmentoft
hechi
l
d’sper
sonal
i
ty,
t
alent
sandment
alandphy
sical
abi
l
iti
est
othei
rful
l
estpot
ent
ial
.

 Dev
elopmentofr
espectf
orhuman r
ight
sand f
undament
alf
reedoms
enshr
inedi
nthechar
teroft
heUni
tedNat
ions.

 Dev
elopmentofr
espectf
ort
hechi
l
d’spar
ent
s,hi
sorherowncul
tur
al
i
dent
it
y,l
anguageandv
aluesoft
hecount
ryi
nwhi
cht
hechi
l
disl
i
ving.

 Pr
epar
ati
onoft
hechi
l
dfort
her
esponsi
blel
i
fei
naf
reesoci
ety
.

PLAYANDRECREATI
ON

 The chi
l
d has t
he r
ightt
orestand l
eisur
e,t
o engage i
n pl
ay and
r
ecr
eat
ional
act
ivi
ti
esequal
tot
hechi
l
d’sage.

 St
atepar
ti
esshal
lrespectandpr
omot
ether
ightoft
hechi
l
dtof
ull
y
par
ti
cipat
eincul
tur
alandar
ti
sti
cli
fe.

5.SPECI
ALPROTECTI
ONMEASURES

Ther
ight
sher
epr
otectt
her
ight
sofchi
l
drenwhocomei
ntoconf
li
ctwi
tht
hel
aw
andf
rom anyf
orm ofabuseandexpl
oit
ati
on.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page195
 Ref
ugeechi
l
drenst
atesshal
lensur
ethatachi
l
dwhoi
sseeki
ngr
efugeest
atusor
i
sconsi
der
edar
efugeebyl
aw.

Economi
cexpl
oit
ati
on

St
atepar
ti
esr
ecogni
zet
her
ightoft
hechi
l
dtobepr
otect
edf
rom economi
c
expl
oit
ati
onandf
rom per
for
mingwor
kthati
shar
mfult
othechi
l
dori
nter
fer
e
wi
tht
heeducat
ionoft
hechi
l
d.

Nar
cot
icandpsy
chot
icsubst
ances

St
atepar
ti
esshal
ltakemeasur
est
opr
otectchi
l
drenf
rom t
heuseofi
l
li
citof
nar
cot
icdr
ugsandot
heri
l
li
citpr
oduct
ionoft
raf
fi
cki
ngofsuchsubst
ances.

Sexualexpl
oit
ati
on:st
atepar
ti
est
opr
otectt
hechi
l
dfr
om al
lfor
msofsexual
abuse.

St
atepar
ti
esshal
lal
soensur
epr
otect
ionofachi
l
dfr
om bei
ngengagedi
nthe
i
l
li
citpr
oduct
ionofandt
raf
fi
cki
ngofsuchsubst
ances.

ͯAbduct
ion,
sal
eandt
raf
fi
cki
ngofchi
l
dren-st
atepar
ti
esshal
ltakenat
ionaland
i
nter
nat
ional
stepst
opr
eventt
heabduct
ionandsal
eofchi
l
drenf
oranypur
pose.

ͯOt
herf
ormsofexpl
oit
ati
on:st
atepar
ti
esshal
lpr
otectt
hechi
l
dagai
nstal
l
ot
herf
ormsofexpl
oit
ati
onhar
mful
tot
hechi
l
d’swel
far
e.

Tor
tur
e,Capi
tal
puni
shmentanddepr
ivat
ionofl
i
ber
ty

 Nochi
l
dshal
lbemadet
oexper
iencesuf
fer
ingoft
ort
ureori
nhumane
t
reat
ment
.

 Deat
horl
i
fei
mpr
isonmentshoul
dnotbegi
vent
oaper
sonbel
owt
heage
of18y
ear
s.

 Nochi
l
dshal
lbedet
ainedi
npol
i
cest
ati
onany
how.

 Ar
rest
,det
ent
ionandi
mpr
isonmentofachi
l
dshal
lbewi
thi
nthepr
ovi
sion
oft
hel
awandshal
lbeusedast
hel
astr
esor
t.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page196
  Ev
erychi
l
dar
rest
edshal
lbesepar
atedf
rom t
headul
tsunl
essi
tisi
nthe
i
nter
estoft
hechi
l
d.

 Thechi
l
dshal
lal
sohav
ether
ightt
okeepi
ntouchwi
thhi
sfami
l
y.

 Ev
erychi
l
dar
rest
edanddet
ainedshal
lhav
ether
ightt
oobt
ainqui
ckl
egal
hel
pandt
her
ightt
oquest
ionwhyhe/
shei
sdet
ained.

 ͯAr
med conf
li
ct– st
ate par
ti
es t
o ensur
erespectf
ort
he r
ules of
i
nter
nat
ional
humani
tar
ianl
awi
nar
medconf
li
ctsuchas:

 Nochi
l
dunder15y
ear
sofageshoul
dtakepar
tinar
medconf
li
ct.

 Nochi
l
dundert
heageof18y
ear
sshoul
dber
ecr
uit
edi
nthecount
ri
es
ar
medf
orces.

JUVENI
LEJUSTI
CE

 Chi
l
drenwhoar
eaccusedofcommi
tt
ingacr
imehav
ether
ightt
obe
t
reat
edwi
thr
espectanddi
gni
ty.

 Theyhav
ether
ightt
obeconsi
der
edi
nnocentunt
ilpr
ovengui
l
tyaccor
ding
t
othel
aw.

 Chi
l
drenhav
ether
ightt
ohav
ethemat
terdet
ermi
nedwi
thoutdel
aybya
compet
entcour
tofl
awandt
ohav
efr
eeassi
stanceofani
nter
pret
er

CRCOPTI
ONALPROTOCOLS:

 Theopt
ionalpr
otocolt
otheconv
ent
ionont
her
ightoft
hechi
l
dont
he
sal
eofchi
l
dren

 Chi
l
dpr
ost
it
uti
onandchi
l
dpor
nogr
aphyt
hatcamei
ntof
orceon18t
h
Januar
y 2002 was t
he r
esul
tofgr
eatconcer
n by t
he i
nter
nat
ional
communi
tyatt
hesi
gni
fi
cantandi
ncr
easi
ngi
nter
nat
ionalt
raf
fi
cki
ngi
n
chi
l
drenf
ort
hepur
poseoft
hesal
eofchi
l
dren.

Thepr
otocol
prohi
bit
s

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page197
  Thesal
eofchi
l
dren,
chi
l
dpr
ost
it
uti
onandchi
l
dpor
nogr
aphy
.

 Theopt
ionalpr
otocolt
otheconv
ent
ionont
her
ight
soft
hechi
l
dont
he
i
nvol
vementofchi
l
dreni
nar
medconf
li
cts.

 Thepr
otocolensur
est
hatper
sonswhoar
enoty
et18y
ear
sofagear
enot
compul
sor
il
yrecr
uit
edi
ntot
hear
medf
orces.

ROLEOFTHEGOVERNMENTI
NFULFI
LLI
NGTHERI
GHTSOFTHECHI
LD

1.Obl
i
gat
ion t
orespect
-Thi
sobl
i
gat
ion r
equi
resgov
ernmentt
o st
op doi
ng
any
thi
ngt
hatwoul
dint
erf
erewi
thaper
son’
senj
oymentoft
hei
rri
ght
sorhi
nder
t
hei
rabi
l
ityt
osat
isf
ythoser
ight
sbyt
hei
ref
for
tinr
egar
dtochi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s

2.Obl
i
gat
iont
opr
otect

Theobl
i
gat
iont
opr
otectr
equi
rest
hest
atet
opr
eventt
hev
iol
ati
onofhuman
r
ight
sbyt
hepeopl
e.Thegov
ernmentdoest
hisbyput
ti
ngi
npl
acel
awst
hat
pr
otectper
sons.

3.Obl
i
gat
iont
oful
fi
ll

Thi
sty
peofobl
i
gat
ioni
ncl
udest
heobl
i
gat
iont
ofaci
l
itat
e,pr
omot
eandpr
ovi
de.
I
tpl
acesanobl
i
gat
ionont
hegov
ernmentt
otakest
epst
oensur
ether
eal
i
zat
ion
ofhumanr
ight
sthr
ought
headopt
ionofl
awsandot
hermeasur
essuchas
pr
ovi
sionofeducat
ion.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS.

1. Whoi
sachi
l
d?

2.Gi
ver
easonswhyt
hechi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sinst
rumenti
simpor
tant
.

3.Chi
l
dren’
sri
ght
sar
ehumanr
ight
s.Di
scuss.

4.Di
scusst
hepr
ovi
sionoft
heUni
ted Nat
ionsconv
ent
ionont
he

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page198
 r
ight
soft
hechi
l
drenandt
heopt
ional
prot
ocol
s.

5.Out
li
net
heel
ement
soft
hechi
l
dren’
sri
ghtconv
ent
ion.

6.I
dent
if
ycul
tur
alpr
act
iceswhi
chv
iol
atechi
l
dren’
sri
ght
siny
our
communi
ty.

7.St
atet
her
olesoft
hegov
ernmenti
nful
fi
ll
i
ngt
hechi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s.

8. Besi
desenj
oyi
ngt
hei
rri
ght
s,chi
l
drenal
sohav
eresponsi
bil
i
tiest
o
t
hecommuni
ty.Li
stdowndut
iesoft
hechi
l
d.

9.Di
scusst
hef
ourpr
inci
plesofUNDHonchi
l
dren’
sri
ght
s.

FAMI
LYLAW

AFami
l
yisal
egaluni
onofamanandwomanashusbandandwi
fe;t
hus,i
tisa
cont
ractt
hatcr
eat
est
hesoci
alst
atusofhusbandandwi
fe,basedonr
ight
s,
obl
i
gat
ion,
capaci
ti
esandi
ncapaci
ti
es.

 Ri
ght
s:ar
eent
it
lement
sawi
feorhusbandenj
oysi
nthemar
ri
age.I
nat
radi
ti
onal
setup,
ahusbandhast
her
ightt
obel
ookedaf
terf
orwhi
l
eawi
fehast
her
ightt
o
bepr
ovi
dedf
orbyt
hehusband.Howev
er,
acoupl
ecanmaket
hei
rownr
ight
s.
 Obl
i
gat
ion:ar
edut
iest
hatawi
feorhusbandper
for
msi
ntheuni
onsuchas;
each
spousehast
hedut
ytot
akecar
eofandpr
otectt
heot
herspouse.
 Capaci
ti
es:ar
eabi
l
iti
esorcapabi
l
iti
eswhi
cht
hespousebr
ingst
otheuni
on.A
wi
febr
ingst
heabi
l
ityt
oconcei
veandbearchi
l
drenf
ort
heuni
onwhi
l
ethe
husbandhast
heabi
l
ityt
opr
ovi
det
hemat
eri
alneedsf
ort
hef
ami
l
y.
 I
ncapaci
ti
es:ar
ethei
nabi
l
iti
esori
ncapabi
l
ity
’st
hateachspousebr
ingst
othe
uni
on.Forexampl
e,anuneducat
edandunski
l
ledwomanmaybeunabl
eto

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page199
 nei
therear
nal
i
vingnorpr
ovi
de.
 Howev
er,t
her
ight
sandobl
i
gat
ionsi
nmar
ri
agedonotdependont
hecoupl
e
al
ongbutdependont
hel
awoft
hecont
ract
.
 I
ntheev
entofdeat
hofonespouse,
thet
ypeofmar
ri
ageent
eredi
ntowi
l
ldi
ctat
e
howt
hesur
viv
ingspousewi
l
linher
itt
hepr
oper
tyoft
hedeceased(
dead)
.

ELEMENTSOFFAMI
LYLAW
 Mar
ri
age
 Di
vor
ce
 Pr
oper
tyset
tl
ement(
shar
ing)
 Mai
ntenanceofspouseandchi
l
drenwi
thi
nandaf
termar
ri
age.
 Cust
odyofchi
l
drenaf
terdi
ssol
uti
onofmar
ri
age
 Adopt
ionofchi
l
dren
 Legi
ti
macyofchi
l
dren
 Successi
on.
 I
nher
it
anceofpr
oper
ty.

TYPESOFMARRI
AGESI
NZAMBI
A
 Ther
ear
eonl
ytwot
ypesofmar
ri
agei
nZambi
a,
Stat
utor
yandCust
omar
ythatar
e
r
ecogni
zedbyl
aw.

St
atut
orymar
ri
age
 I
tref
erst
ovol
unt
aryuni
onofonewi
feandonehusbandf
orl
i
feandexcl
udi
ngal
l
ot
her
s.
 I
tisal
sor
efer
redt
oasaCi
vi
lmar
ri
ageandi
tisamonogamousmar
ri one
age(
husbandandwi
feat
ime.
)
 ASt
atut
orymar
ri
agecannotbeconv
ert
edt
oaCust
omar
ymar
ri
agebecausei
tis
i
l
legal
andi
nor
derf
oronet
oent
ert
heSt
atut
orymar
ri
age,onehast
otaket
he
f
oll
owi
ngi
ntoaccount
:

Takeoutanot
iceofmar
ri
age:

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page200
  Thi
sisanot
iceoft
hecoupl
e’
sint
ent
iont
omar
rymadeonapr
escr
ibedf
ormt
o
t
heRegi
str
arofMar
ri
agesatt
heLocal
Counci
lOf
fi
ces.
 Thenot
icewi
l
lbepubl
i
shedout
sidet
heRegi
str
ar’
sof
fi
cef
or21day
s.
 Atl
eastoneoft
hepar
ti
esi
ntendi
ngt
omar
ryshoul
dbear
esi
dentwi
thi
nthe
di
str
ictr
egi
ster
edunderf
oratl
east15day
sbef
oret
hemar
ri
agecer
emoni
es.
 Af
ter21day
s,t
hemar
ri
agewi
l
lbesol
emni
zed(
cel
ebr
ated)byaPast
oror
Li
censedPr
iestorMar
ri
ageRegi
str
ar.
 Dur
ingt
heper
iodofnot
ice,anyper
soncanst
opt
hemar
ri
agei
fther
eisagood
r
easonf
ort
hecoupl
enott
omar
rybywr
it
ingt
hewor
d,f
orbi
ddenandgi
vi
ng
r
easons,
int
hemar
ri
agenot
icebook.
Mar
ri
agepay
ment
s:
 Ther
ear
enomar
ri
agepay
ment
srequi
redi
naCust
omar
ymar
ri
ageunl
esst
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
sconcer
nedwantt
oobser
vet
hecust
omar
yri
tual
ofpay
ment
s.
 The Mar
ri
age Actdoes notst
ipul
ate any pay
mentofany ki
nd butmost
Zambi
ansi
ntendi
ngt
omar
ryobser
vet
het
radi
ti
onalr
it
ualofmar
ri
agepay
ment
commonl
yknownasLobol
a.
Age
 Thepar
ti
esi
ntendi
ngt
omar
ryshoul
dbe21y
ear
sofageundert
heMar
ri
ageAct
,
buti
fanyoft
hepar
ti
esi
sbel
ow 21y
ear
sbutmor
ethan16y
ear
s,heorshe
needsal
ett
erof
consent
.
 Thi
sisa wr
it
ten per
missi
on and bl
essi
ngoft
hepar
ent
sorguar
dians,f
il
ed
t
oget
herwi
thaswor
naf
fi
dav
itatt
heHi
ghCour
t.

Rel
ati
onshi
p:
 Thet
woi
ntendi
ngt
omar
ryshoul
dnotber
elat
edei
therbymar
ri
ageorbl
ood.
 Theser
elat
ionshi
pswhi
char
epr
ohi
bit
edbyl
awt
oent
eri
ntomar
ri
agear
eknown
aspr
ohi
bit
eddecr
ees.

Sol
emni
zat
ionofmar
ri
age:
 Thi
siswhent
heact
ualweddi
ngi
sper
for
medf
oll
owi
ngt
hel
aiddownr
it
ual
s
suchast
aki
ngv
ows,
exchangi
ngof
ri
ngsandsi
gni
ngt
heRegi
ster
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page201
  Thi
sshoul
doccuri
nar
oom wi
thopendoor
sbet
ween08:
00hr
sand18:
00hour
s
andt
her
eshoul
dbeatl
eastt
wowi
tnessest
osi
gnt
heRegi
sterandcer
ti
fi
cat
e,
t
oget
herwi
tht
heof
fi
cial
per
for
mingt
hecer
emonyandt
hecoupl
e.

Mar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
e:
 Thi
sist
heev
idenceofmar
ri
ageandcopyofwhi
chi
skeptbyt
heRegi
str
arand
anot
herbyt
hecoupl
e.
 Themar
ri
agei
sregi
ster
edi
ntheMar
ri
ageRegi
sterkeptatt
hecounci
lwhi
chcan
bei
nspect
edbyany
oneuponpay
ingasear
chf
ee.

CUSTOMARYMARRI
AGE:
 Thi
sisauni
onofonemanandonewomanorwomenashusbandandwi
feor
wi
ves.
 Thi
sisamar
ri
agecont
ract
edundercust
omar
ypr
act
icesandauni
onmaynotbe
v
olunt
aryasi
naci
vi
lmar
ri
agebecauseonemaybecompel
l
edt
omar
ryaper
son
chosenbyr
elat
ives.
 Cust
omar
ymar
ri
agei
sgov
ernedbycust
omsandt
radi
ti
ons,whi
char
eusual
l
ya
pr
ocesswi
thaser
iesofcer
emoni
esl
eadi
ngt
omar
ri
age.
 Thel
ocalCour
tRegi
str
arcanr
egi
sterandi
ssueamar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
easl
ongas
t
her
eist
hewoman’
sguar
dianorpar
entt
owi
tnesst
her
egi
str
ati
on.

REQUI
REMENTSFORACUSTOMARYMARRI
AGE
Consent
:
 Thi
sis when par
ent
s orguar
dians oft
he woman get
ti
ng mar
ri
ed gi
ve
per
missi
onf
orhert
omar
ryandal
sowhent
heper
sonsget
ti
ngmar
ri
edagr
ee
t
omar
ry.
Mar
ri
agepay
ment
 Thi
sisany
thi
ngv
aluabl
epai
dtot
heguar
diansorpar
ent
soft
hewoman[
bri
de
t
obe]asr
ecogni
ti
onoft
hemar
ri
age.
 Thi
scanbeat
okensum orasubst
ant
ialamountdependi
ngont
heet
hni
c
gr
oup.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page202
 Spouse
 Thepar
ti
est
othemar
ri
ageshoul
dbemal
eandf
emal
e,andt
hef
emal
eshoul
d
besi
ngl
e,di
vor
cedorwi
dowedbutt
hemal
emayal
readyhav
eoneormor
e
wi
ves.
 Themanshoul
dhav
etheabi
l
ityt
opr
ovi
def
ort
hef
ami
l
y.

Rel
ati
onshi
p
 Theper
sonsi
ntendi
ng t
o getmar
ri
ed shoul
d notber
elat
ed bybl
ood or
mar
ri
age,
al
thoughi
nsomeet
hni
cgr
oupscousi
nscanmar
ry.

OTHERTYPESOFMARRI
AGE
Al
thought
hesear
econsi
der
edmar
ri
ages,
theyar
enotr
ecogni
zedbyt
hel
aw:

RELI
GIOUSMARRI
AGE:
 Thi
sisamar
ri
aget
hati
ssol
emni
zedi
nachur
ch,
whi
chshoul
dbef
oll
owedup
byr
egi
str
ati
onatei
thert
heCi
vi
cCent
reorCounci
lOf
fi
cesundert
hemar
ri
age
ActorataLocal
Cour
tundert
heLocal
Cour
tAct
.
 Howev
er,somechur
chandcl
ergy
menhav
ebeengi
venl
i
censeundert
he
mar
ri
ageactt
oper
for
m ci
vi
lmar
ri
ages.
 I
facoupl
ewant
sthei
rmar
ri
aget
obeataChur
ch,not
icei
sgi
venoft
he
i
mpendi
ngmar
ri
aget
hroughmar
ri
agebanns.
 Mar
ri
agebannsar
eannouncement
sthatar
emadei
nachur
choft
hecoupl
e’
s
i
ntent
iont
omar
ry.
 Howev
er,
chur
chmember
sar
easkedt
oinf
ormt
hepr
iesti
nconf
idencef
ort
he
coupl
enott
omar
ry.Forexampl
e,i
ntheSDAchur
ch,t
henot
iceofi
ntent
iont
o
mar
ryl
ast
sforaper
iodofatl
eastf
ourt
osi
xmont
hs.
 Assuch,
ift
hecoupl
ewant
sthei
rmar
ri
aget
ober
egi
ster
edundert
hel
aw,
they
shoul
dmakesur
etheyar
emar
ri
edbyt
heMar
ri
ageActl
i
censedPast
orort
hey
shoul
d r
egi
ster ei
ther wi
th t
he Hi
gh Cour
t(ci
vi
l mar
ri
age) or Local
Cour
t(Cust
omar
yMar
ri
age)
.
 Acopyoft
hemar
ri
agecer
ti
fi
cat
eshoul
dbesentt
other
egi
str
arofmar
ri
ages

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page203
 oft
hedi
str
ictt
ober
ecor
dedi
nthemar
ri
ager
egi
ster
.

CO-
HABI
TATI
ON:
 Thi
sisamar
ri
agewher
ethepar
ti
esconcer
neddeci
dedt
oli
vet
oget
heron
t
hei
rownwi
thoutt
heconsentoft
hei
rpar
ent
s,guar
diansandf
oll
owi
nganyof
t
her
it
ual
sper
for
medei
theri
nacust
omar
yorci
vi
lmar
ri
age.
 Af
tersomet
ime,soci
eti
esacceptandr
ecogni
zet
hecoupl
eashusbandand
wi
feandt
heymayev
enhav
echi
l
drent
oget
herandgr
andchi
l
d.
 Themar
ri
agewi
l
lnotber
ecogni
zedundert
hel
awandwi
l
lber
efer
redt
oasa
v
oidmar
ri
ageandt
hecoupl
enomat
terhowl
ongt
heyl
i
vet
oget
herwi
l
ljustbe
cohabi
ti
ng.

VOI
DANDVOI
DABLEMARRI
AGE
VOI
DMARRI
AGE:
 Thi
sisamar
ri
agewi
thoutal
egalst
andi
ngr
ightf
rom t
hebegi
nni
ngbecausei
tis
nul
landv
oid
 .Anypar
tyt
oaav
oidmar
ri
agemaynotbegui
l
tyofbi
gamy
ifheorshemar
ri
es
bef
oredi
vor
cingt
heso–cal
l
edf
ir
stwi
feorhusbandbecauset
hemar
ri
agewas
notr
ightf
rom t
hest
art
.
 Bi
gamyi
smar
ryi
nganot
herper
sonwhi
l
est
il
llegal
l
ymar
ri
edt
osomeoneel
se,
whi
chmaybeduet
o:
 Lackofpar
ent
alconsent

 non–publ
i
cat
ionoft
hebannsi
nchur
ch,
Ift
heman i
sunder21y
ear
sol
d,i
fthe
f
emal
eisunder21y
ear
sandabov
e16y
ear
swi
thoutt
heconsentofherpar
ent
s
orguar
dians;

 I
fonepar
tyi
sal
readymar
ri
ed undert
hemar
ri
ageActatt
het
imeofcont
ract
ing
t
he“
mar
ri
age”
,

 Pr
ohi
bit
eddecr
eesofmar
ri
agewhi
char
erel
ati
onshi
psbybl
oodi
nlegalt
erms
knownasconsangui
nit
yorbymar
ri
agewhi
chbyl
awi
scal
l
edaf
fi
nit
y.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page204
VOI
DABLEMARRI
AGE
 Thi
sisamar
ri
agewhi
chi
sini
ti
all
yval
i
d,butl
ateri
nval
i
dat
edbyt
hecour
tofl
aw
becauseoft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:
 I
fthechi
l
dbor
nisnott
hehusband’
schi
l
d

 I
faspousehascont
ract
edasexual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
edi
nfect
ionf
rom el
sewher
enot
f
rom t
hespouse

 I
ft
he mar
ri
age i
s notconsummat
ed due t
oimpot
ence.Consummat
ion i
n
mar
ri
agemeansmaki
ngmar
ri
agev
ali
dbyhav
ing sexuali
nter
cour
seandi
s
appl
i
cabl
etobot
hci
vi
landcust
omar
ymar
ri
age:

 Wi
l
lful
ref
usal
toconsummat
ethemar
ri
agebyanypar
ti
es

 Ment
aldi
sor
derofanyoft
hepar
ti
es.

DI
VORCE
Undert
hel
aw,mar
ri
agecannotbeconsi
der
edf
ordi
vor
ceunt
ilt
hecour
thandl
i
ngt
he
casei
ssat
isf
ied,
that
amar
ri
agehadact
ual
l
yexi
sted.

DI
VORCEI
NCUSTOMARYMARRI
AGE
 Accor
dingt
otheMat
ri
moni
alCausesActof1973,
div
orceunderacust
omar
ylaw
wi
l
ltakepl
acedependi
ngont
heCust
om t
hecoupl
ewasmar
ri
ageunder
.
 Someoft
hepay
ment
smayber
etur
nedt
othehusband’
sfami
l
yandi
tisexpect
ed
undert
hecust
omar
ylaw t
hati
tist
hemanwhodi
vor
cest
hewi
feandnotv
ice
v
ersa.
 I
nacust
omar
ylaw,
div
orcecanbedonebyt
het
wof
ami
l
iesmeet
ingt
oget
herand
mar
kingt
hedeci
sionorei
therpar
tycansuet
hespousef
ordi
vor
cei
ntheLocal
cour
t.
Causesaccept
abl
easgr
oundsf
ordi
vor
cei
nacust
omar
ymar
ri
age.

 Adul
ter
yoft
hewi
fe(
whi
chdoesnotneedt
obepr
oved)
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page205
  Cr
uel
ty

 Lazi
nessont
hepar
toft
hewi
fe

 Badr
elat
ionswi
tht
hei
n–l
aws

 I
nfer
ti
li
ty

 Lackofmai
ntenancebyt
heman.

 Deser
ti
on.

DI
VORCEUNDERSTATUTORYMARRI
AGE

 TheMat
ri
moni
alCausesActof1973,
ther
eisonl
yonegr
oundf
ordi
vor
ce,
whi
ch
i
sthat
,‘
themar
ri
agehasbr
okendowni
rr
etr
iev
abl
y.
’

 Thi
smeanst
hatt
hemar
ri
agecannotbesav
edorr
edeemedusi
nganyot
her
means,
whi
chcanar
iseoutoft
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:

 Adul
ter
ywhi
chshoul
dbepr
ovedwi
tht
het
hir
dper
sonknownandnamed.

 One orbot
h oft
he mar
ri
ed per
sons conductt
hemsel
ves i
n unr
easonabl
e
behav
ior
,Cr
uel
tyorv
iol
encet
hatmakesi
timpossi
blef
ort
heot
herpar
tnert
oli
ve
saf
ely
.

 I
fonepar
tnerdi
sser
tsanot
herf
oraper
iodoft
woy
ear
s,t
hent
her
eissuf
fi
cient
gr
oundf
ordi
vor
ce.

 Separ
ati
onwi
thconsentoft
hecoupl
efort
woy
ear
s.

 Li
vi
ngapar
tforacont
inuousper
iodoff
ivey
ear
s.

Not
e:apet
it
ionf
ordi
vor
cecanonl
ybef
il
ledi
nthehi
ghcour
taf
teroney
earofmar
ri
age.
Bef
oreoney
ear
,itwi
l
lnotbeadi
vor
cebutanannul
ment
.
Thel
awy
ershandl
i
ngt
hecaseshoul
dver
if
ywhet
hert
heyt
ri
edt
oreconci
l
ethecoupl
e
dur
ingt
heper
iodofsepar
ati
on.
ADecr
eeni
ssi
i
sat
empor
arydi
vor
cecer
ti
fi
cat
egi
vent
oacoupl
eandaf
tersi
xweeks,
a

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page206
Decr
ee absol
ut per
e( manentdi
vor
ce cer
ti
fi
cat
e)i
s gr
ant
ed pr
ovi
ded t
he cour
tis
sat
isf
iedwi
tht
hear
rangement
smadef
ort
hechi
l
dren.

PROPERTYSETTLEMENT(
SHARI
NG)
.
 Af
teradi
vor
cei
nacust
omar
ymar
ri
age,t
hewomanusual
l
yget
ssomef
ormof
compensat
iont
oal
l
ow hert
ost
artl
i
feaf
reshexcepti
ncaseswher
eshehas
commi
tt
edadul
ter
y.
 Howev
er,t
heseday
siti
srecogni
zedt
hatwhoev
eri
satf
aul
tcompensat
est
he
ot
her
,t
her
efor
e,whoev
erhasmor
emoneywi
l
lpaycompensat
iont
otheot
her
.
 I
nCi
vi
lmar
ri
age,
proper
tyi
sshar
edbyt
hecour
t’
sDeput
yRegi
str
ar.I
nasi
tuat
ion
wher
eoneper
sonwor
kedandbr
oughti
nal
ltheear
nings,
theper
sonwhost
ayed
athomeandl
ookedaf
tert
hehomeandf
ami
l
yget
sat
hir
d[1/
3]oft
het
otal
weal
thoft
hecoupl
e.I
fbot
hwor
kedandear
nedal
i
ving,t
heywi
l
lshar
ethei
r
pr
oper
tyhal
f–hal
forf
if
ty–f
if
tybasi
s.
 Somet
imesi
naCi
vi
lmar
ri
age,acoupl
emaychooset
omar
r nCommuni
yi ty
of
Proper
tywhi
chmeanst
hatev
ery
thi
ngt
heyownedandt
hei
rdebt
s,f
rom bef
ore
t
hei
rmar
ri
agei
sputt
oget naJoi
heri ntEst
ate.

MAI
NTENANCEOFSPOUSEANDCHI
LDREN
 Dur
ingmar
ri
ageunderst
atut
oryl
aw,
thespousehasadut
ytomai
ntai
nhi
sorher
par
tner
.
 Af
terdi
vor
ce,
aspousest
il
lhast
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyofmai
ntai
ninghi
sorherspouse
unt
ilheorshedemandorbecomesf
inanci
all
yindependent
.
 Mai
ntenancemaybepai
dper
iodi
cal
l
yasagr
eementuponbyt
hepar
ti
esori
tmay
bepai
dasbepai
dasal
umpsum.
 Theamountdependsont
hei
ncomeear
nedandt
hef
inanci
alst
atusoft
he
par
ti
esi
nvol
ved.
undert
hecust
omar
ylaw,
 Thecour
tcanawar
d anyamountf
orei
therper
iodorl
umpsum mai
ntenanceas
t
heyseei
tfi
t.
 I
fei
theri
snotsat
isf
ied wi
tht
he amountawar
ded,t
heycan appeali
nthe
subor
dinat
e(Magi
str
ate)Cour
t.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page207
  Themai
ntenanceofchi
l
dreni
spr
ovi
dedi
ntheAFFI
LIATI
ON andmai
ntenance
pr
ovi
sionsAct
,CAP64oft
her
evi
sedl
awsofZambi
a.
 Thi
sActper
mit
schi
l
drenbor
noutofwedl
ockt
obeaf
fi
li
atedt
othei
rmal
epar
ent
andt
her
eby,
clai
m mai
ntenance:
 Achi
l
d;f
rom i
tsaf
fi
li
atedf
atherorl
egal
par
ent
s.
 Aguar
dian;f
orexampl
e,agr
andpar
entoranuncl
ecancl
aim mai
ntenanceon
behal
foft
hechi
l
d.
 Asi
ngl
ewomanf
rom t
heaf
fi
li
atedf
atherorherchi
l
d
 Aspousehi
sorherpar
tnerwher
edi
vor
cedornot
.
 Not
e:any
one wi
shi
ng t
o cl
aim mai
ntenance can appr
oach t
he cl
erkatt
he
near
estl
ocal
cour
torl
awy
er.
Cust
odyofchi
l
dren
 Thel
awst
atest
hatt
her
eshoul
dbeal
way
sanadul
ttol
ookaf
tert
hechi
l
dren.
 I
fthechi
l
drenar
eyoungt
hecour
tusual
l
ygi
vescust
odyt
othemot
her
.
 I
famot
herdoesnotmanaget
opr
ovi
def
ort
hechi
l
dren,t
hef
atherst
il
lhasa
mai
ntai
ningf
ort
hemot
herandchi
l
dren.

Adopt
ionofchi
l
dren
 Thel
awsofZambi
a,under Adopt
ionofchi
l
drenAct
,chapt
er136of1948,t
he
cour
tshav
ebeengi
vi
ngpowert
ogr
antanor
dert
oadul
tsr
equest
ingt
oadopta
chi
l
d
Cat
egor
iesofadopt
ion
 Acoupl
ecanj
oint
lyadoptani
nfanti
sachi
l
dless7y
ear
sol
d.
 Thest
epmot
herorf
atheroft
hei
nfantal
soi
sel
i
gibl
e.
 Bot
hthei
nfantandt
heper
sonappl
yi
ngf
oradopt
ionshoul
dli
vei
nZambi
a.
 Thei
nfancyhasbeenl
ookedaf
terbyt
heappl
i
cantcont
inuousl
yforatl
eastt
hree
mont
hsbef
oret
hedat
eofadopt
ion.
 Theper
soni
ntendi
ngt
oadoptnot
if
iest
hecommi
ssi
ont
hreemont
hsbef
ore.
Howev
er,
thel
awf
orbi
dsadopt
ioni
f:
 Adopt
ionofaf
emal
einf
antbyamal
eappl
i
cantonhi
sownunl
esst
her
ear
e
speci
alr
easonsf
ordoi
ngso.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page208
  Adopt
ion ofan i
nfantwho al
readyhas par
ent(
s)orguar
dian orany
body
pr
ovi
dingmai
ntenance.
 Whengr
ant
edt
headopt
ionshoul
dber
egi
ster
edwi
tht
heRegi
sterwhor
ecor
ds
t
hedet
ail
sint
heAdopt
ionChi
l
dren’
sRegi
ster
.
ADOPTI
ONSOCI
ETI
ES
Thei
ror
gani
sat
iont
hatexi
stf
oradopt
ionofi
nfancyandt
heywi
l
lnotber
egi
ster
edi
fit
appeart
hat
;
 Theact
ivi
ti
esoft
hesoci
etyar
enotcont
rol
themember
soft
hesoci
ety
 Anymemberwor
kingf
orsuchasoci
etyi
snotf
itt
owor
kforanor
gani
sat
ion
 Thenumberofcompet
entper
sonsempl
oyedi
snotsuf
fi
cientt
ocopewi
thwor
k

LEGI
TIMACYOFCHI
LDREN
Thel
egi
ti
macyactof1927oft
hel
awsofZambi
apr
ovi
dest
hatachi
l
dbor
noutofwed
l
ockshoul
dbel
egi
ti
mat
ebutt
hisacthasbeent
akenbyUNCRCof1989at
tempt
sto
equal
i
zechi
l
drenf
rom out
sidemar
ri
ageandt
hosebor
nofawedl
ock

I
NHERI
TANCEOFPROPERTY
I
n Zambi
a,t
he i
nher
it
anceofpr
oper
tyi
spr
ovi
ded f
ori
nthe t
est
ate and i
ntest
ate
successi
onAct
.
TESTATESUCCESSI
ON
I
tdeal
swi
tht
hei
nher
it
anceofpr
oper
tyofadeadper
sonwhol
eftawi
l
l.
 The wi
l
lisadecl
arat
ion nor
mal
l
yinwr
it
ing st
ati
ng howaper
sonwant
shi
sor
herpr
oper
tydi
str
ibut
ioni
ntheev
entofhi
sorherdeat
h

KEYTERMSI
NTHETESTATESUCCESSI
ONACT
 Test
ator(
mal
e)t
heper
sonwhomadet
hewi
l
landTest
atr
ix(
femal
e).
 Anor
alwi
l
lcanal
sobev
ali
difi
tismadei
nthepr
esenceoft
wowi
tnessesnot
benef
ici
ari
est
otheest
ate.
 I
ntest
atesuccessi
oni
swhensomedi
eswi
thoutl
i
vingawi
l
lli
vi
ngawi
l
lbehi
nd
orsomeonewhohasl
eftawi
l
lbuti
snul
l
ifi
edbyt
hecour
t.
Pr
oper
tyi
sdef
inedasaper
son’
sit
emsofcl
othi
ng,ar
ti
clesofper
sonaluse

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page209
 such as v
ehi
cles bi
cycl
es,f
urni
tur
e,appl
i
ances,
utensi
l
s,boat
,li
vest
ock,
agr
icul
tur
eequi
pment
,booksandmoney
.

THEI
NTESTATESUCCESSI
ONACTSTATES
 20%oft
heest
ategoest
othesur
viv
ingspouse.
 I
fnosur
viv
ing20%wi
l
lbedi
str
ibut
edt
othechi
l
drenaccor
dingt
othepr
opor
ti
on
ofagesandneeds
 I
fther
ear
enochi
l
dren,
20%wi
l
lbegi
vent
opar
entt
oshar
e10%each
 I
fther
ear
enopar
ent
s,t
he20%goest
odependent
sinequal
shar
es.
 Whenal
lthement
ionedr
elat
ivesar
enotal
i
ve,t
henhi
sorherest
atewi
l
lgot
o
r
elat
ivessuchasbr
other
s,si
ster
s,gr
andpar
ent
s,cousi
nsi
nequal
shar
es.
 When none oft
he r
elat
ives ment
ioned do notexi
st,t
he est
ate goes t
o
gov
ernment
.
 Whenamandi
esi
napol
ygamousmar
ri
age,20% wi
l
lbeshar
edamongt
he
sur
viv
ingdependi
ngont
henumberofy
ear
sinmar
ri
age.
 50%oft
heest
ategoest
othechi
l
drenbot
hinandout
sidewedl
ockaccor
dingt
o
ageandneedsofeachchi
l
d.
 I
fther
ear
enochi
l
dren,t
he50% goest
osur
viv
ingspousedependentandt
he
par
ent
s.
 I
fther
ear
enopar
ent
s,t
he50% goest
othespouseanddependent
sshar
ed
equal
l
y.
 20%goest
othepar
ent
sor
guar
dians.
 Wher
ether
ear
enopar
ent
s,20% wi
l
lbegi
vent
othechi
l
drenandt
hespouse
equal
l
y.
 10%goest
odependent
sinequalpr
opor
ti
ons.I
nthi
scase,t
hedependent
sar
e
t
hosel
i
vingwi
tht
hedeceasedpr
iort
ohi
sorherdeat
h,orl
i
vingout
sidet
hehome
butdependentont
hedeceased.Wher
ether
ear
enodependent
s10% goest
o
par
ent
s
 I
fther
ear
enopar
ent
s,i
tisshar
edbet
weent
hesur
viv
ingspouseandchi
l
dren
equal
l
y.
VI
CTI
M SUPPORTUNI
T

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page210
  I
twascr
eat
edt
opr
osecut
e,i
nvest
igat
esensi
ti
set
hepubl
i
candof
fercounsel
i
ng
ser
vicet
ofami
l
ieswhi
char
eaf
fect
ed.I
tdeal
swi
thf
ami
l
yof
fencessuchas;
 Domest
icv
iol
ence.
 Ar
son.
 Occasi
oni
ngbodi
l
yhar
m.
 Causi
nggr
iev
ousbodi
l
yhar
m.
 Mal
i
ciousdamage
 Sodomy
 I
ndecentassaul
t
 Chi
l
dpr
otect
ion
 Humant
raf
fi
cki
ng
Cr
imi
nalI
nvest
igat
ionsDepar
tmentwi
l
ldealwi
thpeopl
ewhohav
ecommi
tt
edsuch
cr
imes.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Expl
aint
hef
oll
owi
ngt
erms
i
. Fami
l
y
i
i
. Mar
ri
age
2.Cust
omar
yandst
atut
orymar
ri
agesar
esomeoft
het
ypesofmar
ri
agesi
nZambi
a.
Whi
choneoft
het
wo t
ypesi
sbet
tert
hanot
heri
nrel
ati
ont
o di
vor
ce,deat
hand
separ
ati
on?Gi
ver
easons.
3.Descr
ibe t
he f
unct
ion ofi
nter
stat
e successi
on actof1989.Undert
he i
ntest
ate
successi
onact(
1989)t
hepr
oper
tyoft
hedeceasedwoul
dbedi
str
ibut
edamongt
he
benef
ici
ari
es.Whoget
s
i
. 50%
i
i
. 20%
i
i
i. 10%
4. Howhasdi
sint
egr
ati
onofl
edt
oincr
easeofst
reetki
dsi
nZambi
a
5..
descr
ibet
hecauseofdi
vor
cei
nast
atut
orymar
ri
age.
6.Out
li
net
heci
rcumst
anceswer
eadopt
ionofchi
l
dreni
snotal
l
owed.
7. Desi
gnasampl
eofawi
l
l.
8. Compar
eandcont
rastcust
omar
yandst
atut
orymar
ri
ages.
9. Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenshar
ingofpr
oper
tyi
nast
atut
orycust
omar
ymar
ri
age.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page211
 10.Di
scusst
heel
ement
soff
ami
l
ylaw.

DEVELOPMENTPLANNI
NG

Pl
ans-ar
eint
ent
ionsorsetsuggest
ionsai
medatachi
evi
ngcer
tai
nsetgoal
sinf
utur
e.

Dev
elopmentpl
anni
ngr
efer
stot
hedel
i
ber
ateef
for
tbyt
hest
ateai
medatachi
evi
ngcer
tai
n
setgoal
s.

GOALS

 Gi
vi
ngbet
terser
vicest
othepeopl
e
 El
i
minat
ionofdi
spar
it
iesbet
weenur
banandr
ural
areas
 Ri
singt
hest
andar
dofl
i
vingoft
hepeopl
ethr
oughi
ncr
easedi
ncomer
etur
ns

PURPOSEOFPLANNI
NG

 Ast
atementofgener
alobj
ect
ivesofeconomyandsoci
alpol
i
cy
 Anev
aluat
ionofpr
ogr
essachi
evedundert
hepr
ecedi
ngpl
an.
Cur
renteconomi
ccondi
ti
onsespeci
all
ynat
ionali
ncome,pr
oduct
iveandf
orei
gn
t
rade

 Cur
rentsoci
alsi
tuat
ionespeci
all
ypopul
ati
onchanges,educat
ion,heal
thhousi
ng
andsoci
alsecur
it
y
 Est
imat
esoft
hegr
owt
h,orsoci
alcomponentdur
ingt
heper
iodcov
eredbyt
hepl
an.
 Measur
esdesi
gnedt
orai
set
her
ateofeconomi
cgr
owt
hforexampl
e:-t
ost
imul
ate
sav
ingandi
nvest
mentandt
oincr
easepr
oduct
ivi
tywhi
char
eimpossi
blet
oachi
eve.
 Tomov
etowar
dsasust
ainabl
egr
owt
h

LEVELSOFPLANNI
NG

I
ndi
vi
dual
Planni
ng

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page212
Ani
ndi
vi
dual
hast
odr
awapl
anandabudgetf
orapar
ti
cul
aract
ivi
ty.

Abudgeti
sapl
anofact
ionf
oraspeci
fi
cper
iodoft
imei
ndi
cat
ingest
imat
edi
ncomeand
expendi
tur
eont
hepr
oject
.

Communi
tyLev
el

Agr
oupofpeopl
eident
if
iesr
esour
cest
obeusedi
napar
ti
cul
arpr
oject
.Thent
heydr
awa
pl
anandabudgetf
ort
hepr
ojectwhi
chshoul
dshowsour
cesoff
unds

Nat
ional
Lev
el

Atnat
ionall
evelt
hegov
ernmentmaydeci
det
obui
l
dbr
idgesacr
osst
hecount
ry,school
s
and hospi
tal
s.The gov
ernmentwi
l
ladv
ert
ise t
he pr
ojectt
hrough t
ender t
oinv
ite
i
ndi
vi
dual
sorcompani
est
ocar
ryoutpr
oject
s.

I
nter
nat
ional
lev
el

Thi
stakespl
aceatpl
acei
nter
nat
ional
.Forexampl
e,t
heUni
tedNat
ionsOr
gani
zat
ionhas
setupi
nter
nat
ionaldev
elopmentt
arget
sknownasTheMi
l
lenni
um dev
elopmentGoal
sto
beachi
evedbyi
ndi
vi
dual
stat
es

Nb.I
sPl
anni
ng atdi
str
ictl
eveli
sspear
headed byDi
str
ictDev
elopmentcoor
dinat
ing
commi
tt
ee(
DDCC)

AtPr
ovi
nci
all
evel
iti
sdonebyPDCC

BUDGET

 Thi
sis an est
imat
e ofi
ncome and expendi
tur
e.I
tist
he bal
ance bet
ween
gov
ernment
’si
ncomeandexpendi
tur
e.

 Thebudgetpl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
ndet
ermi
ningt
heper
for
manceoft
heeconomy
.

 I
nZambi
atheconst
it
uti
onmandat
est
hemi
nist
eroff
inanceandNat
ionalPl
anni
ng
t
opr
esentt
hebudgetf
orappr
ovalt
othenat
ionalassembl
y.Thi
smustbedone
undert
hreemont
hs(
90)day
sofeachf
inanci
aly
ear
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page213
  Thebudgeti
spr
esent
edev
eryOct
oberandi
mpl
ement
edi
nJanuar
ythef
oll
owi
ng
y
ear

Medi
um t
erm expendi
tur
eFr
amewor
k

 Thi
sisat
hreey
earf
ramewor
kwi
thi
nwhi
chav
ail
abl
eresour
cesar
edi
vi
dedbet
ween
sect
orsont
hebasi
sofachi
evi
nggov
ernmentobj
ect
ives.

 MTEFal
l
owsf
ort
hebudget
ingpr
epar
ati
onpr
ocesst
ocommenceear
ly.

 TheMTEFwasi
ntr
oducedasameasur
etoaddr
essweaknessesi
nthebudget
ing
andpl
anni
ngpr
ocess.

BUDGETPROCESS

St
age1

Dr
aft
ingoft
hegr
eenpaperbycompi
l
ingr
equi
rement
sfr
om v
ari
ousmi
nist
ri
esandot
her
depar
tment
s

St
age2

Thedr
aft
edgr
eenpaperi
sconsol
i
dat
edandf
orwar
dedt
ocabi
netf
orappr
ovalaf
terwhi
ch
t
hegr
eenpaperi
spr
int
edf
orci
rcul
ati
on.

St
age3

Cei
l
ingsar
esentoutt
oal
lli
nemi
nist
ri
es,pr
ovi
nci
alandspendi
ngagenci
est
oget
herwi
th
t
he t
ime t
abl
efordi
scur
sion.Thi
s enabl
es di
ff
erentsect
orst
o cont
ri
but
e ormake
suggest
ionsf
ori
ncl
usi
on.

St
age4

 Al
li
ssueswhi
char
etof
orm par
toft
hebudgetr
equi
reCabi
netappr
oval
.TheCabi
net
meet
smor
ethanoncet
ochar
tthecour
seoft
hebudget
.

 Thef
ir
stcabi
netmeet
ingi
shel
dbet
weent
het
hir
dandf
our
thquar
ter
soft
he
f
inanci
aly
ear
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page214
  TheNextmeet
ingt
akespl
aceaf
tert
hebudgethasbeencompl
eted.

 Themeet
ingensur
est
hatal
lobser
vat
ionsmadedur
ingt
hef
ir
stmeet
inghav
ebeen
i
ncor
por
atedont
her
esour
cessi
de.

St
age5

Satt
hisst
age,t
hebudgeti
sconsol
i
dat
edandpr
esent
edbyt
hemi
nist
err
esponsi
blef
or
Fi
nanceandnat
ional
planni
ngf
orappr
oval
byt
heNat
ional
Assembl
y.

BudgetExecut
ion

TheMi
nist
ryFi
nanceandNat
ionalPl
anni
ngi
nfor
m mi
nist
ri
es,Pr
ovi
ncesandspendi
ng
agenci
es(
MPSAs)onquar
ter
lyr
eleasesoff
unds.

Legi
slat
ion

Af
tert
hebudgethasbeenpr
esent
edf
orappr
ovalbyt
heNat
ionalassembl
y,t
wobi
l
lsar
e
pr
epar
ed and pr
esent
ed i
nthe nat
ionalassembl
y.The Bi
l
ls ar
ethe Suppl
ement
ary
Appr
opr
iat
ionBi
l
landExcessExpendi
tur
eAppr
opr
iat
ionBi
l
l.Thi
sisai
medatnor
mal
i
zing
measur
escont
ainedi
nthebudget
.

Gener
alwar
rant

Af
tert
heappr
opr
iat
ionBi
l
lispassedi
ntoanact
,thegener
alWar
ranti
spr
epar
edf
ort
he
pr
esi
dentt
osi
gn.TheGener
alWar
rantgi
vesaut
hor
it
ytot
hesecr
etar
ytot
heTr
easur
yto
r
elease f
unds f
or al
lpr
ogr
ammes.The Gener
alWar
rant r
epl
aces t
he Pr
ovi
nci
al
War
rant
.(
PW)

Moni
tor
ingandEv
aluat
ion

Moni
tor
ingandev
aluat
ionoft
hebudgeti
sther
esponsi
bil
i
tyofal
lthekeypl
ayer
swho
shoul
dadmi
nist
erandev
aluat
etheuseofpubl
i
cfunds.Thesei
ncl
ude.

Budget
-andFi
scal
Disci
pli
ne

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page215
FI
SCALDI
SCI
PLI
NE:
-Meansst
ri
ctcont
rol
ofpubl
i
cresour
ces

Thegov
ernmentt
akesmeasur
est
oensur
ecompl
i
ancei
ntaxat
ionandpubl
i
cexpendi
tur
e.
Gov
ernmentshoul
dcuti
tsexpendi
tur
eanddi
recti
tsr
esour
cesonl
ytoessent
ialar
eas.As
Muchaspossi
ble,ext
ernalbor
rowi
ngi
sav
oidedunl
esssuchbor
rowi
ngt
arget
seconomi
c
gr
owt
hthr
oughpr
oduct
ivei
nvest
ment
.

ZAMBI
A’SDEVELOPMENTPLANS

1.Emer
gencyDev
elopmentPl
an(
EDP)
 Thepl
anwasl
aunchedi
mmedi
atel
yaf
teri
ndependenceast
hef
ir
stst
ept
o
r
est
ruct
uret
hei
nher
it
edcol
oni
alCapi
tal
i
steconomy
.

 I
tpr
ovi
dedaf
ramewor
kformor
ecompr
ehensi
vepr
ogr
amsofeconomi
cand
soci
aldev
elopment

2.Tr
ansi
ti
onDev
elopmentpl
an(
TDP)1965-1966
 Moneywasspentonext
ensi
onoft
ranspor
tpowerandcommuni
cat
ionsser
vices

 I
tal
sof
ocusedont
hei
mpr
ovementofagr
icul
tur
eandeducat
ion.

3.Fi
rstDev
elopmentPl
an(
FNDP)1966-1970
Ai
ms

 Todi
ver
sif
ytheeconomyf
rom coppermi
ningt
oagr
icul
tur
eandmanuf
act
uri
ng
 Todev
elopt
her
ural
areas
 Toexpandwel
far
eser
vicessuchashousi
ngandbui
l
dingmor
ehospi
tal
s
 Toi
mpr
ovepowerandt
ranspor
tandcommuni
cat
ionser
vices
 Tocr
eat
e100,
000newbyt
heendof1970

4.SecondDev
elopmentPl
an(
SNDP)1972-1976
I
tsgoal
swer
etoi
ncr
easeandexpandt
hedi
ver
sif
icat
ionpr
ocessi
nit
iat
edunderFNDP.

 At
tai
ningsel
f-
suf
fi
ciencyi
nfoodsuppl
i
esandi
mpr
ovementi
nincome

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page216
  Expandi
nganddi
ver
sif
yingi
ndust
ryandmi
ningt
hroughi
mpor
tsubst
it
uti
onby
usi
ngLocal
mat
eri
als
 I
nit
iat
ingmeasur
esf
orr
egi
onal
dev
elopment
 Li
nki
ngeducat
ional
progr
amst
othecount
ri
esmanpowerr
equi
rement
s
 I
mpr
ovet
heexi
sti
ngi
nfr
ast
ruct
uresuchaspower
,tr
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
ion

5.Thi
rdNat
ional
Dev
elopmentPl
an(
TNDP)1980–1983
I
thadt
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
ovi
sions:
-

 Al
l
ocat
ing i
nvest
mentf
unds and cr
eat
ing a base f
ort
he t
ransf
ormat
ion of
soci
etyt
hroughsoci
ali
sm andHumani
sm
 I
nvol
vi
ngt
hepr
ivat
esect
ori
neconomi
candsoci
aldev
elopmentwhi
l
etaki
ngi
nto
accountSoci
ali
standHumani
sti
deas.
 Bal
anceddev
elopmentwi
thr
egar
dtol
i
nkagesbet
weeni
ndust
ryandagr
icul
tur
e
 I
ncr
easi
ngt
hepr
oduct
ionofconsumerandcapi
tal
goods
 Fai
rincomedi
str
ibut
ionandcr
eat
ingandegal
i
tar
ian(
Communal
Soci
ety
)
 Di
ver
sif
icat
ionoft
heeconomyandr
ural
dev
elopment
 Expandi
ngeducat
iont
rai
ningf
aci
l
iti
est
ospeedupZambi
anasat
ion.

6.Four
thDev
elopmentPl
an(
FNDP)1989-1993
Thi
s pl
an was f
oll
owed byt
he New Economi
c Recov
eryPr
ogr
am,(
Jul
y1987 t
o
December1993)

TheFNDPf
ocusedon:
-

 Per
iodi
crev
iewoft
heexchanger
ateandi
nter
estr
ates
 Ther
educt
ionofbudgetdef
ici
ttobel
ow2%ofGr
ossDomest
icPr
oduct(
GDP)by
1993
 Agr
adual
reduct
ionofsubsi
diessoast
oreducepr
essur
eont
hebudget
.
 Reduct
ioni
ntheannual
growt
hofmoneysuppl
ytobel
ow40%by1993
 Reduct
ioni
nther
ateofi
nfl
ati
ont
obel
ow20%i
n1993
 I
ncr
easecapaci
tyut
il
izat
iont
oabov
e70%ofi
ndust
ri
alav
eragesby1993

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page217
  Reduci
ngt
henumberofpr
icecont
rol
l
edi
temst
ooneby1993

7.Tr
ansi
ti
onal
Nat
ional
Dev
elopmentPl
an
I
n2002,t
hegov
ernmentr
e-i
ntr
oducedNat
ionalDev
elopmentPl
anwhi
chwasexpect
ed
t
orunf
rom 2002t
o2005andt
her
eaf
ter
,thef
if
thNat
ionaldev
elopmentpl
an.Themaj
or
pr
ogr
ammeundert
heTNDPwaspov
ert
yreduct
ionst
rat
egypr
ogr
ammePRSPt
hemai
n
f
ocusofwhi
chwasr
educi
ngpov
ert
yandt
hedebtbur
den.

8.TheVi
sion2030
Toenhancepl
anni
ng,
thegov
ernmentcameupwi
thal
ongt
erm nat
ionalpl
anknownas
v
isi
on2030whi
chai
medatt
urni
ngZambi
aint
oapr
osper
ousmi
ddl
e-I
ncomenat
ionby
2030.
Itwasexcept
edt
hatby2030,woul
dli
vei
nst
rongdy
nami
cmi
ddl
e– i
ncome
i
ndust
ri
aleconomyt
opr
ovi
deoppor
tuni
ti
esf
ori
mpr
ovi
ngt
hewel
l
bei
ngofal
l
.

9.Fi
ft
hNat
ional
dev
elopmentpl
an(
FNDP)
Thef
if
thNat
ionaldev
elopmentwasbasedont
heVi
sion2030andcov
eredt
heper
iod
2006–2010.Someoft
hegoal
sincl
ude:
-
 Dev
elopandr
ehabi
l
itat
einf
rast
ruct
ure
 Dev
elopandbui
l
dhumanr
esour
ceandcapaci
tyr
espect
ivel
y
 Mai
nst
ream cr
oss cut
ti
ngi
ssuessuchasHI
VAI
DS,gender
,democr
acy
,good
gov
ernance,
humanr
ight
sandenv
ironment
 Dev
elopi
rr
igat
ioni
nbot
hpr
ivat
eandpubl
i
csect
ors.

10.
Sixt
hNat
ional
Dev
elopment
 I
tcov
ersaper
iodf
rom 2011-2015
 I
tal
socov
erst
hepr
ovi
sionof2030
TYPESOFDEVELOPMENTPLANNI
NG

1.Shor
tTer
m Pl
an
 Thi
scov
ersashor
tper
iodf
rom si
xmont
hst
ooney
ear
,Forexampl
etheAnnual
Nat
ionalPl
an.The AnnualPl
an i
sthe cont
rolpl
an whi
ch checks di
ff
erent

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page218
 mi
nist
ri
est
omakesur
ethatwhatwaspl
annedandbudget
edf
orhasbeen
i
mpl
ement
ed.
 Themaj
orchal
l
engeaboutshor
tter
m pl
ani
sunderest
imat
ion.

2.Medi
um Ter
m Pl
an
 I
trangesbet
weent
hreeandsev
eraly
ear
swi
thf
ivey
ear
sast
hemostpopul
ar
choi
ce.
 Thepur
poseofmedi
um Ter
m Pl
ani
stomov
etowar
dssel
f-
sust
aini
nggr
owt
h,
gr
owt
h,f
orexampl
e:-af
teri
ndependenceZambi
ahadt
heEmer
gence
 Nat
ionalDev
elopmentPl
an whi
ch wasdesi
gned t
o mov
ethe count
ryf
rom
col
oni
alMono-Economyt
odi
ver
sif
iedeconomy
.

Themai
nobj
ect
ivesoft
heMedi
um Ter
m Pl
anmaybe:
-

 Di
ver
sif
ytheeconomyt
oel
i
minat
eov
erdependenceononeort
wopr
oduct
s
 I
ncr
easet
hev
alueoft
heNat
ionsowni
nput
 Mai
ntai
nreasonabl
epr
icest
abi
l
ity
 El
i
minat
edi
spar
it
iesbet
ween ur
banandr
uralpopul
ati
on i
nint
ernsofweal
th
andj
oboppor
tuni
ti
es
 Rai
set
hel
evel
ofgener
aleducat
ion
 Pr
ovi
det
rai
ningt
oequi
pmor
epeopl
eforadmi
nist
rat
iveandt
echni
cal
jobs
 Dev
elopt
henecessar
ysoci
ali
nfr
ast
ruct
uresuchasschool
shospi
tal
sandr
oads
 Dev
elopt
ranspor
tandcommuni
cat
ions
 At
tai
nsel
f-
suf
fi
ci
encyi
nfoodsuppl
yandsecur
it
yandnewsour
cesener
gy
 Bal
ancedev
elopmentbet
weenmanuf
act
uri
ngi
ndust
ryandAgr
icul
tur
e
 St
abi
l
izet
heeconomybycont
rol
l
ingi
nfl
ati
on
 Per
iodi
cal
l
yrev
iewt
heexchangeandi
nter
estr
ate.

3.LongTer
m Pl
an
Thi
sissomet
imesr
efer
redt
oast
heLongRangeDev
elopmentPl
an.I
tcov
ersa

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page219
 per
iod oft
en t
otwent
yyear
s and abov
e.The Pl
an i
s most
lyneeded f
or
i
mpl
ement
ati
onofhugepr
oject
s

 Ref
orest
ati
on
 Openi
ngnewmi
nes.
 const
ruct
ionofhy
drost
ati
on
 Const
ruct
ion ofnew r
oadsand r
ail
wayl
i
nessuch pr
oject
s.I
tal
so enabl
es
gov
ernmentt
ospr
eaddev
elopmentt
oal
lar
easpar
ti
cul
arl
yinr
ural
areas.
 Al
ongt
erm pl
ant
akescar
eoft
heshor
tcomi
ngofshor
tandmedi
um t
erm pl
an
suchaspl
anni
ngf
ort
oomanyt
hingsi
nonebudget
METHODSOFPLANNI
NG
Cent
ral
i
zedPl
anni
ng
Thi
spl
anni
ngi
sdonebyt
hecent
ralgov
ernmentwi
thoutt
hei
nvol
vementoft
he
l
ocal
communi
ti
es.
 I
nthepastcent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ngandadmi
nist
rat
ionwer
econsi
der
ednecessar
y
t
ogui
deandcont
rol
theeconomi
csofcount
ri
es.
 Thi
sty
peofpl
anni
ngwascommoni
ncommuni
stcount
ri
es.Zambi
ausedt
his
t
ypeofpl
anni
ngi
nthef
ir
standsecondRepubl
i
cs.
 Lack of par
ti
ci
pat
ion of t
he l
ocal communi
tyi
n t
he f
ormul
ati
on and
i
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hepl
an.
 I
twasar
guedt
hatpl
answer
ebei
ngi
mposedi
ntopdownf
ashi
ononl
ocal
communi
ti
eswhi
chshoul
dtheent
husi
asm att
hecr
uci
ali
mpl
ement
ati
onst
age.
 Pl
anor
gani
zat
ionswer
edomi
nat
edbyexpat
ri
ateadv
iser
swhoknow v
eryl
i
ttl
e
aboutl
ocal
far
mingcommuni
ti
es.
 Ther
ewasdel
ayoft
heappr
ovaloft
hepl
anssi
ncet
heywer
eref
err
edt
othehead
quar
ter
sbef
orei
mpl
ement
ati
on

Decent
ral
i
zedPl
anni
ng
 Thi
sty
pe ofpl
anni
ng i
s done by i
nvol
vi
ng t
he l
ocalcommuni
ty.A l
ocal
communi
tyi
dent
if
iespr
oject
stobeundert
akenatcommuni
tyl
evel
byt
aki
ngi
nto
consi
der
ati
oni
tsact
ual
needs.
 Forexampl
e:-School
s,hospi
tal
s,br
idges,pi
pedwat
erandhousi
nguni
ts.The

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page220
 communi
tymaydr
awabudgetf
ori
ttobesubmi
tt
edt
othecent
ralGov
ernment
f
orf
undi
ng
 TheZambi
angov
ernmentt
ri
edt
hist
ypeofpl
anni
ngi
nthe1980sbutt
her
ewas
l
ess success.Much of t
he r
esour
ces wer
e spent on wor
ker
sthan on
dev
elopmentpr
oject
s.
 Si
ncet
hey
ear2000,Decent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
nghasbeenr
e-i
ntr
oducedi
nZambi
a
t
hroughAct
ivi
tyBasedBudget
ingPl
ansi
nthecommuni
ty.
MI
CROANDMACROI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

Mi
cro-I
saGr
eekwor
dmeani
ng“
smal
l’’AMi
croFi
nanci
ali
nst
it
uti
oni
sonet
hat
gi
vesf
inanci
alassi
stancet
osmal
lscal
epr
oducer
sorent
repr
eneur
sforsmal
lscal
e
pr
oject
s.Forexampl
e:-f
armi
ng,r
epai
rofacl
assr
oom bl
ocksandi
mpr
ovi
ngwat
er
suppl
y.

 Zambi
aSoci
alI
nvest
mentFund(
ZAMSI
F)
 WomenFi
nanceCooper
ati
veofZambi
a
 BayPor
tFi
nanceSer
vice
 Uni
tyFi
nance
 Bl
ueFi
nanci
alser
vices
 I
zwel
oans
 Mi
crof
in

MACRO-FI
NANCI
ALI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

Macr
o-i
saGr
eekwor
dmeani
ngl
arge.

Macr
oFi
nanci
ali
nst
it
uti
onsar
einst
it
uti
onswhi
chf
undl
argescal
epr
oject
ssuch
asconst
ruct
ionofschool
s,br
idges,
roadsandr
ail
wayl
i
ne.

(
i)
Int
ernat
ional
Monet
aryFund(
IMF)

TheI
MFi
saspeci
ali
zedagencyoft
heUni
tedNat
ionsOr
gani
zat
ionwhi
chwas
setupi
n1944.Some oft
heObj
ect
ivesoft
hef
undar
eto:
-

 Pr
omot
eint
ernat
ional
Monet
aryCooper
ati
on.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page221
  Pr
omot
est
abl
eexchanger
atesandmai
ntai
nor
der
lyexchangear
rangement
s
 Faci
l
itat
etheexpansi
onandbal
ancedgr
owt
hofi
nter
nat
ional
trade.
 Encour
agef
ullconv
ert
ibi
l
itybet
weencur
renci
esandcanendt
oexchanger
ates
cont
rol
s
 Toshor
tenper
iodsofbal
anceofpay
ment
sofmembercount
ri
es
 Howev
er,t
he economi
c adj
ust
ment
s pol
i
cies pr
escr
ibed by t
he I
MF ar
e
consi
der
edbymany
tohi
nderdev
elopment
.
Themeasur
essuggest
edbyt
heI
MFt
oov
ercomet
hebal
anceofpay
ment
s

 Pr
obl
emsi
ncl
ude:
-

 Rel
axi
ngexchangecont
rol
s

 Remov
alofi
mpor
trest
ri
cti
ons,
pri
cecont
rol
sandt
heendofsubsi
dies

 Remov
alofcont
rol
s ov
erf
orei
gn exchange and i
mpor
tsi
n or
dert
o get
assi
stance.

 The I
MF’
s mai
nfi
nanci
alr
olei
sto pr
ovi
de t
empor
arycr
edi
tst
o member
s
exper
ienci
ngbal
ancepay
ment
s’di
ff
icul
ti
es.

(
ii
)Int
ernat
ional
Bankf
orReconst
ruct
ionandDev
elopment(
IBRD)

 TheI
BRDi
scommonl
yknownast
heWor
ldBank.I
tbegani
tsoper
ati
onsi
n1946.
 TheBankencour
agescapi
tal
inv
est
mentf
oral
lmemberst
ates.
 I
tgi
vesl
oanst
ospeci
fi
cpr
oject
sthatar
epr
oduct
iveandpr
ovi
desFi
nancef
or
f
orei
gnexchanger
equi
rement
sforsuchpr
oject
sLoansar
eusual
l
yforaper
iod
of20y
ear
s wi
thgr
aceper
iodoff
ivey
ear
s.

(
ii
)Af
ri
canDev
elopmentBank(
ADB)

 TheADBwasest
abl
i
shedi
nAugust1963andbegani
tsoper
ati
onsi
nJul
y
1966.
 I
tgi
vesconcessi
onar
y l
oanst
omemberst
ates.
 Concessi
onar
yLoani
smoneygi
vent
oacount
rywi
thnocondi
ti
onsat
tached.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page222
  I
tgi
vesLoanst
ospeci
fi
cpr
ojectt
hatar
epr
oduct
iveandpr
ovi
desf
inancef
or
f
orei
gnexchanger
equi
rement
s f
orsuchpr
oject
s.Thel
oansgi
venar
epai
d
backwi
thal
owi
nter
estr
atel
esst
han10%
 TheBankal
sogi
vesgr
ant
stomemberst
atest
ofi
nanceessent
ialpr
oject
sin
educat
ionandheal
th.Theheadquar
ter
sofADBi
sinAddi
sAbaba,
Ethi
opi
a.


(
ii
)Ar
abBankf
orEconomi
cDev
elopmenti
nAf
ri
ca(
ABEDA)

 TheBankwassetupbyt
heAr
abLeaguei
n1973andbegunoper
at5i
onsi
n1975.
 TheHeadOf
fi
cei
sinKhar
toum,Sudan.I
tgi
vesl
oanst
ospeci
fi
cpr
oject
sthat
ar
epr
oduct
iveandpr
ovi
def
inancef
orf
orei
gnexchange.
 Gener
all
y,Pr
oject
sar
efi
nancedj
oint
lywi
thi
nter
nat
ionall
endi
ngi
nst
it
uti
ons
suchast
heWor
ldBankandAf
ri
canDev
elopmentBank.Zambi
aobt
ainedl
oans
f
rom ABEDAf
orcapi
tal
proj
ect
ssuchasr
oadconst
ruct
ion.

I
NDI
CATORSOFDEVELOPMENT

 I
ndi
cat
ors ofdev
elopmentar
e si
gns t
hatshow whet
herornott
her
eis
i
mpr
ovementi
nthecount
ry’
seconomyandpeopl
e’
sbasi
cneedssuchasf
ood,
saf
eandcl
eandr
inki
ngwat
erhousi
ngeducat
ionandheal
th.
 I
tisnoteasyt
omeasur
edev
elopment
.Ther
efor
evar
iousi
ndi
cat
orshav
etouse.
 These ar
e measur
abl
evar
iabl
es whi
ch ar
e assumed di
rect
lyr
elat
ed t
o
dev
elopmentsuchas:
-
1.Gr
ossNat
ional
Product(
GNP)orTheNat
ional
Income
 Thi
sismeasur
eofpr
oduct
ioni
nmonet
aryt
ermsdur
ingper
iodoft
ime.
 I
tist
heamountofgoodsandser
vicespr
oducedwi
thi
nacount
ryand
account
edf
ori
napar
ti
cul
ary
ear
.
 I
tal
soi
ncl
udesi
ncomef
rom abr
oad.

2.Gr
ossDomest
icPr
oduct(
GDP)
 GDPi
sthet
otalout
putofaneconomyandconsi
stsofal
laccount
edf
or

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page223
 goodsandser
vicest
hathav
ebeenpr
oducedi
nthecour
seoft
hey
ear
.
 Al
lpr
oduct
sand ser
vicespr
oduced wi
thi
nthecount
ryar
eadded up
cal
cul
atedi
nmonet
aryf
orm.
3.HumanDev
elopmentI
ndex(
HDI
)
 Thi
sist
hemeasur
eofhumandev
elopmentusi
ngf
our

 Li
feexpect
ancyatbi
rt
h

 Adul
tli
ter
acy

 Av
eragey
ear
sofschool
i
ng

 Pur
chasi
ngpowerofper
sonsaged25andabov
eexpr
essedi
ndol
l
ars

I
fthecount
ryhasal
i
feexpect
ancyatbi
rt
h,ahi
ghadul
tli
ter
acyl
evel
sandahi
gh
av
eragey
ear
sofschool
i
ngandpur
chasi
ngpowerperper
son.I
tissai
dtohav
eahi
gh
l
evel
ofdev
elopment

4.PerCapi
taI
ncome
 I
tist
heGNPoft
hecount
rydi
vi
dedbyt
het
otal
popul
ati
on.
 Thi
sdoesnott
akei
ntoaccounti
ncomedi
str
ibut
iondi
spar
it
ies
 PerCapi
tal
Income= GNP
Tot
alpopul
ati
on

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Anal
yzet
hef
act
orst
hatl
edt
oZambi
a’
sdebtcr
isi
s.
2.St
udyt
hechar
tbel
owr
epr
esent
ingv
ari
ousst
agesi
npl
anni
ng.

DECENTRALI
SED

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page224
 LONG TERM

(
i)

SHORTTERM
Fi
l
lint
hemi
ssi
ngst
agesbandd
(
ii
)Expl
aint
hedi
ff
erencebet
weenshor
tter
m andl
ongt
erm
pl
anni
ng.
(
ii
i)
Whati
stheef
fectofpooreconomi
cpl
anni
ngi
nanat
ion?
3.Di
sti
ngui
shbet
weenl
ongt
erm andshor
tter
m pl
anni
ng.
4.HowcanZambi
apl
anf
ori
tsf
uel
inl
ongt
erm
5..
Whyi
spl
anni
ngi
mpor
tant
?
6.Gi
vet
he adv
ant
ages and di
sadv
ant
ages of cent
ral
i
zed and
decent
ral
i
zedpl
anni
ng.
7. Whatar
ethei
ndi
cat
orsofdev
elopmentpl
anni
ng?
8. Expl
aint
hecont
ri
but
ionoff
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
ont
oeconomi
cand
soci
aldev
elopment
9.St
atet
he measur
es ofhuman dev
elopmentusi
ng t
he Human
Dev
elopmentI
ndex
.
10.Compar
eandcont
rastmi
croandmacr
ofi
nanci
ali
nst
it
uti
on.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page225
POVERTYI
NZAMBI
A

Pov
ert
yisacondi
ti
onofbei
ngpoor
.Pov
ert
yisassoci
atedwi
tht
henegat
iveaspectof
humandev
elopment
.

HumanDev
elopmenti
sthepr
ocessofenl
argi
ngpeopl
es’choi
cest
othei
rper
sonal
adv
ancement
.Forexampl
epov
ert
ymaybedef
inedasi
nsuf
fi
cientaccesst
obasi
c
needs.Thi
ski
ndofpov
ert
yisknownasabsol
utepov
ert
y.

Absol
utepov
ert
yisacondi
ti
onofl
i
fesol
i
mit
edbymal
nut
ri
ti
on,i
l
li
ter
acydi
sease
squal
i
dsur
roundi
ngs,
highi
nfantmor
tal
i
tyr
ateandl
owl
i
feexpect
ancyast
obebeneat
h
anyr
easonabl
edef
ini
ti
onofhumandecency
.

MEASURI
NGPOVERTY

Pov
ert
yisdi
ff
icul
tyt
omeasur
e.Thoughdi
ff
icul
tyt
omeasur
eitcanbemeasur
edusi
ng
t
hreeper
spect
ives

1.I
ncomeper
spect
ive:Aper
soni
spoori
fhehi
sorheri
ncomef
all
sbel
owadef
ined
moneyormet
ri
cpov
ert
yli
ne.E.
g.aper
sonl
i
vingononedol
l
arperday
.
2.Basi
cneedsper
spect
ive:Aper
soni
spoori
fhi
s/herr
equi
rement
sforami
nimal
accept
abl
eful
fi
ll
mentofhumanneedsar
enotmet

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page226
 3.Capabi
l
ityper
spect
ive:Aper
soni
spoori
fhe/
shel
ackcer
tai
ncapabi
l
iti
est
o
f
unct
ionsuchasadequat
efood,cl
othi
ng,shel
terandabi
l
ityt
opar
ti
cipat
ein
communi
ty.

HUMANPOVERTYI
NDEX.(
HPI
)

HPIwasdev
elopedbyt
heUni
tedNat
ionsDev
elopmentPr
ogr
amme,measur
espov
ert
y
i
nter
msofdepr
ivat
ionoft
hef
oll
owi
ngar
eas:

 Sur
viv
al(
li
feexpect
ancy
)depr
ivat
ionofal
ongl
i
feandheal
thyl
i
femeasur
edby
l
i
feexpect
ancyofabout40y
ear
s
 Knowl
edgedepr
ivat
ionofknowl
edgemeasur
edbyi
l
li
ter
acy
.
 Adecentst
andar
dofl
i
vingdepr
ivat
ioni
neconomi
cpr
ovi
sionmeasur
edbyt
he
per
cent
ageoft
hepopul
ati
onl
acki
ngaccesst
oheal
thser
vicesandsaf
edr
inki
ng
wat
erandadequat
enut
ri
ti
on.
DI
MENSI
ONOFPOVERTY

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page227
Cent
ralSt
ati
sti
calOf
fi
ce(
CSO)
.Measur
espov
ert
yli
neast
heamountofmont
hlyi
ncome
r
equi
redt
opur
chasebasi
cfoodt
omeett
hemi
nimum cal
ori
crequi
rementf
oraf
ami
l
y
ofsi
x.(
Foodbasket
).

Ov
eral
landext
remepov
ert
yinZambi
ainr
ural
andur
banar
eas,
1998

Locat
ion Ov
eral
lpov
ert
y% Ext
remepov
ert
y%

Rur
alar
eas 83 70

Ur
banar
eas 56 36

Cent
ral
prov
ince 77 63

Copperbel
tpr
ovi
nce 65 47

East
ernpr
ovi
nce 80 66

Luapul
apr
ovi
nce 81 69

Lusakapr
ovi
nce 52 34

Nor
ther
npr
ovi
nce 81 67

Nor
th–west
ernpr
ovi
nce 76 63

Sout
her
npr
ovi
nce 76 60

West
ernpr
ovi
nce 89 78

Thepoor
estpr
ovi
ncei
nZambi
aisWest
ernPr
ovi
ncewi
th89%f
oll
owedbyLuapul
aand
Nor
ther
nPr
ovi
nceswi
th81%.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFPOVERTY

1.Per
sonal
andPhy
sical
Stat
us

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page228
  Hasnof
oodordoesnoteatwel
l
 Lackaccesst
oeducat
ion
 Lackaccesst
oadequat
eshel
ter
 Lackofaccesst
oheal
thcar
e
 Poorcl
othi
ng
2.Economi
cSt
atus
 Lackofmoneyoradequat
eincome.Ur
banar
eas
 Lackofpr
oduct
iveasset
ssuchaspl
oughs,hoes,oxen,f
ishi
ngnet
s,canoes.
Rur
alar
eas

3.Soci
alSt
atus
 I
nequal
i
ty
 Lowsel
fest
eem
 Landl
essness/noaccesst
oland

4.Pol
i
tical
Par
ti
cipat
ion
 Power
lessness
 Lackofpol
i
tical
voi
ce
 Lackofaccesst
olegal
inst
it
uti
onst
hati
scour
tsofl
aw.

CAUSESOFPOVERTYI
NZAMBI
A

Thecausesofpooreconomi
cper
for
mancecanbebr
oadl
ydi
vi
dedi
ntoi
nter
naland
ext
ernal
fact
ors:

I
nter
nal
Fact
ors
Zambi
a’
s pol
i
cies f
ocused on t
he st
atet
aki
ng ov
erpr
ivat
e busi
ness,and heav
y
i
nvol
vementi
nthepr
oduct
ivesect
orsoft
heEconomy
.TheEconomi
cref
ormst
hatwer
e
adopt
edl
eftt
hemaj
ori
tyofpeopl
einsecur
eint
ermsofempl
oyment
,incomeandheal
th.

Ext
ernal
Fact
ors
Copperexpor
tsaccount
edf
or90%oft
hecount
ry’
sexpor
tear
ningsandabout50%of

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page229
t
otall
ocalpr
oduct
ionofgoodandser
vicesorGr
ossDomest
icPr
oduct
.(GDP)
.Thef
all
i
ncopperpr
icesf
rom mi
d-1970’
ssev
erel
yaf
fect
edt
hegov
ernment
’scapaci
tyt
oinv
est
i
ntheEconomyandpr
ovi
dedadequat
esoci
alser
vice.

Changesi
nAgr
icul
tur
ePol
i
cies

Ther
ewer
enegat
iveagr
icul
tur
alpol
i
ciesbet
ween1992and2001.Someoft
henegat
ive
pol
i
cychangesi
ncl
udedt
her
emov
aloft
hesy
stem i
nwhi
chf
armer
swer
eof
fer
ed
f
ert
il
izeronapaybackbasi
sandt
hel
i
ber
ali
zat
ionoft
hemar
ket
sfort
heagr
icul
tur
al
pr
oduce.

Agr
icul
tur
alsect
oroft
heeconomyi
schar
act
eri
zedby

 I
nconsi
stentagr
icul
tur
alpol
i
cies

 Lat
ear
ri
val
ofagr
icul
tur
ali
nput
s
 Expensi
veagr
icul
tur
ali
nput
sandi
mpl
ement
s
 I
nadequat
est
oragef
aci
l
iti
es
 I
nsuf
fi
ci
entext
ensi
onser
vicesandmar
keti
nfor
mat
ion.
 Endemi
cli
vest
ockdi
seases
 Poorr
oadi
nfr
ast
ruct
ureespeci
all
yinr
ural
areas.

Debtbur
den

Ov
ert
hey
ear
s,t
hepay
mentoft
hedebt
sonav
erageaccount
edf
or10per
centoft
he
Gr
ossDomest
icPr
oductGDP.Thi
smeanst
hatmor
emoneyi
sspentonser
vici
ngt
he
debtatt
heexpenseofi
nvest
ingi
nsoci
alandeconomi
cdev
elopment
.

Ext
ernal
Dependence

Zambi
a hascont
inued t
o bor
row f
rom par
tner
stoi
nvesti
n soci
aland economi
c
dev
elopmentf
orexampl
e,i
ntheeducat
ionandheal
th.

Cl
i
mat
icVar
iat
ion

Rai
nfal
lpat
ter
nsar
eincr
easi
ngl
yer
rat
icanddr
ought
sar
eacommonf
eat
ureandt
his

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page230
hasl
edt
olowf
oodpr
oduct
ion,
hencef
oodi
nsecur
it
y,

Mor
bidi
tyandmor
tal
i
ty

Mor
bidi
tymeansi
ncr
easei
nil
l
nesses.AtNat
ional
Lev
eleconomi
cgr
owt
hisaf
fect
edby
t
hehi
ghi
nci
denceofHI
V/AI
DSwhi
chhasl
edt
olossofhumanr
esour
cet
hroughdeat
h
andl
ossofmanpowerduet
osi
ckness.

Or
phans

Thei
ncr
easei
nthenumberofor
phansr
equi
ri
ngcar
eandsuppor
tfr
om r
elat
ivescauses
ast
rai
nont
hef
ami
l
ies.

Si
ngl
epar
enthousehol
ds:Manysi
ngl
epar
entorchi
l
dheadedhousehol
dshav
efai
l
edt
o
meett
hebasi
cneedsoft
hef
ami
l
ies.

I
nequal
i
ty

I
thasbeenobser
vedt
hatt
hegapbet
weent
her
ichandpoori
swi
deni
ng.Thi
sinequal
i
ty
i
nter
msofi
ncome,educat
ion,weal
thandaccesst
oasset
shasl
edt
ohi
ghpov
ert
y
l
evel
s.

LowpayLowpayi
sact
ual
l
yamaj
orcauseofpov
ert
y.

Conf
li
ct

Whent
her
eisconf
li
cti
nasoci
ety
,lesst
imei
sspentoneconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.Hence
t
her
eisnot
imet
ocr
eat
eweal
th.

Genderi
nequal
i
tyi
neconomi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

Thepar
ti
cipat
ionofwomeni
neconomi
cdev
elopmenti
sver
ylow.Mostwomenhav
eno
accesst
oloansandl
and,
andot
hermeansofpr
oduct
ion.

PoorWor
kcul
tur
e

Whenpeopl
ehav
eanegat
iveat
ti
tudet
owar
dswor
kandl
acki
nit
iat
ivet
hiscanl
eadt
o
pov
ert
y

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page231
I
ndi
vi
dual
Weakness

Laz
inessandl
ackofr
esponsi
bil
i
tycanl
eadt
opov
ert
yanddependencysy
ndr
ome

EFFECTSOFPOVERTY

 Hunger/f
oodi
nsecur
it
y
 Hi
ghunempl
oymentl
evel
s
 I
ncr
easei
ncr
ime
 Conf
li
ctsi
nsoci
ety
 I
ncr
easei
ncor
rupt
ionandv
andal
i
sm
 I
ncr
easei
ndependencysy
ndr
ome
 Lowl
i
feexpect
ancyduet
olowst
andar
dofl
i
vingandot
herf
act
ors
 I
ncr
easei
npr
ost
it
uti
on{
commer
cial
sex}
 Lackofaccesst
obasi
cneedsl
i
kef
ood,shel
ter
,cl
eanwat
er,educat
ionand
heal
thf
aci
l
iti
es
 Br
eakdownoft
heext
endedf
ami
l
ysy
stem
 Depl
eti
on ofnat
uralr
esour
ces due t
o mor
e peopl
e expl
oit
ing t
he same
i
nadequat
eresour
ces
 I
ncr
easei
nchi
l
dlabour

POVERTYALLEVI
ATI
ON

Pov
ert
yal
l
evi
ati
oni
sthepr
ocessofl
esseni
ngt
hesuf
fer
ingoft
hepoorbymeet
ingt
hei
r
i
mmedi
atepr
essi
ngneeds

Someoft
hewayt
hroughwhi
chpov
ert
yZambi
acanbeal
l
evi
ated:

 I
mpr
ovet
hepr
ovi
sionofeducat
ionaseducat
ioni
sav
erypower
fult
oolf
or
pov
ert
yreduct
ion
 I
ncr
easef
oodpr
oduct
ionandempowersmal
lscal
efar
mer
s
 I
mpr
ovet
heheal
thst
atusofpeopl
einZambi
aespeci
all
ythepoor
.
 Reducet
hei
nci
dence,
inf
ect
ionandsoci
oeconomi
cimpactofHI
V/AI
DS
 I
ncr
easeaccesst
osaf
ewat
erandsani
tat
ion

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page232
  Pr
omot
e a sel
f-
sust
aini
ng expor
tled agr
icul
tur
alsect
orensur
eincr
eased
househol
dincomeandf
oodsecur
it
y
 I
ncr
easeaccesst
oski
l
lsdev
elopmentandv
ocat
ional
trai
ning
 Pr
omot
erur
alel
ect
ri
fi
cat
iont
oat
tracti
nvest
ment
sandr
educeunempl
oyment
.
I
nrur
alar
eas
 I
ncr
easeaccesst
omeansofpr
oduct
ionsuchasl
andandf
armi
ngi
mpl
ement
s

POVERTYREDUCTI
ONSTRATEGYPAPER

Pov
ert
yReduct
ionSt
rat
egyPaper(
PRSP)i
stheov
eral
lfr
amewor
kfornat
ionalpl
anni
ng
anddev
elopmentf
ocusi
ngoni
nter
vent
ionf
orpov
ert
yreduct
ion.

Ar
easaddr
essedbyt
hePRSP:

 Macr
oeconomi
cs-t
o achi
eveahi
ghandsust
ainedr
ealGDP gr
owt
hgr
eat
er
equi
tyofoppor
tuni
ty,
incomeandaccesst
oresour
ces
 Agr
icul
tur
e-t
opr
omot
easel
f-
sust
aini
ngexpor
tledagr
icul
tur
alsect
orwhi
ch
ensur
esi
ncr
easedhousehol
dincomeandf
oodsecur
it
y.
 Tour
ism-t
oenhancet
het
our
ism sect
or’
scont
ri
but
iont
oeconomi
cgr
owt
hand
pov
ert
yreduct
ion
 Mi
ning- t
o pr
omot
einv
est
ment i
nthe mi
ning i
ndust
ry and ensur
ethe
dev
elopmentofsel
f-
sust
aini
ngmi
ner
albasedi
ndust
ry.
 I
ndust
ry-t
opr
omot
egr
owt
hofanexpor
tledi
ndust
ryl
eadi
ngt
oempl
oyment
cr
eat
ionandpov
ert
yreduct
ion.
 Heal
th-t
oimpr
ovet
heheal
thst
atusoft
hepeopl
eofZambi
a
Educat
ion–t
opr
ovi
der
elev
ant
,equi
tabl
e,ef
fi
cientandqual
i
tyeducat
ionf
orForal
l

 HI
V/AI
DS-t
oreduce t
he i
nci
dence,i
nfect
ion and soci
o-economi
cimpactof
HI
V/AI
DS.
 Gender–t
opr
omot
egenderbal
ancet
oeaset
hebur
denofpov
ert
yespeci
all
yof
womenatt
hehousehol
d,communi
tyandnat
ional
lev
els.
 Env
ironment– t
ofor
mul
ate appr
opr
iat
e pol
i
cies on t
he pr
otect
ion oft
he
env
ironment
,managementanddev
elopmentofnat
uralr
esour
cesandensur
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page233
 t
hei
ref
fi
ci
entandef
fect
ivedel
i
ver
y
 Ener
gy–t
oensur
eopt
imum suppl
yandut
il
izat
ionofener
gy
 Wat
erand sani
tat
ion-t
o cont
ri
but
eto pov
ert
yreduct
ion t
hrough i
ncr
eased
accesst
osaf
ewat
erandsani
tat
ion,i
ncr
easedf
oodpr
oduct
ionandi
ncr
eased
f
oodpr
oduct
ionandf
oodsecur
it
y.
 Tr
anspor
t and Communi
cat
ion- t
o cr
eat
e an ef
fi
cient t
ranspor
t and
communi
cat
ion sy
stem t
hat wi
l
lpr
omot
e economi
c gr
owt
h and pov
ert
y
r
educt
ion
 Roads-t
oexpandr
ehabi
l
itat
eandi
nvesti
nther
oadsect
orsoast
oimpr
ove
accessi
bil
i
tyandmobi
l
ity
.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS
1.Whati
spov
ert
y?
2.Showhowt
hef
oll
owi
ngcont
ri
but
etopov
ert
yinZambi
a.
i
. Debi
tbur
den
i
i
. Cl
i
mat
evar
iat
ion
i
i
i. Lowwagesandsal
ari
es
3. Di
scusst
heef
fect
sofpov
ert
y.
4.Ment
ionsomeoft
hecausesofpov
ert
yinZambi
a.
5.Di
scusswi
thexampl
ehow t
hegov
ernmentcanal
l
evi
atepov
ert
yamong
t
hepeopl
einr
ural
areas.
6.Pov
ert
yist
hei
nsuf
fi
cientaccesst
obasi
cneeds.Di
scuss
7.Di
scuss Zambi
a’
s ef
for
ttowar
ds t
he at
tai
nmentoft
he Mi
l
lenni
um
Dev
elopmentGoal
s.
8.Desi
gnanant
i-
pov
ert
yst
rat
egyt
oaddr
esspov
ert
yissuesf
aci
ngy
our
communi
ty.
9.Out
li
net
hechar
act
eri
sti
csofpov
ert
y

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page234
ENVI
RONMENTALEDUCATI
ON

Env
ironment
:-
ref
erst
osur
roundi
ngsandt
het
hingsf
oundi
nthem bot
hphy
sicaland
cul
tur
alwhi
chdi
ff
erf
rom pl
acet
opl
ace.

COMPONENTSOFTHEENVI
RONMENT

 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethecomponent
s:l
i
vingandnon-
li
vi
ngcomponent
s

I
fhumanact
ivi
ti
esar
econsi
der
edcent
ralt
hent
heenv
ironmenti
sdi
vi
dedi
ntoNat
ural
andcul
tur
alcomponent
s.Her
ear
ethecomponent
sindet
ail
s:

Nat
ural
Env
ironment
Phy
sical
andl
i
vingenv
ironment
,
At
mospher
e,Hy
drospher
e,
Li
thospher
eAni
mal
andPl
ant

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page235
 Li
fe.

Pol
i
tical
Env
ironment Economi
cEnv
ironment
Pol
i
tical
Inst
it
uti
onsmaki
ng Economi
cSy
stem
choi
cesDeci
sionmaki
ng Economi
cinst
it
uti
ons
Rur
alandUr
banl
andscapes

Soci
al/
Cul
tur
alEnv
ironment
.Cul
tur
e andsoci
al
i
nst
it
uti
onsBel
i
efs,
Cust
omsandt
radi
ti
ons

ENVI
RONMENTALDEGRADATI
ON

 I
tref
erst
oanyact
ionorpr
ocesst
hatmakest
heenv
ironmentl
essf
itf
orhuman,
pl
antorani
mal
li
fe.

 I
tisal
soassoci
atedwi
tht
hel
ower
ingorr
educt
ionofenv
ironment
alqual
i
ty

Causesofenv
ironment
alDegr
adat
ion

1.Ov
erpopul
ati
on;t
hisi
sthepr
esencei
nagi
venar
eaofmor
epeopl
ethancanbe
suppor
tedadequat
elybyt
her
esour
cesav
ail
abl
eint
hear
ea.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page236
 2.Pol
l
uti
on:pol
l
uti
onr
efer
stot
hepr
esenceofmat
ter
sorener
gywhosenat
ure,
l
ocat
ion,
orqual
i
typr
oducesundesi
rabl
eenv
ironment
alef
fect
s.

Pol
l
uti
ont
akesi
nthef
orms:

Nat
uralWast
es:Nat
ural
wast
esmaybeor
gani
cori
nor
gani
c.

 I
nor
gani
cwast
esi
ncl
udeel
ement
sofcomponent
ssuchasl
ead,copper
,and
sul
phur
.

 Theseel
ement
sar
efoundi
nrocksandar
epr
esenti
nsmal
lconcent
rat
ioni
nour
bodi
es.

 Thesesubst
ancesar
eemi
tt
eddur
ingmi
ningandsmel
ti
ngoper
ati
ons.

 Whenmi
ned t
heycont
ami
nat
est
reams,st
reams,r
iver
s,l
akesgr
ound wat
er
suppl
i
es,
soi
landt
heat
mospher
e.

Sy
nthet
icchemi
cal
s:Thesear
echemi
cal
compoundswhi
char
eMan-
made.

 Thesesy
nthet
icchemi
cal
sar
epr
esenti
npl
ant
s,dy
es,f
oodaddi
ti
ves,dr
ugs,
pest
ici
de,f
ert
il
izer
s,cl
othes,cl
eani
ngmat
eri
als,pl
ast
ics,cosmet
icsandbui
l
ding
mat
eri
als.

Bi
odegr
adabl
e:t
hesedecomposeasar
esul
tbi
ologi
cal
act
ion.

Non-
Biodegr
adabl
e:t
hesear
eamat
eri
alt
hatdoesnotdecomposei
ntheenv
ironment
.

3.Depl
eti
onofResour
ces

 Ar
esour
cei
sanysour
ceofr
awmat
eri
alsorobj
ectt
hathumanbei
ngsar
eabl
eto
uset
osust
ainl
i
feorpr
oduceweal
th.Forexampl
e,wat
er,
fish,
miner
als,
soi
l
sand
t
rees.

 Ar
esour
cei
sdepl
etedorusedupwheni
tbecomesl
essav
ail
abl
efori
tsi
ntended
f
unct
ionoruse

Resour
cesgetdepl
etedi
nthr
eedi
ff
erentway
s.Thesear
e:

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page237
 1.Byconv
ert
ingt
hosei
ntoanot
hersubst
ance,
coal
oroi
lar
edest
roy
edwhen
t
heyar
ebur
ntt
opr
oduceener
gy.

2.Bybeendi
spl
acedt
osamel
ocat
ionf
rom whi
cht
hemat
eri
alcannotbe
r
ecov
ered.Forexampl
e,whencopperi
smi
nedi
tcannotber
epl
acedi
nthe
gr
ound.

3.Bybei
ngpol
l
uted,
asubst
ancei
srender
edusel
essf
oruse.

EXAMPLESOFRESOURCEDEPLETI
ON

Soi
l
-soi
ler
osi
oni
sest
imat
edt
obeexceedi
ngsoi
lfor
mat
ionbyabout35

For
est
-Thehi
ghdemandf
ort
imberf
ori
ndust
ri
esuseanddomest
icusehasl
eadt
o
depl
eti
onoff
orest
s.

Fi
sher
ies–Rapi
dincr
easei
ngl
obal
fishhar
vesthasl
edt
odepl
eti
onoff
ish

Maj
orEnv
ironment
alI
ssuesi
nZambi
a

TheNat
ionalEnv
ironment
alAct
ionPl
an(
NEAP)
,hasi
dent
if
iedt
hef
oll
owi
ngmaj
or
env
ironmentconcer
nsi
nZambi
a.

 Def
orest
ati
on

 Wi
l
dli
fedepl
eti
on

 Landdegr
adat
ion

 I
nadequat
esani
tat
ion

Def
orest
ati
on-i
sther
emov
aloft
reecov
erf
rom anar
ea.

Re-
Aff
orest
ati
on-i
stopl
antt
reesi
nar
east
hathav
ebeendef
orest
ed.

Af
for
est
ati
on-r
efer
stopl
ant
ingoft
reesi
nar
east
hatdi
dnothav
etr
eecov
erbef
ore

Benef
it
sofRe-
aff
orest
ati
onandaf
for
est
ati
on

 Assur
edsuppl
yofchar
coal
andf
uel
wood

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page238
  Col
l
ect
ionofMushr
ooms,
cat
erpi
l
lar
s,nut
sandmoney

 Pl
antl
eav
escanbeusedasf
olderbyl
i
vest
ock

 Pr
otect
ionofsoi
lfr
om agent
sofer
osi
on

 Somepl
ant
sfi
xni
tr
ogeni
nthesoi
l

 Somepl
ant
spr
ovi
def
rui
tsandher
bsf
ormedi
cinal
use

WI
LDLI
FEDEPLETI
ON

 Mostoft
heGamemanagementar
easar
eal
mostf
ini
shi
ngoft
hegame.

 Thi
sisbecausehumanset
tl
ement
sandot
herl
anduseswer
eper
mit
ted,t
hus
exposi
ngt
hem t
odegr
adat
ioni
ntheabsenceofcompr
ehensi
vemanagement
pl
an.

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ether
eser
vedar
easf
orwi
l
dli
fe:

Nat
ionalpar
k-i
sanar
eat
hati
spr
otect
edbyl
awf
ort
heconser
vat
ionofwi
l
dli
fe.

Gamemanagementar
ea-i
sapr
otect
edar
eaf
orwi
l
dli
fei
nwhi
chl
egal
i
zedhunt
ingi
s
per
mit
ted

 Themai
ncauseoft
hedecl
i
nei
nthenumberofbi
ggamesuchasel
ephant
sand
ar
hinoi
sessent
ial
l
ypoachi
ngf
ort
rophi
es.

Tr
ophy
-i
ssomet
hingofv
aluet
hati
skeptt
orememberorshow ot
herpeopl
eones
achi
evement
.Forexampl
e:r
hinohor
ns,
leopar
d’sski
nsandel
ephantt
asks

Thet
abl
eshowssomeoft
heendanger
ed,
vul
ner
abl
ebi
rdandani
mal
speci
esi
nZambi
a:

Speci
es St
atus

Shoebi
l
l Vul
ner
abl
e

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page239
Wat
tl
edCr
ane Vul
ner
abl
e

Sl
ateyEgr
et Vul
ner
abl
e

Tai
taFal
con Vul
ner
abl
e

LesserKest
rel Vul
ner
abl
e

Bl
ackCheekedLov
ebi
rd Vul
ner
abl
e

Bl
ackLechwe Vul
ner
abl
e

Kaf
ueLechewe Vul
ner
abl
e

Bl
ackRhi
no Endanger
ed

El
ephant Endanger
ed

Li
on Vul
ner
abl
e

Cheet
ah Vul
ner
abl
e

Wi
l
ddog Endanger
ed

El
ephant Vul
ner
abl
e

Endanger
edspeci
es-ar
especi
est
hatar
eli
kel
ytobeext
incti
fmeasur
esar
enott
aken
t
opr
otectt
hem.

Vul
ner
abl
e speci
es-ar
e speci
es t
hatar
eli
kel
yto be endanger
ed i
fconser
vat
ion
measur
esar
enott
akeni
ntopr
otectt
hem.

POLLUTI
ON

 Thi
sist
her
api
dincr
easei
nthegener
ati
onofwast
es

Themi
nespol
l
utet
heenv
ironmenti
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

Wat
erpol
l
uti
on:t
hrought
her
eleaseofdi
ssol
vedchemi
cal
sincl
udi
ngheav
ymet
als

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page240
suchasl
eadandcopper

Pest
ici
de i
s def
ined as a subst
ance ormi
xtur
e oft
he subst
ances oror
gani
sms
pr
oducedt
othi
sal
socont
rol
,repelormi
ti
gat
eanypesti
ncl
uded’subst
ancest
hatar
e
usedaspl
antr
egul
ator
,ordef
oli
ant
.

Def
oli
ant
:isachemi
calt
hatcausesl
eav
est
odr
opofpl
ant
s,f
orexampl
e‘agentor
ange’
wasusedbyt
heUni
tedSt
ates

Wast
e:i
sal
sor
efer
redt
oasgar
bage,
ref
useorl
i
tter

Env
ironment
alManagement

 Thi
sref
erst
omeasur
esandcont
rol
sdi
rect
edatenv
ironment
alconser
vat
ionand
sust
ainabl
eut
il
izat
ionofr
esour
ces.

I
nst
it
uti
onst
hatPr
omot
eEnv
ironment
alManagementi
nZambi
a

I
nst
it
uti
on Mai
nRol
es

Env
ironmentcounci
lofZambi
aECZ  Env
ironmentPr
otect
ion

 Pol
l
uti
oncont
rol

 Nat
ural
resour
ceManagement

Mi
nist
ryofEducat
ion  I
mpl
ement
ati
onofEnv
ironment
al
Educat
ioni
nlear
ningi
nst
it
uti
ons

Mi
nist
ry of l
ocal Gov
ernment and  For
mati
on of pol i
cy on
housi
ng(
Counci
l
s) i
nfr
ast
ruct
uredev
elopment

 Development of human
set
tlements

Mi
nist
ryofEnv
ironmentTour
ism and  For
mulat
ion of pol icy on
Nat
ural
Resour
ce i
nfr
ast
ructur
edev
elopment

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page241
  Development of human
set
tlements

Mi
nist
ryofLands  For
mul
ati
onofpol
i
ciesonLand

For
estCommi
ssi
on  Management of t
he count
ry’
s
f
orest
s

Depar
tmentofWat
erAf
fai
rs  Managementofwat
erResour
ces

Nat
ional Her
it
age Conser
vat
ion  I
denti
fi
cati
on and management
Commi
ssi
on. ofobj
ectsofaest
het
icval
ue.

Zambi
aWi
l
dli
feAut
hor
it
y(ZAWA)  ManagementofWi
l
dli
feest
ates

 Ensur
ing equi
tabl
e shar
ing of
benef
itsofWil
dli
femanagement
andconserv
ati
on

Fi
sher
iesDepar
tment  Implementat
ionofl
egi
slat
ionon
the dev
elopmentofthe fi
shi
ng
sect
or

 Regulate Fi
shing Met
hods and
rei
nforci
ng f ish ban per i
od
between Decemberand Mar ch
(br
eedingPeriod)

TheEnv
ironment
alCounci
lofZambi
a

 The Env
ironmentPr
otect
ion and Pol
l
uti
on Cont
rolActof1990 cr
eat
ed t
he
Env
ironment
alCounci
lofZambi
a(ECZ)
.

 The Env
ironmentCounci
lofZambi
aisal
so r
esponsi
blef
orco-
coor
dinat
ing
act
ivi
ti
esofal
lact
ivi
ti
esofal
lmi
nist
ri
esandor
gani
zat
ionst
hatar
einv
olv
edi
n
t
hepr
otect
ionoft
heenv
ironmenti
nZambi
aandt
hesub-
regi
on.

Zambi
aWi
l
dli
feAut
hor
it
y

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page242
  I
tZAWAwasest
abl
i
shedbyanactofpar
li
amentof1988.

 ZAWAi
sresponsi
blef
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentandmanagementofNat
ionalpar
ks,
gamemanagementar
easandpr
otect
ionofal
lwi
l
dli
fe.

TheZambi
aFor
est
ryCommi
ssi
on

I
tsr
esponsi
bil
i
tiesi
ncl
ude:

 For
mul
ati
onoff
orestpol
i
ces;

 I
mpl
ement
ati
onoff
orestpl
ans;

 Managementandcont
rol
off
orestr
esour
ces

 Car
ryi
ngoutr
esear
chf
orest
s;

 Pr
ovi
si
onofext
ensi
onser
vices;

 Af
for
est
ati
on(
planni
ngofbot
hexot
icandi
ndi
genoust
reesi
nar
easwher
ether
e
wer
enof
orest
sbef
ore)

 Managementoff
orestpl
ant
ati
ons

Way
stoi
mpr
oveEnv
ironment
alManagement
.

 Thegov
ernmentshoul
ddev
elopacl
earpol
i
ceont
heenv
ironment
.The
pol
i
cyshoul
densur
ebr
oaderpar
ti
cipat
ionbyal
lst
akehol
der
sint
he
sect
or

 The env
ironment
alCounci
lofZambi
a shoul
d cont
inue t
o ef
fect
ivel
y
coor
dinat
etheexi
sti
ngpi
ecesl
egi
slat
ionont
heenv
ironmentbyv
ari
ous
i
nst
it
uti
ons.

 Someoft
hepi
ecesofLegi
slat
ionofl
egi
slat
ionneedt
ober
epeal
edas
t
heynol
ongercont
ri
but
etosust
ainabl
edev
elopment
.

Suggest
edLegal
Act
ionst
oPr
eventPol
l
uti
on

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page243
  Expl
osi
ons,acci
dent
s,andacci
dent
alr
eleaseofpoi
sonoussubst
ancesof
ten
r
esul
tini
njur
y.Cer
tai
nlegalact
ionsshoul
dbeputi
npl
acet
opuni
sht
hose
r
esponsi
blef
orsuchcat
ast
rophes.

 Thegov
ernmentshoul
dregul
atepol
l
uti
onandpr
eventormi
nimi
zeenv
ironment
al
cat
ast
rophes.

 Some r
ecommendat
ions on t
he l
egalact
ions t
hatcan be t
aken agai
nst
env
ironmentpol
l
utant
s:

Rest
ri
cti
ons:
Gov
ernmentcanr
est
ri
ctorabol
i
shpr
oduct
ionofhar
mful
subst
ance

Qual
i
fiedRest
ri
cti
ons:Somepol
l
utant
sar
enotacut
epoi
sonssuchassul
phurdi
oxi
de
emi
tt
edbysmel
ter
sont
heCopper
bel
t.

Subsi
dies:
Cor
por
ati
onsorcompani
est
hatdonotpol
l
utet
heenv
ironment
.

Resi
dualChar
ges:I
ndust
ri
esandi
ndi
vi
dual
swhopol
l
utet
heenv
ironmentcanal
sobe
char
gedamount
spr
opor
ti
onal
tot
hequant
it
yoft
hepol
l
utantemi
tt
ed.

 I
nthi
swayt
hepol
l
utercanei
therdumpt
hewast
eandpayt
hef
ineordealwi
th
t
hewast
einsomeot
herwaysuchast
reat
ing,
recy
cli
ng,
stor
ingi
tinasaf
epl
ace
ormi
nimi
zei
tsemi
ssi
oni
ntheenv
ironment
.

Ot
herMeasur
es

 Composi
ti
ngofor
gani
cwast
ewhi
chcanbeusedasf
ert
il
izer
.

 Document
ati
on ofsour
ces and composi
ti
on ofv
ari
ous wast
es as wel
las
v
igor
ouspubl
i
cawar
enesscampai
gnsi
nwast
emanagementpr
act
ices;

 Encour
agei
ndust
ri
esi
nthecount
ryt
ousecl
eanerpr
oduct
iont
echni
quesand
pr
act
ices.

 Est
abl
i
shmentofr
ecy
cli
ngpl
ant
sbyal
ll
ocal
aut
hor
it
ies.
.

Pr
inci
plesofEnv
ironment
all
yFr
iendl
yPol
i
cy

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page244
  Anydi
schar
georemi
ssi
onshoul
dber
egar
dedashar
mful
unt
ilpr
ovenhar
mless

 Est
abl
i
shl
i
mit
sofpol
l
uti
ont
hatt
henat
uralenv
ironmentcanwi
thst
andwi
thout
per
manent
lydamaged.Thi
scr
it
ical
loadshoul
dnotbeexceeded.

 Al
lst
agesoft
hepr
oduct
ionpr
ocessshoul
dexami
net
hor
oughl
ywi
thr
egar
dto
pol
l
uti
onmanagementandcont
rol
.

 Thenat
uralenv
ironmenti
snotf
reeofchar
ge.I
ndust
ri
esmustbest
imul
atedt
o
t
aket
heenv
ironmenti
ntoconsi
der
ati
oni
nal
lthei
roper
ati
onssoast
oreduce
pol
l
uti
on.

 Poort
echni
calsol
uti
onsshoul
dnotbeusedasanexcusef
orpol
l
uti
onev
en
whenbet
tert
echnol
ogyi
sav
ail
abl
e.

I
nter
nat
ional
Conv
ent
ionsandAgr
eement
sont
heEnv
ironment

Zambi
aisal
soapar
tyt
osev
erali
nter
nat
ionalconv
ent
ionsandagr
eement
sont
he
env
ironment
.

Asasi
gnat
oryt
otheseconv
ent
ionsandagr
eement
s,t
hecount
ryhashadaccesst
o
i
nter
nat
ionalf
undi
ngandcapaci
tybui
l
dingi
ntheenv
ironment
almanagementsect
or.
Someoft
heconv
ent
ionsar
e:

 BaselConv
ent
ionont
hecont
roloft
heTr
ansboundar
ymov
ementofhazar
dous
wast
e

 Conv
ent
ionsont
heConser
vat
ionofmi
grat
oryspeci
esofwi
l
dani
mal
s

 Conv
ent
iononwetl
ands(
Ramsarconv
ent
ion)

 Conv
ent
ionont
hepr
otect
ionofWor
ldCul
tur
alandNat
ional
Her
it
age

 Conser
vat
ionont
hepr
otect
ionoft
heozonel
ayer
.

Bi
odi
ver
sit
y

Bi
odi
ver
sit
yorbi
ologi
caldi
ver
sit
yisa t
erm used t
o descr
ibea l
argev
ari
etyand

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page245
v
ari
abi
l
ityofl
i
vingt
hingsandt
heecol
ogi
cal
env
ironmenti
nwhi
cht
heyoccur
.

Lev
elsofBi
odi
ver
sit
yincl
ude:

Genet
icdi
ver
sit
y:t
hisi
sthemeasur
eoft
hev
ari
abi
l
itywi
thi
nandbet
weenspeci
es.

Speci
esdi
ver
sit
y:Ref
erst
othet
otal
numberofspeci
esi
nagi
venar
ea

Ecosy
stem di
ver
sit
y:Thi
sref
erst
othev
ari
etyofhabi
tat
swi
thi
nwhi
chspeci
esoccur
.

Si
gni
fi
canceofbi
odi
ver
sit
y

Ther
uralpopul
ati
ont
oal
argeext
entdependsonav
ari
etyofl
ocalr
esour
cesav
ail
abl
e
i
nthei
rar
eas.

 Pl
ant
sandani
mal
sar
enotonl
yusedi
nconst
ruct
ionorasr
awmat
eri
alsi
nthe
pr
ocessi
ngandmanuf
act
uri
ngi
ndust
ri
es.

 Var
ious bi
ologi
calr
esour
ces such as mi
cro-
organi
sms ar
e used i
nthe
pr
epar
ati
onofmedi
cineswhi
l
esomepl
ant
sar
ewi
del
yusedasher
bal
medi
cine.

 Bi
odi
ver
sit
yisal
soi
mpor
tantt
omai
ntai
necol
ogi
calbal
ances.Thepr
eser
vat
ion
oft
heecosy
stem di
ver
sit
yensur
escont
inuat
ionofpr
ocessest
hatmai
ntai
nal
l
f
ormsofl
i
fei
ntheenv
ironmentsuchaswat
erandnut
ri
entcy
cles.

Ecosy
stem:i
sagr
oupofpl
ant
sandani
mal
soccur
ri
ngt
oget
herwi
tht
hephy
sical
env
ironmenti
nwhi
cht
heyi
nter
act

Aest
het
ic-i
sanyobj
ectorwor
kofar
tthatdi
spl
aysgr
eatbeaut
y.

Thr
eat
stobi
odi
ver
sit
y

 Landuse,
conf
li
ctbet
weenhumansandani
mal
s.

 Dev
elopmentofset
tl
ement
sandr
elat
edact
ivi
ti
es.

 Pol
l
uti
on

 Def
orest
ati
on

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page246
  Ov
erexpl
orat
ionofr
esour
cessuchasov
erf
ishi
ngandgamepoachi
ng.

 Cl
i
mat
icchangesuchoccur
renceoff
requentdr
ought
s

 Lackofbi
odi
ver
sit
yknowl
edgebyt
hepubl
i
c.

Managementofbi
odi
ver
sit
y

 I
n Zambi
an soci
ety
,conser
vat
ion met
hods ofr
esour
ces wer
e cent
ered on
cust
omar
ylaws.

 I
ndi
genouscal
endaroff
oodpr
oduct
ionwasseasonal
.Forexampl
e;f
ishi
ng,
col
l
ect
ion,
off
orest
spr
oduct
ssuchascat
erpi
l
lar
s,honeyandmushr
ooms.

 Thecul
tur
eoft
otemsal
so pr
event
ed i
ndi
scr
imi
nat
ehunt
ing ofcer
tai
n wi
l
d
speci
es,whi
l
e some ot
herwi
l
dli
fe wer
e accor
ded speci
alst
atus such t
hat
expr
essper
missi
onoft
hechi
efwasneededt
ohuntt
hem.

Cul
tur
eofTot
ems-r
efer
stoasy
stem ofbel
i
efsassoci
ati
ngcl
answi
thnamesof
ani
mal
sandpl
ant
s.Forexampl heBemba’
eamongt s;benang’
andu-cr
ocodi
l
ecl
an,
benabowa-mushr
oom cl
an.

Bi
odi
ver
sit
ySt
rat
egi
cPl
an

TheZambi
anpl
ani
sbasedont
hef
oll
owi
nggoal
s:

 Ensur
econser
vat
ionoft
henat
uralecosy
stem t
hrough net
wor
kofpr
otect
ed
ar
eas

 Conser
vat
ionofgenet
icdi
ver
sit
yofcr
opsandl
i
vest
ock

 I
mpr
ovementofl
egalandi
nst
it
uti
onalf
ramewor
kaswel
lashumanr
esour
ce
dev
elopmentt
oimpl
ementst
rat
egi
esf
orSconser
vat
ion,
uti
l
izat
ionaswel
las
equi
tabl
eshar
ingofbenef
it
sfr
om di
ver
sit
ymanagement
;

 Dev
elopmentofanappr
opr
iat
elegalf
ramewor
kont
her
isksi
nvol
vedi
nthe
useofGenet
ical
l
yModi
fi
edOr
gani
sms(
GMOs)
.Thi
sisbecausesi
deef
fect
sof
GMOsar
enoty
etknown

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page247
 SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Def
inebi
odi
ver
sit
y

2.Whatar
ethet
hreat
stobi
odi
ver
sit
y?

3.Whati
senv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion?

4.Di
scusst
hecausesofenv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ion?

5.ForZambi
atoachi
evesust
ainabl
eeconomi
cdev
elopmentf
ort
hepr
esent
andf
utur
egener
ati
ont
her
eisneedf
ort
hecount
ryt
omanagei
tswast
e.

i
. Whati
swast
emanagement

i
i
. Whatar
ethehar
mful
eff
ect
sofwast
eont
heenv
ironment

i
i
i. Expl
ainf
ivepoi
ntswhi
chwoul
dhel
pthecommuni
tysol
vet
hispr
obl
em

6.Compar
e and Cont
rastt
he f
unct
ion oft
he l
ocalCounci
lwi
tht
he
Env
ironment
al Counci
l of Zambi
a i
n addr
essi
ng env
ironment
al
degr
adat
ioni
nZambi
a.

7.Di
scusshowenv
ironment
ali
ssuescanbecr
oss-
cut
ti
ngbynat
ure

8.I
dent
if
y measur
es t
hatt
he l
ocalaut
hor
it
y can under
take t
oreduce
pol
l
uti
onbysol
i
dwast
eint
hei
rar
eas.

9.Out
li
net
hecausesofenv
ironment
aldegr
adat
ioni
nsub-
Sahar
aregi
onwi
th
speci
alr
efer
encet
oZambi
aandsuggestt
hesol
uti
ont
othepr
obl
ems.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page248
GLOBALI
SSUES.

 Gl
obali
ssuesmeanal
lthedev
elopment
sandpr
obl
emswhi
chaf
fectt
hewel
far
e
ofpeopl
einal
lnat
ions.

 Theyi
ncl
udei
ssuessuchasHumanRi
ght
sandGoodGov
ernance,Warand
Peace,t
heWor
ldRef
ugeecr
isi
s,t
heWor
ldDebtcr
isi
s,t
heWor
ldEner
gycr
isi
s,
I
nter
nat
ionalTr
ade,Gl
obalwar
ming,HI
V/AI
DS,t
he Bi
rd Fl
u out
break and
Ter
ror
ism.

GLOBALI
NTERDEPENDENCE

 Gl
obali
nterdependence-meanst
hateachnat
ion’
swel
far
emaydependont
he
deci
sionsandpol
i
ciesofanot
hernat
ionandv
ice-
ver
sa.

 I
nter
dependenceal
someanst
hateachnat
ion’
swel
far
edependsongoodsand
ser
vicesof
fer
edbyot
hercount
ri
es.

 Forexampl
e,t
hedev
elopedcount
ri
esofNor
thAmer
icaandWest
ernEur
ope
dependonsomeoft
hei
ndust
ri
almat
eri
alsf
rom t
het
hir
dwor
ldcount
ri
es.

 Ont
heot
herhand,Thi
rdwor
ldcount
ri
esdependonsomeoft
hedev
eloped
count
ri
esf
ormar
ket
ingoft
hei
rrawmat
eri
alsandf
orpr
oduct
ssuchasi
ndust
ri
al
machi
ner
y,mot
orv
ehi
cles,
comput
ersandel
ect
ri
cal
appl
i
ances.

FOREI
GNAI
D

For
eignAi
dref
erst
othei
nter
nat
ionalt
ransf
eroff
unds,
goodsandser
vicesi
nthef
orm
ofl
oansandgr
ant
sfr
om onecount
ryt
oanot
her
.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page249
TYPESOFFOREI
GNAI
D

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesoff
orei
gnai
d:Bi
l
ater
alandmul
ti
lat
eral
.

BI
LATERALAI
D

I
tisassi
stancef
rom onecount
ryt
oanot
herandabi
l
ater
alagencyi
sanagencyf
ormed
byt
wocount
ri
est
opr
ovi
debi
l
ater
alai
d.Forexampl
e,Zambi
arecei
vesai
dfr
om t
he
f
oll
owi
ngbi
l
ater
alagenci
es:

 Fi
nishi
nter
nat
ional
Dev
elopmentAgency(
FINNI
DA)

 I
ri
shAi
d

 JapanI
nter
nat
ional
Dev
elopmentAgency(
JICA)

 Swedi
shI
nter
nat
ional
Dev
elopmentAgency(
SIDA)

 Uni
tedSt
atesAgencyf
ori
nter
nat
ional
Dev
elopment(
USAI
D)

MULTI
LATERALAI
D

I
tis assi
stance f
rom i
nter
nat
ionalagenci
es f
ormed by sev
eralcount
ri
es and a
mul
ti
lat
eralagencyi
sanagencyt
hati
sfor
medbysev
eralcount
ri
est
oof
fermul
ti
lat
eral
ai
dandexampl
esofsuchagenci
esi
ncl
ude;

 Af
ri
canDev
elopmentBank(
ADB)
 Ar
abBankf
orEconomi
cDev
elopmenti
nAf
ri
ca(
ABEDA)
 I
nter
nat
ional
Monet
aryFund(
IMF)
 Wor
ld Bank,al
so known as t
he I
nter
nat
ionalBank f
orReconst
ruct
ion and
Dev
elopment(
IBRD)
.

 Bi
l
ater
alandMul
ti
lat
eralai
dusual
l
ycomesi
nfor
m ofgr
ant
sandl
oans,
recei
ved
i
nfor
m off
inanci
alassi
stance,capi
talgoodsl
i
kemachi
ner
y,r
eli
eff
ood,or
t
echni
cal
exper
ti
se(
ski
l
ledl
abour
)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page250
  Gr
ant
s-ar
egi
ft
sfr
om I
nter
nat
ionalagenci
est
o a gov
ernmentorf
rom one
gov
ernmentt
oanot
herwhi
char
enott
obepai
dback.
 Loans-r
efert
othet
ransf
eroff
unds,
goodsandser
vicesf
rom onef
inanci
alent
it
y
t
oanot
herwhi
chmustber
epai
dusual
l
ywi
thi
nter
est
.Al
oancanbehar
dorsof
t
dependi
ngont
hecondi
ti
onsat
tachedt
oit
.
 Har
dloan-r
efer
stoal
oangi
venwi
thcondi
ti
onsofuseat
tachedandatahi
gh
r
ateofi
nter easaSof
estwher tloan-i
sal
oangi
venatal
owr
ateofi
nter
estori
s
r
epai
dwi
thouti
nter
estatal
l
.
 Ti
edAi
d:r
efer
stol
oansandgr
ant
swhi
chhav
est
ipul
atedcondi
ti
onsofuse.For
i
nst
ance,t
her
eci
pientcount
rymayber
equi
redt
ospendal
oanonspeci
fi
ed
pr
ojectsuchasonpov
ert
yreduct
ion,wat
erandsani
tat
ion,y
out
hempower
ment
et
c.

THEWORLDBANK.

The Wor
ld Banki
s al
so known as t
he I
nter
nat
ionalBankf
orReconst
ruct
ion and
Dev
elopment(
IBRD)andi
tsheadquar
ter
sar
einWashi
ngt
on.DC.(
Uni
tedSt
ates)
 I
tconsi
stsoff
ouraf
fi
li
atei
nst
it
uti
onsnamel
y:
 I
nter
nat
ional
Dev
elopmentAssoci
ati
on(
IDA)

 I
nter
nat
ional
FinanceCor
por
ati
on(
IFC)

 Mul
ti
lat
eral
Inv
est
mentGuar
ant
eeAgency(
MIGA)

 I
nter
nat
ional
Cent
erf
orSet
tl
ementofI
nvest
mentDi
sput
es(
ICSI
D)

 TheWor
ldBankof
fer
stwot
ypesofl
oans:
Loansf
ordev
elopi
ngcount
ri
eswi
thhi
gheri
ncomegi
vent
ober
epai
dwi
thmor
eti
me.
Fori
nst
ance,
15t
o20y
ear
swi
that
hreet
ofi
vey
eargr
aceper
iodbef
oret
her
epay
ment
ofpr
inci
plebegi
ns.

Loansf
orpoorcount
ri
esusual
l
ynotcr
edi
twor
thyi
nthei
nter
nat
ionalf
inanci
almar
ket
andcannotaf
for
dtopaymar
keti
nter
est
srat
esonl
oans.Thesel
oansar
epr
ovi
dedwi
th
a10y
eargr
aceper
iodandt
heyar
erepay
abl
ein35t
o40y
ear
s.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page251
THEI
NTERNATI
ONALMONETARYFUND(
IMF)

 I
tisaspeci
ali
zedagencyoft
heUni
tedNat
ionswhi
chcont
rol
sfl
uct
uat
ionsi
nthe
exchanger
atesofwor
ldcur
renci
esandl
endsmoneyt
ocount
ri
esf
aci
ngbal
ance
ofpay
ment
sdef
ici
ts.
FOREI
GNAI
DANDTHEDEVELOPMENTDEBATE

ARGUMENTSFORBI
LATERALANDMULTI
LATERALFOREI
GNAI
D

 I
tpr
ovi
desf
orei
gncapi
talneededbyt
her
eci
pientcount
ryt
osuppl
ementl
ocal
l
y
av
ail
abl
einv
est
mentr
esour
ces.
 I
tpr
ovi
demor
efor
eignexchangei
fthel
oanort
hegr
anti
sinv
est
edi
napr
oject
whi
chpr
oducesexpor
tpr
oduct
s.
 I
tpr
ovi
desnewt
echnol
ogyandski
l
lswhi
cht
hel
ocalpeopl
ecanl
ateracqui
reby
meansoft
rai
ning,assumedt
obebot
hdesi
rabl
eandpr
oduct
ivet
other
eci
pient
nat
ion.
 Ther
eci
pientgov
ernmentear
nsmor
erev
enuebyt
axi
ngent
erpr
isesest
abl
i
shed
wi
tht
hehel
poff
orei
gnai
dandbypar
ti
cipat
ingf
inanci
all
yint
heoper
ati
onsof
t
heseent
erpr
ises.
 Foodai
dal
l
evi
atesf
ami
nei
ncaseofnat
uraldi
sast
erssuchasf
loods,dr
ought
s
and ear
thquakes.I
tal
so pr
ovi
desf
reeorcheaperf
ood t
o count
ri
esf
aci
ng
chr
oni
cfoodsuppl
ypr
obl
ems,andhence,i
tal
l
evi
atesf
ami
neanddeat
hfr
om
mal
nut
ri
ti
on.
 For
eign ai
d pr
omot
esi
nter
nat
ionalco-
oper
ati
on bet
ween t
hedonorand t
he
r
eci
pientcount
ri
es.

Ar
gument
sagai
nst
:

 Loansandgr
ant
s“t
iedt
othedonor
”hav
etobespentonbuy
inggoodsand
ser
vicesf
rom t
hedonorcount
ry,whi
ch ar
eof
tenmor
eexpensi
veandofl
ower
qual
i
tyt
hant
hosef
rom ot
hersour
ces,
hence,
noneedt
o“t
ie”t
heai
d.
 LoansandGr
ant
s“t
iedt
opr
oject
s”canonl
ybespentbyt
her
eci
pientcount
ryon
pr
oject
sagr
eeduponwi
tht
hedonorcount
ry.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page252
  Pr
ofi
tsf
rom f
orei
gni
nvest
mentar
eusual
l
yext
ernal
i
zed,andr
arel
yrei
nvest
edi
n
t
her
eci
pientnat
ion.
 Loansmustbepai
dwi
thi
nter
estandt
hel
agert
hel
oan,
thel
agert
hedebtser
vice
bur
den.Ther
efor
e,“
for
eignai
d”t
endst
omaket
her
ichcount
ri
esr
icher
,andt
he
pooronespoor
er.
 Foodai
dmaywor
senf
oodshor
tagesasi
ttendst
oreducef
oodpr
ice,hence,
ki
l
li
ngt
hef
oodmar
ketf
orf
armer
sint
her
eci
pientcount
ry,whi
chmayi
ntur
n
causer
educt
ioni
ndomest
icf
oodpr
oduct
ion.
 Food-ai
disal
soof
tengi
venast
ied–ai
dandt
hef
oodai
dcont
ract
smayr
equi
re
t
her
ecei
vi
ngcount
ryt
opur
chasecer
tai
ngoodsf
rom t
hedonorcount
ry,ort
o
suppor
tthedonorcount
ryi
nfor
eignpol
i
cy.
 Technol
ogi
calassi
stancegi
venbydonor
sisnotal
way
sappr
opr
iat
eorbenef
ici
al
t
otheneedsoft
her
eci
pientcount
ry,andi
tmayr
equi
ret
hei
mpor
tat
ionof
expensi
vemachi
ner
yandspar
epar
tsf
rom t
hedonorcount
ry
Hence,i
tis ar
gued t
hatt
echni
calassi
stance act
ual
l
ybenef
it
sthe donor
count
rymor
ethant
her
eci
pientcount
ryi
nthati
t:

[
i]Ear
nsmor
emoneyi
nfor
m ofi
nter
estonl
oanpay
ment
s.

[
ii
]Cr
eat
esamar
ketf
ori
tsmachi
ner
yandspar
epar
tsi
nreci
pientcount
ry.

[
ii
i
]Cr
eat
esov
erseasempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
esi
nfor
m oft
echni
cal

Exper
ti
sef
ori
tsci
ti
zensi
nther
eci
pientcount
ry.

[
iv
]Gai
nsaspher
eofpol
i
tical
andeconomi
cinf
luencei
nther
eci
pient

Count
ry

I
NTERNATI
ONALTRADE:

 Tr
adei
sthesel
l
ingandbuy
ingofgoodsandser
vicest
oear
nsomepr
ofi
t,whi
ch
canbei
nter
nal
orext
ernal
.

 I
nter
nalTr
adei
sknownasHomeordomest
ict
rade,whi
chi
sthebuy
ingand
sel
l
ingofgoodsandser
viceswi
thi
nthecount
ry.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page253
  Ext
ernalt
radei
sal
soknownasf
orei
gnt
radeori
nter
nat
ionalt
rade,whi
chr
efer
s
t
othesel
l
ingandbuy
ingofgoodsandser
vicesbet
weent
woormor
ecount
ri
es.

I
MPORTANCEOFI
NTERNATI
ONALTRADE

Unev
enDi
str
ibut
ionofr
esour
ces:

Thi
smeanst
hatnonat
ionhasal
lthenat
uralr
esour
cesessent
ialf
ort
he
f
unct
ioni
ngofamoder
nindust
ri
aleconomy
.

Cl
i
mat
icDi
ff
erences:

 Thi
smeanst
hatsomecl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
onsi
ntemper
atecount
ri
esl
i
keCanada
ar
enotf
avor
abl
etot
hepr
oduct
ionofcer
tai
nfoodcr
opsneededbyt
hat
count
ry.
Speci
ali
zat
ion:

 Thi
smeanst
hatnocount
rycanpr
oduceal
lthegoodsandser
vicesi
trequi
res
aseachcount
ryspeci
ali
zesi
nagi
venl
i
neofi
ndust
ri
eswher
eiti
smost
ef
fi
ci
ent
.
Technol
ogi
cal
Dif
fer
ences:
 Thi
smeanst
hatsomecount
ri
esdonotpossesst
het
echnol
ogi
calcapaci
tyt
o
pr
oducecer
tai
npr
oduct
swhi
chmakesi
tnecessar
yfort
hem t
obuysuch
pr
oduct
sfr
om ot
hernat
ions.
Suppl
ementDomest
icpr
oduct
ion:

 Thi
smeanst
hatanat
ionwi
thv
astdemandsori
nadequat
elocalsuppl
i
esof
cer
tai
npr
oduct
smayi
mpor
tcer
tai
ngoodst
osuppl
ementi
tsowndomest
ic
pr
oduct
ion.
Ear
nfor
eignexchange:

 Thi
simpl
i
est
hatt
radei
sonewayofi
ncr
easi
ngone’
sownweal
tht
hrough
pr
ofi
tmaki
ng.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page254
 Pr
omot
eint
ernat
ional
co-
oper
ati
on:

 Thi
s means t
hatTr
ade pr
omot
es i
nter
nat
ionalpeace,co-oper
ati
on and
pol
i
tical
fri
endshi
pamongcount
ri
esast
radi
ngpar
tner
s.

TERMSOFTRADE

 Ter
msoft
rademeanst
her
ateatwhi
chanat
ion’
sexpor
tsar
eexchangedf
or
i
mpor
tsf
rom anot
hernat
ion.Theydependont
hepr
icesofcommodi
ti
eson
t
hei
nter
nat
ional
mar
ket
.
 Fav
our
abl
eTer
msofTr
ade-Meanst
hepr
icesf
orone’
scount
ry’
sexpor
tsar
e
r
elat
ivel
yhi
ghert
hant
hepr
icesf
ori
tsi
mpor
ts.
 Unf
avour
abl
eTer
msofTr
ade-meanst
hepr
icesf
orone’
scount
ry’
sexpor
ts
ar
erel
ati
vel
ylowert
hant
hepr
icesf
ori
mpor
ts
BALANCEOFTRADE

 Bal
anceofTr
adei
sthedi
ff
erencebet
weent
hev
alueofv
isi
blei
mpor
tsand
expor
tsov
erapar
ti
cul
arper
iod.
 Bal
ancedTr
adei
swhent
hev
alueofv
isi
bleexpor
tsi
sequalt
othatofv
isi
ble
i
mpor
ts
 Fav
our
abl
eBal
anceofTr
ade-i
swhent
hev
alueof a count
ry’
svi
sibl
eexpor
ts
exceedsori
smor
ethant
hev
alueofi
tsv
isi
blei
mpor
ts.Thi
sisknownasTr
ade
sur
plus.
 Unf
avour
abl
e Bal
ance ofTr
ade-occur
s when t
he v
alue ofgoods i
mpor
ted
exceedst
hev
alueofgoodsexpor
ted,
alsor
efer
redt
oasTr
adedef
ici
t.

BALANCEOFPAYMENTS

 Bal
anceofpay
ment
s-meanst
hedi
ff
erencei
nacount
ry’
sspendi
ng(
pay
ment
s)
andear
ningsf
rom i
mpor
tsandexpor
tsr
espect
ivel
y

 I
tincl
udespay
ment
sandear
ningsf
rom bot
hvi
sibl
eandi
nvi
sibl
eimpor
tsand
expor
ts

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page255
  I
nvi
sibl
eimpor
ts ar
e ser
vices such as I
nsur
ance,t
ranspor
t,t
our
ism,and
Expat
ri
atel
abour
.

Unf
avor
abl
eBal
anceofpay
ment
s

Thi
siswhenacount
ryr
ecei
vesl
essf
orei
gncur
rencyf
rom i
tsexpor
ts,butpay
s
mor
efor
eigncur
rencyoni
tsi
mpor
ts,
alsoknownasBal
anceof
pay
mentdef
ici
t

Fav
orabl
ebal
anceofpay
ment
s

Thi
siswhenacount
ryr
ecei
vesmor
efor
eigncur
rencyf
rom expor
ts,butspendsl
ess
f
orei
gncur
rencyoni
mpor
ts,
alsoknownasBal
anceofPay
ment
ssur
plus.

THEWORLDTRADEORGANI
ZATI
ON(
WTO)

 Thi
sist
he or
gani
zat
ion t
hatr
egul
ates t
rade bet
ween count
ri
es and an
i
nter
nat
ional
bodydeal
i
ngwi
tht
hegl
obal
rul
esofTr
adebet
weennat
ions

 I
twasest
abl
i
shedi
n1995t
orepl
acet
heGener
alAgr
eementonTar
if
fsandTr
ade
[
GATT]of1947.

 I
tis nota speci
ali
zed or
gan oft
he Uni
ted Nat
ions buthas cooper
ati
on
ar
rangement
sandwor
kscl
osel
ywi
tht
heUni
tedNat
ions.

Funct
ionsoft
heWTO

 Tohel
ptr
adef
low asf
reel
yaspossi
blebyr
educi
ngandev
ent
ual
l
yel
i
minat
ing
(
tradet
axes)andot
herbar
ri
ersi
mposedbyv
ari
ousnat
ions
 Tosetoutr
ulesf
orr
egul
ati
ngi
nter
nat
ional
trade
 To i
nter
prett
radeagr
eement
sandi
mpar
ti
all
yset
tl
etr
adedi
sput
esbet
ween
nat
ions
 Toor
gani
zet
radenegot
iat
ionsamongi
tsmember
s

PRI
NCI
PLESOFTHEWTO

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page256
Non-
discr
imi
nat
ion:

Thi
smeanst
hatacount
ryshoul
dnotdi
scr
imi
nat
ebet
weeni
tst
radi
ngpar
tner
s,al
l
gr
ant
edt
hewhoar
egr
ant
edt
hemostf
avor
ednat
ion(
MFN)st
atus.

Fr
eeTr
ade:

Thi
simpl
i
est
hatt
her
eshoul
dbef
reet
radeandal
ltr
adebar
ri
ersshoul
dber
educed
t
hroughnegot
iat
ions

Pr
edi
ctabi
l
ity
:

Thi
smeanst
hatf
orei
gncompani
es,i
nvest
orsandgov
ernment
sshoul
dbeconf
ident
t
hatt
ari
ff
sandot
hert
radebar
ri
erswi
l
lnotber
aisedar
bit
rar
il
y.

Compet
it
ion:

Thi
smeanst
hatt
her
eshoul
dbemor
efr
eecompet
it
ioni
nint
ernat
ionalt
radeasunf
air
pr
act
icesar
enotal
l
owed.

Speci
alpr
ivi
l
egesf
orl
essdev
elopedcount
ri
es(
LDCs)
,donebygi
vi
ngt
hem mor
eti
me
t
oadj
ustt
oint
ernat
ional
rul
esoft
rade.

STRUCTUREOFTHEWTO

 I
thas146membercount
ri
esandi
tsHeadquar
ter
sar
einGenev
a,Swi
tzer
land.

 TheWTO or
gansi
ncl
udet
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ers(
ofCommer
ce)who meet
ev
eryt
woy
ear
s:t
heGener
alCounci
l
;whi
chmeet
ssi
xti
mesay
ear
;Sect
or
Counci
l
sandsev
eral
commi
tt
ees.

WEAKNESSESOFTHEWTO

 Deci
sionsmadebyt
heWTO ar
est
il
lst
rongl
yinf
luencedandgui
dedbyt
he
i
nter
est
sof dev
elopedcount
ri
essuchast
heUni
tedSt
atesandt
heEur
opean
Uni
oncount
ri
es.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page257
  The WTO bel
i
eves t
hatdeci
sions shoul
d be made democr
ati
cal
l
y and by
consensus,
buti
npr
act
icel
essdev
elopedcount
ri
esar
eof
tennotgi
venanequal
pl
atf
ormt
onegot
iat
eanddef
endt
hei
rtr
adei
nter
est
s.

THEDEBTCRI
SIS

 Debtcr
isi
smeansani
ncr
easei
nindebt
ednesst
oal
evelwher
ethedebt
ori
s
unabl
etor
epayt
hedebtwi
thoutdef
aul
ti
ngorasi
tuat
ionwher
eacount
ryf
ail
sto
paybackdebt[
money
]owedt
oot
hercount
ri
es.

REASONSFORDEBTCRI
SIS

Unf
airI
nter
nat
ional
trade:

 Thi
rdWor
ldcount
ri
esar
eof
tenf
orcedt
osel
lrawmat
eri
als(
li
kecopper
)cheapl
y
t
oint
ernat
ionalf
ir
ms,whi
chi
ntur
nuser
awmat
eri
alst
opr
oducef
ini
shedgoods
andmakehugepr
ofi
ts.

 Thi
sresul
tsi
nabal
anceofpay
ment
sdef
ici
tandani
ncr
easei
ndebtbur
den.

Debtser
vici
ng:

 Debtser
vici
ngi
sthepr
ocessofpay
ingi
nter
estonout
standi
ngl
oans.Ther
ear
e
t
oaspect
stoal
oan;

 I
nter
esthast
obepai
doni
t
 Thel
oanhast
ober
epai
d
Spendi
ngl
oansonconsumpt
ion:

 SomeThi
rdWor
ldcount
ri
esusel
oanst
ofi
nancepur
econsumerpr
oduct
sand
hencet
hef
ail
uret
orepayt
hebor
rowedmoneyduet
olackofpr
oduct
ivi
ty.

I
ncaseofZambi
athedebtcr
isi
swaswor
senedbyt
woot
herf
act
ors:

 Thef
alli
ncopperpr
icesi
nthe1970sandt
he1980s.Ear
ningsoncopperexpor
ts

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page258
 wer
efal
l
ing,
yetspendi
ngonoi
l
,machi
ner
yandot
heri
mpor
tswer
eincr
easi
ng.
 Zambi
ahadt
ospendal
otofmoneyonherdef
ensef
orces,r
epai
ri
ngdest
roy
ed
i
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,host
ing r
efugeesand f
reedom f
ight
ersand f
indi
ng al
ter
nat
ive
r
out
esf
orherexpor
tsandi
mpor
ts.

DEBTRELI
EFANDTHEHEAVI
LYI
NDEBTEDPOORCOUNTRI
ES

[
HIPC]I
NITI
ATI
VE

I
twasi
ntr
oducedbyt
hei
nter
nat
ionaldonor(
credi
tor
)communi
tyi
n1996andwas
r
evi
sedi
n1999andt
heWor
ldBankandt
heI
MFwer
egi
vent
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
oov
ersee
i
tsi
mpl
ement
ati
on.

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heHI
PCI
nit
iat
ive:

 Reducet
hehugedebtbur
denoft
heWor
ld’
sHeav
il
yIndebt
edCount
ri
est
olev
els
wer
ecount
ri
eswoul
dbeabl
etomanaget
ocont
inuer
epay
ingt
hedebt
swi
thout
def
aul
ti
ngi
npay
ment
s(Sust
ainabl
elev
els)

 Pr
ovi
def
undsf
orpov
ert
yreduct
ioni
nfor
m ofdebtr
eli
ef.Thi
smeansf
unds
sav
edasar
esul
tofr
educt
ionsi
ndebtser
vicepay
ment
swoul
dbeusedt
o
f
inancepov
ert
yReduct
ionPr
ogr
ammes(
PRP)

HI
PCQUALI
FICATI
ONANDSTRUCTURALADJUSTMENTPROGRAMMES(
SAPS)

 ACount
rymustsuccessf
ull
yimpl
ementanumberofI
MFandWor
ldBankl
ed
monet
aryr
efor
msandst
ruct
uralAdj
ust
mentpr
ogr
ammes(
SAPs)t
oqual
i
fyt
o
t
hisi
nit
iat
ive

Al
thoughcondi
ti
onsv
ary
,SAPsusual
l
yrequi
ret
hatacount
rymust
:

 Pr
ivat
izest
ateownedcompani
es’
,whi
chi
sthet
ransf
erofpar
ast
atalcompani
es
andot
hergov
ernmentasset
stot
hepr
ivat
esect
or,
incl
udi
ngf
orei
gnent
erpr
ises.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page259
  Li
ftr
est
ri
cti
onsonf
orei
gni
nvest
mentsot
hatpr
ofi
tscaneasi
l
ybeExt
ernal
i
ze–
t
akeoutoft
hecount
ry

Reducet
het
ari
ffbar
ri
ers(
cust
om dut
iest
oencour
agei
mpor
ts.

 Fl
oati
tsexchanger
atessot
hatt
heyar
efr
eel
ydet
ermi
nedbyt
hemar
ket
.
 I
mposer
est
ri
cti
vef
iscal
(fi
nanci
al)andmonet
arypol
i
cies
 Remov
e cont
rol
s on pr
ices and wi
thdr
aw subsi
dies,ev
en on essent
ial
commodi
ti
es.
 Rel
axl
aborl
awspr
otect
ingwor
ker
sandempl
oyer
s.

HI
PCCOMPLETI
ONPOI
NTBENCHMARKS

Pov
ert
yReduct
ion

 adoptt
hepov
ert
yReduct
ionSt
rat
egypaper(
PRSP)
 Pr he1stPRSPpr
esentt ogr
essr
epor
t
 I
mpr
ovepov
ert
yDat
abase

Educat
ionSect
or

 I
ncr
easeshar
eofeducat
ioni
nthebudgett
o23%
 Ref
orm t
he Basi
c Educat
ion Cur
ri
cul
um t
oimpr
ovel
i
ter
acy
,numer
acyand
communi
cat
ionski
l
ls.

Heal
thSect
or

 Adoptast
rat
egi
cfr
amewor
kforHI
V/AI
DS
 I
mpl
ementt
hest
rat
egi
cfr
amewor
kforHI
V/AI
DS
 I
mpl
ementandscal
eupt
heAct
ionpl
anf
ort
heMal
ari
aCont
rol
 I
mpl
ementHeal
thSect
orRef
orm.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page260
 Mi
cro-
economi
c

 Fi
nal
i
zet
hepr
ivat
izat
ionoft
heZambi
aEl
ect
ri
cit
ySuppl
y

 Cooper
ati
on(
ZESCO)
,TheZambi
aNat
ionalcommer
cialBank(
ZANACO)and
ot
herst
ateownedent
erpr
ises.

Wat
ersub-
sect
or

Rehabi
l
itat
eur
banwat
ersuppl
ysy
stem

BENEFI
TSOFTHEHI
PCI
NITI
ATI
VE

DebtRel
i
efFunds:

 Zambi
ast
art
edget
ti
ngdebtr
eli
efi
nJanuar
y2001andt
he r
eli
efbet
weent
he
Deci
sionpoi
ntandt
hecompl
eti
onpoi
ntar
eknownas“
Int
eri
mrel
i
ef”

ReducedExt
ernal
DebtPay
mentLev
els:

 TheHI
PCi
nit
iat
ivehasr
educedt
he bur
dent
oanav
erageof100mi
l
li
ont
o150
mi
l
li
onUSdol
l
arspery
ear
,whi
ch gi
vesani
ndebt
edcount
ryenought
imet
opay
t
hedebt

Reduct
ioni
ntheTot
alDebtst
ock:

 Af
terr
eachi
ng t
he HI
PC Compl
eti
on poi
nt,i
tis expect
ed t
hatt
he t
otal
out
standi
ngdebtst
ockwi
l
lgr
adual
l
ybeext
ingui
shed.

CONCERNSABOUTTHEHI
PCI
NITI
ATI
VE

Reduct
ionsi
nDebtSt
ockmaynotoccur

Thi
smayhappeni
fthecostofi
mpor
tscont
inuest
ori
seascompar
edt
o expor
t
ear
nings.

Possi
blemi
suseofDebtRel
i
efResour
ces:

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page261
Ther
eisgener
alconcer
nthatt
hedebtr
eli
efr
esour
cesmi
ghtbemi
susedbysome
gov
ernmentof
fi
ci
als

LossofNat
ional
Sov
erei
gnt
y:

Thei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heHI
PCI
nit
iat
ivehasmeantt
hatt
hegov
ernmenti
sact
ual
l
y
i
mpl
ement
ing economi
c pol
i
cies and r
efor
ms i
mposed byt
he i
nter
nat
ionaldonor
communi
ty,
whi
chunder
minest
hecount
ry’
snat
ional
sov
erei
gnt
y.

MI
LLENNI
UM DEVELOPMENTGOALS(
MDGS)

The Mi
l
lenni
um Dev
elopmentGoal
s(MDGs)ar
e ei
ghtgl
obaldev
elopmentt
arget
s
agr
eeduponbyt
heWor
ldl
eader
satt
heUni
tedNat
ionsMi
l
lenni
um Summi
tin2000.
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
etheei
ghtMDGs

1.Er
adi
cat
eExt
remePov
ert
yandHunger
:Thi
smeantt
hatby2015,t
hepr
opor
ti
on
ofpeopl
eli
vi
ngononeUSdol
l
aradayandt
hosewhosuf
ferf
rom hungerwast
o
ber
educedbyhal
f
2.Achi
eveUni
ver
salPr
imar
yEducat
ion:Thi
smeantt
hatby2015,al
lboy
sandgi
rl
s
wer
etobeabl
etocompl
etepr
imar
yschool
educat
ion
3.Pr
omot
eGenderEqual
i
tyandEmpowerWomen:Thi
smeant t
hatt
he Gender
gapi
npr
imar
yandsecondar
yschoolenr
oll
mentwast
obeel
i
minat
ed pr
efer
abl
y
by2005andatal
ll
evel
sby2015
4.ReduceChi
l
dMor
tal
i
ty:Thi
smeantt
hatt
hemor
tal
i
tyr
ateamongchi
l
drenunder
f
ivey
ear
swast
ober
educedbyt
wot
hir
dsby2015.
5.I
mpr
oveMat
ernalHeal
th:Thi
smeantt
hatt
her
ati
oofwomendy
ingi
nChi
l
dbi
rt
h
wast
ober
educedbyt
hreequar
ter
sby2015
6.CombatHI
V/AI
DS,Mal
ari
aandOt
herDi
seases:Thi
smeantt
hatt
hespr
eadof
HI
V/AI
DSandt
hei
nci
denceofmal
ari
aandot
hermaj
ordi
seaseswer
etobe
st
oppedandr
ever
sedby2015.
7.Ensur
eEnv
ironment
alSust
ainabi
l
ity
:Itmeantt
hatt
hepr
inci
plesofsust
ainabl
e
dev
elopmentwer
etobei
ntegr
atedi
ntocount
rypol
i
ciesandPr
ogr
ammesand
r
ever
set
hel
ossofenv
ironment
alr
esour
cesby2015,e.
g.Reducebyhal
fthe
pr
opor
ti
onofpeopl
ewi
thoutaccesst
osaf
edr
inki
ngwat
erby2015.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page262
 8.Dev
elop a Gl
obalPar
tner
shi
pforDev
elopment
:Itmeantt
hatby2015,al
l
count
ri
eswoul
dhav
efur
therdev
elopedanopent
radi
ngandf
inanci
alsy
stem
t
hatwi
l
lincl
udeacommi
tmentt
ogoodgov
ernance,dev
elopmentandpov
ert
y
r
educt
ionnat
ional
l
yandi
nter
nat
ional
l
y.

I
MPLEMENTATI
ONOFTHEMDGSI
NZAMBI
A

Pov
ert
yReduct
ion

 I
ntr
oduct
ionoft
hePov
ert
yReduct
ionSt
rat
egyPaper(
PRSP)
 Cr
eat
ionoft
heCi
ti
zenEconomi
cEmpower
mentCommi
ssi
on(
CEEC)
 Pr
ovi
sionofsubsi
dizedf
ert
il
izert
osubsi
stencef
armer
s.
 At
tr
act
ionoff
orei
gni
nvest
mentandr
eopeni
ngofmi
nes.
 Cr
eat
ionofeconomi
czones.
Educat
ionSect
or

 I
ntr
oduct
ionoff
reebasi
ceducat
ionf
rom gr
adeonet
osev
en
 I
ntr
oduct
ionoft
heschoolr
e-ent
rypol
i
cyt
oper
mitpr
egnantgi
rl
stogobackt
o
school
.
 Const
ruct
ionofmor
eschool
sandexpansi
onofschool
enr
olment
 Tr
aini
nganddepl
oymentofmor
eteacher
sinbasi
cschool
s.
GenderEqual
i
tyandWomenEmpower
ment

 Cr
eat
ionofMi
nist
ryofGender
 I
mpl
ement
ati
on ofAf
fi
rmat
ive Act
ion Pol
i
cyi
nthe sel
ect
ion ofst
udent
sin
col
l
egesanduni
ver
sit
ies.
Chi
l
dMor
tal
i
ty

 Uni
ver
salv
acci
nat
ionofchi
l
drenunderf
ivey
ear
s(ki
ckoutpol
i
oandchi
l
dheal
th
weekpr
ogr
ammes)
.
 I
ntr
oduct
ionoft
her
oll
backmal
ari
apr
ogr
amme.
Mat
ernal
heal
th

 I
mpl
ement
ati
onofcompul
sor
yAnt
e-nat
alandPost
-nat
al(
Under
-Fi
veCl
i
nics)

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page263
 heal
thpr
ogr
ammes.
 I
mpl
ement
ati
onofFami
l
yPl
anni
ngandChi
l
dSpaci
ngpr
ogr
ammes.
Combat
ingHI
V/AI
DS,
Mal
ari
aandot
herdi
seases.

 Encour
agementandI
mpl
ement
ati
onoff
reeVol
unt
aryCounsel
i
ngandTest
ing.
 I
ntr
oduct
ionofHI
V/AI
DSpr
ogr
ammesatpl
acesofwor
k.
 Fr
eeI
ndoorResi
dual
(House)Spr
ayi
ng(
IRS)t
ocont
rol
mal
ari
a.
 Pr
ovi
sionofmosqui
tonet
stopr
egnantandnur
singmot
her
s.
Env
ironment
alSust
ainabi
l
ity

 Enf
orcementofAnnual
FishBan.
 I
mpl
ement
ati
onofAnnual
TreePl
ant
ingPr
ogr
ammes.
 St
rengt
heni
ng t
he capaci
ty and oper
ati
on oft
he Env
ironment
alCounci
lof
Zambi
a(ECZ)
.
Gl
obal
Par
tner
shi
pforDev
elopment

 I
mpl
ement
ati
onofAnt
i-
Cor
rupt
ionpol
i
cies.
 St
rengt
heni
ngoft
heHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on.
 St
rengt
heni
ng of par
tner
shi
ps wi
th r
egi
onal and i
nter
nat
ional economi
c
or
gani
zat
ionssuchasSADC,
COMESAandEur
opeanUni
on(
EU)
.

SAMPLEQUESTI
ONS

1.Whatar
eGl
obal
issues?

2.Whati
smeantbyt
heThi
rdWor
ldCount
ri
es?Suppor
tyouranswerwi
thexampl
es.

3.Br
ief
lyexpl
ainwhyt
heUS,Japanandot
herdev
elopedcount
ri
esar
esai
dtobe
dependentont
heThi
rdWor
ldCount
ri
es

4.I
nwhatwayar
etheThi
rdWor
ldcount
ri
esl
i
keZambi
a,dependentont
heUSand

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page264
 t
heot
herdev
elopmentcount
ri
es?

5.How ar
etheThi
rdWor
ldcount
iesdependentonot
herThi
rdWor
ldNat
ions?
Expl
ainy
ouranswerwi
thr
efer
encet
oZambi
aandhernei
ghbor
s.

6.Cl
ear
lydi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenBi
l
ater
alAi
dandMul
ti
lat
eral
Aid.

7.Anal
yzet
hef
act
orst
hatl
edt
oZambi
a’
sdebi
tcr
isi
s

8.Whatr
easonmaycompelacount
ryt
ocont
inuebor
rowi
ngmoneyaf
teri
tsheav
y
debtbur
denhasbeenpar
don.

9.Whatr
easonsmaymakeacount
rynotacceptt
iedai
d?

10.
Whatar
ethebenef
it
sandt
hedemer
it
sofdebtr
eschedul
i
ng?

11.
AssessZambi
a’
sef
for
tinat
tai
ningt
heMDGssof
ar.

NORTHERNPROVI
NCE,
CIVI
CEDUCATI
ONNOTES,
2016Page265