CONSTI

TUTI
ONWHYANDHOW
Whati
saconst
it
uti
on?
Aconstit
uti
onisthesupremelaw,asetoffundament
alrul
esandprinci
plest
hatal
l
personsi
nacount r
ycanagreeuponasont hebasi
sofwhichtheywantthecount
ry
tobegovernedal
ongwithprov
idi
ngri
ghtsandduti
esoftheci
ti
zens.
Itisacompactwr i
tt
endocumentt hatcompr i
sesanumberofar t
icl
esaboutt he
state,specif
yinghowt hestateistobeconst i
tut
edandwhatnor msitshouldf ol
l
ow.
Itisther ul
ebookoft henat i
on.Documentofpeopl e’
sfai
t handaspi r
ati
ons.Itisa
fundament aland supr eme law ofl and.Itset s outvarious f
ramewor k ofthe
governmentor gani
zati
oni .
e.,
legisl
ature,
executi
veandjudici
ary.
Whyweneedt
heConst
it
uti
on?(
Funct
ionsofconst
it
uti
on)

 Topr
ovi
desetofbasi
crul
est
hatal
l
owsf
ormi
nimalcoor
dinat
ionamongst
member
sint
hesoci
ety
.

 Tospecif
yhowthegov twoul
dbeconst
it
utedandwhohast
hepowert
otake
deci
sioni
nthesoci
ety
.

 Tosetl
i
mit
sonpowerofgov
ernmentbyguar
ant
eei
ngr
ight
stot
heci
ti
zens.

 Enabl
ethegov
ernmentt
oful
fi
laspi
rat
ionsandgoal
sofsoci
ety
.

 I
tdef
inesourf
undament
ali
dent
it
y.
Pol
i
tical
Ident
it
y:bypr
ovi
dingcer
tai
nbasi
cnor
msandpr
inci
ples.
Mor
alIdent
it
y:bysett
ingupauthorit
ati
veconst
rai
nswi
thi
nwhi
chonepur
sue
i
ndi
vi
dualaspi
rat
ions,
goalsandfreedom.
1.To pr ovi
de setofbasi crules:In a diver
segr oup,peoplehavedi ff
erent
opinionsandt houghts.Thediff
erencei nopini
onscanl edtoconfli
ct.Thus,
somebasi cruleswhicharelegal
lyenforceabl
eandar eacceptedbymaximum
numberofgr oupsar emade.Thef i
rstfuncti
onofaconstitut
ionist
oprov i
dea
setofbasi crul
esthatall
owf orminimalcoordinat
ionamongstmember sofa
society.
2.Tospecifythedeci sion-maki
ngpower:I tspecif
iesthebasicallocationof
powerinasoci ety.Itdecideswhogetst odecidewhatt helawswi llbe.I n
somecount r
ies,monar chdeci
desthel aws;whileindemocr at
iccount ries,
peoplegettodecide,ei t
herdi
rect
lyorthroughtheirr
epr
esentati
ves.InI ndia,
parl
i
amenthast heaut hori
tyt
odecideslawsandcomposi t
ionofpar l
iament
i
tsel
fisspeci
fied.
3.Toputl i
mit
ati
onsont hepowerofGovernment:Ifther
ei snolimitont he
powersofgovernment,itcanal
soharmtheri
ghtsofciti
zens;i
tmayper f
orm
arbi
tr
aryact
ions,whichmayhar mt hecount
ry.Inki
ngsomel i
mitat
ionson

1
 theirpower scancont r
olt hesear bi
tr
aryact i
onsofgov ernment .Thet hi
rd
functi
onofacondi ti
oni st osetsomel i
mitsonwhatagov ernmentcan
i
mpose on i t
s citi
zens.These l imits ar
ef undamentalint he sense that
gov er
nmentmaynev ertr
espasst hem andt hemostcommonwayofl i
mi ti
ng
thepowerofgov er
nmenti st ospecifycert
ainfundamentalri
ghtsthatal
lofus
possessasci t
izenandwhi chnogov ernmentcannev erallowedt ov i
olate.
Someoft hesef undament alright
sar ecommoni nmostcount ri
es.Cit
izens
wi l
lbeprotect
edf rom beingar r
estedarbit
rari
l
yandf ornoreason.itsCit
izens
wi l
lnormallyhavet herightt osomebasi cl i
bert
iesli
kef r
eedom ofspeech,
freedom ofconscience,etc.
Emer
{ gency
:Theser
ight
scanbel
i
mit
eddur
ingt
imesofnat
ionalemer
gency
.
Theconsti
tut
ionspeci
fi
est
heci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
cht
heser
ight
smaybe
wit
hdrawn.
4.Tof
ulf
ilt
heAspi
rat
ionsandgoal
sofsoci
ety
:
Mostoft he ol derconst i
tuti
ons l i
mi ted t hemsel ves l argel
yt o allocati
ng
decision-maki ngpowerandset tingsomel imitst ogov ernmentpower .But
manyt wenti
ethcent uryconst it
utions,ofwhi cht heI ndianConst itut
ioni sthe
finestexampl e, alsopr ovi
deanenabl ingf ramewor kf ort hegov ernmentt odo
certainposi t
ivet hi
ngs,toexpr esst heaspi r
ationsandgoal sofsoci ety.The
IndianConst i
tut i
onwaspar t
icularl
yi nnov ati
v eint hi sr espect.t oSoci eti
es
wi t
hdeepent renchedi nequal it
iesofv ar i
ouski nds,wi l
lnotonl yhav et oset
l
imi tsont hepowerofgov ernment ,theywi llalsohav et oenableandempower
thegov ernmentt otakeposi ti
vemeasur est oov ercomef ormsofi nequal it
yor
depr i
v ati
on.Ifthisi soursoci ety'saspi ration,thegov ernmentwi l
lhav et obe
enabl edorempower edt ot akeal lthenecessar yst epst oachiev ethisgoal .
Fort hi stheI ndianconst i
tuti
onenabl est hegov ernmentt otakenecessar y
stepst oachiev et hi
sgoal .I nacount r ylikeSout hAf ri
ca,whi chhadadeep
history ofr aci aldi scri
mi nati
on,i ts new const it
ut i
on had t o enabl et he
gov ernmentt oendr acialdiscrimination.
5.Fundament
ali
dent
it
yofpeopl
e:
a)Poli
ti
cal I
denti
ty:Thi
smeanst hepeopleasacol lect
iveent i
tycomeinto
bei
ngonl yt hr
ought hebasicconsti
tuti
on.Iti
sbyagr eeingtoabasi c
setofnor msabouthow oneshoul dbegov erned,andwhoshoul dbe
governedt hatonef or
msacol l
ect
iveidenti
ty.Onehasmanyset sof
i
dentiti
esthatexistpri
ort
oaconst i
tuti
on.Butbydi sagreeingtocertai
n
basi
c nor ms and pr i
nci
ples one consti
tut
es one 's basi c pol
i
tical
i
dentity
.
b)MoralI
dent
it
y:Frameworktopursuei
ndi
vidualaspi
rat
ions,goal
sand
f
reedom.I
tsetconst
rai
ntsanddefi
nef
undamentalval
ues.
c) Nat
ionalI
dent
it
y:Const
it
uti
on al
lov
ert
he wor
ld hav
e di
ff
erent

2
 r
elat
ions regardi
ng ci
ti
zenshi
p, cent
re -
stat
e r
elat
ions, t
ype of
l
eadershi
p,etc.
Ty
pesofconst
it
uti
oni
nthewor
ld:
-
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethet
ypesofconst
it
uti
onsi
nthewor
ld.
1.Writ
tenConsti
tuti
on:-A wri
tt
enconsti
tut
ionisthatconsti
tut
ion,whi
chi s
defi
nit
elymadebyaconstit
uentassembl
y,iti
scal
ledawr i
tt
enconstit
uti
on.
Example:-I
ndi
a,Ameri
ca,
Japan.
2.Unwri
tt
enconsti
tut
ion:-Unwri
ttenconstit
utionist
hatconstit
uti
onwhi chis
notmadebyanyConstit
uentAssembl ybutther
eisevi
denceoftradi
ti
onsand
l
awspassedfrom ti
met oti
me,j udgesetc.Exampl
e:-Brit
ain,New Zealand,
I
srael
.
3.Ri
gidConsti
tut
ion-RigidConsti
tut
ionarethese,
whi chrequir
easpeci al
pr
ocedurefort
heamendment .Theconstit
uti
onpfUSA, Austr
aliaand
Swit
zerl
andarethebestexampl eofarigi
dConst i
tuti
on.Ther i
gidconsti
tut
ion
i
sabovetheordinar
yl awandcanbechangedbyapr ocedure,whichis
di
ff
erentfr
om theprocedureofordinar
ylaw,thi
smaki ngitdif
ficul
ttochange.
4.Fl
exi bl
eConst i
tut
ion-InFlexi
bleconsti
tut
ionthereisnodist
inct
ionbetween
ordinaryl aw and const it
uti
onallaw,bot h al
so same.I nthi
st ype,the
Const i
tuti
onmaybewr itt
enormainlybasedonagr eement
s.Theamendment
ofthef lexibl
econst i
tut
ionrequi
resnospecialprocedur
e.TheConsti
tut
ionof
Brit
ainisacl assicexampl eofafl
exibl
econsti
tut
ion.
5.Unit
aryConstit
uti
on:Thewor ld’
smaj orcount
riesutil
i
zet heuni
tar
yform of
consti
tut
ion.Thewor d‘unit
ary’meanshav i
ngt hequalit
yofoneness.The
uni
tary const
it
uti
on ist hatform ofconst i
tuti
on in which t
he supr
eme
governi
ngauthori
tyofastateisconcent
rat
edinasi ngl
eplace.
6.Federalconstit
uti
onrepresent
st hecontr
astoftheuni t
aryconstit
uti
on.The
Engli
shwor dFeder alderi
vedfrom theLatinterm‘ f
oedus’whichmeansa
for
malcont ractbet
weennat i
ons,peopl
esorat r
eaty.Afederalconsti
tut
ioni
s
anationaldocument,draf
ti
ngther ul
esandregul
ati
onsoft hegovernmentand
i
taffectsfuncti
onsofgovernment.
TheAut
hor
it
yofaconst
it
uti
on:

 Theauthori
tyoft
hepeoplewhoenactt
heconst
it
uti
onhel
psdet
ermi
nei
npar
ts
i
tsprospect
sforsuccess.

 Themoreaconst
it
uti
onpreser
vest
hef
reedom andequal
i
tyofal
li
tsmember
s,
themor
eli
kel
yiti
stosucceed.

 Awel l
-craf
tedconst
it
utionf
ragmentspoweri nsocietyi
ntel
li
gentl
ysot hatno
si
nglegr oupcansubv ertt
heconstit
ution.TheI ndi
anConst i
tut
ionfore.g.
,
hor
izontall
yfr
agmentspowerbetweenlegisl
atur
e,execut
iveandJudici
ary.
3
  Successfulconsti
tut
ion st
ri
kes t
he ri
ghtbal ance between preser
ving cor
e
valuesonadaptingthem tonew cir
cumstances.Indianconsti
tuti
onisknown
asal ivi
ngdocumentbecauseoft hepossibil
i
tyt ochangethepr ovi
sionsand
thel i
mitsonsuchchangest oensurest hatitwillsurvi
veasadocument
respectedbypeopl
e.
Howef
fect
ivei
saconst
it
uti
on?
Thi
scanbest
udi
edbyst
udy
ingt
hesequest
ions:
 Modeofpr
omul
gat
ion
 Thesubst
ancepr
ovi
sionsofaconst
it
uti
on
 Bal
ancedi
nst
it
uti
onal
desi
gn
ModeofPr
omul
gat
ion(
int
oef
fect
):
Thi
sref
erst
ohowaconstit
uti
oncomesi
ntobei
ng.Whocr
aft
edt
heconst
it
uti
onand
howmuchauthor
it
ydi
dtheyhave?
 I
nmanycount ri
esconsti
tut
ionsr
emaindefunct(
nol
ongerexi
sti
ng)because
theyarecr
aft
edbymili
taryl
eader
sorleader
swhoarenotpopul
aranddonot
havetheabi
li
tyt
ocarr
ythepeoplewi
ththem.
 Themostsuccessfulconst
it
uti
onsl
i
keIndia,Sout
hAfr
icaandtheUni
ted
Stat
es,areconst
it
uti
onswhichwerecr
eatedi ntheaf
ter
mathofpopul
ar
nati
onal
movements.
 I
ndia'
sConsti
tut
ionwasfor
mall
ycreat
edbyaConst
it
uentAssembl
ybet
ween
December1946andNovember1949.
 Itdr
ewuponalonghi
stor
yofthenational
istmovementthathadar
emar
kabl
e
abil
i
tyt
otakeal
ongdi
ffer
entsect
ionsofIndiansoci
etyt
ogether
.
 TheConsti
tut
iondr
ew enormousl
egi
ti
macyf r
om thef
actt
hati
twasdr
awn
upbypeopl
ewhoenjoyedimmensepubl
iccr
edibi
l
ity
.
*Thesel
eader
shav
epubl
i
ccr
edi
bil
i
tybecause:
Theyhadcapacit
ytonegot
iat
eandcommandt
her
espectofawi
decr
oss-
sect
ionofsoci
ety
.
Theywereabl
etoconv
erset
hatev
aluat
ionoft
hei
rper
sonalpowerwasnot
themot
ive.
 Thef
inal
documentr
efl
ect
edt
hebr
oadnat
ional
consentatt
het
ime.
 Some countri
es hav
e subject
ed thei
r const
it
uti
on t
oaf
ull-f
ledged
ref
erendum.Wher
eallthepeopl
evot
eonsomedeci si
on.
 The I
ndi
an Const
it
uti
on was nev
ersubj
ectto such a r
efer
endum.But
nev
ert
hel
ess,carr
ied enor
mous publ
i
c author
it
y,because it had t
he

4
 consensusandbacki
ngofl
eader
swhower
ethemsel
vespopul
ar.
 Peopl
eadopt
edi
tast
hei
rownbyabi
dingbyi
tspr
ovi
sions.
 Theaut hor
ityofpeoplewhoenactt
heconst
it
uti
onhel
psdet
ermi
nei
npar
tit
s
prospectsforsuccess.
TheSubst
ant
ivePr
ovi
sionsofaConst
it
uti
on:
 Iti
st hehal lmarkofasuccessf ulconsti
tuti
ont hatitgivesev eryoneinsociety
somer easont ogoal ongwithitsprovi
sions.Ifanygr oupf eelsthei
ridenti
tyis
being stifl
ed,t heywi l
lhav eno r eason to abidebyt heconst it
ution.No
constituti
onbyi t
selfachiev
esper fectjusti
ce.Buti thast oconv i
ncepeopl e
thati tpr ovides t
he f r
amewor kf orpur sui
ng basi cj ustice.The mor ea
constituti
onpr eserv
est hefreedom andequal it
yofal litsmember s,themor e
l
ikelyitistosucceed.Const itut
ionsareof t
ensubv ertednotbyt hepeopl e,but
bysmal lgroups,whowi shtoenhancet heirownpower
Bal
ancedI
nst
it
uti
onal
Desi
gn:
Wel l-crafted const it
utionsf ragmentpoweri n soci etyi nt el
ligentlyso thatno
singlegr oupcansubv er tt
heconst ituti
on.Onewayofsuchi nt el
li
gentdesi gning
ofaconst ituti
oni st oensur et hatnosi nglei nstituti
onacqui resmonopol yof
power .Di str
ibuti
ngpoweracr ossdi f
ferentinst i
tuti
ons.I nI ndiat hisdistr
ibutioni s
bet weenLegi sl
ature,Execut i
v eandt heJudi ciaryandev eni ndependentst atut or y
bodi esl i
ket heEl ecti
onCommi ssion.Anot heri mpor tantaspectofi ntell
igent
i
nst itutionaldesi gni sthatAconst it
ut i
onmustst ri
ket her ightbal ancebet ween
cer t
ai nv alues,nor msandpr ocedur esasaut horitati
ve,andatt hesamet i
me
all
ow enough f lexibil
ityini ts oper at
ions t o adoptt o changi ng needs and
circumst ances.Thus,t heconst i
tuti
onshoul dbef lexibleandr i
gidatt hesame
ti
me:Toor igidaconst itut
ioni sl i
kelytobr eakundert hewei ghtofchange.Too
fl
exi ble,wi llgivenosecur it
y ,predictabil
ityori dentityt oapeopl e.Successf ul
const i
tutions st r
ike the r i
ghtbal ance bet ween pr eserv ing cor ev alues and
adopt i
ng t hem t o new ci r
cumst ances.By st ri
king a bal ance bet ween t he
possi bilit
yt ochanget hepr ov i
sions.Andt hel i
mi tsonsuchchangeswhi char e
fundament alt opeopl e.Thus,t heconst it
utioni sal socal ledal ivi
ngdocument .
Thi sar rangemental soensur est hatnosect ionorgr oupcan,oni tsown,subv er t
theConst it
ut i
on.
Howwast
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
onmade?
Formal
l
ytheConsti
tut
ionwasmadebyt heConstit
uentAssembl
ywhichhad
beenel
ect
edf
orundi
v i
dedI
ndi
a.I
thel
dit
sfi
rstsi
tt
ingon9December1946.
Const
it
uentAssembl
y:
 I
tsmemberswereelectedbyindi
rectel
ect
ionbythemembersofthe
Pr
ovi
si
onal
Legi
slat
iveAssembl
i
esthathadbeenest
abl
i
shedi
n1935.

5
  Assembl
ywascomposedroughl
yalongt
hel
inessuggest
edbyt
hepl
an
pr
oposedbyt
heBr
it
ishcabi
net
,knownast
heCabi
netMissi
on.
*Accor
dingt
othi
spl
an:
 EachProvi
nce(292)andeachPri
ncel
yState(93)orgroupofStat
eswere
all
ott
edseatsproport
ionalt
othei
rrespect
ivepopulati
onroughl
yinthe
rat
ioof1:
10,00,
000.
 Seatsweredist
ri
butedt
othreemai ncommuni t
ies,Musl
i
ms,Si
khsand
general
,i
npr
oporti
ontot
hei
rrespect
ivepopul
ati
ons.
 Member sofeach communi tyi nthe Pr
ovisi
onalLegi
slat
ive Assembly
elected their own representati
ves by the method of proporti
onal
represent
ationwithsi
ngletransfer
rabl
evote.
 Themet
hodofselect
ioni
nthecaseofrepr
esent
ati
vesofPr
incel
ySt
ates
wast
obedet
erminedbyconsul
tat
ion.
*Composi
ti
onoft
heConst
it y9th December1946-26Nov
uentAssembl ember
1949:
26
 Asaconsequenceoft heParti
tionundert heplanof3June1947(
Other
namesli
keMount battenplan,Bal kanPlan)thosememberswhower e
el
ect
edfrom ter
ri
tor
ieswhichf ellunderPakist
anceasedt
obemember s
oft
heConsti
tuentAssembly.
 Thenumbersi ntheAssemblywerereducedt
o299Ofwhich284were
actual
l
ypresenton26Nov ember1949andappendedt
hei
rsignat
uret
o
theConst
it
uti
onasfinal
l
ypassed.
 For
medbyCabi
netMi
ssi
onpl
anon9t
hDecember1946
 Bypl
anof3Tune1947,
themember
swer
ereducedt
o299.
 24Januar
y1949-
Signedby284member
s.
 26Januar
y1950-Camei
ntof
orce.
 Butitisat ri
butetot hef orti
tudeoft hef armer sthatt heywer enotonl y
abl
et odr af
taconst itutionunderi mmensepr essurebutal sol ear
ntt he
ri
ghtlessonsfrom theuni magi nablev iol
encet hataccompani edPar t
it
ion.
Att
empt swer emadet omaket heassembl yar epresentat
ivebody .The
Constit
uti
onwascommi ttedt oanewconcept i
onofci ti
zenship.Herenot
onlywoul d minor
it
iesbesecur e,butr el
igi
ousi denti
tywoul d haveno
beari
ngonci ti
zenshipr ight s.Butt hisaccountoft hecomposi ti
onoft he
Constit
uentAssembl yt hatdr aftedt heConst it
ut i
ont ouchesupononl yt he
surf
aceofhowourConst ituti
onwasmade.Al though,t hemember soft he
Assembl ywerenotel ect edbyuni versalsuf f
rage,t herewasaser i
ous
att
emptt omaket heAssembl yar epresentativebody .Member sofal l

6
 rel
igi
onsweregivenrepr
esentat
ion.Inaddit
ion,t
heAssembl yhad 26
member sfr
om Schedul
edclasses.Congressdominat
edt heAssembly
occupyi
ngasmanyas82%oft heseatsi
ntheassemblyaf
terthePar
ti
ti
on.
ThePr
inci
plesofDel
i
ber
ati
on:
Inanyassembl ythatcl aimst ober epresentati
veiti
sdesi rablet hatdiverse
secti
onsofthesoci etyparti
cipate.I
tisequal l
yimport
antthatt heypar ti
cipate
notonlyasrepresentati
v esoftheirowni denti
tyorcommuni tybutt hei
nterest
ofthewholenat i
on.Eachmemberdel iberatedupontheConst i
tutionwitht he
i
nterest
s oft he whol e nati
on in mi nd.Ther e wer
e often di sagreement s
amongstmember s.These wer e di
scussed and r esol
v ed.Some maj or
argumentsare:

 gov
ernmentshoul
dbecent
ral
i
sedordecent
ral
i
sed.

 Whatshoul
dbet
hepower
sofJudi
ciar
y.

 Whatar
ether
elat
ionsbet
weent
heSt
atesandt
heCent
ral
gov
ernment
.
Onl yonepr ovisi
onoft heConstitut
ionwaspassedwi t
houtv i
rt
ual
lyanydebat e:
thei ntr
oduct i
onofuni ver
salsuf fr
age.TheConst it
uti
ondr ew it
saut hori
ty
from thef actthatmember soft heConsti
tuentAssemblyengagedinwhatone
mi ghtcallpubl i
creason.Theydi dnotsimplyadvancethei
rowni nter
ests,but
gav eprincipl
edr easonstoot hermember sforthei
rpositi
ons.Eachclauseof
theConst itut
ionwasscr uti
nisedanddebat edandprovedonpublicreason.
Pr
ocedur
es
TheConstit
uentAssemblyhad8maj orCommitt
eesondiff
erentsubj
ects.
Usual
ly
,JawaharlalNehru,Rajendr
a Pr
asad,Sar
darPatel
,Maulana Azad
chai
nedthesecommitt
ees.Majorcommitt
eesar
ementi
onedbelow:
a)Uni
onPower
sCommi
tt
ee
b)Uni
onConst
it
uti
onCommi
tt
ee
c)Pr
ovi
nci
alConst
it
uti
onCommi
tt
ee
d)Dr
aft
ingCommi
tt
ee
e)Advi
soryCommi t
teeonFundament
alRi
ght
s,Mi
nor
it
iesandTr
ibaland
Excl
udedAreas
f
) Rul
esofPr
ocedur
eCommi
tt
ee
g)St
atesCommi
tt
ee(
Commi
tt
eef
orNegot
iat
ingwi
thSt
ates)
h)St
eer
ingCommi
tt
ee
Each Commi
tt
ee usual
lydraf
ted par
ti
cul
arprovi
sionsoft
he Const
it
uti
on
whichweret
hensubjectedtodebatebyt heent
ir
eAssembly
.Usuall
y,an

7
att
emptwasmadet hatanypr ov
isi
on doesn’
tharm theint
erest
sofany
secti
on.TheAssembl
ymetf oronehundredandsixty
-si
xdays,spr
eadover
twoy ear
sandelev
enmonths.Itssessi
onswer eopentothepressandt
he
publi
cali
ke.
I
nher
it
anceoft
henat
ional
i
stmov
ement
:
Thepr incipl
eswhichwer eforgeddur i
ngt helongstruggl
eforfreedom wer e
the binding for
ce,whi ch was hol di
ng the diver
se const
it
uentassembl y
towardsacommongoal .TheConst ituentAssembl ywasgiv i
ngconcr ete
shape and f orm tot he principl
es ithad inheri
ted fr
om the nationali
st
mov ement .Thenati
onalistmov ementhaddebat edmanyquestionsthatwer e
rel
evantt othemakingoft heconstit
uti
on.Thequest i
onswere:

 Theshapeandf
orm ofgov
ernmentI
ndi
ashoul
dhav
e

 Thev
aluesi
tshoul
duphol
d

 Thei
nequal
i
tiesi
tshoul
dov
ercome

 Thei
nequal
i
tiesi
tshoul
dov
ercome
* Answerf or
ged i
nthose debat
es wer
e gi
ven t
hei
rfi
nalf
orm i
nthe
Consti
tut
ion:
Thebestsummar yoft hepri
nciplesthatthenati
onalistmovementbr oughtt o
theConst i
tuentAssembl yist heObj ecti
vesResol uti
on.Itwasmov ed by
JawaharlalNehrui n1946.I tcontainstheaspirat
ionsandv al
uesbehi ndt he
Consti
tuti
on.Whatt hepr ev
ioussect i
ontermsasFundament alprovisi
onsof
theconstit
utionisinspiredbyandsummedupbyt hev al
uesi ncorporatedin
theObjectiv
esResol ut
ion.Thepr inci
palvaluesofobj ect
iveresoluti
onwer e:
Equal
it
y ,
Liberty,
Democr acy,Soverei
gnty
*Mai
npoi
ntsoft
heObj
ect
ivesResol
uti
on:

 I
ndi
aisani
ndependent
,sov
erei
gn,
republ
i
c.

 Indi
ashallbeaUni onoferst
whi l
eBrit
ishIndi
anter
ri
tor
ies,I
ndi
anStat
es,
andotherpar
tsoutsideBr
it
ishIndiaandIndi
anStat
esasar ewi
ll
i
ngtobea
partoft
heUnion.

 Theminori
ti
es,backwardandt r
ibalar
eas,depr
essedandot
herbackwar
d
cl
assesshal
lbeprovidedadequatesaf
eguards.

8
9
10
11
12
13
14